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Ventilation: Theory
Hal Levin
Wind Tower
Stack (Flue)
Stack (Atrium)
chilled pipes
heated/cooled
pipes
4
Courtesy of Martin Liddament via Yuguo Li
Buried Pipes
4
Diurnal
swing
Hot humid
Hot dry
Temperate
seasonal -- Temp
Temperate
seasonal RH
Seasonal
variation
No seasonal
variation
Singapore
Low desert
Temperate humid
Temperate dry
Steady daily
cycle
London
Milan, Italy
High desert
Boston
Quito, Ecuador
Lima
Montreal,
Canada
San
Francisco
Mt. Fuji
Cold humid
Cold dry
Bogot
What is ventilation?
Definitions covering ventilation and the flow of air into and
out of a space include:
Purpose provided (intentional) ventilation: Ventilation
is the process by which clean air (normally outdoor air)
is intentionally provided to a space and stale air is
removed. This may be accomplished by either natural or
mechanical means.
Air infiltration and exfiltration: In addition to intentional
ventilation, air inevitably enters a building by the process
of air infiltration. This is the uncontrolled flow of air into
a space through adventitious or unintentional gaps and
cracks in the building envelope. The corresponding loss
of air from an enclosed space is termed exfiltration.
7
Element
Description
Requirements/
Guideline
Design or
Operation
Buildings
Cities
Primary
External air
flow rate
Minimum ACH
Minimum L/s
Fan, duct,
openings or
streets
ASHRAE
62
Secondary
Overall flow
direction
between zones
Flow clean to
dirty spaces
Pressure
control
through
airflow
imbalance
Prevailing
winds
Positive/
negative
2.5-15 Pa
Isolation/
smoke
control
Dirty industry
downwind
Use of CFD
Smoke
visualization
Ventilation
strategies
Urban
planning
1-12 ACH
Tertiary
Air
distribution
within a space
Ventilation
effectiveness,
no shortcircuiting
Buy upwind
8
8
23oC
Anteroom
23oC
23oC
Cubicle
Toilet/bathroom
23oC
Corridor
Suspended ceilings
The purpose is Not to have a 2.5 Pa negative pressure, but no air leaks to the corridor!
Courtesy of Yuguo Li
Wind-driven (pressure)
Pressure differences result in
air mass movement
Packets of air flow from
higher to lower air pressure
regimes
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
C o n c e n tra tio n ( g /m 3 )
7
6
5
EF = 1 g/m hr
EF = 5 g/m2hr
EF = 10 g/m2hr
2
1
0
0
18
Convective cooling
20
Physiological cooling
21
10
Convection:
Entering a cold water or air current.
Building a structure that allows natural or generated air flow for cooling.
Conduction:
Lie on cold ground.
Staying wet in a river, lake or sea.
Covering in cool mud.
Radiation:
Find shade.
Enter a cave or hole in the ground shaped for radiating heat (Black box
effect).
Expand folds of skin.
Expose skin surfaces.
22
23
11
Physiological cooling
24
25
12
External
pressure
gradient
T0
Ti
Neutral
plane
Internal
pressure
gradient
h2
h1
26
Single-sided ventilation
27
13
28
29
14
30
31
15
+ _
Indoor air
temperature
is greater
than
outdoor
Neutral
pressure
plane
+
_
+ _
_ +
(A)
Indoor air
temperature
is less than
outdoor
Neutral
pressure
plane
(B)
Stack effect
119.5m
Memorial Hall
Graduate School
Canteen
Lecture
Rooms
Roof Garden
Offices
Stack effect in a
high rise
building
Liberty Tower,
Meiji University,
Tokyo
Roof Garden
Entrance Hall
Library
Car Parking
Rain Water Tank
16
Wind Floor
for Hybrid
Ventilation
34
35
17
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1tdQMyhPA2gC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Na
tural+ventilation+theory&ots=mFzmfd4mct&sig=XA3zksH_OBkkS8tILbxmwJqbWyo
36
37
18
38
39
19
40
41
20
42
Wind perpendicular
Wind oblique
43
21
44
45
22
46
Single-sided ventilation
47
23
Single-sided ventilation
48
Wind Tower
Stack (Flue)
Stack (Atrium)
chilled pipes
heated/cooled
pipes
49
Courtesy of Martin Liddament via Yuguo Li
Buried Pipes
49
24
50
25
Region
Africa
Asia
Australia/New Zealand
Canada/United States
Europe
Latin America
PM10
Nitrogen
dioxide
Sulfur
dioxide
Ozone
(1-hour maximum
concentration)
40150
35220
28127
2060
2070
30129
3565
2075
1128
3570
1857
3082
10100
665
317
935
836
4070
120300
100250
120310
150380
150350
200600
(source: World Health Organization, 2005. Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update)
53
26
54
55
27
56
57
28
58
59
29
60
61
30
Europe
62
EUROPE
63
31
64
65
32
66
67
33
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 180
200
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
15
22
30
37
45
52
60
67
75
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
110
13
26
40
53
66
79
92
106 119
132
12
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128 144
160
20
18
36
54
72
90
108
126
144 162
180
AER
(h-1)
68
69
34
70
71
35
72
73
36
74
75
37
76
77
38
(A)
90
Temperature
Wind speed
Wind direction
Test 17:
Wind speed
=4.5m/s
350
35
Nov 06,2005
Test 4:
Wind speed
= 3.0 m/s
Nov 09,2005
Nov 10,2005
Aug 28,2006
300
25
250
20
200
15
150
10
100
50
Speed (m/s)
o
Temperature( C)
180
Nov 07,2005
30
Wind direction( )
270
0
10
15
20 10
15
20 10
15
20 10
15
20 10
15
0
20
Time (hours)
78
39
80
40