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11 Wireless LANs
802.11b
802.11a
802.11n (MIMO)
802.11x Standards
IEEE standard
Notes
802.11
First standard (1997). Specified the MAC and the original slower frequency-hopping and directsequence modulation techniques.
802.11a
Second physical layer standard (1999), but products not released until late 2000.
802.11b
TGc
Task group that produced a correction to the example encoding in 802.11a. Since the only product was a
correction, there is no 802.11c.
802.11d
802.11e
802.11F
Inter-access point protocol to improve roaming between directly attached access points (2003)
802.11g
802.11h
802.11i
802.11j
802.11-2007
A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i & j. (July 2007)
802.11k
802.11r
802.11y
802.11n
High throughput improvements using MIMO (multiple input, multiple output antennas) (Sep 2009)
802.11w
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11
802.11
802.11 Architecture
ESS
Ad-hoc mode
Infrastructure mode
Station or distribution
service?
Distribution
Distribution
Integration
Distribution
Association
Distribution
Reassociation
Distribution
Disassociation
Distribution
Authentication
Station
Deauthentication
Station
Confidentiality
Station
MSDU delivery
Station
Transmit Power
Control (TPC)
Station/spectrum
management
Dynamic Frequency
Selection (DFS)
Station/spectrum
management
Avoids
interfering with radar operation in the 5 GHz
7
band
Description
802.11 Association
AP channel determined automatically or assigned by AP
admin
Interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen
by neighboring AP!
Host: must associate with an AP
Scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing APs SSID
and MAC address
Selects an AP to associate with (left unspecified in the standard)
May perform authentication
Associate with the selected AP
Will typically run DHCP to get IP address in APs subnet
10
BSS 1
BSS 2
1
2
AP 1
AP 2
BSS 2
AP 2
1
2
3
H1
H1
Passive Scanning:
Active Scanning:
C
A
Cs signal
strength
As signal
strength
B
12
space
802.11 receiver
receiver
data
SIFS
ACK
If frame received OK
Return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to
hidden terminal problem)
13
AP
reservation collision
DATA (A)
defer
time
15
0 - 2312
payload
CRC
16
R1 router
H1
Internet
AP
source address
802.3 frame
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1
address 2
address 3
802.11 frame
17
frame seq #
(for duplicate filtering)
6
2
2
6
6
6
2
frame
address address address seq address
duration
control
1
2
3
4
control
2
Protocol
version
Type
Subtype
1
To
AP
0 - 2312
payload
CRC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
From More
Power More
Retry
WEP Rsvd
AP frag
mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
18
ESS Transition
19
router
hub or
switch
BSS 1
AP 1
AP 2
H1
20
BSS 2
21
BER
10-1
10-2
QAM256 (8 Mbps)
QAM16 (4 Mbps)
BPSK (1 Mbps)
10-3
operating point
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10
20
30
SNR(dB)
40
Home Environment
23
Amplifier
Frequency conversion
Shielding
(De)modulation
Physical carrier sensing
25
References
J. F. Kurose and K. W. Ross, Computer
Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 5th edition,
Pearson Education, 2010.
M. S. Gast, 802.11 Wireless Networks, OReilly,
2005.
S. Kawade and T. Hodgkinson, License-Exempt
Wireless Communication Systems, BT
Technology Journal, April 2007.
A. Mishra, M. Shin and W. Arbaugh, An
Empirical Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer
Handoff Process, ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communications Review (CCR), April 2003.
26