Transmission Media

TransmissionMedia
Transmissionistheprocessoftransportinginformation
p
y
betweenendpointsofasystemornetwork.
Transmissionsystemsmayusecoppercable,opticalcable,or
radiochannelstointerconnectfarendandnearend
equipment.
equipment

11/18/2013

TransmissionMedia
Guided
TwistedPair
Twisted Pair
Cable
Fiber
Mediummoreimportantthanthesignal

Unguided
d d
Atmosphere
OuterSpace
Signalmoreimportantthanthemedium
11/18/2013

Spectrum for telecommunications

Spectrumfortelecommunications

11/18/2013

Twisted Pair
TwistedPair
Twoinsulatedcopperwiresinaspiral
Number of pairs are bundled together
Numberofpairsarebundledtogether
Twistingdecreasescrosstalk
Mostcommonformforanaloganddigital
g
g
Usedintelephonesystem
Subscriberloops
Fromapersonshometothelocalofficeofthephone
company
LANS
10Mbpswithnewerat100Mbps

11/18/2013

Twisted pair
Twistedpair
LongDistance
4Mbps
4 Mbps
ISDN IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork

Digital
Repeatersrequiredevery23kilometers
d
kl

Analog
Amplifiersrequiredevery5
Amplifiers required every 56
6kilometers
kilometers
Bandwidthof250KHz,carryafewvoicechannels

Susceptibletonoise,shielded (STP) andunshielded

(UTP).
(UTP)
Comparedtoopticalandcoaxtwistedpairislimited
inbandwidth,distance,anddatarate
,
,
11/18/2013

11/18/2013

Parallel
P
ll l lilines are often
ft used
d as
part of antenna arrays. Ordinary
television twinlead, is an example
of a parallel transmission line;
Figure (a).
Parallel lines can be shielded to
reduce interference problems
problems, as
illustrated
in Figure (b).
6

Coaxial Cable
CoaxialCable
Hollowoutercylindricalconductor
surroundingasingleview
Mostversatileofmediums,usedforTV,long
,
,
g
distancetelephone,andLANS

11/18/2013

11/18/2013

Coaxial Cable
CoaxialCable
Partoflongdistancetelephonenetwork
With FDM can carry over 10 000 voice channels
WithFDMcancarryover10,000voicechannels
Transmitsbothanaloganddigitalsignals
q
y
p
p
Frequencycharacteristicssuperiortotwistedpair
Lesssusceptibletonoise
Forlongdistance
Amplifiersneededeveryfewkilometers
Repeatersneededeverykilometerorso

11/18/2013

Coaxial Cable Applications

For coaxial cable, the characteristic

impedance is given by:

11/18/2013

10

Optical fiber
Opticalfiber
Thin
Thin,flexiblelightpassingmaterialmadefrom
flexible light passing material made from
glassorplastic
Groupedintocables
Grouped into cables

11/18/2013

11

Optical fiber
Opticalfiber
Betterthancoaxialcableortwistedpair
Dataratesof2Gbpsover10sofKm
p
Lightweight goodforbuildings
Lowerattenuationthancoaxortwisted
N t ff t d b
Noteffectedbyextremeelectromagneticfields
t
l t
ti fi ld
Crosstalkandimpulse
Verydifficulttotap
y
p ggoodsecurityy
Applications
LongHaultrunks,metrotrunks,ruralexchangetrunks,more
recently beginning to displace twisted pair in subscriber
recentlybeginningtodisplacetwistedpairinsubscriber
loopsandinLANS

11/18/2013

12

Optical Fiber
OpticalFiber
Operatesinrange1014 to1015 Hz
Infraredandvisiblespectrum
Infrared and visible spectrum
Multimode
Varietyofanglesoflightwillreflectandpropagate
SingleMode
Radiusofthecore=orderofawavelength
Onlysingleanglepasses
Only single angle passes
Superiorperformance
Twodifferentlightsources bothemitlightwhenvoltageapplied
LED LightEmittingDiode lesscostly,longerlife
ILD InjectionLaserDiode greaterdatarate

11/18/2013

13

11/18/2013

14

11/18/2013

15

Wireless
Antennae
Directional
FocusedEMbeam
Thehigherfrequencythemorefocused
Omnidirectional
Lowerfrequency
Spreadsouttomultiplereceivers
Spreads out to multiple receivers
Threerangesoffrequencies
26GHz 40GHz microwave
30MHz 1GHz broadcastradio
3x10**11to2x10**14Hz infrared

11/18/2013

16

TerrestrialMicrowave
P
Parabolicdish
b li di h
Narrowbeam lineofsightontowersto
avoidobstacles
Seriesoftowersforlongdistance
Applications:
Longhaultelephone
Long haul telephone
VoiceandTV
Shortpointtopointbetweenbuildings
MainSourceofloss
Attentuation especiallywithrainful
Repeatersoramplifiers10to100km
Repeaters or amplifiers 10 to 100km
Interferencewithoverlappingbands

11/18/2013

17

SatelliteMicrowave
Itisessentiallyamicrowaverelay
station
Uplink
Receivestransmissiononone
frequency
Downlink
Transmitsonasecondfrequency
Operatesonanumberoffrequency
bands known as transponders
bandsknownastransponders
PointtoPoint
Groundstationtosatelliteto
ground station
groundstation
Multipoint
Groundstationtosatelliteto
multiple receiving stations
multiplereceivingstations
11/18/2013

18

SatelliteMicrowave
Satelliteorbit
35,784Km,tomatchearthrotation
Staysfixedabovethe
St
fi d b
th
transmitter/receiverstationas
earthrotates
Satellitesneedtobeseparatedby
distance
Avoidinterference
Applications
TV long distance telephone
TV,
telephone, private business networks
Optimum frequency range 1 10 GHz
Below 1GHz results in noise, above 10GHz results in severe
attenuation
tt
ti
11/18/2013

19

Broadcast Radio
BroadcastRadio
Omnidirectionalunlikesatellite
Doesnotrequiredishlikeantennae
Does not require dish like antennae
Frequencyrange
Radio 3kHzto300Ghz
Broadcastradio 30MHzto1GHz
Broadcastradio
Transmissionlimitedtolineofsight
Lesssensitivetoattenuationfromrainfallthanmicrowave
Primesourceofinterferenceismultipath
Prime source of interference is multipath

11/18/2013

20

Infrared
Tranceivers
Tranceiversmustbewithinlineofsightof
must be within line of sight of
eachotherorviareflection
Doesnotpenetratewallslikemicrowave
Does not penetrate walls like microwave
Nofrequencyallocationorlicensing

11/18/2013

21