Aashto Bridges (1973)

By Authority Of
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Legally Binding Document

By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code 552(a) and
Part 1 of the Code of Regulations 51 the attached document has been duly
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally
binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.
HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.
e
Document Name:
AASHTO: Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
CFR Section(s):
24 CFR 200, Subpart S
Standards Body:
American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials
Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER

WASHINGTON, D.C.
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Adopted by
The American Associotion of Sto te Highwoy OfFiciols
ELEVENTH EDITION
J 973
Published by the Association

General ORices
34J Notionol Press Building
Woshingf on, D.C. 20004

Copyright 1973
Second Printing, J 973 SM
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS

OFFICERS FOR 1973
President. Thomo s F. Amis, Woshintgon, D.C., 1 973

Firsf Vice President. Word Good mo n (Deceosed Morch 1 5, 1 973)
Regionol Yice Presidents:
Region | Raymond T. Schuler, New York, 1 973
Region II A.B. Rotcliff, Jr. Louisiono, J 973

Region III Robert fl. Hunfer, Missouri, J 974
Region IV Jo rues A. Moe, Colifornio, 1 974

Posf Presidents. [Ex Officio) Dovid H. Stevens, Moine
Chorles E. 5humote, Coloro do
Doug los B. Fugote, Virginia
Fed Fo / H/ 7 Admi nisfrafor. (Ex Officio)
R.R. Borfelsmeyer, Acting Ad ministrotor
Members. km. N. Price, Arizono, 1 973
J oy W. Brown, Florido,
973
George H. Andrews, Woshi ngton, (Interim)

Win . S. Ritchie, J r. West Virginio, 1 974
973
John C. Kohl, New Jersey, 1 975

Roy Loppegoord, Minnesoto, (Interim) 1 973
R.H. Whito ke r, llew No mpshire, 1 976
J.R. Coupol, Jr., lowo, \ 97b

Treosurer: S.N. Peormon, South C orolino, 1 976
Executive Director.
Hen ri k E. Stofseth, Washington, D.C.
OPERATING SUB-COMMITTEE ON BRIDGES

AND STRUCTURES J 973
CHARrcs S. MATLOcic, Alaska, Chairman
W. JACK \\ ILKES, Federal High\v ay A dministration, Secret a ry
.4LAB.AI\TA, R.E. HIGGINS
.A L.4 SKA , D ONAI,D HALSTED
ARIZONA, MARTIN TONEY

ARKAN SA 5, VEiIAL PI N KERTOL
CALIFO RNIA, JAMES E . MCMAII ON, -A.

. LLIOTT
C O I.O RAD O, PAUL II U \'ARSKY
CONNE CTIC UT, RORERT A. NOiiro, EDI\1UND T. KOENiG
DC L.TWA RE , RODERT C. McDOWELL
HIS TRICT O F C O LUMBIA, G.I. SA\\"YER, IIERNARD J. ODN NELL
F HWA, W. dzcx WILKES

iLO RIDA, 1oxi ALiinDi, JR.
G ID 0 RTU A, RUSSELL L. CHAPMAN,
ERNGN ID. GMI TH, CR.
GUAM
HA\\'AII
IDA HO, ROI3ERT JARVIS
ILU NO 15, C.E. T IIUN I\TAN, IR.,
DWARD J. IIII L
IND I.AN.4, NELSON W. STT' NK A 51I, F.R. RI C HAEDSO N

IO WA, CHART,ES PE5TOT TK
KAN SA S, C EIARLES CARPE N TER, E . E . WILK INSON
KG NT UC II Y, ITAIILES G. COOK, J. '1. .4 NDER5ON
LO UIS IA NA, DAVI HU'AL, SID NH L. POLEYNARD
MA I NE, T 11E ODOIIE SARA SOPCIULOS
MA RYLA ND, \\'AT.TEIt H. BinDLE, H.H. Bowens

I\IA 5SA CH U 5ETT 5, JOLI N J. AIIERNE, CR.
I\1ICHIGA N, NELSON FON ES
.\IINN E SO TA, Leo A. KORTFI

MI SSI 5SIPPI, BEN NIE II. VERR '1LI>, V. \V. 11+
MI 5SO URI, W.D. CARNEY
MO NTA NA, HOWAIID ?\ . HTRAT4ON
NE B RA SKA, CHAIILES JD. 5xi i+ii

N VXDA, ALLAN ODELL
SOUTH AROLINA,]4. D. MOSELEY,

SOUTHDAKOTA,I<.Q.WILSGN
.K.MRUM
T ENNESSEE, R.C. ODLE, HNRY DERTI-IICK

T EXA S, WAYNE HN NEBERGER
U'i'A H, R.w BcHLI NG
VE RMONT, WENDELL M . SMITH
VIRCINIA, FRED C. SUTHERLAND, E. H. JONES
WA SHINCTON, C.S. GLOYD

WS ST VI RGINIA , HARRY H. STEPHEN S, RODERT
WI 5CONSIN, WILLIA1 A. KUNE

WYOM ING, CHARUS WILSON
. SMITH
CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction
Division I Design
Division II Constiuction
Appendix A Tables of Maximum Moments, Shears and Reactions, Standard Loadings
Appendix B I'ruck Train and Equivalent Loadings
Appendix C Formulas for Steel Columns
Appendix D Position and Diiection of Neutral Axis and Formulas :for
Stresses
Index
Division
247
411
41?
41fi
433
434
DESIGN
-4i'ficle
Design Analysis
SECTION IGENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN
1.1.8
1.1.4
1.1.?
1.1.6
1.1.7
1.1.8
1.1.10
1.1.11
1.1.12
1.1.13
1.1.14
1.1.15
1.1.16
Bridge Locations
.. .......... .... ........ ............
.
1
Bridge Waterways ............................................................................................................... 1
(A) Site Data
. .. .. .. .. .... ... .. . .. .
1
(B) H3droIogic Analysis
.. .. . .... .. . .. .
2
(C) Hydraulic Analysis
.
. .. .
. . . .
2
Pier Spacing, Orientation and Type
... .. .
...
2
Culvert Waterway Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..... ....
2
Culvert Location and Length .
. . .
...
?
Width o:I Roadway and Sidewalk
. . ......
.
8
Cleaiances .
. .
. ...... . . . .. .
13
(A) Navigational .. . .......... .
. .
..
. .
?
(B) Vehicular
.
.
..
..
. . . . .
4
(C) Other
fi
Curbs :ind Sidewalks
5
Railings . . . . . .... . . .
. ..
..
(A) Trafhc Railing
.
. .
.
(B) Pedestrian Railing .. . ..
.
.
7
Roadway Drainage . . . . . .. . .
...
.
. . ..
8
Superelevation
. . .. .
..
. . . .......... .
8
Floor Surfaces . . . . .
.. . . .. . . . .
8
Blast Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Utilities
. . . .
.
.
.
.
9
Roadway Width, Curbs and C learances for Tunnels
At i:oadway Width . . . .
.. .
.
.
(B) Clearance Between Walls . . . . . .
.
.
(C) Curbs .. . .
.
. .
. . .
. . .. . . . ..
(D) Vertical Clearance
. ..
. . ... .
Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances for Depressed Roadways
!)
9
I II
TU
IO
1 II
(A)
W
i
d
t
h
GONTENTS
Aiticle
1.1.17
Roadway Width, Curbs and Cleai'ances For Underpasses . . . .

JQ
(A) Widths . . .
.... . ...... . .... .. .
. . .
10
(B) Vertical Clearance..................................................................................... 12
(C) Curbs
.
. . .... . .. .... .... .,. .......... 12
SECPION 2LOADS ..................................................................................... 12
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.?
1.2.
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
1.2.10
1.2.11
1.2.12
1.2.13
1.2.14
1.215
1.2.16
1.2.17
1.2.18
1.2.19
1.2.20
1.2.21
1.2.22
Loals ............................................................................................................ 12
Dead Load ......................................................................................................... 12
(A) Unit Load on Culverts ....................................................... 18
(B) Shear in Top Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Live Load................................................................................................................................ 14
Overload Provision
............... ...... .....
..
14
Highway Loadings
. ....
.
. .. . ....
.
14
(A) General
. .. .
.. . . .. . ..
.
14
(B) H Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
TO
(C) HS Loadings ............................................................................................16
(D) Classes of Loadings . . . .
..
. .
.
IG
(E) Designation of Loadings .
. .. .. .
. .
18
(F) Minimum Loading ....................................................................................... 18
Traffic Lanes
.
.
. .. . .
. .
18
Standard Trucks and Lane Loads
..
.
18
Application of Loadings
. . .
TO
(A) Traffic Lane Units ..

........ . .
.. .
19
(R) Number and Position, Traffic Lane Units
10
(C) Lane LoadingsContinuous Spans
.
19
(D) Loading for Maximum Stress ............................................................. 19
Reduction in Load Intensity
.
.
........ ..
20
Electric Railway Loading
.
.
. . . .
. .
20
Sidewalk, Curb and Railing Loading . . . . . . . . . . .
....
211
(A) Sideiv-alk Loading ......................................................................................20
(B) Curb Loachng
.
.
. . . ........ .
21
(C) Railing Loading
.. . . . ..
. ..
21
Impact..
.
. . .
. . .
.
.
22
(A) Group A
.
.
..................... ... , . .
22
(B) Group B .................................................................................................... 23
(C) Impact Foimula
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
28
Longitudinal Forces ............................................................................................................ 23
WindLoads
.
. . . . .
.
.
.
24
(A)
(B)
(C)
Superstructure Design
. .
Substructure llesigii
..
. .... . . ..
Overturning Forces
. .
.
. . .
Therma1 F'orces .... . . .
. . . .
.
.
Uplift . .
. .. .
.
.
.. .. .
......
Force of Stream Current, Floating Ice and Drif t
.
.
.
24
24
2f
26
2G
27
Earth Pressure
.. '. .
. . ' .
27
Earthquake Stresses
.
. . . . .
. . .
27
Centrifugal Forces
.
.
. .. . .
. .
28
Loading Combinations . . . . . . . . . . , ...............................................................................................28
SECTION 5
DI STRIBUTION OF LOADS
Distribution of Wheel Loads to Stringers, Longitudinal Beam s
and Floor Beams

( A ) Position of Loads for Shear .
( B ) Ben ding Moment in Stringers and Lorigitudin at
Beams
t C) Bonding Moment in Floor Be:inns ( Transvei se)
29
CONTENTS
Article
1.3.2
Distribution of Loads and Design of Concrete Slabs and MultiBeam Precast Concrete Bridges
.........
. .... .
(A)
Span Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C)
Bending Moment . .
(B)
. .. ...
32
... .... . ....
34
Edge Distance of Wheel Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. ..
(D) Edge Beams ( Longitudinal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

( E) Distribution Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . .
. .
(F ) Shear and Bond Stress in Slabs
.... .... .... ....
( ') Unsupported Edges, Transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.8
1.3.4
1.8.fi
1.3.
1.8.7
(H)
Cantilever Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
(A)
Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Mo-
( B)
Continuous
( I)
Slabs Supported on Four Sides . . . . . . . . .
.. ....
(I)
Median Slabs . . . .
. . .. . .. . .
.. . .
Distribution of Wheel Loads Through Earth Fills
.
.
Distribution of Wheel Loads on Timber Flooring . . . . . . . . . . .
(A ) Flooring Transverse
. ... .. .. ....
.
( B ) Flooring Longitudinal
. .. . ..
...
. .
( C) Continuous Flooring
.. . ... ... . .. .
. .
Disti-ibuti on of Loads and Design of Composite Wood-Concrete
Members
. . . . ..... . . ... . . ..... ... ..... . .... ..
..
ment and Shear
Dist ribution of Bending Moments in
Spans
( C ) Design .
Distribution of Wheel Loads on Steel Grid Floors
(A) General
( B ) Floors Filled with Concrete .
( C) Open Floors .
Moments, Shears and Reactions
1.4.3
1.4.4
Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . .
. .. ..
33
3fi
36
35
35
35
86
37
87
87
37
37
38
38
39
89
40
SECTION 4SUBSTRUCTURES AND RETAIN I NG WALLS

1.4.1
1.4.2
32
411
Rearing Power of Foundation Soils, Determination of Bearing
4ti
Pov'er . .
.. ....... .. .. .
.. . .... ... .
4U
Angles of Repose ............................................................................................................... 41
Bearing Value o1 Piling . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
(A) General
. .. ....... .
...
. . .
41
( B ) Case A. Capacity o:I Pile as a Structural Member
41
( C ) Case B. Capacity o:I Pile to Transfer Load to the
Ground
(D) Case C. Capacity of the Ground to Su port the Load

( F)
1.4.fi
Piles
(G)
(A)
B
D)
E)
F
)
I)
Delivered by the Pile .

Maximum Design Loads for Piles
Uplift
Gioup Pile Loading
46
General
.. . ..
.... .
46
Llmitationof Use. ................................

Design Loads
. . . .
.... .
.
Spacing, Clearances and Embedment
. . .
Batter Piles
46
4f
4f
47
Iluoyancy
47
. . .... . .. .
. .. , ..
Concrete Piles (Precast) ......................................................... 47

Concrete Piles (Cast-in-Place) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Steel H-nuns
CONTENTS
Article
1.4.6
1.4.7
1.4.8
1.4.9
1.4.10
Footings
(A)
( B)
(C)
(D)
( E)
Page
150
Depth
Anchorage
Distribution of Pressure .
Spread Footings
Internal Stresses in Spread Footings

R
ansfer of Stress from Vertical Reinforcement
(G)
Abutments
(A) Genei'al
( B) Rein:forcement for Temperature .
( C) Wing walls
(D) Drainage
Retaining Walls
(A ) General
( B ) Base oi- Footing Slabs .
(C) Vertical Walls
( D ) Counterforts and Buttresses
( F) Reinforcement for Temperatu re
( F) Expansion and Contraction Joints
(G) Drainage
.
Piers
(A) General
(B) Pier Nose .
Tubular Steel Piers
(A) Use
( B) Depth
( C) Piling
(D) Dimensions of Shell
( E) Splices and Joints
(F) Bracing
'
SECTION 5 CONCRETE DESIGN

Allowable Stresses
(A) Standard Notations and Assumptions
( B)
Strength of Concrete
(C) Allowable StressesConcrete

( D) Allowable StressesReinforcement
General Assumptions
Span Lengths
Expansion
T-Beams
(A) Fffective Flange Width
( B ) Shear
( C) Isolated Beams
( D)
Diaphragms
(E) Construction Joints
Reinforcement
(A) Spacing
( B) Covering
(C) Splicing
(D) End Anchorages and Hooks .
(E) Extension o:I Reinforcement
(F)
(G)
Structural Steel Shapes

Interim
Girders
Reinforcement
for
T-beams
60
60
G0
60
60
131
61
61
.
62
and
Box
CONTENTS
Article
1.6.6 cont.
1.6.7
1.fi.8
1.fi.9
1.fi.10
1.6.11
1.6.12
1.fi.13
(H)
(I)
(I)
Reinforcement for Temperature and Shrinkage . . . .

Bundled Reinforcement
....... .. . .. .
Bond Stress in Flexural Members . . . . . .
Page
G3
fi4
fi4
Compression Reinforcement in Beams . ..

.
.
.
G4
Web Rein:forcement .
.
. .. . .
IU
(A) Geneial
.
....... . .. ........ .... .... ...
5j
(B) Calculation of Shear
.
. .
..
.
IU
(C) Bent-up Bars
. . .
.. .. . ..
. .
GA
(D) Vertical Stirrups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .. ..
fi6
(E) Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f6
Columns
. ....... . ...... . . .... . .. .. . . . ... . .
67
(A) General ...... .... . ...... .. . .... . ....
G7
(B) Piers and Pedestals
. .. .
. .. . .
..
G8
(C) Spirally Rein:forced Columns . . . .
.. .
68
(D) Tied Columns
.... . ....
. . . . . . . . .. .. .
GA
M
t
(E!
o bnned Axial and Be ding Subss / : :
70
Concrete Arches . ..
.... . .
..
.. .. ..
.
71
(A) Shape of Arch Kings ............................................................................... 71
(B) Spandrel \\'alls . ..
.. .
.
. . ..
72
(C) Expansion Joints .................................................................................. 72
(LI) Reinforcement ................................................................................................ 72
(E) Waterpioofing
. .
. ..
72
(F) Drainage of Spandrel Fill .. .
.
.
.
72
Viaduct Bents and Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. .
72
Box Girders .................................................................................................................. 73
(A) Effective Compiession Flange \Vidth ........................................... 73
(B) Flange Thickness
. .
.
.
.
73
(C) Flexure
. . . . .
. .
.
......
73
(LI) Shear
.
. .
... .
. .
. .
74
(E) Reinforcement
. . .
..
.
74
(F) Flange Reinforcement
. .
..
.
74
(G) Diaphragms
. . . ..
.
.
.
74
(H) Flanges Supporti ng Pipes and Conduits
.
.
74
Bearings ............ .
.
. .. .
.... .... . ...
7fi
LOAD FACTOR DESIGN

1.a.14
1.5.16
1.fi.TG
1.6.17
1.fi.18
General ..................................................................................................................................... 76
(A) Application .
.
. ..
.
7fi
(B) Other Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
..
76
Notation
.... .
.. . . .
.
.
.
7fi
(A) Loads and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
(B) Dimensions and Constants
....
.
. ..
7G
Materials Properties .......................................................................................................... 77
(A) Concrete
.
.
. ..
. . .. . .
77
(B) Reinforcement
..
. .
.
78
Loads and Lo:id Factor Equations.......................................................................... 7
(A) Loads .... .
. . .. .
. .
.
.
7'J
(B) Load Factor Equations ...................................................................... 79
Str-ength Provisions .......................................................................................................... 79
(A) Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ... .
79
Aitic1e
Flexure
..
(A)
(B)
(C)
Ttectangular sections with tension reinforcement only
( B)
Bi'ic1ges exposel to corrosive environments without a
Page
811
80
I- and T-sections
. . . .
8J
Rectangular sections with compression reinforcement
81
(D) Other cross sections
82
Shear .
.
.
..
..
82
(A) Shear stress
. . . . . ..
.
82
(B) Shear' reinforcement
. . ....
. . .. . . .
83
(C) Stress restrictions .. .
.
. ..
88
(D) Shear reinforcement restiictions . . . . . . . . . .
.
83
(E) Shear stress in slabs and footings
......
84
Columns
. .
84
(A) Croneral
. .
.
.
84
(B) Column Section Capacities
. . .
86
(C) Slenderness effects in columns
.
.
8f
Bearing .. .
.. .
. .. . . .
. .. .
.
.
88
Service Lo:id Requirements .
..
.
88
(A) Seivice Load Stresses ............................................................................ 88
T"atigue
. . .
. .. .
. . .
.
8!1
(A) Concieto
.
. .
.
89
.
.. .......
89
( B) Reinforcement
F1exuial Stress Limitations
. ......... .........
89
( A) General................................................................................................................ 89
v aterproof tleck protecti on system
Deflection s
( A) Super structure depth recommendafi ons
(R ) Dead load deflections at falsexvork removal .
( C) Longtime deflections caused by dead loads, crecJi
an1 shrinkage
. . .
. .
Overload ..
.
.
. .
. . ..
.
. . . .. .
Development of Reinforcement
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(I)
(K)
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
16.4
1.6.5
1.6.6
1.G.7
. . . .. .
8
HO
Al
1)1
General
.
.
.
Al
Positive moment reinforcement
.
92
Negative moment reinfoi cement . . . . . . . . , .............................. 92
Special members
.
.
fi8
Development length of ileformecl bars in tension .
!i3
Development length of deformed liars in compression
I)?
Development length of bundled laai s . . . .
.. ,
04
Standai'd hooks in tension .
.
.
.
fi4
Comloin:ition development length
.
114
Mechanical anchorage . . . ..
. ..
fi4
Anchorage of she:ir reinforcement
...,
114
SECTION 6 PRES'PRESSED CONCRETE

General
.
.
.
. . .
.
Notation
..
.. . .
.
.
Design Theory
.
.
..
Basic Assumptions
. .
.
.
.. .... .
.. .. . . .
.
9
!l
9fi
fi6
97
Load Factors .......................................................................................................................... 97

Alloxva1le Stresses
. . .
. .
97
(A) Piestressing Steel .
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. ................ 98
(B) Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.................................................................................... 98
Loss of Prestress
..
. .. .... .... ..... .. . . ..
(A) Friction Losses ....
.. . .. .
(B) Prestress Losses
..
....... ..... ..... . ...... .
Jfi
011
lIlG
GONT5NTS
Ai ticle
1.6.8
1.6.9
Flexure
Ultimate Flexural Strength
(A) Rectangular Sections

(B) Flanged Sections
((;)
1.6.11
1.6.12
1.6.13
1.6.14
........ ........ .....
Steel Stiess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(A) ilfaximum Steel
.
(B) Aluminum Steel
.
Nonprestressed Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuity
.
....
(A) ieneral . .
. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .... . . ..
.
(B) Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned Bridges
(C) Bridges Composed of Simple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders Made Continuous
Shear
(C)
1.6.24
101
101
102
102
102
102
102
103
103
1113
103
1fl5
19ii
1fl5
106
106
Bundling
(D) Size of Ducts

Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers
Embedment of Prestressed Strand
Concrete Strength at Stress Transfer
Bearings
Span Lengths
Expansion and Contraction
T-Beams
(A) Effective Flange Width .
(R) Construction Joints
(C)
(D)
101
104
Composite Stiuctures
(A) General
( B) Sheai-
(C) Shear Capacity .

t D) Vertical Ties
(E) Shrinkage Stresses
Anchorage Zones
Covei- and Spacing of Steel .
(A) Minimum Cover
(B) Minimum Spacing
1.5.18
.. ..
Page
101
10
107
107
107
107
197
108
108
108
i08
108
Diaphragms
Isolated Beams .
Girders
(A I
Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment .

(B) Effective Compression Flange Vl'idth . . . . , . . . . . . . .
(C) Flange Thickness
.
.
(D) Minimum Rar Reinforcement for Cast-In-Place PostTensioned Box Girders . . . . . .
.
(E) Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(P) Diaphragms . . . . . .
.. . ..
. ... . . .
110
110
111
111
lit
111
SECT!0N 7-STRUCTURALSTE [DES!GN..

1.7.2
1.7.3
Allowable Stresses
Allowable Stresses for \Veld Metal .
Fatigue Stresses
1.7.4
Pins, Rollers and Expansion Rockers .
1.7.5
116
117
Ai'tic1e
1.7.fi
Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable Castings and Cast
Iron
1.7.7
1.7.8
1.7.9
1.7.10
1.7.11
1.7.12
1.7.13
1.7.14
1.7.15
1.7.16
1.7.17
1.7.18
1.7.19
1.7.20
1.7.21
1.7.22
1.7.23
1.7.24
1.7.25
1.7.2B
1.7.27
1.7.28
1.7.29
1.7.30
1.7.31
1.7.32
1.7.83
1.7.34
1.7.8?
1.7.36
1.7.87
.7. 9
.7.
. .
.7.4
.7.
.7.44
.7.
. .46
.7.4
.7. 8
( A)
( B)
( G)
Cast Steel and Ductile Iron

Malleable Castings .
Cast Iron
124
Bearing on Masonry .
124
124
126
125
125
DETAILS OF DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12?
Bronze or Copper-alloy
Effective Length o:I Span .......................................................................................... 125

Depth Ratios . . . . . . . .. . .. .
.. . ... ... . . .
126
Limiting Lengths of Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12f
Deflection . . . . . .... .. .. .. .
..
.. .
126
Minimum Thickness o1 Metal
.
..
.
.
127
Effective Area of Angles and Tee Sections in Tension . . . . .
127
Outstanding Legs of Angles .... . . .
.
. .
.
128
Expansion and Contraction....................................................................................... 128
Combined Stresses
.. . ... .. ....... . .... . ....
128
CCRtTlC OTtRt3CtlORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
Splices and Connections
.. .. . .. ... . .
.. .
.
128
Strength of Connections ............................................................................................ 130
Diaphragms, Cross Frames and Lateral Bracing . . .
131
Number of Main Members on Through Spans . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
131
Accessibility of Parts
132
Closed Sections and Pockets . . . . . . . . .
.
132
Welding, General............................................................................................................ 132
Minimum Size of Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1?2
Maximum Effective Size of Fillet Welds
133
Effective Weld Areas.................................................................................................... 133
(A) Butt Welds
. .... .
.. .
. ..
..
133
(B) Fillet Welds ..........................................................................................133
Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Welds .................................................. 138
Fillet Weld End Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
133
Lap Joints........................................................................................................................... 134
Seal Welds
..
. .. . . . . .. .... . . . .
.... . 1?4
Fillet Welds in Skewed Tee Joints ........................................................................ 134
Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots
. .
.
184
Size of Fasteners (Rivets or High Strength Bolts) . .
134
Spacing of Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
134
Maximum Pitch of Sealing and Stitch Fasteners........................................ 135
(A) Sealing Fasteners .................................................................................... 136
(B) Stitch Fasteners ........................................................................................ 136
Edge Distance of Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
I36
(A) General . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
.
18fi
(B) Speci:il
10
Long Rivets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
.. . 13fi
Links and Hangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. ..
130
Location of Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 13'?
Size o1 Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
Pin Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Pins and Pin NutS .......................................................................................... 17
Upset Ends.........................................................................................................................137
Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 187
Packing of Eyebars . . . . , . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Forked Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
CON'IENTS
Article
BEARINGS
Fixed Bearings
Expansion Bearings
Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearings
Rollers
Sole
Masonry Bearings .... . . .. . . . .
.. .
. .
. .
139
Anchor Bolts ................................................................................................................... 139
Pedestals and Shoes .................................................................................................... 140
FLOOR SYSTEM
1.7.57
1.7.58
1.7.69
1.7.60
1.7.61
1.7.62
1.7.63
1.7.64
140
Stringers
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ..
. . . .
140
Floorbeams ......................................................................................................................... 140
Cross Fram s .. . ....
Expansion
. .. . . .. .. .
. .. .
. .
1411
oints .......................................................................................................... 140
End Connections of Floorbeams and Stringers .............................................. 141
End Floorbeams .............................................................................................................141

End Panel of Skewed Bridges
... .. . ...... . . .
141
Sidewalk Brackets ........................................................................................................141
ROLLED BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rolled Beams, General . . . . . . . . . .
Rearing Stiffeners
....... .
. . . ... .. ... .. ... . ..
.. .. . . .. .
..
..
142
Cover Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7.68
1.7.69
1.7.70
143
143
143
143
148
144
144
Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14G
Girders Stiffened Longitudinally
Longitudinal Sf iffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bearing Stiffeners
(A)
(B)
Camber
TRUSSES
1.7.76
1.7.76
1.7.77
1.7.78
1.7.79
1.7.80
1.7.81
1.7.82
1.7.83
1.7.84
1.7.8?
1.7.86
142
ILATE GIRDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .......
Plate Girders, General . . . . . . . .
.. .... ........ ..
.
Flanges . . .
.... .
.
..
.. .. . .
(A) Welded Girders
.. . . .
.
. .... .
(B) Riveted or Bolted Girders . .. .
. . . .
Thickness of: Web Plates . . . .
.. .. .. . .
.. .
(B) Girders Not Stiffened Longitudinally
(A)
1.7.74
142
142
. . .. ..
.. .. .
Welded Girders . .
........
. . .
Riveted or Bolted Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..
.. . . ..
. .
.
..
.. ..
..
. .
146
148
149
149
ISO
1fi0
HO
Trusses, General . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
..
. . 1fi0
Truss Members . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . UI
Secondary Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . .
............. ....... .
TU
Diaphragms ........................................................................................................................ 152
Camber .. . . . .. . .... . . . . . .
.
. .
.
1fi2
Working Lines and Gravity Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ifi2
Portal and Svay Bracing . .. . .
.. ... .. ... . ..
.
152
Fillers, Development, Maximum Numbers, Etc. .
12
Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars .
.
.
18
(A) Perforated Cover Plates ................................................................... 153
(B) Lacing Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
..
1fi3
Gusset Plates .................................................................................................................. 164
Half-Through Truss Spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
US
Fastener Pitch in Ends of Compression
......
. . . 15fi
Article
1.7.87
1.788
1.7.89
1790
1.791
Page
Net Section of Riveted or High Strength Bolted Tension Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US
Compression Members'Thickness of Metal . . . . . .
.
.
.
156
Stay
Plates
.......................................................................................................................... 158
RIBBED
ARCHES
168
Thickness
of
Web
Plates,
Solid
Rib
Arches
168
1.7.92
1.7.93
1.7.94
1.7.9?
BENTS AND TOWERS
... ..... ........

19
Bents and Towers, General
...
Single Bents
1.7.96
1.797
1.7.98
1.7.?
17.100
1.7.101
1.7.102
1.7.103
1.7.104
1.7.106
1.7.107
1.7.108
1.7.109
1.7.112
1.7.118
. .
. . .
.
.....
.
U'l
COMPOSITE
CIRDERS
.................................................................................................................................................. 160
Composite I-Girders, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
lftl
Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hit
Effective Flange Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Stresses
. .
..
.
1ti1
Shear .. .
. . .
.
.. .. .... .... . ..
..
1 2
(A) Hoiizonta1 Shear
. . . .... .. . .... .
.
1f2
(B) Vertical Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . US
Deflection
. .... . .
.. . . .
.... .
.
. .
1tU
Composite Box Girders, General . .
. ....
. .. .
US
Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment
16G
Design o:I Web Plates
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IGA
(A) Vertical Shear
166
(B) Secondary Bending Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lfiti
Design of Bottom Flange Plates . .
. . . . . . . . 1f7
( A) Tension Flanges .......................................................................... 167
( B) Compression Flanges Unstiffened
.
.
. . . 1G7
(D)
1.7.111
.. .
. .
169
Batter .................................................................................................................................... 159

Bracing
. .. .
.
.
.
. ...... .. .
.
.
.
US
Bottom
Struts
.................................................................................................................................................. 160
( C)
1.7.110
. .
Com pressi on Flanges Stiffened Longitudinally
. . .
167
Compression Flanges Stiffened Longitudinally an1

Transversely ...........................................................................................168
( E) Compression T"lange Stiffener s, General . . . . . . . . . . .
1fi9
Design of Flange to \Veb Welds
.
.
170
Diaphragms ..........................................................................................................................170
Lateral Bracing ........................................................................................................ 170
Access and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 17G
HYBRID GIRDERS...................................................................................... 170
Hybrid Girders, General
170
Allowable Stresses .......................................................................................................... 171
(A) lending
..
.
.
.
.
171
(B) Shear
.. . . .. .
.. . .
.. . .. .
171
(C) Fatigue
. . .... .. .. . . . .
.
171
Pla te Thickness Requirements

.. . ...
.
.
173
Bearing Stiffener Requirements...............................................................................178
HEAT-CURVED
ROLLED
BEAMS AND WELDED
PLATE
GIRD
ERS
S
c
o
p
e
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
R
a
d
i
u
s
o
f
C
u
r
v
a
t
u
r
e
C
a
m
b
e
r
CONTLNTS
Article
LOAD FACTOR DESIGN
1.7.117
1.7.118
1.7.119
1.7.120
1.7.121
1.7.122
1.7.123
1.7.124
1.7.12?
1.7.12
1.7.127
1.7.128
1.7.129
1.7.180
1.7.132
1.7.1?3
1.7.134
1.7.136
Scope . .. .
h
1.74
.. . . .. . . .. .... .
.. .. .. .. . .... . . . .. .. .. .
Notation . . . . .... .. . .
Loads ......
. . .... .
Design Theory . . . . .
.
Assumptions
.
Design Strength :for Steel . . . . . .
..
. .
. ..
..
J74
174
.
.
.
17fi
17
. . . . . .. .. .. . .
17f
.. ... ...
... 17f
Maximum Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
17fi
Symmetrical Beams and Girders

.
. .. 177
(A) Compact Systems
177
(B) Braced NonCompact Sections
..
.
178
(C) Transition
. . .
. .. .
.
1711
(D) Unbraced Sections
. ..
. . . . . . . . ITS
(E) Transversely Stiffened Girders
18tJ
(F) Longitudinally Stiffened Gii'ders . . . . . . . . .
181
Unsymmetrical Beams and Girders
182
(A) General
.
.
.
.
182
(B) Unsymmetrical Sections with Transverse Stiffeners .
18?
(C) Longitudinally Stiffened Unsymmetrical Sections . .
183
Composite Beams and Girders
.
.
.
183
Positive Moment Sections of Composite Beams and Gii ders ............... 183
(A) Compact Sections
. . . 188
(B) Non-compact Sections
.... . ..
.
.
18
(C) General
. .
.
..
.
18fi
Negative Moment Sections of Composite Beams and Girclers
18
Composite Box Girders
18?
. .. . . ...... 4 8fi
(A) Maximum Strength
.. .. ..
.
,. .. . 18fi
(B) Lateral Distribution
. . . .. ..
(C) \Veb Plates
.
.. . .
. . .
.
.. 18fi
(D) Tension Flanges .
...........
186
(E) Compression Flanges
.
..
186
. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 187
(F) Diaphragms
Shear Connectors
.
.
.
. . 188
(-4) General ......................................................................................................... 188
(B) Design of Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
188
(C) Maximum Spacing ................................................................................ 188
Hybrid Girders
. .
.. .
188
Noncomposite Hybrid Girders
189
(A) Compact Sections

... . ..... ..
189
(B) Braced Non-compact Sections
.
189
(C) Unbraced Noncompact Sections
.
. .. .
189
(D) Ti'ansverse1y Stiffened Girders ..................................................... 189
Composite Hybrid Girders
.
.
190
Compression Members
. .
.
i90
(A) AxialLoading ..
.. .
. . .
.
190
(B) Combined Axial Load and Bending . .
. . . . . . . . . TU
Splices, Connections and Details
.
192
(A) Connectors
. .. .
. . .
.
.
192
(B)
Connections .............................................................................................. 1113
Overload ................................................................................................................................ 194
(A) Noncomposite Beams ........................................................................... 194
(B) Composite Reams
15
(C) Friction Joints
"'
Aitic1e
1.7.1?7
1.7.188
Page
Fatigue
19?
( A)
General
(B)
Composite
Construction
( C) Hybrid Beams and Girders

Deflection
ORTHOTROPIC-DECK
Orthotropic-Deck
BRIDGES
Bridges. General
. .. . .. ... . . ... . .
19fi
...
196
Effective Width of Deck Plate .
1.7.142
1.7.143
(A)
(B)
Allowable
(A)
(B)
( C)
(D)
Thickness
(A)
Longitudinal Ribs and Deck Plate
1.98
.... .
(B) GidersandTinnsverseJ3cams..
Diaphragms ..
1.7.14T
\Vearing
llfaximum Slenderness of Longitudinal Ribs
..
Stiffness Requirements
(A)
(B)
..
..
..
.......
.
. .
. 148
..
1.82
1.8.3
1.8.4
1.8.?
1.86
1.8.7
1.8.8
I99
Surface ................................................................................................................ 1119
Closed Ribs ....................................................................................................................... 199
21It1
General
.
.
200
Design
.
. ..
.... .. .
2110
(A) Seam Sti'ength ....................................................................................... 201
(B) Handling and Installation Strength
201
(C) Failure of the Conduit Wall
.
. 201
(D) Deflection or Flattening
.
. . 203
Chemical and Mechanical Requirements
.
204
(A) AluminumCorrugated
Metal Pipe and Pipe-Arch
204
(B) AluminumStructural Plate Pipe and Pipe-Arch . . 204
(C) SteelCorrugated Metal Pipe and PipeArch
204
(D) SteelStructural Plate Pipe and Pipe-Arch
.
20fi
.kbrasive or Corrosive Conditions . . . . . .
. . .
205
Rivets & Bolts ................................................................................................................ 206
Multiple Structures
. . . . .
..
.
.
20fi
Sloped EnclsSkewed
..
.
.
. ..
206
Maximum Depths of Cover .
.................
. . . . . 20G
SECTION 9STRUCTURAL PLATE ARCHES
Gcneral ...
.
.
. . .
1.9.
1.fi.4
198
198
Defections
.
.
.
.
.
199
Vibrations .................................................................................................. 199
SECTION IICORRUGATED IIIETAL AND STRUCTURAL

PI.ATE PIPES AND PIPE-ARCHES
.
181
11)7
197
11)?
197
197
197
197
1.98
198
1.7.144
1.7.14?
1.7.14
17.148
Ribs and Beams . .. .

. .
Cirders
. .. .
.
. . .
.
...... .. .
Stresses
. .
.
. .
.
Local Bending Stresses in Deck Plate
.......
Bending Stresses in Longitudinal Ribs
....
Bending Stresses in Transverse Beams . . . . . . . . . . . .
Intersections of Ribs, Beams, and Girders
of Plate Elements
. .
.
Mani
He,.ha
ScourConditlons
n p
i. .
Multiple Arches
.
.
Suhstructure Design . . . . . .
: ::
.
. .
.... .
.... .
20?
20fi
. . .
..
.
.. . .
2tJG
207
207
2tI7
CONTENTS
Page
At-ticle
SECTION
Allow able
(A)
( B)
( C)
(D)
1.10.2
( F)
Formulas
(A)
(B)
( C)
( D)
(E )
(F )
(G)
(H)
(I)
(I)
( K)
1.10.8
1.10.4
1.10.?
1.10.6
1.10.7
1.10.8
General
I0PIMBER STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stresses . . . .
... .
.
. .
.
Allowable Unit Stresses for Stress-Grade Lumber
Allowable Unit Stresses :for Glued Laminated Tim1er
Allowable Unit Stresses for Normal Loading Conditions . . . . .
.
.
.
.
Allowable Unit Stresses for Permanent Loading . .
Allowable Unit Stresses for Wind, Earthquake or
Short Time Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combined Stresses .
.
. .
....
.
.
for the Computation of Stresses in Timber . . . . . . . .
Horizontal Shear in Beams . .
.. . ... . .. .
Secondary Stresses in Curved Glued Laminated
M
rb sion or Bearing Perpendicularto Grain'.
Simple Solid Column Design
Spaced Column Design .

Sa:fe Load on Round Columns
B
Bearhn o nc ined Surfaces
Timber Connectors
Size Factor
Lateral Stability
208
208
209
209
200
209
217
221
223
224
226
'
Bolts
Washers
Hardware for Seacoast Structures
Columns and Posts
Pile and Framed Bents
(A) Pile Bents
fB) Framed Bents
(C) Sills and Mud Sills .
( D) Caps
(E) Bracing
(F) Pile Bent Ab utments .
TruSSes
( A) Joints and Splices
( B ) Floor Beams
( C) Hangers
( D) Eyebars and Counters
(E) Bracing
( F) Cambei
Floors and Railings
(A) Stringers
(B) Bridging
(G) Nailing Strips .
( D ) Flooring
( E) Retaining Pieces
( F) Wheel Guards
( G) Drainage
(H) Railings .
Fire Stops
SECTION 11 LOAD CAPACITY RATING OF EXISTING
BRIDGES
Under Permit .
207
207
207
207
226
22G
226
227
227
230
280
230
2
2
2
2
21
231
232
232
232
232
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
234
234
234
234
A iticle
1.11.2
Impact
1.11.4
Ad justable Loads
Stress Analysis
Allowable Stresses
1.12.1
Gcneial
SECTION 12EI.ASTOMERIC BEARINGS

1.12,2
Design
SECTION 13$TEEI. TUNNEL I.1NER ILATES

Genero|
240
]4O
242
Loads
1.134
113.7
1.138
1.13. 11
1.13. 12
Design
Joint Strength
Handling and Installation Strength
Critical Buckling of Liner Plate \Va1l .
Defloctlon or Flattening
Chem ical and Mech anical Requirements
( A) Ch emical Composition
( R) Minimum Mechanical Properties
Before Cold Forming
Sectional Proper ties
Coatings
Rolts
Safety Fiictors
Division
242
242
243
248
of
Flat
Plate
244
244
244
24?
24?
II
CONST RUCTION
SECTION IEXCAVATION AND FILL
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.?
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8
2.1.9
2,1.111
2.1.11
2.2.1.
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
General
..
...
..
......
247
Preservation of Channel
..
.
.
.
.
247
Depth of Footings ........................................................................................ 248
Preparation of Foundations for Footings . . . . . . . .
.
248
Cofferdam and Cribs
. .
248
(A) General
.
.
.
.
248
(R) Protection of Concrete
. . .
.
248
(C) Ilrav ings Required ................................................................. 249
(D) Removal
.
. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .... .. 24!)
Pumping ........................................................................................................... 249
Inspection
. . ..
. .. .
.
. .
249
Back-fill
.
.
.
249
.
.
.. .. . . .
2fi(J
Filled Spandrel Arches . .... . .
Approach Emliankment
..
..
.
...
2fi0
Classification of Excavation
.
.
.
2fit1
Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
2fit)
SECTION 2SHEET PILES
General
. ........ .
.. .
Timber Sheet Piles . .. .. .
.
Concrete Sheet Piles ........
.
Steel Sheet Piles
Measurement and Payment
. ... ...
SECTION 3DEARING PILES
2.3.1
247
Materials
. .. .
. . .
.. ...
. . .
.... . ..
. . .
.
..
.
..............
. . .
...
..
.
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
2 1.
2fi1
2fi1
2U
261
2 2
2?2
2 2
A ti
2. .2
2. .
Page
Design and Conditions of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
252
Preparation
for
Driving
.................................................................................................................................................. 252
(A)
Excavation
....................................................................................................................................... 262
( B)
Caps . .
.............. .... .
(C)
Collars
( E)
(F)
Splicing Piles
Painting Steel Piles
IDA
Pintinq;
. . . . . . .. .. .. .
....
..
..
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......
.. . .
..
. . . .. . . . . .. . .
2fi2
2fi
2fi8
2a3
253
Methods of Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2j3
(A) General ........................................................................................................... 2
(B) Ihammers for Timber and Steel Piles
. . 253
t C) Hammers for Concrete Piles
.
.
. .
253
(D) Additional Equipment ...................................................................... 264
{E) Lcads
(F) Followers .... .... .

.
( Ci) Water Jets
. .
(H) Accuracy of Driving
Defective Piles
2.3.7
2.3.8
2.3 .9
2.3.1G
2.3.11
2.8.12
2.3.13
.. . ,
. .. .
254
. .
,. .......... 264
.
. .
2fi4
264
2fi4
Determination of Bearing Values (See also Article 1.4.4) . . . .

2fifi
(A) Loading Tests
.
.
.
2fifi
(B) Timber Pile Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25fi
t C) Concrete and Steel Piles ....................................................................... 256
Test Piles ............................................................................................................................. 256
Order Lists for Piling ................................................................................................... 256
Storage and II and ling of Timber Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi6
Cutting off Timber Piles
.
.
.
.
.
.. 2fi7
Cutting off Steel or Steel Shell Piles . . . . . . . .
.
.
2fi7
Capping Timber Piles . . .
. .
2fi7
Manufacture o1 Precast Concrete Piles . .
.
.
2fi7
(A) General
. . .. . . . .. . .. .......... .
2fi7
..
.
. 2fi7
(B) Class o:I Concrete
.... .
(C) Form Work
. .
. . . . .
.. 2fi7
(D) Reinforcement ...... .. .. .
.
2fi7
(E) Casting .... . . . . .... .. . .
258
(F) Finish
. ..
.
.. .
.
2fi8
(G) Curing
.. ..
.. . . ..
....
..
.
258
Storage and Handling of Precast Concrete Piles ......................................... 268
Manufacture of Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2fi8
(A)
Geneia1
.. ....... ........ ...
....... ......
(B) Inspection of Metal Shells

(C) Class of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(D) Reinforcement
.
.
. .
.
258
268
2fi9
2fit9
(E) Placing Concrete

. ..
.. . .
2fi9
Extensions or Build-ups. ................................................................................... 259
Painting Steel Piles and Steel Pile Shells

.. . . . . . .. .
(A)
(B)
2.3.19
2 20
2.4.1
General
Method A
. .. .
. .
. ..
. .
2fi9
250
2fi9
2a9
(C) Method B .
. .. . .
.... ..
. .
.
2G0
(D) Falsexvork and Defective Piles ........................................................ 261
(E) Additional Requirements .................................................................... 261
Payment for Test Piles

.
. ..
Payment :for Loading Tests . . . . . . .
. . .
.. .
.
. .
2G2
2G2
SE
CT
IO
N
4
Ge
ner
al
. . .
. ..
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
2f32
CONCRETE MASONRY ....................................................... 252
Page
Article
2.4.2
243
2.4.4
2.4.?
2.4.6
2.4.7
2.4.8
249
2.4.10
2.4.11
2.4.12
2.4.1B
2.4.14
Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 262
(A)
(B)
(G)
(D)
Cement . . .
.. ....
. .
Water and Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fine Aggregate . .
....... . ...
.. ...
Coarse Aggregates . . . . . . . . . .
...... . . .
2f2
2f4
24
2 5
Caie ancl Storage of Concrete Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26fi

Storage of Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 i5
Classes of Concrete
.. . . .. . .. . .. .
. ..
..
266
Composition of Concrete ................................................................................................. 267
Sampling and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measurement of Materials
. . . . .
..
2f8
. . . . .
2f8
Mixing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . .
2G9
( A) General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 26!)
(B) Mixing at Site ....................................................................................... 269
(C) Truck Mixing .......................................................................................... 269
(D) Partial Mixing at the Central Plant ........................................ 270
(E) Plant Mix
. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . ..
270
(F) Time of Hauling and Placing Mixed Concrete .................... 270
(G) Hand Mixing ............................................................................................ 270
(H) Delivery .........................................................................................................271
(I)
Retempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. .. ..
271
Handling and Placing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
271
(A) General ......................................................................................................... 271
(B) Culx-erts ......................................................................................................... 273
(C) Girders, Slabs and Columns ............................................................ 274
(D) Arches . . .. . .
.. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . 27fi
Pneumatic Placing ....................................................................................................... 275
Pumping ............................................................................................................................... 276
Depositing Concrete Under Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27fi
Construction Joints
..
.. .. .. . . .
27fi
(A) General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
276
(B) Bonding
. .. .
...... .... .
.... . .. .
276
Rubble or Cyclopean Concrete .............................................................................. 277
Concrete Exposed to Sea Water ......................................................................... 277
Concrete Exposed to Alkali Soils or Alkali Water
278
Falsework and Centering ........................................................................................ 278

Forms
.. . . .. ......
...... . .... . . ...... . .
278
Removal of Falsework, Forms and Housing ................................................ 279
Concreting in Cold Weather ................................................................................... 280
Curing Concrete
.. . .. . .... .. . .. . .. .
.. .
280
Expansion and Fixed Joints and Bearings .................................................. 281
(A) Open Points ............................................................................................... 281
(B) Filled Joints ............................................................................................. 281
(C) Premolded Expansion Joint Fillers ........................................... 281
(D) Steel Joints ................................................................................................ 281
(E) \Vater Stops ............................................................................................. 281
(F) Sheet Copper ............................................................................................. 282
(G) Bearing Devices ..................................................................................... 282
2.4.24
2.4.2?
2426
2.4.27
2.4.28
FINISHING CONCRETE SURFACES
282
General
282
Class 1, Ordinary Suiface Finish
Class 2, Rubbed Finish

Glass 8, Tooled Finish
Class 4, Sanl Blasted Finish
283
28
28
28
CONTENTS
Article
2.4.29
24.J0
2.4.31
2.4.32
2.4.33
2.4.34
2.5.2
2.5.B
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.?.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
2.?.0
2510
2.6.1
2.6.2
Class 5, Wire Brushed or Grubbed Finish .
Page
284
Class 6, Floated Surface Finish .......................................................................... 284

(A) Striking Off.................................................................................................. 284
(B) Floating ....................................................................................................... 284
(C) Longitudinal Floating . . . .... .
. .
.
284
(II) Transverse Flo:iting . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
..
284
(E) Straightedging . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28fi
(F) Final Finishing .. .. . .. .. . ........ . .
28fi
Sidewalk Ftnish .
. .. .. . .. . . .. . . ...... .. . . 28fi
Pneumatically Applied Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 28fi
(A) General
. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 28o
(B) Proportions . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
286
(C) Water Content .........................................................................................286
(D) Mixing ........................................................................................................... 286
(E) Nozzle Velocity ....................................................................................... 286
(F) Nozzle Position .. .... .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. 28i
(G) Rebound Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......
286
(H) Foiins .
. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 28ti
(I) Joints ............................................................................................................. 286
(I) Bond ............................................................................................................. 286
(K) Curing
. .
. ..............
. .. . .. .
287
(L) Reinforcement .......................................................................................... 287
Prestressed Concrete .................................................................................................... 287
(A) General ......................................................................................................... 287
(B) Supervision ................................................................................................ 287
(C) Equipment .................................................................................................. 287
(D) Concrete ....
. . .. ..
. .. . ..
. . .
287
(E) Steam Curing .......................................................................................... 288
(F) Transportation and Storage .. .
.. . . .
288
(G) Pretensioning Method
. .. . . . .
. .. . . .... 288
(H) Post-tensioning Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 289
(I) Grouting of Ronded Steel .
.. .
.. .
.
289
(I) Presti'essing Reinforcement .. .
.
289
(K) Testing Prestressing Reinforcement ancl Anchorages 290
.
.
.
:29()
SECPION 5 REINFORCEMENT ..
. .
..
291
Material ................................................................................................................................ 291
(A) Bal Reinforcement .......................... 291
(B) Wire and \Vire Mesh ............................................................................ 291
(C) Bar Mat Reinforcement ......................................................................... 292
(D) Structural Shapes ................................................................................ 292
Order Lists ...................................................................................................................... 292
Protection of Matei'ial ............................................................................................. 292
Fabrication ......................................................................................................................... 292
Placing and Fastening .. . .. . .
.... .
. . .
.
293
Splicing ................................................................................................................................... 293
Lapping
293
Substitutions ........................................................................................................................ 294
Measurement ....................................................................................................................... 294
Payment ................................................................................................................................. 294

SECTION 6 ASHLAR MASONRY . . . . . . . . .
.
29
Description
Materials
..
..
..
(A) Ashlar Stone

(B)
Mortar
. .. .
. . ..
. .. . . . .. .. .. .
. . .. . . . .. .. .
. .. . . . .
..
... ..... . . . . . .
29?
29
29?o
2I1fi
Article
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.6
2.6.6
2.6.7
2.6.8
2.6.9
2.6.10
2..11
2.G.12
2.6.13
2.G.14
2.6.16
2.6. 16
2.G.17
2.7.1
2.7.2
Page
Size of Stone ............................................................................................................................ 296

Surface linishes of Stone ............................................................................................. 296
Dressing Stone
. . . . .. ...... .. . .. ..... . ... .... .. .
2ilG
Stretchers ........................................................................................................................... 296
He:iders
. .. . .
Cores and Backing
.. . .. . ..
..
282
28
2.8.4
2.8.5
2.8.6
287
2.8.8
29(;
2g7
(C) Stone Backing and Cores ...................................................................... 298

(D) Conciete Cores and Backing .......................................................... 298
Leveling Courses
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ......................................298
Resetting
.. . .. . .. . . ... . . . .. ..
. . . . . . .. . .. .
298
Dowels and Cramps .................................................................................................... 298
Copings
.
.
. . .. ................ .
.
299
Arches ............................................................................................................................................ 299

Pointing
.
.
.
.
. .
299
.. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?f1i1
SECTION 7MORTAR RUBHLE MASONRY . . . . . . . . . .

3110
Desciiption .
.
.. .
.. . . .. . .
300
M:iterials ........................................................................................................ 300
(A) Rubble Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3110
(B) I\Iortar .... . .... . . .. .
.. .........
. 3011
Size .................................................................................................................. 300
Headers
.
.
.
. . .. .. .
. .. .
.
8t10
Shaping Stone .............................................................................................. 801
.
301
Copings, Bridge Scats and Backwalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arches
. ..
. .. . . . ..
. .
.
Pointing
.
. .
.. .
Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3tl1
?02
ot12
3t12
SECTION 8 DRY RUBBLE MASONRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description
.. . . . . .. . .... . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .
Materials
.
.
. .. .
..
.... .
Size of Stone
.
.
....
.
Headers
. .
.
.
. .
.. .
. . ..
Shaping Stone
Laying Stone
. .
. .
..
.. . . .. .. . . . . .. .
03
308
?03
?03
'3tl 3
808
$0?
Copings, Bridge Seats and Backivalls ....................................................303
Measurement and Payment ...................................................................... 304

SECTION 9
])/{;i( yij]
BRICK MASONRY ............................................................ 304

. .
. .
. .. .
04
. .... ..., ...... .. .. .... .. ... . .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. ...
3Q4
(A)
BIick
304
(B)
Mortar
. . .. . .
Copings, Bridge
. .
.. . .
SECTION 10 STEEL STRUCTURES

FABR I CATION
...
.... .. .
Seats and Backwalls. . . . . . . .
Measurement and Payment . .
Type of Fabrication
...... .
. .. .. . . .... .. ...... ....
Construction
2.10.1
. ..
. . . ..
Mixing Mortar ....................................................................................................................... 297
Description
2.9.2
.. .
Laying Stone . . .. .
. . .
. .
. .
..
.
297
(A) General ........................................................................................................ 297
(B) Face Stone .... ......
. .
.. .
. .
297
Laying Stone
281
.. .. . .
..... .
.......
?04
?04
FOR
0fi
CONTENTS
A ti
2.
.2
2.1 .
Quality of \V orkmansh ip
Materials
( A)
( l3 )
( C)
( II )
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(I)
( K)
2. 10.4
2.10.5
2.10.6
2. 10.7
.. .. ..
.. .. . . .. . .. ..
proved Bearing-Type Bolts
2. 10.12
of Reamed and Drilled Holes .
iitting :for Riveting and Bolting .

Shop Assembling
( A) Full Truss or Girder Assembly .
( B ) Progressive Truss or Girder Assembly .
( G) Full Chord Assembly .
( D) Progresswe Chord Assembly .
( E) Special Complete Structure Assembly .
Drifting of Holes
Match-Marking
Itivets
Field Rivets
Bolts and Bolted Connections .
( A ) General .
. 7
2.
2.
.
.
( B)
2.1020
Unfin ished Bolts .
I C) Turned Bolts .
( D ) Ribbed Bolts
Connections Using High Strength Bolts .
( A ) General
( B) Bolts. Nuts and Washers .
( C ) Bolted Parts
( D)
2.111.21
0 ti
81f1
Al.II
?11
'311
312
812
?12
?12
312
Bolts
2.10.13
2.10.14
2.
d06
Holes for Ribbed Bolts, Turned Bolts or Other Ap-
2.10.11
2.10.1?
2.10.16
and Equivalent Bearing Areas
Punchecl Holes
Reamed or Drilled Holes .
Subpu nch ing and Rearing o1 Field Connections .
Accuracy of Punched and Drilled Holes . Accuracy
2.10. 10
Structural Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel Forgings and Steel Shafting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel Castings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ....
Iron C astings . .
.. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. ...
Ductile Iron Castings
.
Malleable Castings
. .
.
Bronze Castings and Copper-Alloy Plates. . . . . . . . .
Sheet Lead
... . .
. . .
.
.
Sheet Zinc
. . . .
. . .
.......
Galvanizing
. .
...... . .
. .. .
Canvas and Red Lead for Bedding Masonry Plates
Page
?0o
( L) Preformed Fabric Pads

Storage of Materi:its
Straightening Material and Curving Rolled Beams and Welded
Girders
( A)
Straightening Material
( B ) Curving Rolled Beams and Welded Girders
F' inish
Rivet and Bolt Holes
( A) Holes for
High- Strength Bolts and Unfinished
( B)
2.10.8
2.10.9
( E)
Rivetincr
Installation
Inspection
317
317
320
320
3211
820
3211
320
320
321
? 2J.
321
?23
324
Aiticle
2.10.22
Plate Cut Edges

..
(A) Edge Planing .
( B)
Page
32fi
32fi
Visual Inspection :ind Repair of Plate Gut Edges . . .
\Velds . . .
.. ..
.
...
.
. .
(A) General
. .
.. .
( B ) Filler Metal
. . .
.
.
(C)
lreheat and Interpass Temperature
( D ) Qu:ilification of \Veldeis, Welding Operators
?2
and
Tackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.24
2.10.26
2.10.26
2.10.27
2.10.28
2.10.29
2.10.30
2.10.31
2.10.32
2.10.33
2.10.34
2.10.3?
?. 10.3G
2.1 0.37
2.10.38
2. 10.811
2.10.40
2.111.41
2.10.42
2. 10.43
2.10.44
2. 10.4?
2. 10.4
2.10.47
(E)
(F)
Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection of \Ve1ds
. .
. .
fG)
Stud Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. .
?31
882
833
3?fi
OxygenCutting ............................................................................................. 341

Facing of Bearing Surfaces
. .
.
.
342
Abutting Joints
. .
.. . . . . .
342
End Connection Angles .............................................................................. 342
Lacing Bars .................................................................................................. 843
'wished I\Members ....................................................................................... 343
Web Plates
. . . . .. .. ....
.... ..
..
?43
Bent Plates
. ...... . .. ........ . .. . . .. . .
348
Fit of Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ?44
Eyebars
344
Annealing and Stress

Pins and Rollers
Boring Pin Holes
Pin Clearances
Threads for Bolts :ind Pins
Pilot and Driving Nuts
344
Notice of Deginni n g of Work
Facilities for Inspection

Inspectors Authority
\Yorking Drawings and I dentification of Steel During Fabrication
(A) Work in g Drawings
( B) Identifictition of Steels During Fabrication .
\Veighing of Members
Full Size Tests
Marking and Shipping
Painting
ERECTION
21048
328
328
328
33fJ
Or thotropic-Dock Biidges
(A) Protection of Deck Plate A:f ter Sand Blasting .

(B) Dimensional Tolerance Limits
Erection of Structure
Plans
Plant
llelivery of Materials
Handlin g ancl Storing Materials
Falsework
Methods and Equipment
Bearings and Anch orages
Straigh tening Bent Mateiia1 and Gambering .
(A)
Straightening Bent Material
( B ) Gambering
346
4
46
34
48
48
CONTENTS
Article
2.10.68
2. 10.69
2.10.60
2. 10.61
2.10.62
2.10.63
2.10.64
Page
Assembling Steel ......................................................................................... 353
Riveting .......................................................................................................... 353
Pin Connections .... .
I\Iisfits
.. .
. ..
. .
....
...... .
.... .... . .
Removal of Old Structure and Fa1sework
.. .... . .
. . . .
3 4
?54
3fi4
I\fothod of Measurement
.. .. . . .. .
.
.
Basis of Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
365
3fi7
SECTION I IBRONZE OR COPPER-ALLOY BEARING AND
EXPANSION PLATES
2.11.1
2.11.2
( C)
2.11.3
2.11.4
2.11.6
2.11.6
358
General ....................................................................................................... 358

Materials ..................................................................................................... 358
( A ) Bronze Bearing and Expansion Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3158
i B) i:o11ed Copper-Alloy Bearings and Expansion Plates .
3fi8
Metal
Powder
5intered
Bearings
SECTION
General
Materials
( A) Steel
2.12.3
2.12.4
2.12.5
2.12.6
2.12.7
2.12.8
2.12.9
( C ) Concrete
( D) Skid Resistance .
Arrangement of Sections .
Provision :for Camber .
Field Assembly
Connection to Supports .
Welding
Repai ring Damaged Galvanized Coatings .
Concrete Filler
Painting
Measurement and Payment .
( B)
2.12.10
2. 12.11
Expansiori
12STEEL GRID FLOORING .
2122
2.12.1
and
Joints ( Oil Impregnated) ................................................................ 358

Bronze Plates ..................................................................................................................... 358
Copper-Alloy Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. . .. .. ...
368
Placing .................................................................................................................................... 368
Measurement and Payment ....................................................................................... 368
Protective Treatment
( Shop Coat)
359
35?
360
360
360
360
360
361
361
361
SECTION 13RAILINGS .......................................................................... 361

Genes-at . .. . .
. . ...... .
. .. .. .. ..
.
361
Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 862
Line and Grade
................................... 362
METAL RAILING
362
2.13.4
Construction
362
362
2.1B 6
General
2.13.?
Painting
CONCRETE RAILING
2.1
7
2138
GONTENTS
Page
Article
Surface Finish .......................................................................................................................... 363

Expansion Joints .................................................................................................................... 363
S''ONE AND HRICK RAILING

2.18.12
364
General
WOOH RAILINC
General
3G4
3a4
Moasu rement and Payment .
SECTION 1
2.14.1
2.14.2
2.14.
2.14.4
2.14.?
2.14.6
2.14.7
2.14.8
2.14.9
2.14.10
Material .
(A) Shop Coat ( Prime Coat) .
( B ) First Iield Coat
( C)
Second Field Coat ( Finish Coat) .
Number of Coats and Color'.
Mixin(; of Paint .
Weathei- Conditions
AJi pli cation
(A) ieneral
(B) Biush Qing
( U) Inaccessible Surfaces . .. ..
..
.. .. . .. .
Removal of Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86fi
SGD
F'ainting Galvanized Surfaces

..
.
.. . .
Cleaning of Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
367
8G7
Thinning Paint
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.14.11
2.14.12
PAINTI NG METAL S1RUCTURES .
(E)
...
.. ........... . ...
.....
. ..
M th$d A-Hand Cleaning

Method IIRlast Cleaning
.
. . .
Method CHarvey Cleaning .
.
. . . . ..
Surfaces Inaccessible After Assembly. . . . . . . .
Shop Painting
..
..
iJ6ti
3 7
3fi7
367
368
3fiI1
Field Painting ................................................................................................................. 369

SECTION
SI.OPES
PROTECTI ON OF
EMBANKMENTS
AND
General
MATERIAL
Materials
CONSTRUCTION
Loose Riprap for Slopes.
371
.
. .
Mortar Riprap :for Slopes.
. . .. . .. .
Stone Ripiap :for Foundation Protection. . . . . . . , .
Conci ete Ripiap in Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concrete Slab Riprap .. .... . . .. . .
.
FILTER MATERIAL
2.1?.8
Fnter or Bedding Material .
871
?72
375
HTS
873
CONTENTS
Article
Page
374
MEASUREMENT
I\Measurement
PAYMENT
2.16.10
Payment
SECTION 1
2.16.1
CONCRETE CRIBBING
371
General
2.16.2
2.16.3
Construction
2.17.1
General .
.. ..
.. .
..
.
. . .
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(A)
Mortar
377
?77
SECTION 18
?81
SECTION 17
2.17.2
2.17.8
2.17.4
2.17.5
2.17.6
2.17.T
2.17.8
2.17.0
2.18.1
2.18.2
2.18.3
2.18.4
2.18.5
&'ATERPROOFING
. . ......
..
377
37
7
(B) Asphalt ......................................................................................................... 377
(C) Pitch .............................................................................................................. 378
(D) Fabric ............................................................................................................ 378
(E) Tar for Absorptive Treatment. .................................................... 878
(F) Tai Seal Coat ......................................................................................... 378
(G) joint Fillers . .. . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . .
878
(H) Inspection ancl Delivery . . . . . . . . . .
..
79
Storage of Fabric ......................................................................................................... 379
Preparation of Surface ............................................................................................ 379
ApplicationGeneral .................................................................................................... 379
icationDetails ..................................................................................................... 380
Dp
p'age Pate ing . .. . . . .. . .. . ..
am
.. . .
. .
..
381
Protection Course ......................................................................................................... 381
Measurement and P:iyment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .........
?81
DAMPPROOFING
General
Materials
Preparation of Surface
8l
82
382
382
382
Application
Measu rement and Payment
SECTION 19 NAME PLA'TES
382
2. 19.1
General Requirements
382
220.1
SECTION 20
2202
Materials
220.3
TIMBER STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . .
.
..
388
383
(A)
38?
. .
. .
.
.
383
L (B) Structural Shapes
(C)
Castings
....
.
.
..
.
.
.
..
.
38o
u
(D) Hardware .................................................................................................... 388
m
(E) Paint for Timber Structures. ...................................................... 384
l
(F) Timber Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
?8fi
Timber Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 38G

e
of Material ............
. .. . . .
.
?89
r
a
n
d
T
i
m
b
e
r
(
S
o
l
i
c
l
s
a
w
n
o
r
g
l
u
e
d
l
a
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
)
CONTENTS
Article
( C)
220.0
2207
2.20.8
2.20.9
2.20.10
2.20.11
2.20.12
2.20.13
2.20.16
2.20.16
2.20.17
2.20.18
22019
2. .2
.2 .
2.
.2
2.2 .2
2.2 . 4
2.
.2
3P9
389
389
390
390
390
390
390
390
Cuts and Abrasions
( D) Bolt Holes
(E) Temporary Attachment
Untreated Timbep
Treatment of Pile Heads .
(A) General
(B) Method AZinc Covering
( C ) Method BFabric Covering
Holes for Bolts, Dowels, Rods and Lag Screws .
Bolts and Washers
Countersinking
Framing
Pile Bents
Framed Bents
(A) Mud Sills
(B)
2.20.14
Page
Treated Timber
( A)
Handling
(B) Framing and Boring
Caps
(C)
( D)
( E)
39G
391
?.91
391
391
392
392
392
392
392
392
892
393
Concrete Pedestals
Sills
Posts
Design and Construction
393
Bracing
Stringers
Plank Floors
398
398
893
894
Laminated or
Composite \Vood-Concrete Decks
(A)
( B)
3114
Slab Spans .
T Beams
Trusses
Truss Housings
Erection o:I
and Railings .
Painting
394
?94
39o
395
?9o
395
39?
39?
SECTION 21PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS FOR TIMBER
396
Wheel Guards and Railing
General ............................................................................................................396
I\Materials
?96
Identification and Inspection
39f
2.22.1
SECTION 22TIMBER CRIBBING
897
Material
. . . . .. .
397
Timber
397
(A)
(B) Logs
Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
397
897
(A) Timber
(B) Logs
Construction
(A) Foundation
(B) Mud Sil]s
397
897
398
398
398
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(G) FaceLogsor Timbers.............
.. . ...
397
B98
CONTENT S
Article
2.22.4 cont.
(D)
( E)
Page
398
3?9
Ties
Fastening .

SECTION 23CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF
CORRUGATED METAL AND STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPES,
PIPE-ARCHES, AND ARCHES .
2.2B.1
2.23.2
2.28.8
2.23.4
2.23.6
2.23.6
2.23.7
2.23.8
2.23.9
2.23.10
2.23.11
2.23.12
2.23.13
General
Forming and Punching of Corrugated Structural Plates and
Sheets :for Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....
. 4011
(A) Structural Plate Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. . 411f1
( B) Corrugated Metal Pipe . . . . . . . .
.
. . . .
400
( C) Elongation .................................................................................... 400
Assembly ......................................................................................................... 400
Bedding ............................................................................................................ 401
Pipe Foundation .......................................................................................... 401
silent
. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cover Over Pipe During Construction .................................................................. 403
Workmanship and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
Method of Measurement ..
. ....
. .. .
.. ..
. .
404
404
BaSis of Payment ................................................................................................................. 404
SECTION 24WEARING SURFACES

2.24.1
2.24.2
in
Bracing . . . . . . . .
. ... ... . ..... .. . . . . . ..
. ..
402
Camber ........................................................................................................... 402
Arch Substructures and Headwalls ................................................................... 402
4114
Description
Orthotropic Deck Bridge,s
( A)
Material
( B)
( C)
Placement
Inspection
SECTION 25ErAszoMERIC BEARIixGs

Description
Mateiials
Manufacturing Requirements
Tolerances
Quality Assurance
2.2G.1
2.26.2
2.26.8
2.26.4
2.26.?
SECTION 26CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNEL USING STEEI.

TUNNEL LINER PLATES . . . . . . . .
.
408
Scope
408
..
Descrpbon .
.
. . . .
.
409
Forming sndPunching of Liner Plates ..... ........ . 409
Installation ...................................................................................................... 409
Measurement
. . .......... . . . .. . ..
...............
41fJ
CONTENTS
INDEX TO FIGURES
Figures
1.1.7
1.1.9
1.1.17
1.2.SA
1.2.SR
1.2.SC
1.7.3A
1.7.3B
17.19
1.7.70
1.7.71A
1.7.71B
1.7.111A
1.7.111B
1.10.2
1.13.1
2.111.22B
2.10.23A
2. 10.28B
2.10.23C
2.10.23D
2.23
Page
Clearance Diagram for Biidges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Railings . .
.
..
. .
.
.
. .... .
.
..
fi
Clearance Diagram for TunnelsTwo Lane Highway
Traffic .
II
Clearance Diagram for Underpasses . . . . . . .

11
Standard H Trucks.......
.. ..
. . .
.
TO
H Lane and HS Lane Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Standard
HS
Trucks.
................................................................................................................................................. 17
Fatigue
Stresses
.............................................................................................................................................. 117
Fatigue
Stresses
.............................................................................................................................................. 120
Splice
Details
.............................................................................................................................................. 130
\Veb Thickness and Girder Depth. .
..
. . .. .
14fi
t
n$
Web P a e i th
Iffannrs
.
'
1411
Flange Stress Reduction Factors, n== .72. ............................................. 172
Flange Stress Reduction Factoi-, o=:: .50. . . . . . . . . .
172
Spaced Column, Connector Joined.
. . ... ..
.
229
Diagram for Coefficient Ci for Tunnels in Soil. ................................... 241
Discontinuities ............................................................................................................. 827
Procedure Qualification Fillet Weld Test. ................................................ 834
Stud Shear Connector . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . .
388
Tensile Test Fixture .............................................................................................. 339
BenJ Test Fixture and Failures. ....................................................................339
Pipe Bedding, Foundation & Sideflll. . . . . . . .
.... . .. .
4t13
INDEX TO TABLES
1.3.IB
1.3.IC
1.?.27
1.?.27A
1.6.29
1.7.1
1.7.3A
1.7.8B
1.8.2
1.10.1
1.10.1A
1.10.TB
1.11.?
2.10.8A
2.10.8B
2.10.20A
2.10.20B
Distribution of Loads
Bending Moment in Floor Beams .
recommended
Minimum
Thickness
for
Constant
Depth
Members
Long-tme Deflettins
Standard Hooks in Tension
Allowable
Stresses
Str-ess Cycles
F'atigue Stresses
Minimum Longitu dinal Seam Strengths
Allowable Unit Stresses Koi' Structural Lumber' Visu:i1ly

Allowable Unit Stresses for Structural Glued Laminated
Timber
Allowable Unit Stresses for Structural Glued Laminated
2.10.22B
2.10.43
2.20.1
94
1. 12
118
242
218
Timber
.......................................................................................................................................... 222
Allov
able
Stresses
.. ....
. .
2?fi
Bolt and
Nut
Dimensio
ns . .
. ....... . . ..
3(J9
\Vasher
Dimensio
ns
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?I19
Bolt
Tension ................................................................................................... 322
Nut
Rotation
from
Snug
Tight
Condition.
. . .
82i3
Discont
inuities
..
.. .
.. .
82fi
Identifica
tion
Color
Codes.
.
.
.
. .
848
Typical
Dimensi
ons of
Timber
Connect
ors............................................................................................................ 387
PR E FACE
Eleventh Edition
I\/Iajor changes and revi sions to this edition aie as follows :
1. The Interim Specifications of 1970, 1971, arid 1972, have been adopted
and included, together. iv ith tv elve items x\hich x\ ere balloted and adopted in
November 1972.
2. The section on Railings (Article 1.1.9 ) has been expanded and modifieit
to provide :foi' irnpi oved safety performance.
?. Load Factor design concepts are now permitted for both structuia1 steel
and ieinfoicod concrete structu res as an alternate to existing design enter ia.
Th is load factor concept has also been included in the prestiessed concietc
design provi sion s Koi ultimate stienth.
4. Section 7 of Design contains piovisions for heat curving and for design
of oithotropic deckbiidges.
5. Section lHH has been extensively modified to provide nev design icquii e-
ments :for Timber structui'es.

6. Updated provisions for Steel Tunnel Liner Plates and Slope Pt otection
have also been included.
I N TRO DU CTIO N
Th o eompil ation of these specificati ons began with the organ nation, in
1921, of the Comm ittee on Riidges an cl Structuies of the Americ:in Association
of State H ighv ay Other at s. lJuiin g the peiiod from 1921, until p rinfed in 19 1,
the s(ioc l ficatlo ns v-ei'e g ra dually developed, and as the sever at clivi sion s were
a pp i oved f iona tune to time, they v ci e made :ivailabJ e in mimeogiaphed form
Koi use of the State Hi gh ay l3epaitments anet other' organ izat ions. A complete
spee ifiection v'as available i n 1fi26 an ct i I v as ievised in 1928. Thou g1i not in
jiii nted foim, th c s(iecification s v ei e valuable to the bridge engineer ing pi'ofes
si on cluiin y the Jiei iocl of clevelopment.
The fi i st edition of the Standaic1 Speer ficati ons i as published in 1931, an d
it v as follow-ed by the 19 5, 19 t1, 1944, 1949, 196 3, 1957, 19G1, 19t3 fi, :inr1 1969
i ex ise1 e1itions. The piesont and eleventh edition constitutes a i evisi on of tha e
11Iti9 5peer tic ation s, including those cliiinges adopted st nce the public:iti on of the
tenth caution an cl th ose th iou gh 1972. The constant iesearch and doveto pment
in steel, con crete, anal tim1er stiuctui es p tactically dictates th e necessl ty of
rcx i sin c he speci fixation s evei four years, and the 197? edition continues thi s
Am ong the 1 mpoitan I i evi sions in the 1978 edition is the ac1o(ition o1
I omit factor' criteria as an :ilternate design methocl. Other mod ifications aie
ou flined in the Pi'eface.
Interim 5peer fieati on s ai'o usu ally publ ished late in the calendar year, an d
a icvi se1 edition of thi s book is published eveiy four years. The Inter inn
Speci fixations have the same status as standaids of the Amcl iean Association
of State Highx ay Other als, lut aie tentative revi sions appi oved by at least twoth irds of the Comm ittee on Bridges and Structures. These rex ision s at o v
oted on by the Association Member Departments prior to the publication o1 each
nev ed it ion of this hook, and if :ippi'oved by at least two-th irds of the mem be
re, they ac inclutel in th e new ed ition as standaids of The Associ ation. Members of
the Association aie the fifty State HIgh\vay Departments, the IIi strict of
Columb ia, Puerto Rico and the Fede ial Highway Admin i stration. bach member
has one vote.
Annual Interim Specifications are gen erally u sed by the State Highv ay
Departmen I after their adoption by the Brid ge Committee. OIdei s for these
annunl Intciim 5peclficat ion s sh oulcl be sent to the Executive Director of the
.1ssoci ation at ?41 National Piess Bui1ding, \V ash ington, Lt.C. 20004.
The Specification s for Highv ay Bridges ie intended to serve as a standaitt
or gu lde for th o prepai'ation of State sp ecification s :iia ct for iefei'encc Iy bi idge
engin eers.
Primaiily, the spec ificati errs set forth minimum rcqu iremen ts \\ h ich aie
const stent with cuiient p i'iictico, and certain mod ificati ons may 1e necess:in to
su it foe:it cond it ion s. They aJipl y to orlinary h lghv ay bridges an d supplomen tal
s(iecific:itIons in:iy be required Koi unusual types and for bridges with sp:ins
longer th an 60II feet.
Specifi cations of the Amer ie:in Society for 'lesting and Mate rials, th e
Amoi'ican Welding Society, the Ameiican Wood Preserveds Association and the
National I.umbci' Manufactuicrs Association arc referrecl to or are rocognizeil.
Numerous research liulletin s arc noted Koi references.
The American Association of State Highway
Other all wishes
IO expiess
its sincei e appreciati on to the above organi zati ons, as well as to thos Universities and repiesentatives of industry \\ hose research effoits and consultations
have been most helpful in continued impiovement of these specification s.
Extensive references have been made to the Standaid Specifications for
Highway Miiterials published by the American Association
of
State
High\\':ty
Ofhcials including equivalent ASTM speclfictitions which have bcn reproduced

in the .Associatioris St:in da rc1 Specifi cations by permission of the American
Society Koi Testing and Materials.

Attenti on is also directed to the f olloivin g publications prepared by the
Bridge Committee and published subsequent to the 1969 edition of these
specifications :
Construction Manual for Highv ay R iidges
and Incidental Structures19 7? dition
Standard 5pec fixation s for Movea1le
Highix ay Bric1ges19 70 dition

Spccificati on s Koi' the l9esign and
Construction of Stiuctui at Supports lot
Highway Luminaiies1971 Edition
M:inual :foi' Maintenance Inspection
of Bridges19 7U Edition
The fo1lov'I ng have served as chairmen of the Committee since its i neep
tion in 1921 : Messrs. E. F . Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee,
A thin L. Gemeny, R.B. McMinn, epo d Archiband, G.S. Paxson, and Mr.
E.M. Johnson. Tue late Mr. Wai'd Goodman xv ould have completed eight years
as Chairman of the Bridge Committee this year, but his untimely death in
March 1973, resulted in the appointment of Mr. Charles Matlock. Mi. Goodman vvas also serving as Vice Piesident o1 AASIIO. The Committee expiesses Its sincere
appicciation of the v oik of these men and of those active members of the
past, v hose names, because of retirement, :ire no longer or the io1l.
Suggostions for' the innpmovement of the speci fixations at'e v elcome d. They
should be sent to th e Chat rnian, Committee on Bridges and Sfructui es, AA SIIO,
41 National Press Bldg., Washington, D.C. 200114. Inquiiies as to the i nteii t
or' aJiplicati on of the speci fixations should be sent to the same address.
A B B RE V I AT IONS
A.4 SHOAmerican .1ssociation of State Highv ay Officials
A CIAnne iican Concrete Institute AI"lC

American Institute of Timber Construction A 5CE
Ameiie:in Society of Civil Engineer s
ASTMAmeiican Society for'1'esting and Materials
AN 5IAmerican National Standards Institute
.Y W 5.American Welding Society
A WPA.American Wood Preserveds Association
CS Commercial Standards
NDSNational Llesign Specifications for Stiess Gi'ade Lumber and Its
Fastenings
NLMAh'ati onat Lumber Manufacturers Assoc iation
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
Divi.sion I
D ESIG N
DESIGN ANALYSIS
In any case where the specificati on s provide for an empirical formula
as a design convenience, a rational analysis based on a theory accepted by
the Comm it tee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of
State Highway Ollie ials, with stresses in accordance with the specifications, will be considered as compliance with the specifications.
Sec fion i GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN

J .J .1 BRIDGE LOCATIONS
Selecting favorable stream crossings should be considered in the
prel inn inary route determination to min imize construction, maintenance
and replacement costs. Natural stream meanders sh on Id be studied and,
if necessary, channel changes, river training works and other construction which would red uce erosion problems and prevent possible loss of
the structure should be considered. Foundations of bridges pl aced across
channel changes should be designed for possible deepening an d v iden i ng
of the relocated channel. On wide flood plains, the lowering of approach
fills to provide overflow sections designed to pass unusual floods over the
highway is a means of preventing loss of structures. Where relief bridges
are needed to maintain the natural flow distribution and reduce backwater,
caution must be exercised in proportioning the size and in locating such
s I.ructu res to avoid undue scour or changes in the course of the main river
channel.
J . J .2 BRIDGE WATERWAYS
The determination o:I adequate waterway openings tor stream crossings is essential to the des ign of safe and economical bridges. Hyd raul ic
stud ies of bridge s ites are a necessary part of the preliminary design o:I
a bridge and reports of such studies should include applicable parts of
the follow in g outline :
f AJ Site Doto
1. Maps, stream cross sections, aerial photographs.
2. Complete data on existing bridges, including dates of construction and performance d u ring past floods.
3. Avail able h ighwater marks with dates of occurrence.
4. Information on ice, debris and channel stabil ity.
5. Factors affect in g wate r stages such as h igh water from other
streams, reservoirs, ftood control projects and tides.
H I GH WAY B RIDGE S
f Bl
Hydrologic
1.1.2
Analysis
1. Compl le flood data app licable to esti mat in g Poods at s ite, in cl ud i ng both h is ter ical Poods and max i mum floods of record.
2. P lot flood -Ireq uency cu rve for site.
3. Determ me d istrib ution of Pow and veloci ties at st te for flood
d i scharges to be cons i dered i n desk gn of structu re.
4. Plot stape -d tech a rge c urve for site.
fCl Hydroul ic A no lysis
1. Compute backwater and mean velocities at bridge open ing for
various trial brid ge lengths and selected d i sch arges.
2. Esti mate scou r depth at piers and abutments of proposed
structu res.
Usually, bridge wate rways are sized to pan a des i gn
flood of a
magn i tu de and Freq uency const stent w ith the type or class of h i ghway.
In the selection of the wate rway open ing, consideration should be g iven to
the anion n t of upstream pond inp, the passage of ice and debris and
poss ible scour of the bridge You n dat ion s. Where floods exceed in g the
design flood have occurred, or where su perfloods would cause extensive
damage to ad join ing property or the loss of a costly structure, a larger
waterway open ing may be warranted. Due consideration should be given
to any Federal, State and local reQu i re ments.
Relief open i n gs, spu r-dikes, debri s deflecto rs and channel training
woi ks should be used where needed to min inn ize the effect of adverse flood
flow cond i tions. W here scou r is l ikely to occu r, protection against
damage I rom scour should be provided for in the design of bridge piers
and ab u tments. Embankment slopes ad jacent to structu res su bject to
erosion should be adequately protected by rip-rap, flexible mattresses,
retards, spur di kes or other appropriate construction. Clearing of brush
and trees at ong embankments in the vic in i ty of bridge open ings should be
avoided to prevent h i gh flow veloci ti es and possi ble scou r. Borrow p its
shou ld not be located i n areas which would increase veloci ties and the
poss ibili ty of scou r at bridges.
J .J .3 PIER SPACING, ORIENTATION AND TYPE

Piers shall be located to meet nav i gational clearance requi rements
and to give a min imum interference to flood flow. In general, p iers should
be placed parallel with the d irection of the stream current at flood stage.
Adequate proc'i sion shou ld be made for drift and ice by i ncreasi n g span
lengths and vertical clea rances, by selecting proper pier types and by
using debris deflectors. Special precautions against scour are required
when large coffe rdams are placed in unstable etream beds.
1.J .4 CULVERT WATERWAY OPENINGS

Culve rts, as d istingu ished Irom bridges, are usually smaller in waterway open ing, covered w ith embankment material and composed of structure around the entire perimeter of the culvert barrel. Some culverts are
1.1.4
DE SI GN
supported on spread footi rigs when the natural stream bed can serve as
the bottom of the waterway without undermining the foundation.

Criteria for design discharges, allowable head water depth and outlet
velocities will vary, depending upon the class of highway, hazards to
traffic, risks of flood ing adjacent property, risks of damaging embankments, stream bed material and other factors. Based on con ditions at
and in the vicinity of the culvert site, it may be determined that the
culvert can be des igned to operate satisfactorily u rider su bmergence. Gen
erally, designs for culverts to operate under submergence aie limited to
floods of infrequent occurrence. Culverts should be designed to resist the
hydraulic forces to be encountered and should be protected from und ormining by means of adequate aprons, wingwal ls, cutoff walls or other
appropriate devices. Adjacent embankments shou Id be protected against
erosion as necessary by rip-rap or other suitable means.
J .1.5 CULVERT LOCATION AND LENGTH

In general, culverts are located in natural stream channels. If
l'oun dations are poor, bearing piles, selected backfill material, a cambered
profile or sl ipcollars can be provided to assure good alignment and a
culvert that is structura Jly sound.
The length of culverts should be sufficient to prevent the embankment
material from encroach ing on culvert end. Headwal ls and endwills
with cutoff walls an d aprons are used to protect the fill slopes and stream
beds f rom erosion and to secure the culvert end against hyd raul ie forces.
If headwalls and endwalls are required, they should be des igned not to
protrude above the ground line. Culvert open ings shall be placed a minimum o:I 30 feet from the edge of the traffic lanes or protection provided
by guardrail or other means. Where feasible, culverts shall be continuous
across medians to avoid the traffic hazard presented by additional openings. Where needed, debris control devices should be constructed to pre
vent clogging. If backfill and embankment materials are subject to piping,
consideration should be given to the use of cutoff walls or impervious
material placed at the entrance.
J .J .6 WIDTH OF ROADWAY AND SIDEWALK

The width of roadway shall be the clear width measured at
right
angles to the longitudinal center line of the bridge between the bottoms
of curbs or if curbs are not used, the clear width shall be the minimum
measured between the nearest faces of the bridge railing.
The wid th of the sidewalk shall be the clear width, measured at
right angles to the longitudinal center line of the bridge, from the
extreme inside portion of the handrail to the bottom of the curb or
guard-timber, except that if there is a trust, girder, or parapet wall
adjacent to the roadway curb, the width shal! tie measured to its extreme
walk side portion.
1. .7 CLEARANCES
fAJ Novigotionol
for the
of
HI GHWAY BRI DCE 5
1.1.7
except those streams that have been placed in the advance approval
category by the Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, must be obtained from
the U.S. Coast Guard and other appropriate agencies. Requests for such
permits from the U.S. Coast Guard should be addressed to the appropriate
District Commander.
f Bl
Vehiculor
The horizontal clearance shall be the clear width an d the vertical
clearance the clear heigh I for the passage of veh icu l ar traffic as shown
in Figure 1.1.7.
CLEARANCE
DIAG RAM
FIGUR E
FOR
BR IDYES
1. I .7
( 1 ) The roadway width ahall gener ally equal the full shoulder veidth of the approach roadway
section. Where curbed roadway sections app roach a structure, the same section shall be carried
across the structure. The minimum horizon ta1 clearan ce for low traffic spe d, low tra ffit v 6iume
bridges a hall be 8 -0 arealer than the ap p roach trave11e1 was.
For recommendation a as to roadw'ay widths for various vol umes o:I traffic see AAS HO A
Policy on Deaign Standard alute ratate Szstem, Geometric Deeign Standards for Highw'aYa
Other Than Freewaya, A Polic;v on Geometric Des ign of Rural Hizhwars, and /or A Policy
on Arterial Highways in Urban A reaa.
( 2 ) Vertical cleara nce on State trunk high waye and in terstate systems in rural areas shall
be at least 16 feet over the enti re roadw'ay w idth , to which an allow a rice should be added for
reeurf acing. On State trun k h iah ways and in terstate routes th rough urban areas a 16-foot
clearance shall be p rovided except in highly dev eloped areas. A 16-foot clearan ce should be
p rovided in both rural an d urban areas where en ch clearance is not un rea son ab1x costly and
where needed for defense requirements. Vertical clearan ce on all other high ways shall be at
leaat 14 feet over the entire roadway width to which an aim wance s hould be added for resurf act rig.
D E SI GN
fCl Other
The chan nel open ings and cleara nce shall be cleared with other
agencies has'ing j urisd iction over such matters. Channel open ings and
c learanc es i n general shall conform i n width, her ght, and location to at I
Federal, State and local req u iremen ts.
1 .J .8 CURBS AND SIDEWALKS

The face o:I the curb is defined as the vertical or sloping surface on
the roadway s ide of the curb. Horizontal measurements of roadway and
curb width are given from the botttom of the face, or, in the case of
stepped back curbs, from the bottom of the lower :face for roadway width.
Maximum width of brush curbs, if used, shall be 9 inches.
Where curb and gutter sections are used on the roadway approach,
at either or both ends of the bridge, the curb height on the brid ge may
match the curb height on the roadway approach, or if preferred, it may
be made higher than the approach curb. Where no curbs are used on
the roadway approaches, the height of the bridge curb above the roadway
shall be not less than 8 inches, and preferably not more than 10 inches.
Where sidewalks are warranted for pedestrian trafhc on urban expressways, they shall be separated from the bridge roadway by the use of
a trafhc or combination railing as shown in Figure 1.1.9.
J .1.9
RAILINGS
Railing shall be provided at the edge of structures for the protection

of traffic and for the protection of' pedestrians if pedestrian walkways are
provided.
Where pedestrian walkways are provided adJ acent to roadways on
other than urban expressways, a traffic railing or barrier may be provided between the two with a pedestrian railing outside.
f Al TroRic R oiling
While the primary purpose of traffic rail ing is to contain the
average vehicle using the structure, consideration should also be given
to protection of th e occupants of a veh icle in coll i sion with the railing,
to protection of other vehicles near the collision, to vehicles or pedestrians on roadways being overcrossed, and to appearance and :freedom
of view from passing vehicles.
Materials for traffic railing shall be concrete, metal, timber or a
combination. Metal materials with less than 10 percent tested elongation shall not be used.
Ti afliC ra i li ngs sh on Id provide i smooth, con ti nu on s facc of rail
on the traffic st de with the posts set back from thP f aC O I wit l. Sti iictur.il
in t he rail
of ends, is
TRAFFIC
COMBIN
RAIL\NG
ATION
RAI L I NG
PEDE STR I AN
R Al LI NG
ml or combine
""'
DESIGN
essent ial. ThC iii ling system sh all be able to ie.sist the applicCl load s
at all lociti on s.
Protru sions or impress i errs at i-.ii I .joints shall be acceptable pio
vided their th ickness cr lopth is no greater thiin the wall th ickness of

the rti I mcm ber or 'is, which ever i s less .
The height of traffic rat ling shitl I be no less Ihan 2-? menu iecl
tiom the top of the roadway or cu rb to the top o:I the upper rail
member , except that par-apets des igncd ivi th sloping traffic faces in
tended to at low vehicles to ride up them under low angle contacts shal l
be at least 2-8 in heipht. Th is ,sloping face ptrapet height way be
reduCed to 23 prov i ded a traffic i-ail ing is mounted on top of the
parapet at :t height not exceed i n g 3'-3. The lower element of .i traffic
or combin ation railing sho It ld consist of either a Jarapet pi o.jecting at
least 18 i nches above the iefei-ence ,sii i face or a iti l cc nterecl bctivcen
15 and 20 inch es above the re:Terence ski i face. The roadway s tirficc is
the reference su rf ace unless there is a cu rb or sidewalk projeetin g
more than G inches from the traffic face of the r:ml ing, in ivh ich case
th: SU I-face of the en rb or s idewalk i s th e i efercn cc su rf ace. The maxi
mum clear vertical open mg below the !oxv er raul or between st ceed i ii g
rails shall not exceed 15 i riches. I See Figut-e 1.1.9 I Raili rigs other than
those sh own i ii Figu re 1.1.9 are per mini ble jii ovi dcd the total a;ipli ed
load ing is not less thiri 10 ki ps .
Careful attention shall be given to the treatment of rail ing at the
bridge ends. Exposed rail ends, posts, and sharp changes in the geometry of the railing shall be avoided. A smooth transition by means of a
continuation of the bridge barrier, guard rat l anchored to the bridge
end, or other effective means shall be provided to protect the trafhc :from
direct coll ision with the bridge rail ends.
IBI Pedestrian Railing
Rail ing components shall be proporti on ed commensurate with the
type and volume of anticipated pedestrian traffic, taking account of
appearance, safety and freedom of view from passing vehicles.
t .33
C ml + - ; 5ut shaH uot trlss thau l
Materials for pedestrian railing may be concrete, metal, timber or

a combination.
The minimum height of pedestrian railing shal I be 3-0 I a preferred heigh I is 3-6) measured from the top of the walkway to the
top of the u pper rail member.
1.J . J 0 ROADWAY DRAINAGE

The transverse drainage of the roadway should be accomplished by
providing a su itablc crown in the roadway surface and longitu dinal
drainage should be accomplished by camber or gradient. Water flowing
downgrade i n a gutter section should be intercepted and not permitted to
run onto the bridge. Short, continuous span bridges, particularly overpasses, may be bu ilt wi thout inlets and the water i'rom the bridge road-
way car ried down slope by open or closed chutes near the end of: the bridge
st ructure. Longitudinal drainage on long bridges is acco mplished by
means of scuppers or inlets which should be of sufficient size and number
to drain the gutters adequately. Downspou ts, where requ ired, shou Id be of
rigid corrosion -resistant material not less than 4 inches in least dimension
and should be provided with clean outs. The details of deck drains should
be such ae to prevent the discharge of d rainage water against any portion
of the structure an d to prevent erosion at the outlet of the down spout.
Overhanging portions of concrete deck should be provided with a drip
bead or notch.
\ .1 .1 J SUPERELEVATION
The su pe re levation of the floor surf ace of a bridge on a horizontal
curve shall be prov i ded in accordance with the standard practice of the
commi ssion for the highway construction, exceJt that the su perelevati on
shall not exceed 0.10 foot per foot width of roadway.
1 .1.12 FLOOR SURFACES

Al I brid ge Poors shall have skid-resistant character istics.
1 .J . J 3 BLAST PROTECTION
On bridges over steam railroad tracks, metal likely to be injured by
locomotive gases, and concrete surfaces less than 20 feet above the tracks,
shall be protected by blast plates. The blast plate shall be centered on a
line normal to the pliine of the two rails at the center l ine of the track,
thus takin g into account th e direction of blast d ue to superelevation. The
plates shall be not less than 4 feet wide and shall consist of wrought-iron, castiron, a cor-rosion and blast res isti rig alloy or asbestos-board shields, so su
ppo rte d that they may be readily replaced. The th ickness of plates an d
othe r parts i n d i rect contact with locomotive blast shall be not less than i
inch for cast-i ron, 7s inch for wrou ghtiron or alloy, '/_ inch for
plain asbestos -board an d 7 , i nch for corru gated asbestos-board. Bolts
shall be not less than /s inch in diameter. Pockets wh ich may hold
locomotive gases shall be avoided as far as practicable. All hasten ings
shall be galvan i zed or of cor ros i ve rest stant material.
1.J .14
D E SI GN
1 . J . 14 UTILITIES
Where required, p rov i sion s shall be made for trolley wire supports
and poles, pillars for lights, electric cond u its, telephone condu its, water
pipes, gas pipes and san itary sewers.
1 .1 .15 ROADWAY WIDTH, CURBS AND CLEARANCES FOR TUNNELS
ISee Figu re
IA I
. . 5)
Roodwoy Width
The horizontal clearance shall be the clear width and the vertical
clearance the clear height for the passage of vehicular traffic as shown
in Figure 1.1.15.
Unless otherwise provided, the several parts of the structure shall
be constructed to secure the following= limiting dimensions or clearances

for traffic :
The clearances and width of roadway :for 2-lane traffic shall be not
less than those shown in Figure 1.1.15. The roadway width shall be
wOT
tCSS
THAN
JO fI
Sl0E GA t. k"
R 0 A D MAY
AT L E AST 2 F 7 GR EATER 7 HAN
APPROACH TRAVE L L E D
uT x oT LE ss Tn n z+
CLE AR AN CE DI A GRAM FOR TUNN EL S

TWO LAN E HICH WAY TRAFFI C
FI CURE
I . I . 15
( 1 ) For heavv traffic roade, roadway widtha greater than the above minima are recom mended.
If traffic lane widths exceed 12 feet. the roadway width may be reduced 2-0 Irom that
ccl culated Irom ri. 1. 1. 16.
For recommendations its to roadway wid(hs for various volumes of trafhc see AAS HO A
Policy on Design StandardsInterstate System, Geometric Deeian Stan darda for IIighways
Other Than Freeway: , A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways. and /or A Potter
on A rterial Highways in Urban Areas.
( 2 ) Vertical clearance on State trunk highways and interstate systems i n rural areas shall
be at leiist 16 feet over the entire roadway width, to which an allow an ce should be ailded for
resurfacing. On State trunk highways and interstate routes through urban areas a 16-foot
clearan ce shall be p rovided except in highly develo ped areas. A 16-foot clearan ce should be
p rovi ded in both rural and urban areas where such clearance is not un reasonabIi' costly and
where needed for defense requirements. Vertical clearance on all other hi ghways shal I be at
least 1 4 feet over the entire roadway width to which an a1low'ance should be added for resurfaci rig.
increased at least ten feet and preferably twelve :f eet for each additional traffic lane.
I BI
Cleoronce Between Wolfs
The min imum width between wa l ls of two- lane tunnels shall be

30 feet.
ICI
Curbs
The w idth of curbs shall be not less than 18 inches. The height of
cu rbs shal I be as specified for- bridges.

I DI
Vertical
Cleornnce
The vertical clearance, between curbs, shall be not less than 14 feet.
J .J .16 ROADWAY WIDTH, CURBS AND CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSED

ROADWAYS
AI
Roodwoy Widf h
The clear width between curbs shall be not less than that specified
for tunnels.
IB J
Cleoronce Between Wolfs

The in i n imu in w id th between walls for depressed roalways carry-
i ng two lanes of traffic shall be 30 feet.
IC J Curbs
The width of curbs shall be not less than 18 inches. The height of
en rbs shall be as specified for bridges.
J .1.17 ROADWAY WIDTH, CURBS AND CLEARANCES FOR UNDERPASSES

( See Figure 1 .1 .1 7 )
f Al Widths
The pier columns or walls for grade separation structures shall
gen oral!y be located a minimum of 30 feet from the edges of the through
traffic lanes. Where the practical limits of structure costs, type of a
str u c tu re, volu me anl dest gn speed of th ro u gh traffic, span arrangement, skew and terrain make the 30 foot offset i mpractical, the pier or
1. 1.17
D E 5I GN
AT LEAST 6O'- 0" GREATER THAN APPROACH PAVEMENT
FACE OF WALL
FACE OF WA LL
OR PIER
OR
PIER
3O'- O" MIN.
3O'- O" MIN.
GENERAL CONDITION
FACE OF WALL
FACE
FACE OF
FACE OF
GUARD RAIL
OR PIER
0R
BARRIER
SHOULDER
ARTICLE
CONDITION
DIAGRAMS FOR UNDERPASSES

FIGURE
SEE
WALL
NOULDER
LIM I TED
CLEARANCE
OF
PIER
I.I. 17 \AJ
1. I. I7
FOR
GENERAL , REQUIREMENTS.
( 1 ) For recommen dations as (o roadway widths I:or various volumes of traffic see AAS HO
"A Policy on Design StandardsI rite rsta te System, "Geometric Design Standards for Highways
Other Than Freeways , A Policy on Geomet ri c Des ian of Rural Hieh ways, an d7'or A Pot ice
on Arterial Highw'ays in Urban Areas.
( 2 ) Vertical clearan ce on State trunk highways and interstate sYstema in rural greas shall
be at leaat 16 feet over the entire roadway wid th, to wh ich an at to wan ce should be added for
resurfacing. On State trunk h ighways and interstate routes through urban areas a 16-foot
clearan ce shall be p rovided except in highly developed areas. A 16-foot clea run ce should be
provided in both rurat and urban areas where such clearance is not un reasonably costly and
where needed for defense requirements. Verti cal clea ran cc o n all other highways shall be at
leaat 14 feet over the entire roadway width to which an altowan ce should be added for resurf acing.
wall may be placed closer than 30 feet and protected by (he use of guard
rail or other barrier devices. The guard rail shall be independently sup
ported with the roadway face at least 2'-0 from the face of pier or
abutment. The face of the guard rail or other device shall be at least 20 outs ide the normal shoulder line.
tBJ Vertical
Cleoronce
A vertical clearance of not less than 14 f'eet shall be provided between curbs, or if curbs are not used, over the entire width that is
available for traffic.
ICI Curbs
Curbs, if used, shall match those of the approach roadway section.
Section 2
LOADS
1.2.J LOADS
Structu res shall be proportioned for the follow ing loads and forces
when th ey ext st :
Dead load.
Live load.
Impact or dy nam ie effect of the live load.
Wind loads.
Other I orces, w hen they exist, as I ollows :
Lon gitu dinal forces, cen tr if ugal do rce, thermal forces, earth
press u re, bu oy ancy, shr i nkage stresses, ri b sh orteni ng, erection
s tresses, ice and cu rrent pressu re, and earthQll ake stre sses.
Mem be rs shall be proportioned using all owable stresses and design
l i in itati on s to r the approp nate material.
Upon the strew sheets a d iagram or notation of the assumed loads
shall be shown and the stresses due to the various loads shall be sh own
sepa rately.
W here req u i red by des tin cond it ions, concrete placing sequence shall
be i nd mated on the plan s or in the spec rat prov is ions.
The load ing comb i nations shall be in accord ance with Article 1.2.22.
J .2.2 DEAD LOAD
The dead load shall consist of the weight of the structure complete,
including the roadway, s idewalks, car tracks, pipes, condu its, cables and
other public utili ty services.
The snow an d i ce load is const dered to be offset by an accompanying
decrease in live load and impact and shal I not be incl uded except under
.spec i al con di ti ons.
1.2.2
If a se pa rate wean ng .s u rface i s to be placed when the br id ge is
cons tructed, or if placemen I of a separate we iring su rface is anticipated

in the I uture by the de pa rtme nt, a deg u ate al l owance shall be made for i ts
weigh t in the des ign dead load. Otherwise pro v i si on for a I utu re wearing
su rface i s n t req u i red.
5pec ial cont i de ration shall be given to the necess i ty for a separate
wearing surface for those regions where the use of chains on tires or
studded snow tires, is anticipated.
Where the ab ras ion of cone rete is not ant ie i p:i ted, the traffic may bear
d irectly on the concrete slab. If con s id e red desk ra blc, /i inch or more
may be act dcd to the s lab for a wearing su rf ace.
Th o I oll ow ing we i ghts are to be used i n comp uting the dead load :
\Ve ight per c ubic foot,
pounds
4?0
4?0
Steel o r c ast steel

Cas I i rori
Al urni n um
17?
al I eye
'atl
T tin be r ( t i eated o i' u nt rcate d)

Co n c rete, (I a in or ie I n to reed
Com pactei1 san d, ea i th, gi avel o r ba I I ast
Loose sand, earth and giave1

I\I acadam or gravel, io1lec1
Cinder filling
Pavement, oth ei than wood block

Rat l way ra i 1s, guai'd ra its, and fasten i n gs ( per
linear foot of track)

Stone masonry
Asphalt plank, 1 inch thick
200
170
9 lbs. pe r squa i e foot
I AJ Unit Lood on Culverts

Earth press ures or loads on culverts may be com puted ordina rily
as the weight of earth d irectl y above the structure. For box culverts,
and culverts with cast-in -place inverts or footi ngs,
the
weight
of the
earth may be taken at 70 percent of its actu at weight. Th is wit I have

the effect of increasing the allow able design dead load stresses 40 o
more than allowed for l we load. For flexible and rigid pipes, not castin-place, the weight of the earth may be taken at 83 o of its actual
we ight. Th is wit l have the effect of in creas ing the allowable design
dead load stresses 20 more than allowed for live load.
For deft n i te conditions of bedd ing and backfill, the pri nciples of soil
mech an ics may be applied. The to flowing are recommended formulas

for these con ditions :
(1) C u lvert in trench on u nyield ing su bgrade, or culvert untrenched on y ieldi rig foundation.
(2) Culvert untrenched on unyielding foundation I such as rock

or piles) .
P = W (1.92H 0.87B) for H V 1.7B

0.385H
(e' 1) for H 1.7B v'here k
=2
2.5599
BW
( IA)
( IB)
where P = the un it pressure in pounds per squ are foot due to earth
backfi 11.
B = width in feet of trench, or in case there is no trench, the
overall w idth of the culvert.
H == depth in feet of fill over culvert.
W
IBJ
effective weight per cubic foot of fil I material,
which may
be
taken as 70 percent, or 83 pe rcent, of actual weight in accord ance with above stated pi-ovisions.
2.7182818 == base of natu rat logarithms, abstract n umber.
Sheor in Top Slobs
The maximum shear in the top slabs of culverts under embankments shall be assumed to occur at a distance, d, ou t from the wall or
abutment ; d' bung eQual to the depth from the top of the slab to the
centroid of the tension reinforcement.
The shear in bottom slabs shall be comp uted as spec i fied for footings in Article 1.4.6.
J .2.3. LIVE LOAD

The live load shall con st st of the we ight of the applied mov ing load
of veh i cl es, c:trs ind pei1es tri and.
1 .2.4 OVERLOAD
The to!lowi rig
PROVISION
prov i sion
for
overload
shal I
apply to
all loadings
excPpt the H 20 and H S 20 load in gs.

P ro\ is i on for i nf req u e n I heavy loads shall be made by apply in g in
any single lane an H or H S tr uck as spec i fie d, increased 100 per cent,
and w ithout concu rrent load ing of any other lanes. Combined dead, I we
and impact stresses ros u I I i n g f rom such load in g shall not be greater than
150 per cent of thC :i1lOwab1c stresses prescribed here in . The overload
shall apply to all parts of the structure affected, except the roadway deck.
1.2.5 HIGHWAY
\AI
LOADINGS
Generol
The h ighvs ay live load in gs on the i oadway s of bridges or inci

dental stru e tu r t s shall con sit ct stan hard trucks or of lane load s which
are cq u i v ahm t to truck tra i ns. T w o systems of loading arc provided,
Note: Fri ran ulas 1 A a ri d IB have been derived Irom Iwa En p in ee ri n g Ex pe rim ent Stat ion
BufleW n 96, The Theory of External Loads on G!osed Condufls in the Light of the Lstest
DESIGN
1.2.5
the H load i ngs an cl the H S load ings, the corresponding HS loadings
be ing heav ier than the H load in gs.

IB I H Loodings
The H load i nps an illu strated in Fig u res 1.2.SA and 1.2.SB. They
consist of a two axle truck or the co r respon d i n g lane loaJ i ng. The H
H 20-44
8,000 LBS.
52,000 LBS. +
H IS - 44
H 10 -44
6,000 LBS.
4,000 LBS.
24,000 LBS.
I 6,000 LBS.
I0-0" CLEARANCE
AND
LOAD LAN E WIDTH
CURB
STAN DARD
F I GU RE
TR UCKS
I . 2. 5 A
loadi n gs are d en gnated If foil owed by a n umbe r i n d icating the gross
we ight i n ton s of the standard truck.

IC J
HS Loodings
The H S load ings are ill ustrated in Figures 1.2.SB and 1.2.EC.
Th ey cons i st of a tractor truck w ith sew i tra i ter or of the correspond-
ing lan e load ing. The H S load in gs are des i gnated by the letters HS
Vol towed by :t n um-be r ind wat in g the grow we igh I in tons of the
traeto Y tru ek. The va riable axle spacing has been i ntrodu ced i n order
that th e sJiacing of axJ es may approx i mate more closely the tractor
tra ilers now in u se. The variable spac ing also prov ides more sat isI actory loan i n g for conti n uou s spans, i n that heavy axle I oads may be
so placed on ad jo in inp spans as to prod uce maximum negative moment.

ID I Closses of Loodings
H i g h \v.ty load in gs Sha 11 be of five classes : H 20, II 15, H 10,
HS 20 and H S 15. Load i rips H 15 and H 10 are 75 per cent and 50 per
H2O -44 LOADING

ri S 20 -44 LOADIN G
HIS94
L OAOING
HS 15-4 4 LOA DIN C
U N!F0RW
LOAD
320 LBS PER L!N EAR
ROOT 0F 0AD LA N E
H 10 - 44 LOAD I NG
H LANE
ANO
HS LANE
F lGU RE
LOAOINGS
I . 2. 5 B
17
DE SIGN
cen t, rospecti vely , of load in g H 20. Load ing H S 15 is 75 per
cent
of
loading H 5 20. ID loadings of weights other than those designated are
desired, they shall be obtained by proportionately changing the weights

shown for both the standard truck and the corresponding lane loads.
HS 20 -44
HS 15 -44
8,000 LBS.
6,000 LBS.
32,000 LBS.
24,000 LBS.
52,000 LBS. *
24,000 LBS.
O4W
W 00 M B I N ED WEI GH T ON TH E F I RTT TWO A X L E 5 WH J C H IS TH E SAM E
AS FOR THE CORRE SPON 01 NC

V - VA R I AB L E
H TRUCK.
SPAO I NC - I4 BE E 7 70 TO BE ET I NCLU SI VE .
SPAO I N G
BE US E D IS THAT \// H 1 0 H PRO DU CES /4 AX I J\1UM STRESSES.

CLEARANCE
STAN DARD
FI GUR E
HS
TRUCKS
I . 2. 5 C
70
IEA Designation of Loadings

The policy of affixing the year to loadings to identify them was
institu ted with the ;ubl mation of the 1944 edition in the follow in g
manner :
H10 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated . . . . . . . . . . . . H10-44
HTO Loading, 1'J44 Edi tion shall be designated . . . . . . . . . . . . H10-44
H20 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated . . . . . . . . . . . . H20-44
H lfi- 512 Load in g, 1944 Edition sh all be designated . . . . . . . HS 10-44
H20- S16 Loading, 1944 Eelit ion sh all be designated . . . . . . H 520-44
The affix remains u nchanged until such time as the loading specification is revised. The same policy for identification shall be applied,
for future reference, to loadings previously adopted by the American
Assoc i ation of State Highway Officials.
IF J
Minimum
Looding
J .2.6 TRAFFIC LANES
wiclth between curbs with out median on structure.

\\ itlth letxvecn median curb and outside cu i 6, or bctvecu med ion Carrier and ou tsicle cunt v ith me dian on s true- ture.
II cunts are not used, roadw:iy v idth is between fuces of

N
bridge r:tiling.
Number of design traffic lanes as shovn in the follow ing table.
W == \\'idth of design traffic lane.

\\ , ( in feet)
2U ter 8 II inc.
cx e i
ox c i
ov ei
ov oi
o ve r
ov c r
cv c i
o ve i'
N
2
iJ II to 4 2 inc.
?
. .. . .
4
12 to fi 4 inc. .
...
6 4 to C G inc.
fi
fiti to 78 in c.
6
7P to ii(J i nc.
.. 7
9tI to 102 i n c. ..........................................................................................8
1 fJ2 to 1 14 inc.
p
114 to 1 2ii i nc. ................................................................................................ 10
The lan e loaclin gs or stand a i-d trucks shall be issu med to occupy any
pos iti on wit h in the ir ind mid u ml des ign trafhc 1ene which w i 11 produce
the max imu in stress.
J .2.7 STANDARD TRUCKS AND LANE LOADS
1.2.7
DE SIGN
19
wid th on a l i ne normal to the center l iiie of the Ian e.
For th e comp u ta I ion of mo me ii t> it net sh et re, d i ffe re n I concen tiated
J .2.8 APPLICATION
OF LOADINGS
IA I TroPic Lone Unifs

In computing stresses, each 10-:foot lane loading or single standard
truck shall be con sidered as a un it, and fractional load lane widths or
Iracti on al trucks shall not be used.
IB J Number ond Position, TroRic Lone Units
The number an d position of the lane loadings or truck load ings
shall be as specified in Article 1.2.6 and, whether lane loading or truck
loading, shall be s uch as to produce maximum stress, subject to the
reduction specified in Article 1.2.9.
IC J
Lone Loodings
Confinuous Spons
The lane load ings shown in Figure 1.2.SB shall be mod ified as
fol I owe for th e design of cont in u on s spans. The lane load ings shall
cons is I of the loads shown in Figure 1.2.SB and in addition thereto
another concentrated load of equal weight shall be placed in one other
span in the series in such position as to produce maximum negative
moment. For maximum positive moment, only ono concentrated load
shall be used per lane, combined with as many spans loaded uniformly
as req u ired to produce maximu in moment.
ID)
Looding for Moximum
Stress
The type of loading, whether lane load ing or truck loading, to be

used, and whether the spans be simple or continu ous, shall be the load in g
wh ich prod uces the maximum stress. The moment and shear tables
given in Append ix A sh ow wh ich load ing controls for simple spans.
The axle spacing for HS trucks shall be varied between th e specified
l twits to produce maximu in stresses.
For continu ous spans, the lane loading shall be continuous or d is-
con ti n uou s, as may be necessary to produce maximum stresses, and

the concentrated load or loads as specified in par:igraph (C) shall be
placed in such position as to produce maximum stresses.
For cont in uous spans, only one Standard H or HS truck per lane
shall be considered on the structure and placed so as to produce maximum pos it we and negative moments.
1.2.9 REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY

Where maximum stresses are produced in any member by loading
any nu mber of traffic lanes simu ltan eously, the following pe men tages of
the resultant live load stresses shall be used in view of improbable coincident maximum loading :
Per cent
One or two lanes ................................................................................... 100
Three
lanes
.. .
.......... ,
90
Four lanes or more ............................................................................. 76
The reduction in int.ensity of floor beam loads shall be determined as

in the case of main trusses or girders, us ing the wi dth of roadway which
must be loaded to produce maximum stresses in the floor beam.
I .2.10 ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADING

If h i ghway b ri dges carry electric rat Iway traffic, the railway load ing
sh all be cle term i ned n the bas i s of the Clan of traffic wh i ch the bridge
may be expected to carry. ThP possib i I ity that the bri lge may be requ i red
to carry railroad freight cars shall be given con st deration.
J .2.1 J
SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILING LOADING
IAI
Sidewalk Loading
Sidewal k floors, str i n gen and their immed rate s up ports, shall be
des igned for a l iv e load of PS pu rids per sq uare I oot of sidewalk area.
Girders, trusses, arc hes an d other mem bers shall be designed f or the
follow ing s id ewalk live loads per sq u are foot of s idev'alk area :
Spans 0 to 2fi ft. in length
. 8 lbs.
S pan s 26 to 11111 ft. i n len gth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6fl l bs.
Spans ove i 1110 ft. i n leng th acco rd in g to the to i mula
h
L
P
l we loacl pe i squ are foot ( max i mum, 60 I bs. pe i sq. ft. ) .
L = loaded length of st dewa lk in feet.
W = w idth of s idewalk i n feet.
In ca lc u lat i n g stresses in structures which support cantilevered

sidewal ks, the s idPwalk shall be cons idered as fully loa ded on only one
side of the st ructu re i f this condition produces maximum stress.
Pedestrian bridges shall be designed for a live load of 85 pounds
per square foot of area walkway.
1.2.11
IBJ
21
DE SIGN
Curb Looding
Cu rbs shall be des i gned to resi st a lateral force of not less th an 500
pounds per linear foot f c u rb, appl red at the top of the curb, or at an
elevation 10 inches above the floor if the c u rb is h igher than 10 inChes.
Where sidewalk, c u rb an d traffic rail form an integral system, th e

trafhc rat l ing load i rig shal I a;iply and stresses in cu rbs comp uted
accordingly.
Railing Looding *
( I ) Troffic rolling
tee ted by I ull scale i in pa ct tests

The Jesignur is u|ertcd to the possitHity of huavy !on1s beinx n W nhed t hiPher levfr nrms
pend ently Jplied roadiv:ird load equal to 'i the outward trans
verse load.
The transverse force on concrete parapet and barrier walls
shall be spread over a longitudinal length of: 5 :feet.
Railing loads shall be applied to the supporting slab in accordance with Article 1.3.2 (H) (2) . Railing and wheel loads are
not to be applied simultaneously.
(2)
Pedestrion r oil ing
The minimum design loading for pedestrian rat ling shall be

w= 50 lbs. per l in. it. acting simultaneously transversely and vertically on each longitu d inal member. Rail members locatecl more than
5-0 above the walkway are excluded from these req u i resents.
Posts shall be designed for- a transverse load of ivl actin g at
the center of grav i ty of the upper rail, or for hi gh rai ls, at 5-0
maximum above the walkway.

/3)
Desig n
Starlings shall be lesigne d by the elastic method to the allow

able stresses for th e appropriate materi at. Poi' aluminium alloys
o 154-H38, 6fI6I -Tti, G063TG, 600 5-TS, and G351 TS, the design
stresses given in Tables 3.3.7, 8, fi, and 10 of the April 1969,
Spec the ation s for Alu minum Eridge and other Highway Struc
turcs publ i sheet by the Alum in u in Ass oci ation shall be used. For
Alloy A 44T4, 35 of the values listed in Table 3.3.8, and for
Alloys A? fi6-T61 and 3fi6-T6, T7, 45 ? of the values listed in
Table 3.?. P shall be It sed for design. Alum inti in i-ail ings shall be
fabricated ind bu ilt in accordance with the pi ovi sions of Section 6
of the above jiI bl mation for riveted and bolted f abr ication, and in
accordance with Section 10 of the 1968 Specifications Koi the
Desipn ind Gonsti uction of Stru ctural Stipports foi Highway
Signs for ve eldod tab i ication.
The llowible unit str ess for steel shall be as given by the
AASIIO Standiiid Speci ficatio ns for H ighwiiy Pridges except as
mod ified by Section G, Unit Stresses of the AASHO Specification s for the Design and Construction of Structu i-tl Supports for
Highway
Signs.
J .2.12 I?4PACT
Lix'e load stresses produced by H or HS load ings shall be increased
for items in Group A by allowance as stated herein for dynamic, vibratory
and impact effects. Impact shall not be appl red to items in Group B.
I AJ
Group A
1 11 Super structure, including steel or concrete su pporting columns, steel towers, legs of ri gid frames and generally those portions
of the structure which extend down to the main fou ndation.
1 2 ) The portion above the ground line of concrete or steel piles
DE SIGN
23
wh ich are rigid ly connected to the su perst ruct u re as in rigid frame or

continu ous designs.
I B I Group B
1 ) A but ments, retain ing walls, piers, piles, except Grotip A (2) .
12) Fou ndation presdu rev and footi ngs.
(8 )
T i mber stru ctu res.
(4 )
S idewalk loads.
( 5 ) C u l verts and structu res having cover of 3 feet or more.

ICJ
lmpoct Formula
The amount of th is allowance or increment is expressed as a fraction of live load stress, and shal l be determ in ed by the formula :
I ==
in which
L -| 2s
I = impact f ic:ction ( maximum 30 per cent)

L length in feet of the portion of the span which is loaded to
produce the maximum stress in the member .
For uri i formi ty of application the loaded length L shal l be

espec tally cons idered as follows :
For road way floors, use the design span len gth.
For transverse members, s uch as floor beams, use the span
length of member center to center of supports.
For computing truck load moments use the span length, except
for cant i lever arms use the length from moment center to the
Iarth er mos t axle.
For shear d ue to truck loads use the length of the loaded portion of span from the point u rider const deration to the f ar reaction,
except for ca nt ileve r arms use 30 per ccnt.
For continu ous spans use the length of span under cons iderati on for posi tive moment, and use the average of
two adjacent
loaded spans for negative moment.

For culverts with cover 0
to 1'- 0 inc. I=30 c
1-1 to 2- 0 inc. I =20 @n
2-1 to 2-11 inc. I= 10 Jo

1 .2.J 3 LONGITUDINAL FORCES
Prov is ion shall be made for the effect of a longitu d inal force of five
per cent of the l we l oad in all lanes carrying traffic headed in the same
d i rPcti on. All lanes sha 11 be cons id e red as loaded for bridges l ike ly to
become one d i recti on at in the future. The load used, witho ut impact,
shall be the lane load pl us the concentrated load for moment specified in
Article 1.2.8, w ith red uc t ion for mul tip Ie-loaded lanes as speci fled in
A rt icl e 1.2.S. The center of g rav i ty of the long i tu d inal force sh al l be
ass umed to be located 6 feet above the floor slab and tr nsm it ted to the
s u bst rue I u re th rou gh the s u pe rs ti u ct u re.
The longitud inal force due to friction at expansion bearings or shear

resistance at elastomeric bearings shall also be provided for in thl de9ign.
1.2.14
HI CHWAY DRI DGE 5
1 .2.1 4 WIND LOADS

The follow ing v'i nd load forces per sQuare
foot Of
exposed
area
shall be applied to all stru ctu re s ( see Article 1.2.22 for percentage of
basic unit stress to be used under val'io us comb in ations of loads and
forces) . The exposed area con sidercd shall be the sum of the areas of
all members, incl ud ing floor system and railing, as seen in elevation at
90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the structure. The forces and loads
given herein are for a wind velocity of 100 miles per hour. For Group II
loading, but not for Group III loadin g, they may be reduced or increased
in the ratio of the square of the design w-ind velocity to the square of
100, provided the maximum probable wind velocity can be ascertained
with reason able accuracy, or there are permanent features of the terrain
which make such changes safe and advisable. If change in the design
wind velocity is made, the design wind velocity shall be shown on the
plans.
IAJ Superstructure Design

A moving u n if ormly distributed wind load of the following intensity shall be app lied horizontally at right angles to the long itudinal axis
of the structure in the design of the superstructure :
For trusses and arches
For girders and beams
75 pounds per square foot
60 pounds per square foot
The total force shall not be less than 300 pounds per linear foot
in the plane of the loaded chord and 150 pounds per linear foot in
the plane of the unloaded chord on truss spans, and not less than
300 pounds per linear foot on girder spans.
The above forces shall be used for Group II loading. For Group
III loading there shall be added thereto a load of 100 pounds per linear
foot applied at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the structure
and 6 feet above the deck as a wind load on a rrioving live load. When a
rein forced concrete floor slab or a steel grid deck is keyed to or
attached to its 9upp or ting members, it may be assumed that the deck
resists, within its plane, the shear resulting from the wind load on the
moving live load.
IBJ Substructure Design
Forces transmitted to the substructu re by the superstructure and

forces applied di rectly to the su bstructure by wind loads shall be
assumed to be as follows :
( J )
Forces from su per st rucf u re
The transverse and longitudinal forces transmitted by the

superstructure to the substructure for vary ing angles of wind
1.2.14
DE 5IGN
direction shall be as set forth in the fol low in g table. The skew
angle is measured :f rom the perpend icular to the longitud inal axis.
The ass umed wind direction shall be that which prod uces the maximum stress in the substructure being designed. The transverse
and longitudinal :forces shall be applied
simu ltan eou sly at
the
elevation of the center of gravity of the exposed area of the superstructure.
70
The loads l isted above shall be used in Group II load ing as

given in Article 1.2.22.
For Grou p III loading, these loads may be reduced 70 per cent
and there shall be added thereto, as a wi nd load on a moving live
load, a load per I in ear foot as gi ven in the following table :

S ke w A n plc
of W i n d
( Deg roes )
L ate ra I Lad
Pe r Lin . Ft.
I Pen n de )
0
15
100
88
45
60
66
34
30
82
Lori g itu d in at
Load Per Li n. Ft.
I fin u n de )
0
12
24
32
38
This load shall be applied at a point 6 feet above the deck.

For the usual girder and slab bridges having maxim nan span
length s of 125 feet, the followi ng wind load ing may be used in lieu
of the more precise loading specihed above :
W (wind load on structu re)

50 pounds per sQu are foot, transverse ;
12 pounds per sQuare foot, longitud inal.
Both forces shall be appl red s i in u] tancously.
WL (wind load on l we load )
100 pounds per Iinear foot, transverse ;
40 pou nds per l inear foot, longitud inal.
Both forces shall be applied simu ltaneous ly.
( 2)
Fo rces o p p I ied d irectl y fo th e s u bst rucfu re
The trans ve rse and longitud inal forces to be appl ied d irectly
to the su bstructu re for a 100 mile per hou r wind shall be calcu lated
from an assumed wind force of 40 pounds per square foot. For

w ind d i reet i ons assu med skev'ed to the substr u ctu re th is force
shall be resolved into
IO the end and
HIGHWAY BRIDGE S
2fi
1.2.14
front oleva tions of the su bstructu re according to the f u nations of

the skew angle. The component pe rpend icu far to the end elevat ion
shal I act on the exposed su bet r uct u re area as seen in end e]evat ion
and the componen t pe rpend icu far to the f rout elevation shall act on
the exposed s u bs true tu re area as seen in front elevation. These
loads shall be assumed to act on horizontal
li nes at the centers of
grav ity o f the exposed areas and shal I be appl ied s imu ltan eou sly
with the wind loads f i'om the su pe rst ructu re. The above loads are
for Group I I loading and may be reduced 70 per cent for Group III
loading, as ind icated in Article 1.2.22.
( CJ
Overturning
Forces
The effect of forces tending to overturn sti uctures shall be calelated ii ncler Group II an d Gro up III of Article 1.2.22, and there shall
be added an u pward force applied at the wi nd\vard qu artei- point of
the tran sverse su pe rstructii re width. Th is force shall be 20 pou rids

per square foot of deck und sidewalk plan area for Group II com
bination and 6 pounds per square foot for Group III comb i n ati on. The
wind di rection shall be assumed to be at ri ght angles to the longi tu dinal

axis of the stru ctu re.
J .2. J 5 THERMAL FORCES
Metal Qtr natures

Moderate climate, from 0 to 120 F.
Cold climate, from TO to 120 F.

Co nc iete SIi'ucturos
Moderate climate
Cold climate
Tom pe ratu i c
iise
30 F.
35 F.
Temper atu i e
fal I
40 F.
45 F.
J .2. J 6 UPLIFT
(a) 100 ' r of the calculated uplift ca ised 1y any loading or

combination of loadings in which the live plus impact load
i rig is increased by 100 "
(b) 150 ' of the Culcu lated uplift at working load level.
Anchor bolts sub.ject to tension or other elcments of the structu i e
27
DE SICN
stress under the above conditions shall be

allowable basic stress.
designed
at
150 %
of
the
J .2.17 FORCE OF STREAM CURRENT, FLOATING ICE AND DRIFT

Al I piers and other portions of stru ctu res wh ich are s u bject
to the
force of flowing water, floating we, or drift shall be des i gn ed to i os is I

the maximum stresses i ndu ced thereby.
The pres su re of ice on ;a iers shtll be cafe ulated at 400 pou nd s pei
sq u are i rich. The thickn ess o:I ice and hei ght at wh ich i t a ppl i es shtll be
determ in ed by in vest igat ion at the s ite of the strue t ti i e.
The effect of flowing water on piers sh all be caIC u lateCl by the
form u la :
J .2.J 8 BUOYANCY
B u oyancy sh all be considered as it affects the design of either substructu re, inc I u d ing pi ling, or the su perst ructure.
J .2. 19 EAPTH PRESSURE

Structures ivh ich retain fills sh all be proportioned to w i thstand
press ure as given by Rank me's form ula ; provided, hcv e ver, th at no
structure sh m l be des igned for less than an eq u ivalent flu id pressure
of 30 pounds per cub ie foot.
For rigid frames a max imu in of one-h al f of the moment eau sed by
earth pres s u re I lateral ) may be u sed to reduce thP positive moment in
the beams, in the top slab, or in the top and bottom slab, as the case
may be.
When h ighway traffic can come with in a h orizon tal distance from
the top of the s tructu re eg url to one-half its heigh I, the press u re shall
ha ve added to it a I we load s urchl rge iress ure eQual to not less than
2 feet of earth.
Where an adeq u ately des ign ed rei n forced cone rete approach slab
su pported at one en d by the bridge is provided, no live load surc h arge
need be considered.
All des igns shall provide for the thorough d rainage of the backfi II in g material by mean s of w'ee p h oles a rid crushed rock, pipe dra ins
or gravel dra i ns, or by perl ora ted d rains.
J .2.20 EARTHQUAKE STRESSES

In regton s where earth Qu akes may be anticipated, prov is ion shall
be made to acc cmm odate lateral forces from earthqu akes as follows :
where
E Q = Latei'a1 force applied horizonta I l y i n any d i Section at center of

gravity of the we i gh t of the st met u re.
HIGHWAY
28
19
C
BRIDGES
Ete md load of st ructu re.

II. 02 to i st ructu res foun ten on s p iea d foot i ug s on mate rial i ated
as 4 ton s r more pe r squa re Ioot.
0.tJ4 Io i st i uctu rev foun clcd on sJ i eacl footi n gs on in ate rial i'ate d
as less th an 4 tins pc i squa re foot.
G.t1 ti for struetu res founded on p iles.
Live load may be negl ected.
J .2.2J CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
U. 011117 S LI
w he re
C
S
D
R
the
the
the
the
cen I ri I u gal fo i ee in percent of the live load, w ithout impact.

des ign speed, in in i les per h our.
cleg ree of en rve.
i alius of the curve, in feet.
The effects of superelevation shall be taken into account.

The centrifugal force shall be applied 6 feet above the roadway
surface, measured along the center line of the roadway. The design
speed shall be determined with regard to the amount or' superelevation
provided in the roadway. The traffic lanes shall be loaded in accordance
wi th the provisions of Article 1.2.8.
Each design traffic lane shall be loaded with one standard truck (lane
loading shall not be u sed in any case) placed in position for maximum
loading.
When a reinforced concrete floor slab or a steel grid deck is keyed
to or attached to its supporting members, it may be assumed that the
deck resists, within its plane, the shear resulting from the centrif ugal
forces acting on the live load.
1.2.22 LOADING
COMBINATIONS
The followin g Groups represent various combinations of loads and

forces to which a structure may be subjected. Each part of such structure, or the foundation on wh ich it rests, shall be proportioned for all
combinations of such of these forces as are applicable to the particular
site or type, and at the percentage of the basic unit stress i ndicated for
the various groups except that no increase in allowable un it stresses
shall be perm itted for members or connections carry ing w ind loads only.
See Articles 1. 2. 1 to 1. 2. 21 for loads and forces.
The maximum section requ ired shall be used.
1222
DE SI CN
29
Percentage
of Unit
Stress
Group I
=D <L -|- I--|- E <B >SF
Group II
=D >E <B SF >W

=Group I| LF >F >309o W -|-WL >GF
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Group VI I
Group I<R j S -l- T

=:Group II>R j 5| T
=Group III --| R< S -|-T
D E -{- B >SF EQ
Group V III :=: Group I <ICE

Group IX
D
Group II +ICE
Dead Load
=Live Load
=Live Load Impact

Earth Pressure
=Buoyancy
Wind Load on Structure

WL
=\\'I n d Load on Live Load100 pounds pe r linear foot

Lori gitu di n at Force from Live Load
=Centi ifugal Force

=Longitudinal force due to :friction or shear resistance
(elastomeric bearings) .
R
S
= R ib Sh orten in g
5' h i inkage
= Ea ithQu ake
= Stream Flow Fressure

=Ice Pi essure
Section 3
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS
J .3.1 DIST RIBUTION OF WH EEL LOADS TO STRINGER S,

LONGITUDINAL BEAMS AND FLOOR BEAMS *
IAl Position of Loods for She or
In calc ulatin g end shears and end reactions in lransve rse floor
beams and long itu dinal beams and st r iri go rs, no long itu d i nal d istii button of the wheel lead shal l be assu meet for the wheel or axle load ad jacent to the end at wh ich the stress is being dete ran i ned.
* Froviions in thi
Aitclc sh|1 no[:ipMy
H I GH WAY B RIDGE S
Latera l d i stribut ion of th e wheel load shall be that produced by

assu ining the floor i rig to act as a simple span betv'een sI ri n get s or
beams. For loads in other pos it ions on the span, the di str-ibu tion for
shear shal I be determ tried by the method prew ribed for moment, except
that the cilc mation of ho r i zontal shear in rectan gular timber beams
sh at I be in ecordan ee with Article 1.10.2.
fBl Bending Moment in Sfringers ond Longitudinal Beo ins *
In calcu l at in g bend ing moments in longitudinal beams or stringers,
no longitud i nat di s fiibu tion of the wheel
loads shall
be
assu med.
The
lateral th sIr ibut ion sha 11 be de term in ed as follows :

( 1)
I n terio r St ringers o nd Beo in s
The l we load bending moment for each interior Stringer shall

be dete i in i ned by ipplyin g to the stringer the fraction of a whee l
loai both front and rear) detei-mined in Table 1.3.1( B )
/ 2)
Outside
(o)
Roodwo y Sfringers
o nd Beo ins
Steel Timber Concrete T- beores
The c1eat load considered as s upported by the outside

roadv ay stringer or beam shall be that portio n of the floor
slab cii'ried my thP Stringer or beam. Chi bs, railings and
iveiiiin g su rface, if placed after the slab has en red, may be
con siclered equally d istrib uted to ill roadway 8t r in gers or
beams.
The live load bending moment for outside roadway stiingem or beams shall be determined by applying to the stringer
or beam the reach on of the wheel load obtained by assuming
the flooring to act as i simple span between stringers or
beams.
When the outside roadway beam or stringcr supports the
st dewalk livP load as well in traffic live load and impact, the
allo\vab le stress in the beam or stringer may be increased
25 " for the combination of dead load, sidewalk live load,
traffic live load, and impact, pi ovidi ng the beam is of no less
carry i ng capacity than would be required iI there were no
sidewalks.
In rio case shall an exterior str in ger have less carrying
capacity th:in an interior strin ger.
In the case of spin with conci'eIe floor supported by 4 or
DE SI GN
TAB LE 1.3.1
B)
Bridge designed
for one
Kind of Floor
traffic lane
Timber :
Plank
Bridge designed
for two or more

traffic lanes
S/3.TS
Strip 4 thick or multiple

layer floors over 6 thick .
S/40
If S exceeds 5
S/4.26
If S exceeds 6.5
If S exceeds 10 use
If S exceeds 14
S/5.0
Stri p 6 or more thick .
use footnote
Concrete :
use footnote
On Steel I-Beam Stringers

and Prestressed Concrete
Girders
footnote .
S/B.J
On Concrete T-Beams .
If S exceeds 6 use
footnote
On T'imber Stringers .
use footnote .
S/6.0
If S exceeds 10
use l'ootnote
S/60
S/S0
If 5 exceeds 6 use
footnote .
If S exceeds 10
use footnote .
If S exceeds 12
If S exceeds 16
If S exceeds 6.0'
use footnote .
If 5 exceeds 10.5'
use :footnote .
Concrete box girders

use footnote .
use footnote .
On Steel Box Girders .

On Irestresset Cone iete
Steel grid :
(I ess th on 4 thick )
(4 or' in oie )
average stringer spacing in feet.

' S n I i n ed a n d dowelled tim be r floo iin g sh all have the sa in e di st rib ut in n as stri p floors of
en u ivalen t th ick ness.
In th i s case th e I oat on each st rin ge r s hall be the rea ction of th e wheel loads, asen in i rig
the flue ri rig bet wee n Ihe s Irinpe rs to act as a s i in pIe beam .
Des ip n of I-Beam B ridq es by N. M . New ma rkP roceed ings. AS CE. March 194 8.
* The s idewal k li ve tea d ( see A rt icle 1 .:?. 11 ) shal I be cm itted Io r i n tc rio r a n d exte rio r box
gi rders dest an ed i n accord a n cc w ith the w heel load d is Iribution i n d icated herein .
H I GHWAY BRI DGE S
40
fbJ Concrefe . Box Girders

The dead loacl con si dered as supported by the exterior
girder shall be deter mined in the same manner as for steel,
timber, concrete T-beams, as g iven in 12) ( a) above.
The wheel load d istribu ti on to the exterior girder shall
be W ,/7.
(3)
W,, v idth of exterior gii dcr. The width to be used

in determ ining the wheel line distr ibuti on to the
exterior girder shall be the top slab width as
measured from thc midpoint between girders to
the on tside edge of tire slab. The cantilever
di men r>ion of any' stab extend in g beyond the
exterior g iider shall preferably not cxccct S/2.
To tot Co po city of Stringers o n d Beo ins
The combined design loacl capacity of all the beams and stringenn a nan shall not be less than rcqu ired to support the total I we
and dead loacl in the span.
IC I Bending Momenf in Floor Beoms ITronsverse J
In cafe u latin 3 bend in g moments i n Poor beams no transve rse d istr i b u Ii on of th e whcel loads .shall be ass umeil.
ID ton gi tud i n at stri n get s are omitted an d the floor i s su pported directly on floor beamc , the beams shall be des i gned for loads determined
J .3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE SLABS *

AND MULTI-BEAM PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGES **
IA )
Spon Lengths
( See o I so Article
1 .5 . 3
DESIGN
load
K n
IIoor beam
Plank
it ri p 4 i nclies
iii
th ickncss,
wood
block
on
4 -inch Ji l ank su bflooi o i mu I Ii -th ick ness

p lank moi e than fi inches th ick .
5trI p 6 inches or more i n th ickness .
Cone i ete
Steel gri d ( less th an 4 inches thick ) .
Stee l gi id (4 inches or more)

5
spac i ng of beams in feet.
Spline and doivcled flooring shall have the same di stri button as stri p floors
eg uivalent thickness.
The followi n g effect i x c span lengths shall be u sed i n eaten I at in g
distribution of !oads and bend ing moments :for slabs continuous over
more than two en ppoi ts :
Slabs mon ct ith ie w i th beams or walls
. without h.i u nch es ) ,
Sla be s u ppo i-ted on steel sf i in gers, S =d istance betivcen edges

of flanges pI u s '/_ of the s tringer flange width.
IB J
Edge Distonce of Wheel Lood
fn dcs igu i ng sJ ebs the center l me of wheel load (axle load /2 ) shall
be assu mcd to be one foot fi-cm the fice of th e cu rb. II cu rbs or s i de-
walks are not tised, the v'h el load sh ill be assu nied to be one foot from
the face of th e i'a i I . Crnib i n ed deid , I we and i in pact str esses sh all be
not g rea te r than th e al I ov i1le st i-esses.
In design ing sidewalks, slabs and supporting membt3P9, a wheel

l oad located or the sidewalk shall be assumed to be one :foot from the
face of the rail. Combined dead, live and impact stresses :for this load ing shall be not greater than 150 percent of the allowable stresses.
Wheel load.s shall not be applied on s idewalks protected by a traffic
barrier.
* ** If 5 cxceocl s I eno in mate r, tLie load o n the beam s hall be the reaction of th e wheel loads
an u in i n g the flo ri n z bet wee n bea me to ac I as a s i in pI - bea m.
34
H]GHWAY BRIDGES
ICI Bending Moment

Betid i rig moment per fiitit xv ilt h of st:ib sha 11 be ea Ie ulated according to mcthocls gi v e ii unlei Cases A and B, u rile.ss the more exact
methods i c fei red to in the footnote to Article 1.3.2 a re used.
S = Effect i s'c sp:i n length, in fc'et, as defined under spn
Length.s A rt iclea 1.3.2 I A 1 anl 1.ii.3
E =Y\' idth tf st:ib i n feet ovei- vv hich a wheel is distributed
P 1.:tl in ne i eit i iv hctl of truck ( P, , or P_,,)
lu:itl ing
-12,0011
P,,, -l6,00G Jiiu iil-s for H20 to.tel in g
The l i ve loal moment for st in plc straits shall be deter-in tried by the
tel low irig fen-anti tae ( im;act not i nc luded ) :
P ,= Moment in foot-pounds per foot width of slab
- 32
" . Moment i n foot-pounds per foot width of slab
In st:the ctiil i n non a ver th i-ee ir more stipliorts, a contiiiu ity
factor f 0.8 sh:ill be applil to the above f oi niul:is for both port tive
:inl negati x'e rudiment.
Distribution of wheel loade, E =4 +0.065, maximum 7.0 feet.

twine loicIs ai-e tl isti-ibti ted river ;i width of 2l'J. Longi-
tud iiia fly i ct nfer-ci'il .slibs sh:i 11 be de5ignetl foi the appi opt-rate H5 liial i rig.
Foi- s i mple spans, t he in:tx i mum I we to:tit moment per- foot w itlth of
slab, v' ithout i mpact, i s closely approx imited by the follow i rig formulas :
11520 Load trip :
Sp.ins up to and ineluling 0 feet : I.LM =9005 foot-pounls
Sj ns ci0 feet to 100 feet :
LLM = 1G0t1 ! 1.30S 20.G ) fit-Joti nds
IIS15 Load in ii :
Use ii of the values obtained f i-ore the formu las for HS20
load ing.
Moments in continuous epans shall be determined by suitable analysis using the truck or appropriate lane loading.
The lateral distribution of wheel loads for multi-beam precast concrete bridges, conventional or prestressed, shall not exceed that specified
for slabs under Case BMain Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic.
DESIGN
ID J Edge Beoms ILongifudinol I
Edge beams shall be provided for all slabs having main reinforcement parallel to traffic. The beam may consist of a slab section add itionally reinforced, a beam i ntegral with and deeper th an the slab, or
an integral reinforced section of slab and en rb.
Tt shall be designed to resist a live load moment of 0.10 PS, where
P Wheel load, in pounds (P, , or P,,)
S = Span length, in feet
This formula gives the simple span moment. Val ues for cont in uous
spans may be reduced 20 per cent u mess a greater red uction res ults
from a more exact a na lys i s.
IEI
Disfribut ion Reinforcement

Reinforcement shal I be placed in the bottoms of all slabs transverse to the main steel reinforcement, to provide for the lateral distrib ution of the concentrated I we loads, except that th is specification
will not apply on en lverts or bridge slabs when the depth of fill over
the slab exceeds two feet. The amount shall be the percentage of the
main reinforcement steel requ ired for positive moment as gi ven by the
following formu las :
For main rein forcement parallel to traffic :

i
Percentage
s Maximum 50 o
For main reinforcement perpendic u far to trafhc :
Percentage
Maximum 67o
where S the effective span length, in feet.

For main re inforcement perpend icu far to traffic the specified
anion nt of distri bu tion reinfoi-cement shall be used in the middle half
of the slab span, and in the outer quarters of the slab span not less than
50 percent of the above amount shal I be used.
fF J Sheor ond Bond Sfress in Slobs
Slabs designed for bending moment in accordance wi th the foregoing sh all be con sidered satisf actory in bond and shear.
IG J Unsupported Edges, Transverse
The des ign assu mpti ons of this article do not provide for the effect
of loads near unsu pportod edges. Therefore, at the ends of the bridge
and at in termed rate points where the continu ity of the slab is broken,
the edges sh all be supported by d iaph ragms or other su itable means.
The d iaph ragms shall be des igned to resist the Iull moment and shear
produced by the wheel loads wh ich can come on them.
IHJ
Confilever
( I )
Truck
Slobs
Loods
Under the toll ow ing formulas

slabs. the slab is
for d i stri b ution of loads on

to sunnort the loan i ii-
HIGHWAY BRIDGE 5
penden I of edge support at on g the end of the canti leve r. The distribu tion g iven inclu des the effect of wheels on parallel elements.
Each wheel on th e element pe rpen d iCu l ar to traffic shall be d istributed according to the following formula :
E = 0.8X + 3.75
Moment per foot of slab
foot-pounds in which X dis-
tancP i n feet from load to porn t of support.
C'es c B R ciii[o rce ni e nI Par all ct to 7'ro@c

The d i str ibu I ion for each wheel load on the element parallel to
tr:iffic shall bP as follows :
E 0.35X + 3.2 but shall not exceed 7.0 feet.
Moment per foot of slab = E " foot-pounds.

(2)
R oil ing foods
I t shall be assu med that the effective length of slab res i stirig
post I oad ings is eju al to E = 0.PX + 3.75 feet, where no parapet is
used and is eq u a I to E 0.8X < 5.0 feet where a p:i rapet is used,
where X is the d istance in feet from the center of the post to the
point u n der i n ve sti gation. Railing load ing shall be applied in
acco rdance vv ith Article 1.2.11 (C) .
III Slobs Supporf ed on Four Sides
In the case of slabs supported alori g four edges and reinforced in
both directions, the proportion of the load carried by the short span of
the slab shall be assumed as given by the follow ing eg uations :
For load u n iformly d istri buted
a' +b
b
For load concentrated at center,
'a I-b
where
p proportion of load carried by short span.
a length of short span of slab.
b length of long span of slab.
Where the len gth of the slab exceeds 1' times its width, the entire
load shall be assumed to be carried by the tra nsverse reinforcement.
The distribution width, E, :for the I oad taken by either span shall
be cietermi ned as provided for other slabs. Moments obtained shall be
used in designing the center half of the short and long slabs. The
reinforcement steel in the outer quarters of both short and long spans
may be reduced 50 per cent. In the design of the support ing beams,
consideration shall be given to the fact that the loads delivered to the
supporting beams are not uniformly distributed along the beams.
DE 5IGN
37
i JI Medion Slobs
Raised median slabs shall be designed in accordance w ith the provisions of this article with truck loadings so placed as to produce maxi mum stresses. Combined dead, live and impact stresses may be not
greater than 150 percent o:I the allowab Ie stresses. F lush median slabs
shall be designed without any overstress.
J .3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS THROUGH EARTH FILLS

When the depth of fill is 2 feet or more, concentrated loads shall be
considered as un iformly distributed over a square, the sides of which
are equal to 1'i times the depth of fil1.
The shear produced by such loads shall be calculated as provided
for dead loads.
When such areas :f rom several concentrations overlap, the total load
shall be considered as un iformly distributed over the area defined by
the o utside lim its of the i nd ivid ua1 areas, but the total wi dth o1 disTrib ution shall not exceed the total width of the s upporting slab. For
single spans, the effect of live load may be neglected when the depth of
multiple spans
fill is more than 8 feet and exceeds the span length
distance between
it may be neglected when the depth o1 fill exceeds
faces of end supports or abutmeiits. WhP11 the depth of fill is less than
2 feet the wheel load shall be d i StPlbu ted as in slabs v ith coiicen trated
loads. When the calcu lated live load and impact moment iii concrete
slabs, based on distribution of the wheel load through fills as herein
outlined, exceeds the live load and impact moment calculated according
to Article 1.3.2, then the latter moment shall be used.
1.3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON TIMBER FLOORING

For the eaten Iation of bending moments in timber flooring each
wheel load shall be it istribu ted ae follows :
fAl Flooring Transverse
In direction of span :
Over w idth of tire ( 10 inches for H10 ; IS inches for H15 ;
and 20 inches for H20 loading.)
Normal to direction of span :
Plank floor : width of plank
Lami nated floor : IS inches
Splined or doweled floor, not less than 5' _ inches th ick : 4 times
thickness.
For transverse flooring the span shall be taken as the clear distance
between stringers plus one-half the width of one stringer, but shall
not exceed the clear span plus the floor thickness.
IB J
Flooring
Longitudinol
In d irection of span :
Point load in g
Normal to d irection of span :
Plan k floor : vv id th of plank
La:ninated floor : w idth of wheel plus th ickness of floor

Spl in ed or rl owe feel floor, not few t han 6'm inches th ick : width
of wheel plus twice th redness of floor
For Ion gi tud incl II oor rug the span shall be taken as the clear distance betv een floor beams pI u s one-hall the wid th of ono noam but shal I
not exceed th e clear span plu s the floor thickness ,
ICI Continuous Flooring
If the flooring; i s conti nuou s ox cr more than tv'o spans the maxi
mu in bend in g moment shall be assumed as being 80 per cent of that

obta tried for a simple span.
J .3.5 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE

WOOD-CONCRETE MEMBERS
IAJ Disfribution of Concentrof ed Loods for Bending Moment ond Sheor
For freely su pported or cont i nuou s slab spans of compos ite woodthe
bend ing
moment a nl a wicl th of 4 feet for shear.
For compos i te T-beams of wood and cone rete, as described in
Article 2.20. TS I B ) , the Pff ectii e tl an ge wicl th sh all not exceed that
given in Article 1.7.58. Shear eonne etors shall be capable of red is ting
both vertical and h or izon tel movemen t.
IBI Disfribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Spons

Both posi tix e and n egative moments shall be d istr ibuted in iicco rdance iv ith the lot lowing table :
U n if crrri Dead Load
5PAN
Max inn nan Liv e Load

M omen ts
Concentrated
Wood Subdock
Pos.
l'feg.
Gomr'osite Slab
Pos.
Neg.
I n te rio r
7O
60
Uniform
Loed
Load
Neg.
Pos.
Neg.
bS
66
78
Gontin uous beam ct 2 equal s pans.
Impact shou ld be considc cd in computing stresses :for concrete and

steel, but neglected for wood.
ICJ
Design
The comb mation in a structural member of two elements having
different mech an ical properties requires the formulation of a design
premise. Such a formulation as follows is based on the elastic properties of the materi a Is :
1 for slab in which the net concrete thickness is less than half
the over-all depth of the coiiiposite section
DE SIGN
= 2 for slab in which the net concrete thickness is at least half

the over-all depth of the composite section
18.75 (for Douglas fir and Southern pine)
in which
E =modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ep = modulus of elastici ty of wood

E, =mod u lus of elasticity of steel
J .3.6 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON STEEL GRID FLOORS *

fAl Generol
The grid floor shall be designed as continuous. Simple span moments may be used and reduced as provided in Article 1.3.2.
The formulas for distribution of loads provided herein are based
upon there being adequate transfer of the load normal to the main
elements. Reinforcement for th is purpose shall consist of transverse
bars or shapes welded to the main steel. The strength and detai Is of
the transverse reinforcement shall meet with the approval of the
Engineer.
I B J Floors Filled with Concrefe

The distribution and bend ing moment shal l be as specified for concrete slabs, Article 1.3.2. The following items specified in that article
shal I also apply to concrete filled steel grid floors :
Edge beams (longitudinal) .
Uneu pported edges (transverse) .
Span lengths.
The strength of the composite steel and concrete slab shall be determined by means of the transformed .area method. The allowable
stresses shall be as set forth in Articles 1.5.1 and 1.7.1.
ICJ Open Floors

A wheel load shall be d istri bu ted, normal to the main bare, over a
width equ al to US inches per ton of axle load plus twice the distance
center to center of main bars. The portion of the load assigned to each
main bar shall be appl red to the bar u n iformIy Over a length equal to
the rear tire width (20 inches for H20, IS inches for H15) .
The strength of the section shall be determined by the moment of
inertia method. The a llowablc stresses shall be as set. forth in Article
1.7.1.
Ed ges of open grid steel floors shall be supported by su itable meane
as required. These supports may be longitudinal or transverse, or both,
as may be requ ired to properly support all edges.
When inves ti gti ng for fati gu e, ftse mi ri i mum cycles of niaximu in
stress.
J .3.7 MOMENTS, SHEARS AND REACTIONS

Maximum moments, sh ears, and reactions are given in tables,
Append i x A, for H 15, H20, H 6 15 and If 520 loadi n gs. They are calculated
for the standard truck or the lane loading appl red to a single l ane on the
bas is of freely supported spans. It is ind icated in the table whether the
standard truck or the lane load ing produces the maximum stress.
Section 4
SUBSTRUCTURES AND RETAINING WALLS
1.4.I I ALLOWABLE STRESSES

Concrete, steel or timber sit bstruc tu res and retain ing walls shall be
designed for the u n it stresses indicated in Section 5, Section 7 or Section
10.
1.4.2 BEARING POWER OF FOUNDATION SOILS

DETERMINATION OF BEARING POWER *
When requ ired by the E ngineer, the bearing power of the soil in
excav ated ton ndation pits shall be determined by loading tests.
The following tab u lation of the bearing power of broad basic groups
of material s may be u sed as an aid to the judgment in the absence of more
defi ni te i n lormati on :
Safe bearing power,
T errs per square foot
M in.
Material
Max.
Alluvial soils
Hwy s ................................................................................. 1
Sand, confined
..
...
... 1
Gravel
..
. .
.....
Cemented sand and gravel . . . . . . . .
..
4
4
10
Rock..........................................................................................5
Load ing tests have a li rutted depth inPuence and may not disclose
long-timc consol idation.
When the con sol i d at i on of
You nd ation
soils cau see
the
settlement
of the backfill against an abutment or the settlement of the soil under

an abutment which is placed on piles driven th roush a fill, the load
tran suit tted may result in ovc rloadi n g the piles.
When the hydrau lic grad rent is increased as in excavating material
from below the water table, foundation soils may be loosened by the upward Pow of water. Such a cond iti on shoultl be guarded against.
Io r meth cd of es tim a tin g bea rim p ca;a cities o I I on n tation soils and com p ut ing settlementa
of p ie re a n d a bu true n ts, ref eren ce s hon) d be made to 'Soil Mecha n ics i n Engi neeri ng P ractice, bz
Te rzaa h i & P eck. E ditto n of 194 b, published by I oh n Wiley & Son, New Yo rk. N . Y .
DESIGN
1.4.2
Intrusion failures should be, prevented by requiring a base course

between rip-rap and fine soils and by requiring proper gradation of drainage backfill behind abutmente.
1.4.3 ANGLES OF REPOSE

Earth, Loam . . . . . . .
Dry Sand . . . . . . . . . .
Moist Sand . . . . . . . . .
Wet Sand . . . . . . . . . .
Compact earth . . . . . .
30
25
30
16
35
to 45
to 35
to 46
to 30
to 40
Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cinders . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30 to 40
25 to 40
30 to 45
25 to 36
In the absence of exact data, which has been rletermined by field

investigation and soil an alys is, the angle of repose of the material shall
be assumed to be the minimum given in the table.
1.4.4 BEARING VALUE OF PILING

IA I
General
The design loads for piles shall not be greater th an the minimum
value which shall be determined for Case A, Case B and Case C ; where
Case A is the capacity of the pile as a structural member, Case B is
the capacity of the pile to transfer its load to the ground and Case C
is the capacity of the ground to support the load del ivered to it by the
pile or piles. The val ues assignable to each of the three cases shall be
determined by makin g subs urf ace investigations or tests of sufficient
extent to justify the assumed design values used for the particu lar
cond ition of su pport under cons ideration.
In determining the bearing value of piles :for use in design ing,
consideration shall be given to all in i'ormation ava i]able relative to the
subs urface cond i ti one. Consideration shall also be given to :
(1) ) The difference between the supporting capacity of a single
pile and a group of piles.
(2) The capacity of the underlying strata to support the load of the
pile group.
(3) The effect of driving additional piles and the effect of their
loads on adjacent structure9.
(4) Possibil ity of scour and its effect.
IB J
Cose A.
( !)
Copocify of Pile os o Structural Member
Structuro I Colum ns
Piles sh all be designed as structural columns. Timber piles

shall be designed in accordance with Article 1.10.2, using the
allowable unit stresses given in Article 1.10.1 for lumber and in the
following table for round piles.
Round Tiiii 6 er Pi te s
Species
Allowable unit working stress

p ounds per scj. in. Compression
pa rat IeI to grain for normal
duration of loading
1200
Ash, wh ite
Beech
1300
1300
900
1200
1200
1200
Birch
Chestnut
Cypress, Southei n
Cypress, T idewater red .

Douglas fi r, coast ty pe .
Douglas fi r, in l and .
Elin, rock
1100
1300
Elm, soft
Gum, black and red .
Hemlock, Eastern
860
850
800
1000
16?0
1200
1300
Hemlock, West Coast .

Hickory
Larch
Maple, hard
Oak, red and w'hite .
1100
Pecan
Pine,
P me, Ncivay
1650
800
860
Pine, Southern
Pine, Southe rn, dense .
1200
1400
800
1100
Poplar, yellow
Redwood
<S pruce, Eastern

Tupelo
850
860
Concrete piles sh:ill be designei in accordance with Article

1 5.1, steel piles in accordance with Article 1.7.1, and concretefil led pipe piles in acco rdance with Article 1.5.1, except that the
allow able u n i t strewn may be inc reased 20 9o provi dcd the shell
th ickn ass is not le:ss th.tn 'li inch. The area of the shell sh all be
i ncl u detl in deterred n mg the value of p, ( pe rce ntage of reinforcement j . Where corros i on may be expected 'li; inch shall be deducted
from the shell th i ckn ess to allow for red u ct i on i n section by corrost on. The at lowab Ie stresses of A rti cles 1.5. 1, 1.7.1 and 1.10. 1 may
be used in all cases where all of the stresses to which the piles may
be s u b]ected hive been i nclu ded. These st resses may be inc reased
in accordance w ith Article 1.2.22. For trest le piles or other piles
xvi thou I lateral ski pport d en gned for de:id load anil live load only
and where tempe ratu re, triction, water pressure and other forces
are not cont i dere d, the al l ow ab le uni t stresses spec ifi ed in Articles
1.5.1, 1.7.1 and 1.10.1 shal I be dcc reased 20 % .

12 )
Requi red Subsu rf oce
I nve st igo tions
Subsu rface i nvestiati ons shall be made which will determine

the probable depth of scour or flotation of material and the condi
tion of lateral support of the pile.
DESIGN
1.4.4
43
ICJ Cose B. Copocity of Pile fo Transfer Lood to ltte Ground

( J ) Poinf - beoring Piles
A pile shall be considered to be a point-bearing pi Ie when

placed or driven on or into a material which is capable of developing the pi le load by direct bearing at the
factor of safety.
point
with reasonable
The allowable load at the tip of the pile shall not exceed the
following :
(a) For round timber piles,
use
values
tabulated
in
Article 1.4.4 (B) for allowable compression parallel

to grain.
For sawn timber piles, use those values applicable
to wet condition for allowable compression parallel
to grain, in accordance with Article 1.10.1.
(b) For concrete piles, 0.33f, in accordance with Article

1.5.1 (B) .
(c) For concrete-filled piles, 0.40f', in accordance with
Article 1.5.1 (B) applied to the total actual area of the
" (d
(2)
Fricfion
concrete and steel.

For steel Hpiles and It milled tubular steel piles,
9,000 psi over the cross scctiona l area of the pile tip,
not includ ing the area of any pile tip rein forcemcnt.
Piles
A pile shall be considered to be a friction pile if its point does

not rest on or in a material which is capable of developing the pile
load by direct bearing at the point.
The load-carrying capacity of :friction piles shall be determined by one or more of the following methods :
(a) Driving and loading test piles. Ihe safe allowable load
shall be as defined by Article 2.3.6 (A ) .
(b) Pile-driving experience in the vicinity. When piles
are designed on the basis of experience in the vicinity,
due consideration will be given to the variation in pile
types and lengths, and in the variation of the soil
strata. Where possible, the complete driv ing records
of all piles in the vicin ity sh all be examined and compared to the driving records of the project piles.
(cI Adequate tests of the soil strata th rotigh which the
pile is to be driven. These tests should be projected
and compared, if possible, to tests of similar material
through which piles of known capacity have been
driven.
13 I Required Subsurfoce Invesfigotions
(a) Point-bearing piles. Suflic ient borings shall be made

to determine the presence, position, and thickness of
2'IOTE : The limitation in ( c ) and ( d ) govern excent where the point bearing eapac ity of
the niles is determ tried by loadi rig test piles.
44
the material which is capable of developing pointbearing, and the log of borings shall show the nature
of the overlying strata in order that the extent of
lateral support may be determined. If the pointbearing stratum is of doubtful thickness and quality,
the borings shall be made to such sufficient depth below this stratum that the capacity of a :friction pile
may be determined.
Friction piles. Borings shall be made to an elevation
well below the expected elevation of the pile tips and
accurate logs of these borings shall be made. In those
cases where the piles are to be designed on the basis
of soil tests, un disturbed samples shall be taken on
all strata which will I:ave appreciable influence on the
capacity of the pile.
Combination point-bearing and Ination piles. Piles

shall be classified as either (1 ) point-bearing or (2)
friction. Those cases where adequate strength is developed by both point bearing and friction may be
designed under either of these class ifications.
ID I Cose C. Copocity of the Ground to Support the Lood Delivered by

the Pile
Preference shall be given to the determination of maximum loads
on piles by test loading or by satisfactory s ubgrade investigation.
The capacity of the ground to support the load delivered by the
pile shall be determined from the resu Its of the applicable subsurface
investigations :
(\ )
Poi nt- beor ing Piles
Sufficient borings shall be made to determine the th icknes9 and

quality of the stratum in which the point bearing is developed.
If that stratum is of sufficient thickness and is un derlain by a firm
material, no reduction will be made for grou p action of piles. In
general, piles should not rest on a thin stratum of h a rd material
which is under la in by a thick stratum of soft or yielding material,
but where this condition cannot be avoided, group action should
be considered and the design loads reduced accord ingly.
( 2)
Friction
Piles
Borings shall be carried well below the tips of the piles in order
to determine
the characteristics
of
the
underlying
material. In
most cases a study of those borings wi 11 sufhce to determine

whether or not the un derlying soil will -support the loads delivered
to it, but in doubtful or special cases, especial ly large foundation
areas and important foot in gs, the material should be investigated
more thorough lj' by soil mechanics methods.
A single row of piles shall not be considered as a group
provided that they are not spaced closer center to center than 2'Z
1.4.4
timee the nominal diameter or dimension. In those cases where

piles are driven in grou ps into plastic material, the deeign load
shall be determined by the loading of a group of piles or definite
allowance shall be made for the difference between the supporting

capacity of a single pile and a group of piles. ( Refer to (G) )
I EJ Maximum Design Loods for Piles
In those cases where it is not feasible to make thl reQu ired subsurface investigation s or test loads, the maximum assumed design load
for piles shall be as given in the table below. These values may be increased for certain combinations of loads as specified in Article 1.2.22.
The assumed pile loads shall be substantiated by determining the
allowable load by formula, when the piles are driven, as provided in
Article 2.3.6 (B) .
Tjj pcs oJ Piles
Size or Diameter
at Butt,' Inches
Timber
Tons
Concrete
T'ons
12
24
24
10
20
14
28
16
20
24
32
Steel
(Friction) Tons
Steel
Point-Bearing
16
9000 pounds per sq.
24
not including the
20
20
28
28
32
40
ii0
in. of point area,
area of any pile
tip reinforcement
Tim be r p iles, diameter to be measured 3 feet Irom b utt.
Friction piles may be considered to resist an intermittent but not

sustained uplift equivalent to 40 per cent of the above loads providing
proper provision is made for the anchorage at the top and sufhcient skin
friction is developed and in no case shall i I exceed the weight of mate-
rial (buoyancy considered su rrou nd i n g the embedded portion of the
pile.
I GI Group Pile Loading

Where the capacity of: a group of friction piles driven into plastic
material is not determined by test loading, the following Converse-
Labarre formula is suggested to determine the reduction of a single

pile load for a group pile load :
+ (in 1) n
E -1.(n 1) in90mn
Where
E =the efficiency or the decimal fraction of the single pile
value to be used for each pile in the group.
n == the n u mber of piles in each row.
in =the number of rows in each group.
d the average diameter of the pile.

s center to center spacing of piles.
Tan'i= d/s
equal to the angle
J .4.5 PILES
\ Al
General
In general, pi lin g shall be used when footin gs cannot, at a reason-
able expense, be fou ndel on rock or other solid fou ndation material.
At loeati one whet-e unus u at erosion may occu r and the set l cond iti on s
perm i t the drivi n g of p iles, thr y, pre ferably, shall be u sed as a pro
tection agar n st scou r, even though the safe bearing res i stance of the
natu rat soi I is su ffici ent to su pport the stru ctu re wi th out pili ng.
In general, the penetrati on for any pile shall be not less than 10
feet in h ard material and not less thin ?i the length of the pile nor
less than 20 feet i n soft water i at.
For ton ndation work, no p i link shall be used to penetrate a very
soft u;per stratum overly i n g a hard stratum un less the pi Ie.s penetrate
the hard material a suffic ten t d istance to rigidly fix the ends.
I BJ
Limifotion of Use
Un treated timber piles may be used for temporary con struction,
revetments, fenders and similar work, and in Je rmanent

under the follow ing cond iti on s :
constru ction
(1) For fou ndation piling when the cutoff is below pe rmanent
ground water level.
(2) For trestle construction when it is econ omica l to do so.

though treated piles are pref e rab Ie.
I? 1 They shall not be u sod when they w i 11, or may be, exposed to
man ne borers.
The hint tation s of use of treated tim ber p iles are g iven i n D wis ion
II, Section 21.
ICI
Design Loods
The design loads for piles shall be accord i ng to Article 1.4.4.
Piles shal l be des i gned to cai ry the entire superim posed
load,
no
pile s;aci rig shall
be
allowance be ing made for the su ppo rt i n g value of the material between
the piles.
The supporti rig power of piles shall be determined by the application of test loads or by the use of formulas as specified in Article
2.3.6 (B) .
ID I Spocing, Cleoronces ond Embedment
Footi ng areas shall be so propo r Ii oned that
n ot less than 2 feet 6 i nches center to cen(er. When the tops of fou nda
tion p i let are incorporated i n a concrete footing, the distance Irom the
side of any pile to the nearest edge of the footing shall be not less than
9 inches.
The tops of pit ing in general shall iroject not less than 12 inches
into the concrete after all damaged pile material has been removed, but
in special cases it may be reduced to 6 inches.
Where a reinforced concrete beam is cast-inplace and used as a
bent cap su pported by pil ing, concrete cover at the sides of piles shall
DE 5I GN
47
be a min imu in of six inches. The piles shall project at least six inches,
and preferably n me inches, into the cap ; provided, however, concrete
piles may project a lesser d istance into the cap if the proj ection of
the pile reinforcement is sufficient to provide for adequate bond.
I EJ Botfer Piles
When the lateral resistance to the soil surrounding the piles is
inadequate to con nteract the horizontal forces transmitted to the
fou ndation or when increased rigidi ty of the entire structure is requ ired, batter piles shall be used in the to undat ion.
I FJ
Buoyancy
The effeCt of hyd rostatic pressure shall be considered in the design
as provid ed in Article 1.2.18.
IGJ
Concrefe Piles I Precost J

Precast concrete piles shall be of approved size and shape. If a
square section is employed, the corners shall be chamfe red at least one
inch. Piles, preferably, shall be cast with a driving point and for hard
driving, p referably shall be shod with a metal shoe of approved pattern.
PiIing may be either of uniform section or tapered. In general, tapered
piling shall not be used for trestle construction except for that portion
of the pi ie wh ich ] res below the ground line ; nor shall tapered piles be
used in any loc at ion when-e the piles are to act as col umns. In general,
concrete piles shall have a cross sectional area, measured above the
taper, of not less than 140 square inches and when they are to be used
in salt water they shall have a cross sectional area of not less than
220 square inches.
The d iameter of tapered piles measured 2 feet from the point shall
be not less than 8 inches. In all cases the diameter shal l be cons idered
as the least d imension through the center. The point in all cases,
where steel points are not used, shall be not less than 6 inches in
diameter and the pile shall be beveled, tapered or sloped un if or rely
from the point to 2 feet from the point.
Vertical re Enforcement shall be provided consisting of not less than
four bars spaced un iformly arou nd the perimeter of the pile. It shall
be at least 1zi per cent of the total cross section measured above the
taper, except th at if more than fou r bars are used, the n u mber may be
reduced to four in the bottom 4 feet of the pile.
The Iull length of vertical steel shall be enclosed with spiral reinforcement or equ ivalent hoops.
The spiral re in torcement at the ends of the pile shall have a pitch
of 3 inches, and gage of not less than No. 5 (U.S. Steel \Vire Gage) . In
addition the top 6 inches of pile shall have five turns of spiral winding
at one-inch pitch.
For the remainder of the pile the vertical steel shal l be enc losed
with spiral re inforce ment No. 5 gage (U.S. Steel Wire Gage) with not
more than 6-inch pitch, or with i-inch rou nd hoops spaced not more
than 6-inch centers.
The reinforcement shall be placed at a clear distance from the face
of the pi Ie of n ot l ess th an 2 inches and when thi ri !"" = = *= ' - "
48
salt water or alkali soils this c lear distance shall be not less than 3
inches.
In computing stresses due to handlin g, the computed static loads
shall be increa sed by 50 per cent as an at losvance for impact and shock.
IHJ
Concref e Piles
I Cost-in-Ploce J
Cast-in -place concrete pi les shall be, in general, cast in metal shells
wh ich shall remain pe rmane ntly in place. H owever, other types of castin -place concrete pi1e5, plai n or re into reed, case d or u ncased, may be
used if, in the opinion of the Engineer, the soil cond ition9 permit their
use and if the i r des i g n and the method of placing are set isf actory to
him.
Cast- in-place concrete piles may be of either uniform section or
tapered, or a comb in ation thereof. The minim um size, incas ured at the
butt, or above the taper, and em bed men I of re inf o rce ment shall be as
spec ified for precast piles, except that You ndation pi les may have a
min inn um butt cross-sect ion area of 100 square inches. The minimum
diameter at tip o f pi ilc shall be 8 inches.
Castin-place piling sh all be rein forced when specified or shown on

the plan s. Cast-in -place foundation piling, carry ing axial loads only
and where the possibil ity of lateral forces being appl red to the piles is
inn gn ificant, need not be re in forced when the soil prov ides adequate
lateral su pport. Those portion s of cast-in-place piling which are not
supported laterally shall be designed as re in forced concrete columns in
accordance with Article 1.15.9 and the reinf orc ing steel shall extend
ten feet be!ow the plane where the soil provides adeQuate lateral
restra i nt. Where the shell is more than 0. 12 i nch in thickness, it may
be const ci ered as re i nfo rcement.
Su ffic rent reinf or cement shall be provided at the junction of the
pi Ie wi th the su pe rstr uctu re to make a su itable con neeti on.
The metal shall be of su fficient thickness and strength so that the
shell wi 11 hold i ts o rigi nat form and show no harmful distortion after it
and ad jacent shells have been drivPn and the driving core, if any, has
been w ithd rawn. The des ign of the shell shall be approved by the
Engineer before any driving is done.
IIJ
Steel
H-piles
( I I Th ick ness of Metol
Steel pile shall have a min imu in th redness of web of .400 inch.
Splice plates shall be not less than ! inch thick.
1 2 I Spl ices
Piles shall be spliced to develop the net section of p ile. The
Panpes ind wcb shall be either spliced by butt 'weld ing or with
plates, we ldecl, riveted or bolted. The bolted splices shall only be
used on projects where a swab I nu mber of pit ing are required and
whe re hae i litre s for riveting or wPld ing are not available.
Spl ices shall be detailed on the contract plans.
P
In general, caps are not requ ired for steel piles embedded in
1.4.5
DESIGN
49
cone rete. Reference is made to Research Report No. 1, Investiga-
tion of the Strength of the Connection between a Concrete Cap an d

the Embedded end of the Steel H -PileDepartment of H ighways,
State of Oh io, for a discussion of this subject and for the resul ts
of tests pertinent to it.

(4I
Scou r
If heavy scour is anticipated, cons idcration shal l be given to

design of the portion of the pile which would be exposed, as a
column.
(5)
Lugs, Scobs, ond Core-stoppers
These devices may be used to increase the bearing power of the

pi le where necessary. They may consist of structural shapes,
v'e1ded, riveted or bol ted, of plates welded between the flanges, or of
timber or concrete blocks securely fastened.
Unfilled Tubulor Steel Piles

( J ) Th ickness of Meto I
Piles shall have minimum wall th ickness not less than indicated in the to flow in g table :
Outside Diameter
Less than
14 i nches
14 inches
and over
.25 inch
.375 inch
( 2 ) Spl ices
Piles shall be spliced to develop the full section of the pile.
The piles shall be spliced either by butt welding or by the use of
welded sleeves. Spl ices shall be detailed on the contract plans.
( fl )
Driv ing
T u bulir steel piles may be driven either closed or open endod.

Cl0sui e plates shou Id not extend beyond the perimeter of the pile.
( d ) Col um n Action
When e the piles are to be used as part of a bent structu re or

whPi P heavy scori r is anticipated that would expose a poi-tion of
the pile, the pile shall be i nvest igated for column action.
The provisions of Article 1.4.5 (K) shall apply to unfilled
tubu far steel piles.
Steel Pile ond Sleet Pile Shell Profec fion

Where cond it ions of exposure warrant, concrete encasement shall
be used on steel pi les and steel shells or ie inch depth of thickness shall
be deducted from all exposed surfaces in computin g the area of steel in
the p iles or shells.
1.4.6 FOOTINGS
I Al
Depth
The depths of footings shall be determined with respect to the

character of the foundation mater ins and the poss ibili ty of undermining. Except where solid rock is encountered or in other special
cases, the footings of all structures, other than culverts, which are
exposed to the erosive action of stream currents, preferably, shall be
fou rided at a depth of not less than 4 feet below the permanent bed of
the stream. Stream piers and arch abutments, preferably, shall be
fou rided at a depth of not less than 6 feet below stream bed. The above
preferred minimum depths shall be increased as conditions may reQulre.
Footin gs not exposed to the action of stream currents shall be
founded on a firm foundation and below l'rost.
Footings for culx'erts shall be carried to
an
elevation sufficient to
secure a firm foundation, or a heavy reinforced floor shall be u sed to

distribute the pressure over the enti re horizon tal area of the structu re.
In any location l table to erosion, aprons or cut-off walls shall be used at
both ends of the cu lvert and, where necessary, the entire ftoor area between the wing wal 1s shall be paved. Baffte walls or struts across the
unpaved bottom of a en lvert barrel shall not be u sed where the stream
bed is subject to erosion. When conditions reQuire, en lvert footings
sh all be reinforced longitu dinally.
\ BI
Anchorage
Footings on inclined smooth solid rock surfaces which are not restrained by an overburden of resistant material, shall be effectively
anchored by means of anchor bolts, dowels, keys or other suitable
means.
I C J Distribution of Pressure
All footings shall be designed to keep the max imum soil pressu res
wi thin safe bear in g values. In order to
prevent
unequ al
settlement,
Iooti n gs shall be designed to keep the pressu re as nearly un if erm as

pract i cab le. In footings has i rig uneQu at pressu res and reQu i rin g pil ing,
the spac i rig of the piles sh all be such as to seen re as nearly equal loads
on each p ile as may bP pract icable.
ID J
Spreod Foofings
Sp read footi n gs wh i ch act as c antil eve rs may be dear ea sed i n thick-
ness Irom the ju nction of the Iooting slab ix'ith col umn or wa 11 toward
the edge of the foot i n g, provi ded sulfur ent section is ma i nta tried at all
points to provide the necessary resrat a nce to diagonal ten s ion and bending stresses. Th is decrease in section may be accompl ished by sloping
the upper su rface of the footi ng or by means of verti cal steps. Stepped
foot in gs shall be cast monoli th i call y.
IE J lnternol Sfresses in Spreod Footings
Spread footings shall be coned dered as u nder the action of down-
ward forces, due to the superimposel loads, resisted by an u pward

prPssu re exe i ted by the You n d at i on miter ials a net distributed over the
1.4.6
DESIGN
area of the footings as determ in ed by the eccentric i ty of th e result ant
of the down wa rd foi ces. Where p iles arc used u nder foot i ngs, the
upward react ion iif the fou nd at ion sh:il I be cons idered as :t series of
concen Irated load s a ppl red at the pile centers, each p i Ie being ass umed
to carry its computed proport ion of the total footing load.
When a st ngl e spread footi n g su pports a cod umn, pier or wall, thi s
footing shall b issu med to act as a cent i lev er. When two or more
piers or col u run s are place cl u pon a common tooI i n g , the foot ing slab
shall be des igned for the actual cond it ions of cont in u ity tnd restra int.
Footings shall be designed fo r the bend ing stress, d iagonal ton sion
stress an d bond at the crit ical section designated herein.
The critical section for bend inp shall be taken at the face of the
col umn, pedestal or wall. In the case of col u runs other than s q uare or
rectangu far, the critics I section shall be taken at the s ide of the concentric square of eQU ivalent area. FOr footings under masonry walls,
where bon d between the wall and foot ing i s redu ced to f nation val ue,
the critical section shal I be taken as in id way between the middle and
the face o:I the wal 1. For footings under metall ie colu run bases, the
crit ical section shall be taken as in idway between the face of the col umn
and the edge of the metallic base. The load shall be cons idered as
u niform ly d i stri buted over the colu run, pedestal or wal I, or metallic
column base.
The c ritical section for bond shal l be taken at the same plane as for
bend ing, and the shear u sed for compu ting bond shall be based on the
same loading and section as for bendi ng. Bond shou ld also be invest i gated at plan es where changes of secti on oi- of rei n force ment occu r.
The cri tical section for d iagonal tension in foot ings on so i I or rock
shall be cons idered as the concentric vertical section throu gh the footing
at a distance d from each face of' the column, pedestal, or wall ; d
being equal to the depth from the top of the section to the centroid o:I
the long it nd inal tension reinforcement.
The critical section for diagonal tension in footings supported on
piles shall be considered as the concentric vertical 9ection th rough the
footing at a distance, d/2, from each face of the col umn, pedestal or
wal I, and any piles whose centers are at or outside this section shall be
considered in com puting the diagonal tension.
In sloped or stepped foot in gs, stresses short Id be investigated at
sections where the depth changes outside the critical section as defined
above.
Bending need not be considered unless the projection of the footing
is more than two-thirds of the depth.
In plain concrete footings, the stresses shall be computed on the
basis of a monolithic section having a depth measured from the top of
the footing to a plane 2 inches above the bottom of the footing. The
maximum fibre stress due to bend ing shall not exceed that specified
in Article 1.5.1 and the average shearing stress on a concentric vertical
section through the footing at a distance (d minus 2 inches) from each
face of the column, pedestal or wall, shall not exceed the shearing
stresses specified in Article 1.5.1 for beams without web rein forcement
and with l ong itudinal bars not anchored.
52
\ FJ
Reinforcement
Footing slabs shall be reinforced for bending stresses and, where
necessary, for diagonal tension. The computed stress in the bar shall
be developed in bond.
The reinforcement for square footings shall consist of two or more
bands of bars. The reinforcement necessary to resist the bending
moment in each direction in the footing shall be determined as for a
reinforced concrete beam ; the effective depth of the footing shall be the
depth Irom the top to the plane of the reinforcement. The required
reinforcement shall be spaced uniformly across the footing, unless the
footing width is greater than the side of the column or pedestal plus
twice the effective depth of the footing, in which ca9e the width over
which the reinforcement is spread may equal the width of the column
or pedestal plus twice the effective depth of the footing plus one-half
the remaining widt,h of the footing. In order that no considerable area
of the footing shall remain unrein forced, additional bars shall be placed
outside of the width specified, but such bars shall not be considered as
effective in resisting the calculated bending moment.. For the extra
bars a spacing doe ble that used for the reinforcement wi thin the effective belt may be used.
I GJ Transfer of Stress from Vertical Reinforcement
The stresses in the vertical reinforcement of columns or walls shall
be transferred to the footings by extending the reinforcement into
them a sufficient distance to develop the strength of the bars in bond,
or by means of dowels anchored in the footings and overlapping or
fastened to the vertical bars in such manner as to develop their stren gth.
If the dimentions of the footings are not sufficient to permit the use
of straight bars, the bars may be hooked or otherwise mechanically
anchored in the footings.
J .4.7 ABUTMENTS
IA I
General
Abu tments shall be designed to wi thstand earth pressure as specified in Article 1.2.19, the weight of abutment and supe rstructure, live
load over any portion of the superstructure or approach fill, wind forces,
longitud rna I force when the bearings are fixed, and longitu dinal forces
due to friction or shear res istance of bearings. The design shall be in-
vestigated for any combination of these forces which may produce the
most severe condition of loading.
Abu true nts shall be des i gncil to be safe against overturn ing about
the toe of the f ootin g, against sliding on the footing base and against
crushing of foundation material or overloading of pi les at the point of
maximum pressure.
In comp uting stresses in abutments, the weight of filling material
directly over an inclined or stepped rear face, or over a reinforced
concrete spread footing extending back from the face wall, may be
conside red as part of the effective weight of the abutment. In the
case of a spread footing, the rear projection shall be designed as a
1.4.7
DE 5I GN
canti lever supported at the abutment
stem and
loaded
with
the in 11
we ight of the s u per imposed materi a I, unless a more exact method ie

used.
The cross section of stone masonry or pla in concrete ab u tmen ts
shall be proportioned to avoid the int rod uction of tensi ie strese in the
material.
IBJ
Reinforcement for Temperature

Except in gravi ty abu true nts, not less than /c square inch of horizontal rein f orceme n t per foot of height s hall be provided near exposed
surfaces not otherw i se reinforced, to resist the formation of temperature and sh rinkage c racks.
ICJ
Wing Wolfs
Wing xval ls shall be of sufficient length to retain the roadway

embankment to the req u i red extent and to f u rn i sh protect ion against
erosion. The vv ing lengths shal I be computed on the basis of the reQu ired
roadway slo pes.

Where deflection Joints arc not used, re i n to rcement rods or other
su itable rolled sections prefe rabl y shall be spaced across the j unction
between all wing walls and abu tmen ts to th oroughly tie them together.
Such bars shall extend into the mason ry on each side of the joint far
enough to develop the strength of the bar as spec ified for bar reinforce ment, and shall x ary in length so as to avoid planes of weakness
in the concrete at their en de. If bars are not used, an expansion joint
shall be provided at th is point in wh ich the wings shall be morti sed into
the body of the abutment.
IDI
Drninope
The filI ing material beh ind abut men ts shall be effectively drained
by weep holes with French drains, placed at suitable i n te rvals.
J .4.8 RETAINING
IA I
IBI
WALLS
Generol
Bose or Footing blobs

The rear pro.ject ton or heel of base slabs sha l1 be des igned to su p
port the entire weigh I of the s u pe r imposed materi ls, u nless a more
exact method is used.
The base slabs of can ti leve r wa us shal I be des igned as cant i levers
supported by the wal 1.
The base slabs of con rite r f orted and buttressed walls shall be
designed as fixed or conti n u ou s beams of spans equal to the d istance
between cou nte rf orts or bu Stresses.
ICJ
Verticol
Wolfs
The vertical stems of ca nt i lever walls sh all be dest gned as canti levers suppo rted at the base.
The vertical or face wall s of cou ntcrf orted and bu Stressed wall s
shall be designed as fixed or continuou s beams. The hace walls sha!1 be
securely anchored to the supporting cou nterf orts or buttresse s by
means of a deg u ate rei n f orcement.
DI
Counterforf s ond
Buttresses
Counterfo rts shall be designed as T-beams. Buttresses shall be

designed as rectang ular beams. In connection sv ith the main ten s i on
rein forcemen t of counte rf orts there sh al I be a system of horizon ta I and
vertical bars or str rrups to eff ecti vely anchor the face walls and base
slab. These .st i rru ps shall be anchored as near the outside faces of the
face walls, and as near the bottom of the base slab as practicab ie.
I EJ
Reinforcement for Temperature

Except in gras'ity walls, not less than 7s square inch of hor izon tal
re i nforeement per foot of height shall be provided near exposed surfaces not otherw i se rei nforced, to resi st the formation of tempe ratu re
and sh ri nkage cracks.
IFJ
Expansion ond Contraction Joints

Go n tracti on joints shal I be provided at i ntervils not exceeding ?0
feet and expan sion j oints at interva 1s not exceed in g 90 feet, for gravity
or rei nforeed concrete walls.
I GI
Droinoge
Th e fill in g material behind aI I retaining walls shall be effectively

drained by weep holes with French drains, placed at su itable inte rvals.
In counterfor ted walls there shall be at least one drain :for each pocket
formed by the counte rforts.
J .4.9 PIERS
IA I General
Piers shall be designed to withstand the dead and I we loads en perimposed thereon ; wind pressu res acting on the pier and su perstructu re ;
the forces d uc to stream cu rrent, floating ice and drift ; and longitud inal
forces at the fixed on ds of spans.
Where necessary, p ters shall be protected against abrasion by facing them wi th granite, vitri fied brick, timber or other suitable material
with in the limits of damage by floating ice or debris.
DESIGN
IBl Pier Nose

In streams ca rry ing ice or drift, the pier nose shall be designed as
an ice breaker. When a s feel angle or other metal nosing is used it
shal l be effectively secu red to the masonry by means of s u it able anchors.
1 .4.10 TUBULAR STEEL PIERS

I A I Use
Preferably, tu bu lar steel piers shall not be used and they shall
never be used in locations whe re they will be su bjected to lateral earth
pressu re. In special cases their use may be permitted, in which cases
the following req u i rements shall apply.
/ BJ
Depth
Th eneral reQu irements gove rni rig the depths of You nd at ions as
above set forth sha 11 govern in the case of tubu lar s teel piers except
that steel tu bes resting upon gravel to undation without pil in g shall in
no case be carried to a depth less than 8 feet below the permanent bed of
the stream and to such addr tional depth as may be necessary to eliminate all danger of u nd ermin ing.
Piles u sed in connection with tub u far piers shal I extend into the
concrete fil ling a suffic rent d istance to thoroughly brace the tubes. In
general, these p iles shall extend not less than 6 to 8 feet above the bottom of the cone rete.
I DJ
Dimensions of Shell
The min imu in th ick ness of the metal in the shells of tubu far piers
shall be /ic inch. Th is th icknoss shall be i ncreased whe re necessary to
secu re strength and ri gid i ty for placi ng the shell. In at I cases the pier
sh aI l be des igned for safe pit e or soi l bearing val ues as speci fied here in,
but when the d I tmeter fQU i Peel by these va I ues i s greater than that
requ ired for the superstructure bearing, the diameter may be reduced
at any spl ice point. The min imum d iameter of steel cyl inders used for
piers shall be 42 inches.
I EI
Splices ond Joints

All horizontal joints shall be butt joints. Vertical Joints may be
lapped if the corners of the plates are properly snarled. WhPn field
sp lic ing is necessary the lower section of the tube shall extend at least
2 feet above the water l me when in position.
IFI Brocing
Ad eq u ate braci ng connecting the tubes of cyl inder pi e rs
shall be
orov i dcd. In general, th i.s bracing shall consist of a steel or concrete

gi rder d iaph ragm effectively secured to the tu bes. The depth of this
diaph ragm shall be as great as conditions will perm it.
Section 5
CONCRETE DESIGN'
1.4.J J ALLOWABLE STRESSES

I AJ
Stondord Nototions ond Assumptions
IB J
Sfrength of
Concrete
The p roport ions for concrete mixes specified in Article 2.4.6 were
selected on the basis of meeting the following minimum req u irements
for stren gth for 2P day cyli ntlei s for the variou s classes of concrete
here recog n i ze d.
Class of Cone i ete
A or A ( AE )
Minimum Comp i essive

Sti ength at 28 days
3,000
B or B ( AE )
2,200
X or X ( AE)
1,500
3,000
G oi
Y
G ( AE)
or. Y ( A E )
3,000
N etc : The ratios tin I vaI uea in th is sectio n a p ;1y to con c rete in ale w ith cc n ven tion at h a rd
rck ugp red a to. V aI ues app licable to 1 ih twei g h I ap g reate con crcte s hould be es tablis hcd by
deq u ute in v es tiatin .
DESIGN
The basic va I u e used in dos ign under- these spec ificat ions is 3,000
pou rids per sq. in. at 28 days and if another x'aI ue is u sed it shall be
subs tant i a ted by test d ata an d s tipu lated on the plans, along with the
resu ltant at lovable stresses. In no cace shall the u It innate strength
u pon wh ich al Iowa ble strewed are based exceed 4,500 pou rids po r sQ. in .,
except for pres dressed concrete.
I CI
Allowoble
( I I
Sfresses Concrete
Flex u re
F' xtreme fi bor in comp ress i on

E xt re me fi ber i n tension, plain cone rete, primarily in fotings
Extreme fiber in tens ion, reinforced
cone rete
None
1 2 I Sh eci r
B cams wi th out web re in fo rcement :
Longi tud inal
bars
not
an-
chored or plain concrete

footi rigs
0.02 I,, ( max. 75 ps i . )
Longi tu d inal b:trs anchored
0.03 f,. ( max. 90 psi.)
I3eams with web re i n f o rce ment
V 0.075 I.bjd
Hor i zon ta l shear i n shear keys be-
tween slab and stem of Tbeams and box gi rders

( 3)
Bon d o n Piles
( i n Si eo I s )
Timber, steel or concrete piles, 10 I bs. per square inch. (Providing the pile has the res istance to the pu!l thereby induced.)
( 4 ) Be o ring on B rid ge Seo ts
Refer to At ticle 1.7.8

( 5 ) Col u in n s See Article J .5.9.
IDI Allowoble Sfresses
Reinforcement
Specified Yield Strength

AASFIO M 31 ( ASTM A C15)
AASHO M ?1 (ASTM A 616)
I.rade 40
Grade 0
40,000 psi
60,000 psi
Steel Reinforcement
Grade 40
Grade 60
20,000 psi
24,000 psi
Tension in flexu i i1
members
HI GHWAY B RIDGE S
Tension in web
ieinf orcement
20,000 psi
24,000 psi
16,000 psi
20,000 psi
20,0011 psi
24,000 psi
Compiession in
Compression in Eeams
See Article 1.5.7
G. 5 I '
400 psi max
1.5.2 GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS

The design of reinforced concrete members under these specification s
shall be based on the following assu options :
11) Calculations are made w ith reference to unit working stresses
and safe loads, as elsewhere specified herein, rather than with reference
to ultimate strength and u ltimate loads.
(2) A plane section before bending remains plane after bendi ng.
( 3 ) The modulu s of elasticity of concrete in compression is con-
stant withi n the limits of working strewed ; the distr ibution of compressive stress in Pexure is, therefore, linear.
14) The ratio n shall be ass u med as follows :
Values of n
Ultimate strength of con-
For compu tations
Fo r com p station s
crete, f , Lbs. per sq. in.
of strength
of deflection
2,000 to 2,400. . . . . . . . . . . . .
lIi
2,b00 to 2,900.. .. . .
.
3,000 to 3,900. . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
10
4,000 to 4,900.
5,000 or more. . . .
........
. ..
DESIGN
1.5.2
In computing the ultimate deflection of slabs and beams, the vat ue

of the mod u I us of elasticity of concrete shou Id be assumed as one
thirtiPth that of steel in order to allow for the effect of plastic flow
and shrinkage.
(5) Concrete shall be assu med as offering no tensile rms istance.
(6)
The bond
between
concrete and metal rei nforcemen(
is as-
curved to remain unbroken throughout the range of working stresses.

Under compression the two materials are therefore stressed in proportion to their mod u li of elasticity.
(7) Initial stress in the reinforcement, due to contraction or expansion of the concrete, is neglected, except in the design of reinforced
concrete colu runs.
18 ) For the determ in ation of external react ions, moments, shears,
and d ef1ec I i on s, moments of inertia of rigid frame and conti n uous
structu res .shal I be compu ted for the gross concrete sect ion s, neglect i n p
the effect of steel re i n forcemen t, except that the tran sformed area of
the steel shall be incl u d ed for colu runs, arches or other compressive
members.
I S) The moment of inertia of the entire en perst ructu re sections,
except rail ings or i ny cur bs or s id ewalks not placed monol ith ma fly with
the s u pe rst ruct ure before the false work is re leased, and the moment
of inertia of the f u Il cross section of the pier or bent shall be used to
determ in e the elastic p ropert ies of the various spans and su pports.
( 10) T he depth of girder or slab to be u sed in c o in put in g moment
of inertia at the centerl me of su pport shal I be obtained by extend ing
the slope of th e intr dos of the member to the centerl inc.
111) Rigid frames shall be con si dered I ree to away longitu d in ally
d ue to the appl matio n of vertical dead loads an d vert really appl red live
loads, except when the stru cture is res tra in ed from movement by
external forces.
(12 ) The ass umption of no moment res trai n I at the base of column
shall be u sed in the an a lys i s of rigid I rames ( superstructures ) unless
the base is known to be' fully fixed. W hen a pin ned end condi tion is
ass u med for the anal ys is of the su pe rstruct u re, the base of colu run,
footing a nd pi I ing shall be dest gned to res ist the moment res ulting
from an :tss u med restraint varying from zero to fu lI fixity. The degree
of res tr in I sha II be determ in ed by the type of footing and the character of the foundation ma te ri al.
( 18) P i e rs or bents eo net ructed integrall y with footi ngs placed on
a skew exceed ing 10 shall be cons id e red fi xed at the top of footing.
1.5.3 SPAN LENGTHS

The effect i ve s; an lengths of slabs shall be as speci fled i n Article
1.3.2.
The effective span len gth of freely s up ported beams sh all not exceed
the clear span pl us the depth of bca m.
For the a nalys is of all rigid frames, the span leng ths shal l be taken
as the d is tance bct v een the centers of bear in gs at th e ton of the footings.
The span len gth of cont in uou s or restra tried floor slabs and beams
shall be the clear distance bet vv'ecn laces of su pport. Where fillets
60
making an an g Ie of 4 5 degrees or moi e with the axis of a con tinu ous or

rostra tried slab a i e bu i It monolith ie xv ith the slab and support, the span
shall be m easu red
I rom
the section where the combined
depth
of
the
.slab and fillet is at teas I one :ind n e-half times the th redness of slab.
Maxi in u in negitive moments are to be cont idered as fix is ting at the
ends of the span, as above de fine1. N o portion of the fillet shall be
conn tler ed s add in g to the effect i ve clcpth of the slab.
1.5.4 EXPANSION
In gene rel, p rovision for tomperatu re change.s shall be made in all
simple spans having a clear length in excess of 40 feet.
In continuous bridges, provision shall be made in the design to
resist thermal stresses induced or means shall be provided Ior movement
caused by temperature changes.
Expansion not otherwise provided for shall be provided by means
of hinged columns, rockers, sliding plates or other devices.
1.5.5 T-BEAMS
I Al
Elective Flonge Width
In beam and slab construction, effective and adequate bond and

shear res istance shall be provided at the junction of the beam and slab.
The slab may then be considered an integral part of the beam, but its
assumed effective width as a T-beam flange shall not exceed the
following :
1) One-fourth of the span length of the beam.
12) The distance center to center of beams.
3) Twelve times the least thickness of the slab plus the width
of the girder stem.
For beams having a flange on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall n ot exceed one-twelfth of the span length of
the beam, nor six times the thickness or' the slab, nor one-half the clear
distance to the next beam.

I BI
Sheor
The flange shall not be considered as effective in computing the

shear and diagonal tension resistance of T-beams, except in the determination of the value of j.
The horizontal shearing unit stress at the juncture of the flange
and the monolithic fillet Joining it to the girder stem shall not exceed
that given in Article 1.5.1 (C ) , Shear, Beams with web reinf orcemen t.
ICI Isolated Beoms
Isolated beams, in which the T-form is used only for the purpose of
providing add itional compress ion area, shall have a flange thickness
of not less than one-half the width of the web, and a total flange width
of not more than 4 times the width of web.
DESIGN
IDJ
Diophrogms
For T-beam spans over 40 feet in length d iaph ragms or spreaders

shall be placed between the beams at the middle or at the third points.
I El
Construction Joints
When a cons trueti on joint is requ ired between the slab and the
stem of the beam, the shearkeys shall be des igned i n accordance wi th
allowable stresses gi ven in Article 1.5.1 (C) .
fA J
Spacing
IBJ Covering
IC J
Splicing
Tensile ieinforcement shall piefei-ably not he spl iced at points of
max imu ni stress. The spliced bar sh:ill develop the compri ted stress at
62
the splice point v ithout exceed in g " of the permissible bond values
given in Ai ticle 1.5. 1 I D) . However, the length of lap for deformed
bai s shall not be less than 24 and 36 bar diameters for Grade 40 and
Gi ade 60, respectively, nor less thin 12.
(3) Where lapped sJilices are used in reinforcement in which the
ci itical design stress is compressive, the minimum amount of lap
sh all be : with concrete having a strength of 3,000 Jisi or more, the
length of lap lor deformed bars shall be 20 biir and 24 bar diametei s
for Gi ade 40 and Grade G0, respectively, but not less than 12. When
the specified concrete strengths ai e tess than 3,000 psi, the amount of
In shall be /, greatei- than the value s- given above.
\\'elded splices or other pos it we connections may be used instead
of lapped splices. Where the bai- size exceeds @ 11, weldel splices or
other positive connections shall be used. In bars requ ired for compression only, the compressive stress may be transmitted by bearing of
sr;uareclit ends held in concentr ie contict by a su itably welded sleev e
oi- mechani cal device.
(4) An approved welded splice is one in which the bars are

betted and welded so s to develop in tension at least 90 'c of the
minimum tensile streri gth of the reinfo rein g b:ir. Approved positive
connections for bars designed to car y ciitical tension or compression
shill be eqn ivalent in strength to an aIPi oved welded splice.
ID J End Anchoroge ond Hooks
( 1) A SIT1 iircu1ar ttirn plus an extension of at least four
bar diameters but not less than 2/_ at the free end of the
bar, or
(2) A 90 degree turn plus an extension of at least 12 bar

diameters at the free end of' the bar, or
(3) For stirrup and tie anchorage only, either a 90 degree or
135 degi ee tu rn plus an exlens ion of at least 6 bar
ii:truckers but not less than 2, at the f reP end of thP bor.
When bends are made at points of stress in the bar, an adequate
rad i us of bentl shall be provided to prevent crushing of concrete.
Standaid hooks in tension may be considered as developing 10,000
psi in the but or may be cons idered as extension o1 the bars at appropriate bond stresses.
Hooks shall not be const dei ed effective in adding to the com- piessive resistance of bars. Any mechanical de ice capable of develop-
DESIGN
fi3
ing the strength of the bar without damage to the concrete may be
tised in li e u of hooks or extension s.
IEl Extension of Reinforcemenf
(1) To provide for
contingencies arising from unanticipated di s-
tri but ion of loads, yielding of supports, shifting of points of i nflection,

or other lack of agreement with assumed conditions govern ing the design of elastic structures, the reinforcement shall be extended at the
supports and at other points between the s upports as ind icated in (2)
to (5) below. These paragraphs relate to ordinary anchorage and are
the minim um requirements under which normal working stresses for
bond or shear are permitted.
(2) Negative tensile reinforcement at the supported end of a
restrained or cantilever lieam or member of a rigid frame shall be
extended in or th rough the supportin g member in such a manner as to
develop the maximu in tension in the bar with a bond stress not exceeding the normal working stress provided in Article 1.fi.1 (D) .
(3) Between the supports of continuous or simple beams, every
reinforcement bar shall be extended at least 15 diameters but not less
than '/o of the span length, beyond the point at which computations
indicate it is no longer needed to resist stress.
(4) In simple beams and freely supported ends of continuous
beams, at least 'ii of the pot it we re in forcement shall extend beyond
the face of the su pports a distance sufficient to deve top '/_ the allowable
stress in the bars.
(5) In restrained or cont in u ous beams at Ie:est ' fi of the pos it we
J8l n forcemen I shall extend beyond the face of the s u pports and the
remainder treated as provided in 13 i .
(6) Dowels and bars carrying little or no theoretical stress shou Id
be embedded at least ten bar d iameters from the con s t r uct ion joint.
I FI
Sf ructurcil Steel Shcipes
IGI Interim Reinforcement for T-beoms ond Box Girders
lHJ
R einforcemenf
for
Temperoture
ond
Shrinkage
Not less than /8 square inch of rei nforcement per foot shall be
placed in each d irection of all concrete su rfaces to resist the format ion
64
of temperature and sh rinkage cracks. The maxi mum spacing of bars

shall be 18inches. Th is rein to rcement is not required if' the sur:face is
covered by at least 1'?_ feet of earth.
II I
Bundled Reinforcement
Croups of parallel i einf orcing bat bundled in contact to act as ii
unit shall be limited to fotii @ 9 or smaller, three @ 11, two 14 or
two @ IP in any onP trundle. Stirrups or ties shall enclose the bundle.
Bars in bundles shall prefer-ably be the same size.
Where spacing limitations are based on b:ir size, a unit of bundled
bai s shall be trP:ited as :i single b:ir of equ ivalent area. Ears in a
bundle sh all terminate at different points with at least 40 bar diameters
stagger u nless all of the bars encl in a suppoi t.
WhPn making bond stress c:ilcu litions the external pei-imeter of
the bundle is eqn at to the 1ol]owiny
When bundled bun are used in tied columns and as compression

rPiu foi cement in beams, the spacing of ties or hoops shall be 'i that
speci fied i n Aitieles 1.5.7 and 1.5.9 !D3 2) .
IJ)
Bond Stress in Flexurol Members
3 ) The bond strew, u, comJa uted as in ( 1) or (2 shall not exceed
the limits given in 1.5.1 t D) , except that flexu in bond stress neel not
be consiclorol in comJu-ossion, nor in those cises of tension whore
:inchorage bond is less than 0.8 of the permissible.
J .5.7
COMPRESSION
REINFORCEMENT
IN BEAMS
1.5.7
DE SIGN
and spaced not moi-e than 16 bar d iameters apart. Where compress ion
reinforcement is used, its effectiveness in res is ting bending may be taken
s twice the val tie indicated from the calcu lotions as sri min g a straight-line
relation between stress and strain and the modular i-eIati on of stress in
steel to str ess in concrete given in Article 1.5.2 (4) . However, in no case
should a strew in compress i on reinforcement be gt-eater than that
allowed in Article 1.5.1(D ) .
J .5.8 WEB REINFORCEMENT

IA J
General
When the al lowabl e unit shearing stress for concrete is exceeded,
web reinforcement shall be provided by one of the followi n g methods :
(1) Longitudinal bars bent up in series or in a single plane.
(2) Vertical stirrups.
(3) Combination of bent-up bars and vertical stirrups.
When any of the above methods of reinforcement are used, the
concrete may be assumed to carry external vertical shear not to exceed .03 f, (max imum, 90 pounds per square inch) the remainder of
shear being carried by the web reinforcement.
The webs of T-beams and box girders shal I be reinforced with
stirrups in all cases.

IBJ
Colculofion
of
Sheor
Diagonal tension and shear in reinforced concrete beams shall be

ca lc ulated by the followi rig formu lms :
Shearing unit stress, as a meas ure of diagonal tension :
'b.)d
Stress in vertical web ieinforcement :
When a series of web bars or bentup longitudinal bars are used,

the web re in for cement shall be designed by the following formula :
When web rei nforcemen I consists of bars bent up in :i single plane

so as to reinforce all secti ons of the beam v hich require re inforcement,
the bent-up bars shall be designed by the to flow ing formula :
A=
I CJ
Benf-up Bors
Bent- u p bars used as web rei nforcement may be bent at any anple
between 20 and 45 degrees with the longitudinal re inf orcemcn t. The
radius of bend shall not be less than 4 d iameters of the bar.
'I'he spacing of bent-up bars shall be measured at the neutral axie

and in the direction of the long itudinal axis of the beam. Th is spacing
shall not exceed three-fourths the effective depth of the beam. The
first bar from the support shall cross the mid-depth of the beam at a
distance :from the face of the support, measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam, not greater than one-half the effective depth.
I DJ Verticol Stirrups
Where stirrups are required to carry shear, the maxi mum spacing
of v-rtica1 stirrups shall be limited to ). the depth of the beam, and
where not requ ired to carry shear, the maximum spacing shall be
limited to /i the depth of the beam. The first stirrup shall be placed
at a distance from the face of the support not greater than one-fourth
of the effective depth of the beam.
IEJ Anchorage
(1) The stress in a stii rup or other web reinforcement shall not
exceed the capacity of its anchorage in the upper or lower onehal:I of
the effective depth of the beam.
(2) Web i einforcemenf which is provided by bending into an inclined position one or more bars of the main tensile reinforcement
where not requ ired I'or resistance to positive or negative bending, may
be cons iclerefl completely :inchored by continuity with the main tensile
reinforcement, or by embedment of the requ isite length in the upper
or lower half of the beam, provided at least of such embedment is as
close to the upper or lower surface of the beam as the requirements of
fire and rust protection allow. A hook placed close to the upper or
lower surface of the be:inn may be substituted for a portion of such
embedment.
(3) Stirrups shall be anchored at both ends by one of the following methods, or by a combination thereof :
(a) Rigid attachment, as by welding, to the in:tin longitud inal
reinforcement. All welding shall conform to AWS D12. 1.
Bending around and closely in contact with a bar of the
longitudinal reinfoi-cement, in the form of a U-stirrup or
hook.
A hook placed as close to the upper or lower surface of the
beam as the requi resents of fire and rush protection will
allow. In estimating the capacity of this anchorage the
stress developed by bond between the mi dhei ght of the beam
and the center of bending of the hook may be added to the
capacity of the hook.
An adequate length of embedment in the upper or lov er /_
of the effective depth of the beam, whether straight or bent.
DESIGN
67
J .5.9 COLUMNS *
IAl General
The prov is ions of Section 5, Concrete Design, shal I apply in the
design of columns unless speci fically modified by th is article.
In the design of columns the unsupported i eng ih shall be defined

as the clea r d is tance between struts, cross beams, footings or other
types of adequate restraint to lateral movement. Where a bracing
member has ha u nches at its junction to a column, the u nsu pported
col u run length shall be measured from the j unction of the hau nch with
the column, provided that the face of the haunch makes an angle with
the face of the col u run of at least 45 degrees. Struts or cross beams
join ing colu runs at an gles greater than 30 degrees from the plane of
symmetry of the colu run shall not be considered as adeg uate support.
The least lateral d imension of a colu run shall be taken as : ( 1) for
rectangu lar colu runs, the over-all th redness along a pri ncipal axis ;
2) for spirall y reinforced columns, the overall diameter incl u ding the
encase men t of the spirals ; (3) for T-shaped columns, the width or
depth of the T.
In a column which, for arch itectu ra l or other reasons, has a larger
cross section than requ i red by the load carried, the min imum amou nt
of lori gi tud inal steel hereinafter spec ificd may be red uced provided that
in no case shall ten longitudinal steel be used than that requ ired by
the min imum colu run designed wi th one per cent of longitud inal steel.
The notations used in this article are as I:ollows :
A over-all or gross cross-sectional area of a spi rally reinforced or tied pier, pedestal or column in square inches
A, cross-sectional area of core of spi rally re nilorced colu runs
meas ured to the outside diameter of the s pi ral, square
inches
A, across-sectional area of longitudinal steel
A A,-1- (n 1) A,, effective area of column
, a factor used in the design of members subjected
0.40 f,
to combined axial and bending stresses
d least lateral d imension of colu run, inches
e eccentricity of res ultant load on a column, measured from
a gravity axis
0225
for spiral col umns and 0.8 that amo nut for
1 + (n 1 ) p tied columns.
f, crush ing strength of 6 x 12 concrete cylinders at age of
28 days, psi.
f ,-maximu in allowable compress i ve stress in members subjected to combined axial and bending 9tress, psi.
This articl e, covert rig the desig n of rein forced cone rete colum us, follows in ge neral the
recom men dations of the I cm I Comm ittee on Stan da rd S peer fixations I or Cone rete a ii d Rei rife reed
Concrete an d of the 1951 A CI Build ing Cod e R equi remen ts for Reinforced Cone rete.
7?8
HI GH WAY BRID GE 5
+.
I,Allowable working stress in flexural members [ eee Article
1.5.1 (D) ], psi.
I, yield stress of spiral rein:forcement (for steel grades not

h:rving a definite yield point, the stress causing a 0.2 per
cent plastic set) , psi.
' , a factor used in the design of members subjected to
2r combined axial and bending streseee
L unsupported length of column, inches
n= ratio of modulus of ela9ticity of steel to that of concrete
P, a load eccentrically applied
P;, total load on pier or pedestal, pounds
P,=total load on spirally reini'orced column, pounds
P,,-total load on spirally reinforced long column, pounds
=total load on tied column, pounds
P, =total load on tied long column, pound9
p ratio of longitudinal steel area to gross column area
p ratio of volume o:I spiral reinforcement to core volume
r= radius of gyration of section (transformed section) in

the d irection of eccentricity or bending
t over-all depth of column in the direction of eccentricity
or bending
IBI Piers ond Pedestals

The ratio of the unsupported lengths of unreinforced concrete piers
or pedestals to their least dimension shall not exceed 3. The total load
on any unreinforced concrete pier or pedestal shall not exceed that given
by the tollowing formula :
(1)
Spirolly Reinforced Columns
( J )
Longitudino I Reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement shall be placed within the area

contained by the spiral reinforcement. The ratio between the area
of longitud inal reinforcement and the gross area of the column,
includ ing the encasement outside the spiral reinforcement, shall be
not less than 0.01 nor more than 0.08. There shall be a minimum
of six long itud inal bars evenly spaced around the periphery of the
column core. The diameter of bars shall be not less than fiveeighths inch. For columns with a circu far spirally reinforced core
having excessive size or other outside shapes, the gross area to
be used in determining percentage of reinforcement 9hall be a
circle with a diameter equal to the minimum core requ ired for
structural design plus the specified outside cover.
1 2 I Spirci I Reinforce in ent
Spiral reinforcement shall convict of unitorm spirals held

hrmly in position by attachment to the longitud inal reinforcement.
DE SI GN
69
Spi rat reinforcement may be plain or deformed reinforcing bars

or cold drawn wire conform ng to AA SHO M32 ( ASTM A82) .
Spl ices in spiral bars should be avoided if practical or, if necessary,
shall be made by weld ing or by a lap of 1'3e turns. The pitch of
spirals shall not exceed 'ii of the core d iameter. The clear distance
between indi vid ual turns of the spiral shall not exceed 3 inches or
be less than 1/s inches or 1_ times the maximum size aggregate

used. Spiral reinforcement shall exten d from the footing or other
support to the level o:I the lowest ho rizon ta1 reinforcement of
members s u pported by the col umn.
"1 he rat to of the volume of the spiral reinforcement to the
vol u me of co re of the colu run, out to ou t of spirals, shall be not
less than :
1
f'.
The yield strength for d eside ass u mption, I,, shall not be
taken h igher than 60,000 p.s. i .
( 3 I Allowoble Lood Short Colum ns
The provisi one of th i s suba rticl e shall apply only to col u run s
havin p rat ios of u n s u pported height to least lateral d i mans ion of
not more than 10. The total ax ial load on a col u in n shall not exceed
that given by the lot low i ng formula :

(d)
Lon g Co Iuin n s
T he t rtal ax rat load on a colum ii htv i n g a ritio of u nsu pported
height to least lat era I d ime n sin greater than l tl, but not greater
tha n 2 0, shall be not greater than gi v'en by the follow ing form u la :
If the L/d ratio of colu runs exceeds 20, the colu run shal I be
investi gated for elastic sta bil ity.
Tied Columns
(
Lon g itudi n o I Rein forcemen f
The longitu d inal rein fo moment shall cons i st of at least four

bars, and, when oril y fou r bars are u sed, they sha 11 be pl aced at the
corners of the sec I ion. Bars sha 11 be place cl at each i n to meet i on of
col u run I ucos. The bars s hall be not less than five-oighths inch in
d iameter. The ratio of the total cross-sect tonal area of the bars
to the total cross-wet tonal area of the col umn shall be not less than
0.01 nor more than 0.04.
( 2 ) Hoops ond Lo terol Ties
Hoops shall ,su rrou nd the ton gi tud i nal rei n forcenien t. They
shall be n ot les.s than one-You rth i rich
i n d iitmeter and
shall be
spaced not more than 12 inches apart except that th is spaci n may
tie i n creased in the caw of pi er shafts o r columns hav i n g a larger
cross sec tion thH it reQu i reel by condi tions of load i rig. Adequate
auxil iary ties shall be provi ded to su ppo rt in termed i ate longitud inal bars whose distance from any tied bar exceeds 2 feet.
70
1 3 J Allowoble Lood Shorf Colum ns
The prov isions of this subarticle shall apply only to columns
having ratios of unsupported height to least lateral dimension of
not more than 10. The total axial load on a column shall be not
greater than 0.8 of that given by equation (3) , which results in
(4)
long Columns
The total axial load on a column having a ratio of unsupported

height to least lateral dimension greater than 10 but not greater
than 20 shall be not greater than given by the following formula :
If the L/d ratio exceeds 20, the column shall be investigated
for elastic stabil ity.
IEJ Bending Momenfs in Columns

When beams or slabs are connected to columns, the moments
induced in the col umns by such beams or slabs shall be provided for in
the column design.
IFJ Combined Axiol ond Bending Stress

IJ )
Longitudino I Reinforcement
The limiting steel ratio of 0.04 provided in Article 1.6.9 (D) ( 1)

may be increised to 0.08 for tied columns designed to withstand combined axi:tl and bending stresses, proviied that the -amount of steel
spliced by lappinE in any 3foot length of column shall not exceed a
steel ratio of 0.04. The size of the column shall be not less than that
required by axi at load alone.
\ 2 ) Ro tio e/f less f ho n 0.5
A reinforced concrete column which is symmetr ical about two

mutually perpendicular planes through its axis and which is subject
to an axial load, P,,, combinetl with bonding in one of the planes of
symmetry shall be designed on the haste of uncracked sections provided
the ratio of eccentricity to depth, e/t, is not greater than 0.5 in the
plane of bending. In this case the combined fiber stress in compress ion
is given by the :foltowing formula :
Ag ( 1 + (n 1 ) p |
DE 5IGN
The column may be designed for an equ ivalent axi:il load P oi P,

as given by the Toll owi n g formula ;
whei e f. q 0.2
"
1
tied columns.
In the cise of eqn are or recta ng ula r columns subject to bending
in both planes of symmeti y, the colu in n shall be designed on the basis
of u ncracked sections onlJ' when the su in of the e/t ratios about both
axes does not exceed 0.5. In this case formulas (7) , ( 8) , and (S ) may
be used by s u bstitti ting for Ke /I thc sum of the Ke/I ratios in both
planes of ben d ing.
( 3 ) R o tio e/f g reofer fh o n 0.5
R o informed concrete columns in which the e /t ratio is gi eater

than 0.5 in the case of bend ing in one plane or in which the sum of
the e /t ratios is greater than 0.5 in the case of bending in both planes
of symmetry, shall be designed on the basis of the recognized theory
for cr.icked secti one, based on the use u mption that no tension is resisted
by the concrete.
In such cases the mod u lar iatio, n, for the com jn e sswe reinforce
ment may be assu med as twice the value given in Article 1.5.2 (4) ,
however, the stress in the compressive re Enforcement when calc ulated
on this basis, shall not be realer thin the al l owbIe stress in tension.
5ae Appendix D for a method of deternii ning the location and direction of the neutial axis.) When designed on the basis of the cracked
section them-y , the col umn shall be so proportioned that the maximum
combined compress we Stl-ess in the concrete does not exceed 0.4f',
For nich cases the tensile stress in the reinforcing steel shall also be
investigate d.
J .5.J 0 CONCRETE ARCHES

IA J Shope of Arch Rings
Arch rings shall be set ected
as to shape in s uch manner
that
the
axi s of the ri rig sh aI I con form, as nearly as practicable, to either the

eq u i I i bri nan polygon for f u 11 dead load or to the eg u i li bri nan polygon
72
HI GHWAY BR ID GE S
for full dead plus onehalf live load over the Iu 11 span, whichever produces the smallest bend ing stresses under combined loads.
I BI
Spondrel Wolfs
When the spandrel walls or filled spandrel arches exceed 8 feet in

heigh I above the extrados they shall be des igned as vertical slabs supported by transverse d iaphragm walls or deep coun terf or ts. Vertical
cantilever walls over 8 feet in height, or counterf orts havin g a back
slope of less than 45 degrees with the vertical, shall not be used, on
account of the excessive and indeterminate stresses set up in the arch
ring by torsion.
I Cl Expansion Joints
Vertical expansion joints shall be placed in the spandrel walls of
archee to provide for movement due to temperature change and arch
detection. These joints ehall be placed at the ends o1 spans and at
intermediate poin ts, generally not more than 50 feet apart.
I DI Reinforcement
Arch ribs in reinforced concrete construction shall be reinforced
with a complete double line of longitudinal reinforcement consisting of
an intradosal system and an extradosal system connected by a series
of stirrups or tie-rods.
For barrel arches, a system of transverse reinforcement, thoroughly anchored to the longitudinal rein:forcement, shall be used in both
inti-ados and extrados. The transverse reinf orcement shall be propor-
tioned to resist the bending stresses due to any overturn ing action of
the spandrel wall.
For rib arches, hoO]39 OF tie bare shall be used in connection with
the longitudinal rib reinforcement, as in the case of reinforced concrete
columns.
I El
Waterproofing
Preferably, the top of the arch ring and the interior faces of the
spandrel walls of all filled 9pandrel arches shall be waterproofed with a
membrane waterproofin g constructed in accordance with the r9quirements specified in Division II, Section 17.
RFI Droinoge of Spondrel Fill

The fills of filled spandrel arches shall be effectively drained
by
system of tile drains or French drains laid along the intersection of the
spandrel walls and arch rings and discharging through suitable outlets
in the p iers and abutments. The location and details of the drainiige
outlets shall be such as to eliminate, as far as possible, the discoloration
by drainage water of the exposed masonry faces.
1.5.11 VIADUCT BENTS AND TOWERS

When concrete columns are used in viaduct construction, bents and
towers shall be effectively braced by means of longitudinal and trans-
73
verse struts. For height greater than 40 feet, both longitud i na] and
transverse cross or diagonal bracing, preferably, shall bl U9ed and the
footings for the columns forming a single bent shall be thoroughly tied
together.
J .5.J 2 BOX GIRDERS

IA I Elective Compression Flonge Widfh
In girder and flange construction, con9i sting of a girder stem
with top and bottom slab, effective and adequate bond and shear
resistance shall be provided at the j unction of the girder and slab. The
s lab may then be considered an integral part of the girder, but its
effective width as a gi rder flange shal I not exceed the following :
( 1) One fourth of the span length of the girder.
(2) The distance center to center of girders.
(3) Twelve times the least thickness of the slab pl us the width
of the girder stem.
For girders having flanges on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed the f oil ow in g :
(1
One-twelfth of the span length of the girder.
(2) One-half of the clear distance to the next girder.

( 3I Six times the least thickness of the slab.
IBJ Flonge Thickness
( I ) Top Flonge
The minimum thickness of the top flange shall be determined

by Article 1.3.2 (C) Case A, and the maximum allowable unit
stresses as specified in Article 1.5.12 (G) & (D) , but i n no case shall
be less than 6 inches.
(2)
Boftom FI o nge
The thickness of the bottom flange shall be such that the maxi-
mum allowable unit stresses as specified in Article 1.5.12 ( C) & ID)

are not exceeded. It also shall be at least 'is of the clear span between girders, except that it shall not be less than 5' inches, but
need not be thicker than the top flange unless requ ired for strss
considerations.
IC J Flexure
( I ) Porollel to Girder
The compreeeive unit stress in the extreme fiber of concrete in
both girder stem and flange shall not exceed that given in Article
1.5.1 (C) .
( 2 ) Jform o I fo Girder
The compressive unit stress in the extreme fiber of concrete in

the girder flange shall not exceed that given in Article 1.5.1 (C) .
74
I D I Sheor
The flange shall not be considered as effective in computing the
shear and diagonal tension resistance of girder stems, except in the
determination of the value of j .
The horizontal shearing u nit stress at the junction of the flange
and the monol ith ie fillet jot ning it to the girder stem shall not exceed
that given in Article 1.5. 1 I C I , Shear, Beams with web rein force ment.
Changes in girder stem thickness shall be tapered for a min imum
distance of 12 times the difference in stem thickness.
I El Reinforcement
The unit stress i n steel for both girder stem and flange shall not
exceed that given in Article 1.5.1 (D) .
lFJ Flonge Reinforcement

( J )
Bottom
Flonge
Reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement of 0.4

placed in the slab. A single layer of
slab. Bar spacing shall not exceed
stopped whenever they lap with
Porollel
to
Girders
o of the flange section shall be

bars may be centered in the
18 inches. These bars may be
any main girder reinforcement
located in the approximate center o:I the Pange.

(2)
Bottom
Flonge
Reinforcement
Normol to Girder
Minimum reinforcement of 0.5 o of the flange section shall be
placed in the slab, distributed over both surfaces. Bar spacing ehall
not exceed 18 inche9.
Reinforcement provided as above :for the minimum flange
thickness at other points may be used in areas thickened at support9
in accordance with Art. 1.5.12 IB) (2) & (G) .
All transverse reinforcement in the bottom flange shall be extended to the exterior face of the outside girders in each group and
anchored with standard 90 degree bends.
( 3 I Top Flonge Reinforcement
A minimum or y3 or the bottom layer of the transverse rein-
forcement in the top flange shall be extended to the exterior face o:I
the outside girder in each group and shall be anchored with Standard 90 degree bends or, if the Pange extends beyond the last
girder, extended beyond the girder I:ace at least a bond length.
Diaphragms or spreaders shall be placed between the girders at

intervals not to exceed 60 feet. Diaphragm spacing for curved girders
shall be given special consideration.
IHI Flonges Supporting Pipes ond Conduits
Flanges supporting both vehicle I we load and pipes or conduits
shall be designed using unit stresses set forth in Article 1.5.1.
DE SIGN
Flanges supporting only dead load of structure and pipes or cond u its shall be designed in the direction normal to the girder using unit
stresses not exceeding 75 per cent of those set forth in Article 1.5.1.
I .5. J 3
BEARINGS
Bearing devices Ior concrete structures shall le designed in accord

ance with Articles 1.7.49 through 1.7.SG, or Section 12, Elastomeric
Bearings.
LOAD FACTOR DESIGN
J .5.J 4GENERAL
fAl
Application
These spec ificati ons are intended for use in the desi gn of simple
and continuous structures of moderate (to 200) span length. Liirge
or unusual structures may require special study and detailed consideration of effects that can otherwise be neglected or assigned
arbitrary values in the design of structures to which these specifica
tions are intended to apply.
I BI
Other Specificofions
All applicable provisions of the AASHO Specifications shall apply

unless specifically modified herein.
J .5.J 5NOTATION
IAJ Loods ond Forces
B = Buoyancy
CF = Centrifugal force
D = Dead load
EQ Earthquake
F
Longitu dinal force
I Live load impact
ICE Ice pressure
L Live load
LF Longitudi nat force from live load
M = Moment to be used for design of compression member
M,
Column moment capacity under lialanced conditions
M,
Moment requ ired to crack a concrete section
My,, = Maximum dead load moment for section under consideration
M,, = Moment capacity of the section fi applied design load moment
:it a secti on
M,,, Theoretical moment strength of a section
M,,, = Moment capacity in the direction of the x axis

M,,, = Moment capacity in the direction of the y axis
M, Design bending moment component in the direction
o1 the
M, = Design bending moment component in the direction of the

y axis
M Value of smaller end moment on compression member calculated from a conventional elastic frame analysis, positive if
membei- is bent in single curvature, negative if bent in double
curvature
I B I Dimensions end Constcints
A , Loaned area
A,,' Maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that
is geo meti ical ly similar I o and concentric with the loaded are:i
A Gross area of column section
A s = Area of tension reinforcement
A,
Area of compression reinforcement
A,, := A rem of reinforcement to develop compressive strength of
overhanging flanges in I- and T-sections
A,, = Totaf area of longi tudinal reinforcement = A , + A ' total
vertical reinforcement in columns
A, A i ea of shear reinforcement within a distance s
a llepth of eJu ivalent rectangular stress block k;c
a, Area of an individual bar, sq. in.
b Width of compression face of flexural member, or member
subject to flexure
b= Width of v eb in I and T-sections. In tapered webs, the
average width or 1.2 times the minimum width, whichever is
smaller
b, Per iphery of critical section for slabs and footings
c = Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
c,, Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis for
balanced conditions
Gp a factor relating the actual moment diagram to an equivalent
uniform moment diagram
D = Nominal diameter of bars ; also, overall diameter of circular
section
d = Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension

reinf o rcement
d= Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement
E, = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel
e Eccentr icily of design load parallel to axis measured from the
centroid of the section. It may be calculated by conventional
methods of frame analysis
F Moment magnification factor
I'= Specified compression strength of concrete
f, = Tensile stress des'eloped by a standard hook, psi
r ' MOdulus of rupture of concrete
:f, = Specified yield strength of reinforcement
DE SI GN
77
h = Unsupported length o:I compression memberI,, = Moment of inertia of the trans:formed cracked section
I,, = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection
I, = Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroid'l
axis, neglecting the reinforcement
K
Constint for standard hook
k = Effective len gth factor in design of slender columns
k; := 0.85 for strengths, I,., up to 4000 psi, and shall be reduced at
a i-ate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength in excess of
4000 psi
L, = Additional embed ment length at support or at point o:I inflection, in.
L,; = Development length, in.
L, E q ti ivalenl embed mont length, in.
n E /E,
p = A /bd
p= A ,bd
p;, = Re in f orcemcn I ratio prod ucing balanced conditions
Pf
A,,/b'd
pq = A /bd
R
= Ratio of maximum design dead load moment to maximum

design total load moment, always positive
r = Radius of gyration of the concrete gi-oss section in the direction of bending
r
Ratio of area of bars cut off to total area of bars at the
section
s = Shear reinforcement spacing in i direction parallel to the
longitudinal reinforcement
I
F'lange thickness in I- and Tsections ; also overall depth of
section
tq,,,
Recommen d ed minimum thickness for constant depth members
y, = Distance from centroid:it :ixis of gross section, neglecting the
reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension
c, = Maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression
fiber, assumed equal to 0.003
c, = Yield strain of reinforcement corresponding to the yield
strength, I,.
d = Capacity mod ification factor
1.5.J 6
fA J
MATERIALS PROPERTIES
Concrete
(1) The design strength, :f,, of the concrete shall be specified

and the specified strength shall be indie:itPd on the plans. The specified
strength of the concrete shall be basis for acceptance, and each class
78
of concrete shall be represented by a sufficient number of tests.' For
structures designed in accordance with these specifications, the average
of any three consecutive strength tests of the laboratory-cured specimens representing each class of concrete (at least two specimens shall
be made for each test) shall be equal to or greater than the specified
strength, I', and not more than 10 percent of the strength tests shall
have values less than the specified design strength, but no test shall
show an average strength less than 85 percent of the specified com
pressive strength I,
(2) The modulus of elasticity, E,, for concrete may be taken as
(iv' x 33 1: ) in psi, for values of w between 90 and 155 lb. per
cu it. For normal weight concrete, E, may be considered as 57,000
I BJ
Reinforcemenf
( 1) Reinf oi cing bars shall conform to one of the follow ing specifications, except that yield strength shall correspond to that determined
by tests on full sized bars and that reinforcing bars with a specified
yield strength, I,., exceeding 60,000 psi are not permitted under these
specifications.
(a) Specifications for Deformed Billet- Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement (AASHO M31, AST I\I A 615) . If @ 14 or
@ 18 bars meeting these specifications are to be bent, they
shall also be capable of being bent 90 deg. at a minimum
temperature of 60 F. around a ten-bar-diameter pin without
criicking ti-ansverse to the axis of the bar.
(b) Specifications for Rail-Steel llef ormed Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement (AASHO M42) . ID bars meeting these
specifications are to be bent, they shall also meet the bending requirements of AASHO M31, ASTM A615 for Grade
60.
Specifications for AxleSteel Deformed Bars for Concrete
Re Enforcement (AASHO M53, ASTM A 617) .
(2) The modulu s of elastici ty of steel reinforcement, E,, may be
taken as 29,000,0 00 psi.
speci fied, the ea rlicr ago at vv-hi ch the con c retc is to rece we its Iml loaI o r in iiximum stress.
Strength Control Proced ures shall be J ref erabl y in accordance with ACI 2 14 -G Ii , liecom men tel
Practi cc for Ev at uaf in n of Comp session Tests Results o I FioI1 Con c rete. Refer :ilso the Iollowing
specifi c:itions : Methol of Sampling FresL Concr etc ( A AS HO T 141, AS TM C 1 7 2 ) ; Mcttiot of
Making and Curing Con c rete Comp ress we and Flex u rat Test Sr ecimen s in th e Fielcl' ( AA SHO
T2? , ASTM C31 ) ; Comp restive Strength of Molded Concrete CyL n ie r-s ( AA SHO T2 2, A STM
C30 ) .
1.5.17
J .5.1 7
fA J
DESIGN
79
LOADS AND LOAD FACTOR EQUATIONS

Loods
The forces in the structure shall be determined by cons idering

the elastic behavior of the str ucture under loads specified in Section 2,
Loads, Articles 1.2.4 and 1.2.16 excepted .
IBJ
Lood
Foctor Equofions
The following Load Groups represent various combinations of

loads and forces to ivh ich a structu re may be s objected. Each part of
s uch structure, or the to u ndation on which it rests, shal l be propor
tioned for all comb inat ions of such of these forces as are applicable to
the particu lar site or type.
The maximum section requ ired shall be used.
Group I = 1.30 [D 5/3 (L + I) ]
For all loadings less than H20, prov is ion shall be made for an
in Freq tient heavy load by applying Group IA loading, with the live load
assumed to occupy a single lane without conc urrent loading in any
other lane.
Group IA = 1.30 [D 2.2 (L q I) ]
Grou p II 1.30 [D + W + F - SF -J B + S l T j
When earthq u ako loading is taken into account, Group II loadin g
shall be used substituting E Q for \V. \Vhcn ice pressure is taken into
account, Group II loading shall be rised subst i tuti ng ICE for SF.
J .5.J 8
fA J
STRENGTH PROVISIONS
Assum pfions
(1) The strengt.h design o:I members for flex ti i e and :ixial loads
8hall be based on the issu mptions given in th is section, and on siitisfaction o1 the appl icable conditions of eqti ilibrium and compatibility o:I
sti ains.
(2) Str:tin in the reinforcing steel and concrete shall be assumed
d irectly proportional to the distance from the neuti-al axis.
(3) The maximum it s:iblc Qtr:tin at the extreme concrete compi es
sion fibei shall be ass It med equal to 0.003.
(4) Stress in reinforcement below the specified yield strength,
I,., for the giade of steel used shall be taken as E, times the steel
stiain. For str-i ins pieater than that co rrespond ing to f,., the stress
in the reinforcement shall be consi dered independent of strain and
equal to I
( ?) T'ensile strength of the concrete shall be neglected in Pexural
calc ulttions of reinf oi ced concrete.
6) The relationship between the conciete compress we stress
d ist ribution and the conci ete strain may be assumed to be a rectangle,
trapezo 1 d, parabola, or any other shape which results in prediction of
st i ength in substantial agreement with the results of comprehensive
tests.
(7I The requ i cements of Article 1.5.18 (A) 16) may be considered
satisfied by on equ ivalent reetang ular concrete stress distribution
which is defined as follows : A concrete stress of 0.85 I', shall be
as sumed u n if ormly distr ibuted oser an equivalent compression zone
bounded by the edges of the cross section :ind a straight line located
parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a k;c from the fiber of
maximum compressive str-ain. The distance c from the tiber of maxi
mu in strain to the neutral axis is measured in a disection perpend icular
to that axis. The fraction k; shall be taken as 0.85 for strengths, I',
up to 400 0 psi and shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for
each 1000 psi of strength in excess of 4000 psi.
(8) E'alanced conditions exist at a cross section when the tension
reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength, f,, just as the concrete in conip session reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
1 .5.J 9CAPACITY
MODIFICATION
FACTORS
A ) The us iible toad capacities of the members shall be the calculated

capacities of the members modified according to the provisions
of this Article.
(P ) The computed theoi-etical capacity shall be modified by a capacity
mo dificati on factor d as follows :
For flexure
d 0.50
For shear
&= 0.85
For spirally re i nforced compression members
Q 0.75
For tied compression members
d 0.70
For bearing on concrete
.
d= 0.70
Development lengths specified in Article 1.5.29 do not require a
factor.
J .5.20FLEXURE
I AJ Rectongulor sections with tension reinforcement only
Foi- rect an gul a r or flanged sections in which the neutral axis lies
with in the flan ge, the moment capacity shall be assumed :is :
(5-1)
(5 2)
where
DES IGN
a=
The reinforcement ratio, p, shall not exceed 0.50 of the ratio, p ,,
which prod uces balanced conditions at ultimate stage given by :
0.85 k,f,.
"' 'f,
87,000
8T000 + f,.
I B I I- ond T-sections
( 1) When the flange thickness equals or exceeds the depth to
the neutral axis, a/k , the section may be designed by Equation (5-1) ,
with, a, commuted as for a rectangular beam with a width equal to
the overall flange width given by Article 1.5.5 (A) .
(2) When the flange thickness is less than a/k, the design moment
M shall not exceed that given by the moment capacity of the section
assumed as
I,, (d 0.51) ]
(5-6)
where
0.85 f b
The rein:forcement ratio, p,,. shall noI exceed 0.50 of the quantity
(p,, + p ) , where p,, is given by equation (55) .
IC J
Recfongulor sections with compression reinforcemenf
The moment capacity of rectangular sections, or flanged sections

in wh ich the neu tral axis lies within the flange, with compression
i einf orcement shall be assu med as :
where
and the following cond it ion shall exist

' 0.85 k
When the value of
I,.d
87,000
' I,.d 87,000 f,
(5-9)
82
is less thiin the vil u e given by Eqti:it ion (5-11) , so that the compres
sion steel stress is less than the yield strength, I,., or when effects of
compression steel are neglected, the calculated moment capacity shall
not excced th tit given by Equ:itions ( 61) and
when a
given in
genei a1 analysis is macle on the basis of' the
Article 1.5.18 A) . The quantity
shall not exceecl 0.50 o1 the value of p ,, given by Equation (55) .

I DJ Other cross sections
( 1) For other cross sections :ind for cases of nonsymmetrical
beniing, the moment capacity, M,, dM,,,,, shall be computed by a
general an:ily>is based on the assumptions given in Article 1.5.18 (A) .
(2) The amount of tension reini'orcement shall be so limited Ihat
the steel ratio, p, does not exceed 50 percent of that corresponding to
balanced conditions as defined by Article 1.5.20 A) .
(3) The moment capacity of the reinforced section, when ci-acked,
shall be at lent 1.5 times the moment which produces ci iicking of the
ti ansf ormed, uncracked section. This i equ ii ement, which limits the
minimum tension i einf oi cement to be provided in the section shall
apply to all sections of Article 1.5.20. The modulus of rupture of the
co ncrcte shall be used for calculating the resi stin g moment of the
u ncracked section.
1 .5.2J
IA J
SHEAR
Sheor stress
( 1) The nominal design shear stress in reinforced concrete memLerS shall be computed by :
For design, the maximum design shear V , shall be considePPd

as that ml the section distance, d, from the lace of the support.
Whei evei app liable, effects of torsion shall be added and effects of
inclined flexural compression in variable depth members shall be
included.
(2) For beams of I and T-sections, b shall be substituted for 6
in fiqu:+tion ( 512) .
1.5.21
DE SIGN
reinforcement ratio p is less than 1.2 percent then the shear stress
capacity of the concrete shall be governed by
The design shear stress at sections between the face of the support
and the section at a distance d therefrom, shall not be consider-ed criti-
cal.
IBJ
Sheor
reinforcement
(1) Wherever the value of the design shear stress, v,,, computed
by Equation (5-12) plus effects o:I torsion, exceeds the shear stress
capacity, v,,,., per mitted by Article 1.5.21 (A)
shear i-einforcemenf
shall be pi ovided to carry the excess. Such
reinforce ment shall
also be provided for a distance equal to the depth, d, of the member
beyond the point theoi etically requii-ed. Shear reinforcement between
the lace of the s upport and the section at a distance, d, therefrom shall
be the s.t me as rcquired at the section.
(2) When shear rein:forcement perpen dicu lar to the longitudinal

axis is tised, the rejii ired at ea of shear reinforcement shall be compti ted by :
(5-13)
ICJ
Stress resfricfions
( 1) The design yield strength for shear reinforcement shall not

exceed 60,000 psi.
(2) The shear stress v,, v,, + v,,, shall not exceed
sections v ith shear reinforcement.
10d
I', in
(3) In those areas subject to stress reversals caused by a single

p:issage of the live load plus imp:tct, at service load level, the range
of tensile stress in the sheai i einforcemenf shall be limited as in
accordance with Article 1.5.25 (B) . The shear stress capacity of the
concrete, v,,,., shall be zero and the design shear, v,,, shall not exceed
IDI Sheor reinforcement resfricfions
( 1) Whet o shear reinforcement is requ ired and is placed per

pondicti la r to Iho axis of the member, it shall be sp:iced not further
apart th an 0.50d but not more than 24 in. Inclined stirrups and bent
bars shall be so spaced that every 45 degree l ine, extending tow:ii d the
reaction :f rom the mid-depth o:I the member, 0. 50d, to the longitud ina I
tension bars, shall be crossed by at least one line o:I shear reinIorce1. the maximum
ment. When the design shear stress, v,,, exceeds
spacin gs given ibove shall be reiiuced by one-half.
(2) \\'here shear reinforcement is i equiied, its area, A,., shall not
84
be less than 0. 15 percent of the area computed as the p roduct of the
width of the web and the spacing of the shear reinforcement at on g
the longitu dinl axis of the member. (i.e., A,. ? 0.0015b's) .
IE J
Sheor sfress in slobs ond footings
11) The shear capacity of slabs and footings in the vicinity of

concentrated loads or concentr:ited reactions is governed by the more
severe of two conditions :
with a critical section extending in a plane across the
entire width and located at distance d from the face
of the concentrated load or reaction area. For this condition the slab or footing shall be designed in accordance
with Article 1.5.21 (A) .
Two-way action for the slab or looting, with a critical
section perpendicular to the plane of the slab and located
so th:it its periphery is a minimum and approaches no
closer than d/2 to the pei iphe ry of the concentrated load
oi reaction area. For this condition the slab
or
footing
shall be designed as specified in the remainiler of this

section.
(2) The periphery shear stress shall be computed by
in which V,, and b,, are taken at the critical section specified in Article
1.5.21 ( E) (1) t b) . The periphery shear stress, v,,, shall not exceeil the
shear stress capacity o1 the concrete v,, 45\/f ',. unless shear rein
forcement is pi ovi ded in accordance with Article 1.6.21(E ) (3) , in
which case, v,,, shall not exceed 68 f', .
3) When v,, exceeds v,,,.= 4d f', shear reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance with Articles 1.5.21 ( B) to 1.5.21 (D) , except
that the design yield strength, I,., for the shear reinforcement shall
be 50 percent of that prescribed in Article 1.5.16 (B) . Sheir reinforcement const sting of bars, rods or wires shall not be considered effective
i n members having an effective depth of less than 10 inches.
1.5.22
I AJ
COLUMNS
General
( 1) All columns shall be designed to resist the combined bending

and axial loads Ihat result from the x aious combination s of loads and
forces given in Article 1.5.17. All members subj ected to a compression
load shall be designed for the eccentricity, e, correspond ing to the
in:iximum moment thit can accompany this loading condition, but not
less than 1-inch, or 0.051 for spii ally reinforced compression members,
or 0. 101 for tied compi ession members, about eithei- principal axis.
DE SIGN
85
(2) The area of lon gitud in at rei nforcement preferably shall not
be less th an 1 percent, nor more than 8 percent of the gross concrete
:trea of the colu run section. In a col umn which, for any reason, has a
larger crow-section than required by the loads and moments determined
in accordance ivi th the prov isi ons of Article 1.5.17, the minimum
amou nt of longitti iiinal steel specified above may be red need provided
that in no case shall less longilu d incl steel be u sed than that req u i red
by the minimum sized column neccssa ry to support the I oads and
moments defined above, designed with one percent o:I longitu dinal
steel.
IBJ
Column Secfion Copocifies
11)
Concentric f oo ding
T'he axial load capacity of a col umn section sub.jected to pui c
co repress to n, P,,, is :
The capacity mod ification factor, /, shall be the :ippropriate
value for tied or spii i l colu runs gi ven in Article 1.5.19. C oncentric
loading is a h ypothetical loading cond i I i on since columns shall be
designed for eccentricities at lent :is large as those given in
Article 1.5.22 I A) ( 1) .
( 2)
Pure
Flexure
The assu mptions given in Articlc 1.5.18 (A) , or the eJ uations

for flexu re given in Article 1.5.20, in.iy be u sed to deterred ne the
capacity of the cot u run section It nd er the hypothetical load irig
cond it ion of pu re flex u re. The section capacity is mu ltipl red by
the capacity mod i fixation factor, d, for flexu re.
( 3)
Com bi ned Axio I L ood o n d Flexure
The determine ti on of the column cross-section capacity sh;ill

be bised on compati b il i ty of stiess and strain tieing the assumptions on u merated in Article 1.5.18 ( A \ . The axiitl loid captci ty and
the moment capacity th It s obtained for the section shal l be multi
plied by the appi-opri ate c:opacity modification factor, 6. The
value of d may be increased lineai-ly from the val ue for columns to
the value for- flexui e as the axial design load, P , decieases f i-ore
0.101,A, to zero.
(4)
B o I o need
Condifions
8
for compression members using the assumptions
1.5.18 (A) :ind assuming the neu tral axis located at :
of
At-ticle
d
( 5)
Bio xio I Loodi ng
In lieu of making the

scribed above for the case
bending in the direct ion
approximate expressions may
general column section analysis de

of non-cii cular columns subjected to
of both principal axes, the following
be used :
1 when
CJ
Slenderness effects in columns '
The influence of slender columns on behav ior of' the structure

may be I:iken into account by the follov in g approximate proceilures.
1 The unsupported length, h, of a compression member shall
be taken as the clear distance between slabs, girders or other members
capable of provitl ing lateral support for the compression member.
Where capitals or haunches at-e present, the unsupported length shall
be measureii to the loi'er extremity of the capital or haunch in the
pliino considered.
(2) The radius of gyration, r, may be taken equal to 0.30 ti1T19
the overall dimension in the direction in which stability is being
considered for rect nguliir compression members and 0.25 times the
I i ameter for circular compress ion members. For other shapes, r wiry
be computed for the gross concrete section.
(3) For compression memliers braced against sidesway, the effec
tive length factor, k, shall be taken as 1.0, unless an analysis shows
that a lower value may be used. For compression member-s not braced
against sidesiv ay, the effective length factor, k, shall be determined
with due coR51drtion of cracking and reinforcement on relative stiffness, and shall be greater than 1.0.
14) For compression members braced against siilesway, the effects
of slenderness may be neglected when kh/r is less than 34 12 M, /M .
For compressi on members not braced against sidesway, the effects of
Slenderness may- be neglected when kh/r is less than 22. For all compress ion members with kh/i- greater than 100, a more exact analysis
EJwnrJ 0. Ffrang, Journal uf tte American Goncre[c Institute, January 1970, ;p. 6-2B fur
comp rehen s we lis cues ion of these p rev isto n s No r clesigni rig efanele r columns. Th is a rti cl e includes
n cm oa rat h s to r fete ran i n i n j the e ffccliv o leng th I actor, k.
87
DE SIGN
than that prescri bed herein shall be made. M, = value of smaller end
moment on compress i on member calcu l ated from a conventional elastic
frame analysis, positive if member is bent in single curvature, negative
if bent in double curvature. M,. value of larger end moment on
compression member calcti l ated from a conventi onml elastic frame
analys is, always positive.
(5) Compression members shall be des igned using the design axial
load from a conventional f i ame analys is and a magnified moment
defined by
where
( 5-20)
(5-21)
In lieu of more precise calculation, EI may be taken either as
EI
(5-22)
or consers'atively
EI =
where R,,, is the i-a tio of maximum design dead load moment to
maximum design to tal load moment.
For members braced ag:iinst sidesway and without
loads between su pports, C,,, may be taken as
transverse
b ut not less than 0.4.

For- all other cases C,,, shall be taken as 1.0.
16) When a grou p of colu runs on one level comprise a bent, or
when they ai e connected integrally to the same superstr Picture, and
COllecti vPly resu t the sidesway of the structu re, the value of F shall
be computed for the column group. P , and P,., then shall be taken as
the summation of Pp and P,. for all the columns in the group. In
des igning each column in the group, F shall be taken as the larger
of ( a) the value compri ted for the group as a whole, or (b) the valrie
computed f oi- the ind ivi d tial colti run ass ri ming its ends to be braced
against si desway.
(7) When compress ion members are sub.ject to bending about both
princi pal :ixes, the moment about each :ixis sh:ill be amplified by F,
compu ted from the co rr espond ing con di ti one of restrai nt about that
bb
(a) When the actual computcd eccentricities are less than the
specified min imum, the compu ted end moments may be
u sed to evaluate the con d i tions of curvature.
I b) If cmptitations show that ther e is no eccentricity at
both ends o1 the member, conditions of curvature shall
be based on a ratio of M , /M.. equil to one.
1.5.23
BEARING
in u ltipl ied ly yA' , /A ,, b tit not more than 2.
1.5.24
SERVICE LOAD REQUIREMENTS
I AJ
Service Lood Stresses

( 1) For investi gation of service load stresses Ihe straight-line
theory of stress in d Qtr-at n in flcxui-e shall be used and the following
assu options shall be made :
(2) In doubly rein Ior ced beams and slabs, on effective modular
ratio of 2E / E,. shall be u sed to transform the compre ssion reinforce
ment for- stress compu lation s.
1.. .25
89
DE SIGN
J .5.25 FATIGUE
IA I Concrete
The range of compressive stress in the concrete caused by a sinbl e
passage o1 live load plus impact and centr if ugal force, at service load
level, shall be limited to 0.15f, at points
tions where stress reversals occur.

I BI
of
contraftexure, and
at
sec-
Reinforcemenf
The range of stress in straight reinforcement caused by a single

passage o:I live load plus impact at service load level, shall be limited
to 21,000 psi." Bends in pi-treat-y reinforcement shall be avoided at
sections having a high range of stress.
J .5.26 FLEXURAL STRESS LIMITATIONS

IA J
General
( 1) The steel stress range shall comply with the :fatigue provisions
of Article 1.5.2 (B) .
(2) The maximum steel stress shall be 36,000 psi'
IB J
Bridges exposed to corrosive environments

deck profection sysfem
withouf
o woterproof
( 1) All primary negative moment reinforcement in continuous

bridges shall be increased 10 percent beyond the amount required by
the prov is ions of Article 1.5.20."
J .5.27 DEFLECTIONS
fAl Superstrucfure depth recommendations
As a means o:I controlling longtime deflections due to creep and

sh rinkage, it is recommended that superstructure depths for various
bridge types be not less than the value obtained from the equations
in Table 1.5.27. Depths less than these may be used when specific
consideration is given to limiting longtime deflections by use of
compression re inf orcement or some other method.
Concrete Roadway Slabs excluded.
A putt cable p r trna ril x to bridge deck slabs anl short s pan slab b t-idges where the iIe1 load
to total load moment ratio is I oss than ap p rox imately 0.25.
This stress I imitation is intended for G0, 00 0 jis i yielI point rei rife rcem cnt. For b riclg:es
des igned using 40,0 00 ps i and 5 0.0 00 ps i yield ioi nt rei nto rcement, the maximum stresses Io r vet
long span structures where the live I cad stres ses become in sign ifi cant wouIc1 be li in itol by th o load
tractor equations in Section 1.5. 17 ( D ) to about 27, 7 00 psi to r 40, 00 0 jisi vie1l pot nt rei nfoicement
and to about 34, 6 00 ps i for 60,0 00 psi vield point reinfo rccment.
Appl icable to 6ridges using 6 0, 0 00 psi yield point reinforcement w ith spans o:I 1 50 feet of
mo re where the dead load to total load moment ratio is eoual to or g reater than 0.776.
This provis ion does not applr to rcinforceme nI of brid ge deck sI abs.
Slabs with in:tin reinforcement parallel

and transverse to traffic
S effective span in feet
t,,,,,== 0.?? < 30

but no less than 0.542 feet
Tee-Beams
S actual span in feet
S
actual span in feet
'
20
* Recommcn dcd values for continuous sp ans; simple sp an s sh ould have bout 10 ieicent
g reater thickness.
* * When variable dep th memlc re are used, table v alucs may be adjusted to a:con n( Ior chan be
i n relative sti IDness of nositive an cl negative moment sections.
I BJ
Deod lood deflections ot folsework removol
Unless a moi e comp rehens we analysis is made, immediate dead

load deflections upon removal of I alsework shall be computed by the
usual methods of Iormul:is for elastic deflections, using Ihe modulus
of elasticity for concrete specified in Article 1.5.16 (A) . The effective
moment of inertia shall be taken as the follow in g, but not greater
than Ig :
where
M,,,,, Maximum
dead load moment
for
section under consideration

For continuous spans, the effective moment of inertia may be taken
as the average of the values obtained from Equation (5-25) for the
critical po.sitive and negative moment sections.
ICI Long-time deflections coused by deod foods, creep ond shrinkage

Unless a more comprehend we analysis is made, for purposes of
determ in in g f alsework camber, the dead load deflection computed ln
IF) may be multipl ied by a factor chosen from Table 1.5.27A. The longtime deflection s, thus calculated, might be expected to occur over
:t period of about three years.
91
DE SIGN
Climate of high humidity

Climate of
average
humidity
Climate o:I low humidity
.8
2.
J .5.28 OVERLOAD
Structures proportioned by this specification will sustain without
damage the following overload :
Members designed for Group I loading = D + 5/3 (L + I)
Members designed for Group IA loading D + 2.2 (L + I)
J .5.29 DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT

IA I General
(1) The calculated tension or compression in the reinforcement at
each section shall be developed on each side of that section by embedment length or end anchorage or a combination thereof. For bars in
tension, hoot:s may be used in developing the bars.
(2) Tension reinf orcement may be anchored by bending it across
the web and making it continuous with the reinforcement on the

opposite face of the member, or anchoring it there.
(3) The critical sections for development of reinf:orcement in
flexural mernbeis are at points of maximum stress and at points within
the span where adjacent reinforcement terminates, or is bent. The
provisions of Article 1.5.29 (B) (2) must also be satisfied.
(4) Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is
no longer' rejuired to resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective
dPQth Of the mPmber or 12 bar diameters, whichever is greater, except
at supports of simple spans and at the free end of canti levers.
15) Continuing reinforcement shall have an embedment length not
less than the development length, L,,, beyond the point where bent or
terminated tension reinforcement is no longer required to resist
flexure.
16) Flexural rei riforcement shall not be terminated in a tension
zone unless one of' the :fo1lowing conditions is satisfied :
( a) The shear at the cutoff point does not exceed twothirds
that permitted, including the shear strength of furnished
web reinforcement.
(b) Stirrup area in excess of that required :for shear and
torsion is provided along each terminated bar over a
distance from the terna inati on point equal to threefourths the effective depth of the member. The excess
stirrups shall be proportioned such that their (A,./bs) I,.

is not less than 60 psi. The resulting spacin g, s, shall not
exceed d/ 8r,, where i , is the ratio of the area of bars
clit off to the total area of bars at the section.
( c) For @ 11 and smaller bars, the continuing bars provide
double the area required for flexure at the cutoff point
and the shear does not exceed three-fourths that per-
IBJ
Positive momenf
reinforcement
(1) At least onethird the positive moment reinforcement in

simple members and one-fourth the positive moment reinforcement in
continuou s members shall extend along the same face of the member
into the support, and in beams at least G in.
(2) When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load
resisting system, the required positive rei nf orcement of Article 1.5.29
(B) (1) extended into the support shall be anchored to develop its
yield stress in tension at the face of' the support.
(3) At simple supports and at points of in flection, positive moment tension reinf or-cement shall be limited to a diameter such that L,
computed for I,. by Article 1.5.29 (E) does not exceed :
M,n the computed flexural strength assuming all reinforcement at

the section to be stressed to I,. V,, is the maximum applied shear at
the section. L., at a support shall be the sum of the embedment length
beyond the center of Ihe support and the equivalent length of any
furnished hook or mechanical anchorage. L,, at a point of inflection
shall be limited to the effective depth of the member or 12D, which
ever is greater. The value M,,,/V,, in the development length limitation may be increased 30 percent when the ends of the reinforcement
are confined by a compressive reaction.
IC J
Negative moment reinforcement
(1) Tenslon reinforcement in a continuous, restrained, or cantilever member, or in any member of a rigid frame, s-hall be anchored
in or through the supporting member by embedment length, hooks,
or mechanical anchorage.
(2) Negative moment reinforcement shall has'e an Pmbedmenl
length into the span as required by Articles 1.5.29 (A) (1) and 1.5.29
(A) (4)
(3) At least one-third the total reinforcement provided for negative moment at the support shall have an embedment length beyond
the point of inflection not less than the effective depth of the member,
12D, or one-sixteenth of the clear span, whichever is gi eater.
DE SIGN
ID J Special members
Adequate end anchorage shall
mPnt in flexural mcmbers where
p roportional to moment, such as :
brackets ; deep beams ; or members
93
be provided for tension rein:forcereinforcement stress is not directly

sloped, stepped, or tapered footings ;
in which the tension i einf orcement
is not parallel to the compression face.
IEJ Development length of deformed bors in tension

The development length, L,; in inches, of deformed bars in tension
shall be computed as the product o:I the basic development length of
(1) and the applicable modi ficati on factor or factors of (2) and (3) ,
but L,, shall be not less than 12 in.
(1) T'he basic development length in inches shall be :
(2) T'or
be mu lti plied
(3) The
requ irement
factors for
toJ re Enforcement " the basic development length shall

by a factor of 1.4.
basic development lenpth, modified by the appropriate
of (2) may be multiplied by the applicable :factor or
Reinforcement being developed in :i length under consideration

and spaced laterally at least G in. on center and at least 3 in.
:from the side of the member ...................................................0.8
Reinforcement in a flexural member in excess of that requ ii ed
(A iequired/A provided)
Bars enclosed within a spiral which is not less than ir in. diameter
and not more than 4 in. pitch ............................................... 0.75
computed as 0.02f,D/ I but shall not be less than 0.0003f,.D or 8 in.

Where excess bar area is provided, the L, length may be red uced by the
ratio of required area to area proc ided. The development length may
be red uced 25 percent when the reinforcement is enclosed by spirals
not less than 'r in. in diameter and not more than 4 in. pitch.
IG J
Development length of bundled bors
The development length of each bar of bundled bars shall be that

for the in dividual bar, increased by 20 percent for a three-bar bundle,
and 33 percent for n Yourbar bundle.
I HJ
Stondord hooks in tension
(1) lStandard hooks shall be considered to develop a tensile stress

in bar reinforcement I,, = H f', where K is not greater than the values
in Table 1.5.29.
:f,=:60 ksi
Top Bars
Bar Size
360
360
360
360
860
540
460
330
220
330
220
Bottom Bars
(2) An equivalent embedment length L,, shall be computed using

the provisions of Article 1.5.29 (E) (1) by substituting I;, for I, and
L,Ior L,,.
(3) Hooks shall not be considered effective in adding to the

compressive resistance of reinforcement.
III Combination development lengfh
Development length L, may consist of a combination of the

equis alent embedme nt length of a hook or mechanical anchorage plus
additional embedment length of the reinforcement.
IJ J
Mechonicol onchoroge
Any mechanical device capable of developing the strength of the
reinforcement without damage to the concrete may be used as anchorage.
IKJ Anchorage of sheor reinforcement
( 1) Shear reinforcement shall be carried as close to the compression and tension surfaces of the member as cover requirements
and the proximity of other steel will permit, and in any case the end
of single leg, simple U-, or multiple
U-stirrup, shall
be anchored
by
one of the following means :

(a) A standard hook plus an effective embedment of 0.6 L,;.
The effective embe dment of a stirrup leg shall be taken
as the distance between the middepth of the member,
d/2, and the start of the hook (point of tangency) .
95
Embedment above or below the middepth, d /2, of the

beam on the compres,sion side for a full development
len gth L, , but not les>- than 24 bor diameters.
Bend in g around the ton gitud inal rei nforcement thro ugh
at least 180 deg. Hooking or bendi ng stii-rups around
the longi tudina1 rei nforcemen I shall be con sidered effective anchorage only when the stirrups re.ike an angle of
at least 45 cleg. with cleformed ton g itud i nat bar-s.
Between the anchored ends, each bend in the con tinuou s
portion of a transverse st mple U or multiple U-stirr tip
shall enclose a lori gitud i not bar.
Pairs
of U-stirrups or ties so Jlaced as to form a closed
(e)
un it shall be cons idered properly spliced when the laps
are 1.7L, . In members at teas-I 18 in. deep, such splices
havin g a,f ,. not more than 9000 lb per leg may be considered adequate if the legs extend the lull available
depth of the member.
Section 6 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

J .6.J GENERAL
Th e spec the at ions of this section
stressed concrete bridge members.
concrete, except for a percentage of
service lieha vi o3-, shall conform to the
are intended for design of pro

I\Members designed as i einf oicec1
tensile steel stressed to improve
applicable specification s of Section
E xcepti on all y lon p span or untis ual structu res req u ii e detailed con
sideration o1 effects which under this Section may have been assigned
or biti ary values.
J .6.2 NOTATION
A, n ei of non-prestiessed tension ieinforcement.
A, area of compress ion i einforeement.

A = are:i of pi'estressing steel.
A , steel area requ ired to develop the ultimate comPressivP streii gth
of the overh:in gin g portions o:I the flange.
A,,.= steel area requ ired to develop the ultimate compressive strength
of the web of a flanged section.
A,.= area of web reinforcement.
b width of flange of f1anged member or v\'ic1th of rectangul:ir mem-
ber.
b width of a iv'eb of a flanged member.

CR;= loss of pi-estress due to creep of concrete.
GR = loss of pres Press due to relaxation of prestressing steel.
CR,;, loss of prestress due to relaxation of post-tensioning steel.
D effect of deail load.
D = n ominal d iameter of prestressing steel.
d distance from enreme compressive fiber to centroid of the prestressing f'orce.

ES Elastic shortening loss.
base of Niiperian logai ithms.
I,,,= average concrete compressive stress at the e.g. of the prestressing
steel under full dead load.

I , average concrete stress at the e.g. of the prestress ing steel at
time of release.
compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.
i= compressive strength of conci-ete at time of initial prestress.
total prestress loss, excluding friction.
:f, effective steel prestress after losses.
I,,, average stress in prestress ing steel at ultimate load.
I= ultimate strength of prestressing steel.
I,,=yield Etrength of non-prestressed conventional rei nforcement in
tension.
yield strength of non-prestressed conventional reinforcement in
compression.
yield point stress of prestressing steel.
moment of inertia about the centroid of the cross section.

$ = impact load.
I ratio of distance between centroid of compression and centroid
of tension to the depth d.
= friction wobble coefficient per foot of prestress ing steel.
L=effect of design live load.
L=length of prestressing steel element from jack end to point x.
Mq -p]timate flexural strength.
p A /bd, ratio of non-prestressed tension reinf orcoment.
p A*,/bd, ratio of prestressing steel.

p' A',/bd, ratio of compression reinforcement.
B statical moment of cross sectional area, above or below the level
being investi gated for shear, about the centroi d.
SH = concrete shrinkage loss.
s longitudinal spacing of the web reinforcement.

I average thickness of the flange of a flanged member.
T,, steel stress at jacking end.
T, steel stress at any point x.
v= ultimate horizontal shear stress.
V = sheiir carried by concrete.
V,, = shear due to ultimate load and effect of prestressing.
y = friction curvature coefficient.

n total angular change of prestressing steel profile in radians from
jacking end to point x.
J .6.3
DESIGN THEORY
Members shall meet the ultimate strength and allowable stress reQtr irements as specified.
Design shall be based on ultimate strength and behavior at service
DESIGN
1.6.3
97
conditions for all load stages that may be critical during the life of the
structure from the time of prestressin g.
I .G.4
BASI C ASSU6IPTION 5
The following assumptions are made for design purposes :

(1) Strains vary linearly over the depth of the member throughout the entire load range.
(2) Before cracking, stress is linearly proportional to strain.
(3) After cracking, tension in the concrete 1s neglected.
J .6.5
LOAD FACTORS
Load factors are multiples of the design load applied to the struc-
ture to ensure its safety. The computed ultimate capacity shall not be
less than the largest val ue obtained from foi mulas 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4.
Members subject to comb inat ions of loads and forces shall be designed
for the combined effect.
Group I
For all loadings less than H2O, prov isi on shall be made for an infrequent heavy load by applying Group IA loading, with the live load
assumed to occupy a single lane without concurrent load ing in any other
lane.
Group II
When earthquake loading is taken into account, Group II loading
shall be used substitut ing EQ for W. When ice pressure is taken into
account, Group II loading shall be used substituting ICE for SF.

Group III
+ (L +I) +CF +0.3W +WL + F + LF)
(6-4)
Except for the d factors listed below, the symbols in the above
formulas represent the moments, shears or forces caused by the loads

and the effects described in Article 1.2.22.
& Factor on section strength =
1.0 for factory produced precast prestressed concrete members
0.95 for post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete members
1.90 for shear
J ..6
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
The design of precast prestressed members ordinarily shall be based

on I'=5000 psi. An increase to G000 psi is permissible where, in the
l.b.b
HI GH WAY B RI D GE 5
Enginceis j udgment, it is reasonable to expect that this strength will be

obtained consi stently. Still higher conci ete strengths may be considered
on an individual area basis. In such cases, the Engineer shall satisfy
himself completely that the controls over materials and fabrication procedures will provide Ihe requ ii e d streng ths. The provisions o:I this
Section aie equally applicable to prestressed concrete structures or
components designed with lower concrete strengths.
IA J
Prestressing
steel
Temp orary stress before loss due to creep and

shrin kage
.
.
. . . . . .
.
. , . , . ,
Stress at service load after losses
. . .
. . . 0.70f ',
. 0.80f ',
(Ovei stressing to 0.80f', for short periods of time may be permitted provided the stress, after transfer to concrete in pretensioning or seating of anchorage in post-tensioning, does not exceed
0.70f',) .
IBJ Concrete
IJ J
Temporory stresses before losses due f o creep ond shrinkage:
Compression
Pretensioned members Posttensioned members
Tension
12 I
Stress of service lood ofter losses hove occurred:
(a) For members with bonded reinforcement

For severe corrosive exposure conditions, such as
coastal areas
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 f ',
t b) For members wihout bonded reinforcement
.0
* Service loal cons ists of :ill I oa ds cont amed in Arti etc 1.2.1 but rices not in elude ovcr1oal
99
DE SIGN
1.6.6
Tension in other areas is l imited by the allowable temporary
stresses specihed in Article 1.6.6 (B) (1 .
( 3 J Crocking Stress '
Modulus of rupture from tests or if not available :

For normal weight concrete
For sand-lightweight concrete
For all other lightweight concrete
(4 )
A nchoroge beon ng sfress :
Posttensioned anchorage at service lo:id

(but not to exceed 0.9 I,;)
J .6.7 LOSS OF PRESTRESS

IA )
Friction
Losses
Friction losses in post-tensioned steel shall be based on experimentally determined wobble and curvature coefficients, and shall be
verified d uring stressing operations. The val ues of coefficients :issu med
for design, and the acceptable ranges of jacking foi ces and steel
eI ongations shall be shown on the plans. These friction losses shall be

calculated as follows :
When (KL+yz ) is not greater than 0.3, Ihe following equation
may be used :
The following values for K and y may be used when experimental

data for the materials used are not avai table :
Type of Steel
\\'ire or ungalvanized strand
Type of Duct
Pright Metal Sheath ing
Galvanized Metal
Sheathing
Greased or asphaltcoated and wrapped

Galvanized rigid
High-strength bars
Bright Metal Sheath in g

Galvan ized I\1etal
Sheath ing
0.0020
0.30
0.0015
0.25
0.0020
0.30
0.0003
0.20
00002
015
0.0002
0.25
Friction losses occur prior to anchoi-ing but should be estimated

:for design and checked during stressing operati ons. Rigid ducts shall
+.
HIGHWAY BRIDGE S
have sufficient strength Io maintain their correct alignment without

visible wobble during placement of concrete. Rigid ducts may be
fabricated with either welded or interlocked seams. Galvanizing of the
v'elded seam will not be required.
lBJ Prestress Losses
Loss of prestress due to all causes, excluding friction, may be
estimated from the following method. The method is based upon the
use of 270 ksi, seven-wire, stressrelieved strand and normal-welght
concrete. For data regarding the properties and effects of lightweight
aggregates and low-relaxation tendons, refer to documented tests or
see authorized suppliers.
( I )
Prefe n stoned
Af, -SH +ES +CR +CR,

where : of total prestress loss, excludlng friction.
I ci I Shri n kog e
SH concrete shrinkage loss computed using the :fo1lowing

average alues. Select the average ambient relative
humidity for the geographic area.
Average Ambient Relative
Humidity
SH
(psi)
(percent)
100-'75
75-25
2ii- 0
( b I ElostiC Ehorte ni ng
EA 7 I,,.= elastic shortening loss, where f,, = average concrete stress at the center of gravity of the
stressing steel at time of release. E 5 may be
mated using the following average values :
Sections with
Sections without
Composite Deck Slab
Composite Deck Slab
I , (psi)
ES (psi)
I ,. (psi)
7,000
10,000
13,000
600
800
1,000
1,000
1,400
1,800
preesti-
ES (psi)
4,000
5,500
7,000
* Should more cxiict prestress losses be reou ired, data repres enti n g the material to be usel,
the metho de o:I curing, the ambient service cond it ion an d any portin ent structural letail should be
dete rmin cd for use in the methol r resented in Deflectio us of Prestre sseel Concrete Mem bers
reports d by Subcomm ittee 6, ACI Ccmm ittec 435 , Journal o( tic III, Vol. G 0, No. 12, Docean ber
1.6.7
DE SIGN
(c)
Creep of Concrete
GR 16:I,, loss due to creep of concrete, v here I,,, =
average concrete compressive stress at the center of
gravity of the prestress ing steel under full dead

load. CR may be estimated using the following
average values. These values apply to sections that
are both with and without composite deck slabs.
500
8,000
800
13,000
1,200
(d)
ReIo x o fion of
19,000
Prestre ssing Sleet
CR,=20,000 0.125 (SH +ES + CR ) =loss due to relaxa
tion of prestress ing steel.

12 )
Post- fensioned
Af, =0.8 (SH -F 0.5 (ES) + CR, +CR,,,
where CR, , =20,000 0.125 [ (0.8) (SH) + (0.5) (ES + CR,]
J .6.8
FLEXURE
Prestressed concrete members may be assumed to act as uncracked

members subJ eCted to combined axial and bending stresses within specified service loads.
In calcu lotions of section properties, the transformed area of bonded
reinforcement may be included in pretens toned members and in posttensioned members after grouting ; prior to bonding of tendons, areas
of the open ducts shall be deducted.
J .6.9
ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH
fA J
Recfongulor
Sections
For rectangular or flanged secti ons in which the neutral axis 1 ies
within the flange, the ultimate flexural strength shall be assumed as
IBJ Flanged Sec fions

ID the neutral axis falls outside the flange . usually if the Pange
thickness is less than 1 .4dp * ../*',) , the ultimate Pexural strength
shall be assu med as
where
A,,
A", A,, the steel area required to develop the ultimate
compressive stren gth of the web of a flanged
section.
A, = 0.85 I,, (b b) t/f ",,, = steel area required to develop the ultimate compressive strength of the overhanging portions of the flange.
I CI
Steel Stress
Unless the value of f,,, can be more accurately

detailed analysis, the following values may be used :
known
from
Bonded members .
Unbonded members
pi-ovided that :
(1) The stress-strain properties of the prestressing steel approximate those specified in Article 2.4.33 (I )
(2) The effective prestress after losses is not less than 0.5 I',
1 .6. J 0
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STEEL PERCENTAGE
I AJ Moximum Steel
P restressed concrete members shall be designed so that the steel
is yielding as ultimate capacity is approached. In general the reinforcement index shall be such that
1'or rectangular sections
and
for flanged sections
does not exceed 0.30. For steel with reinforcement indices greater than
this, the ultimate flexur:it strength shall be assumed not greater than :
IBJ Minimum Steel

The total amount of prestressed and non -prestressed reinfoi cement shall be adequate to develop an ultimate load in flextire at the
ciitical section at least 1.2 times the cracking load calculated on the
basis of the modulus of rupture (refer to Article 1.6.6 (B) ( ?) .
1 .6.J 1
NONPRESTRESSED
REINFORCEMENT
Nonprestressed reinforcement may be cons idered as contributing to

the tensile strength o:I the beam at ultimate strength in an amount equal
to its area times its yield point, provided that
DE SIGN
J .d.12 CONTINUITY
IAJ Generol
Continu ous beams and other statieilly indeterminate struct It res
shall be designed for adequate strPn gth and satisfactory behavior.
Pehavior shall be determ in ed by clastic analysis, hiking into account
the reactio ns, moments, shcr and axi:il foi ces produced by prestiessing, the effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage, axial deform at ion,
ros trint of attached structuial elements, and Iourid ution settlement.
IBI Cost-in-ploce Posf-Tensioned Bridges
The effect of secon dary moments due to prestress ing shall be in

cluded in stiess calcu lotions at working Ioad, but shall be neglected in
calcu letting ulti mate st rength.
ICJ Bridges Composed of Simple-Spon Precosf Prestressed Girders Mode
Continuous
( J )
Genero I
When structurttl Continu ity is vssii med in calcu lating live loads
plus iinpact and composite dead load moments, the effects of creep
and shrinkage shall be considered in the design of bridges incor
porating simple span precast, prest ressocl girders and deck slams
cont in uous over two or more spans.
( 2)
Positive /V\oment Con necfion of Piers
Provis ion shall be made in the design for the positive moments
that may develop in the negative moment region due to the combined effects of creep and sh ri nkige in the girders and deck slab,
and due to the effects of live load plus impact in remote spans.
Sh rinkage .tnd elastic shorten ing of the pier shall be considered
when significant.
Non-prostressod positive moment conn ection reinforcement at
Jiers may be designed at working stress o:I II.G times the yield
strength but not to exceed 36 ksi.
( 3)
Negofive lv\omenfs
Negative moment reinforcement shall be proportioned by

ultimate strength design with load :factors in accordance with
Article 1.6.5.
The effect of initial precompress ion due to prestress in the
gi rders may be neglected in the negative moment calcu lation of
ultimate strengfh if the maximum prccompression stress is less
than 0.4f and the coritin uity reinforcement, p, in the deck slab
is less than 0.01 ; where p= A,/bd.
104
The ultimate negative resisting moment sh:Ill be calculated

using the compressive strength of the girder concrete regardless
of the strength of the diaphragm concrete.
1 4 I Com p ress we Stress i n Girde rs ct Pie rs cif Se rvice Loci ds
The compressive stress in ends of' girders :it piers resulting

from addition of the effects of prestrossing and negative live load
bend1I1@ Shall not exceed 0.G0 I
In continuous bridges of this type, shear reinforcement shall
be designed according to Artlcle 1.6.13.
The horizont:it shear connection between the castin-place slab
and the precast girder shall be designed in accordance with Article
1.6.14.
1 .. J 3
SHEAR *
but not less than

A, -100 b's/1,,
where I,,, shall not exceed 60,000 psi
V,. =0.061 b'jd but not more than 180 bJ d.
Web reinforcement may consist Of :
The spacing of w eb reinfo rcemont shall not exceed three-fourth.s

the depth o1 the member.
The ci itic:it sections for shen in simply supported beams will
usually not be near the ends of the span where the shear is a maximum, but at some pot nt away from the ends in a region nd high
moment.
For the design of web re inforcement in simply supported mem
bers carrying moving to:ids, it is recommended that shear be in
ves tig alecl only in the middle
half of the spin
length.
The
web
reinl orcement reqti ired at the quarter points should be used throi gh
oit the outer quarters of the span.
* The metho1 Jor les ign of web remit or cemeat: j resen tecl in ACI .3 18-7 1 is :in aece ptablo :iltc rnate but web rcinf or cemc nt shall not be less th:in Av
100 6./f s .
DESIGN
For continuous bridges whose individual spans consist of pre
cast prestressed girders, web reinforcement shall be designed for
the lull length of interi or spans and for the interior three-fourths
of the exterior span.
1 .. J 4 COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
IA J
General
Composite structures in which the deck is assumed to act integrally
with the beam shall be interconnected in accordance with (B) (C) and
(D) of this Article to transfer shear along contact su rf aces and to

prevent ,separation of elements.
IBJ Sheor Tronsfer
Full transfer of the ultimate horizontal shear forces may be
assumed when contact su rfaces are clean and intentionally roughened,
minimum vertical ties are provided in accordance with ( D) of this
Article, all sti rrups ai e fully anchored into all intersecting components,
and the web members are designed to resist the entire vertical shear.
Othe i wise, u ltimate horizontal shear stress shall be calculated and
limited accoril ing to ( C) and ( D) of this article.
I CJ Sheor Copocity
In lieu of the requ memento of FI ) of this article, ultimate horizontal shear stress may be computed by the formu la v= V,,Q/Ib . To iesist the computed shear stress, the follow ing values of shear capacity
shall be assumed at the contact surfaces :
When the minimum steel tie requirements of
Article are met
(D) of this
When the minimum steeltie requ irements of (D) of this

Article are met and the contact surf aces o:I the present elements are clean and artificially roughened
. .
300 psi
In addition to the above values ; for each percent of stirrup or
vei tical tie reinf orcemont crossing the joint in excess of the
minimum requ i resents of (D) of this Article
. 150 psi
I DI Verficol Ties
All web reinforcement shall extend into cast-inplace decks. The
mini mum total area of vertical ties per linear foot of span shall ldc not
less than the area of two No. 8 bars spaced at 12 in. Web reinforce
ment may be used to satisfy the vertical tie requirement. The spacing
of vertica I ties shall not be greater than four times the average thickness of the composite flange and in no case greater than 24 in.
IEl Shrinkage Sfresses
In structures with a cast-in-place slab on precast beams, the
differential shrinkage tends to cause tensile stresses in the slab and
in the bottom of the beams. F'ecause the tensile shi inkage develops
over an extended time period, the effect on the beams is reduced by

Cieep. Differential shrinkage may inPuence the cracking load and the
beam dePect ion prohle. When these factors are particularly significant,
the effect of differential shrinkage should le added to the effect of
loads.
1.6. 15
ANCHORAGE ZONES
For beams with post-tensioning tendons, end blocks shall be used to

distribute the concentrated prestressin g forces at the anchorage. Where
all tendons are pretensioned wires or 7-wire strand, the use of end
blocks will not be re1uired. End blocks shall have sufficient area to allow
the sJacing of the prestressing steel as specified in Article 1.6.TG. Preferably, they shall be as wide as the narrower flange of the beam. They
sh:ill have a length at least equal to three-lourths o:I the depth of the
beam and in any case 24 in. In post-tensioned members a closely spaced
grid of both vertical and horizont:it bars shall be placed near the face of
the end block to resist bursting stresses. Amounts of steel in the end
grid should follow i ecommendations of the supplier of the anchorage.
Where such i-ecommendations are not av:iilable the grid shall consist of at
least @ 3 bars on 3in. centers in each direction placed not more than
1/_ in. from the inside Oa e of the anchor bearing plate.
Closely spaced reinforcement shall be placed both vei tically and horizontally through out the length of the end block in accordance with
accepted methods of end block stress analysis.
In pretensioned beams, vertical stirrups acting at a unit stress of
20,G00 psi to resist at least 4 percent of the total prestressing f'oi e shall
be placed within the distance of d/4 of the end of the beam, the end
stirrups to be as close to the end of the beam as practicable. For at least
the distance d from the end of the beam, nominal i-einforcemenf shall
be placed to enclose the prestress ing steel in the bottom flange. For box
girders, transverse reinforcement shall be provided and anchored by
extending the leg into the web of the girder.
1.6. J 6 COVER AND SPACING OF STEEL
I A) Minimum cover
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressing and conventionil steel :
( 1) P restressing steel and main reinforcement
(2) Slab Reinforcement
(a) Top of slab
(1) When de-icers are used
(b) Bottom o:I slab
1t_ in.
. 2 in.
1
in.
(3) Stirrups and ties

1 in.
When de-icer chemicals are used, drainage details shall dispose of deicer solutions without constant contact with the prestressed girders. Where
such contact cannot be avoided, or in locations where members
DEBIGN
107
are exposed to salt water, salt spray or chemical vapor, add itional cover
should be provided.
IBI Minimum Spacing
The minimum clear spacing of prestressin g steel at the ends of
beams shall be as follows :
Pretensioning steel : three times the diameter of the steel or

1 the maximum size of the concrete a ggregate, whichever is
greater.
Post-tensioning ducts : 1'? in. or 1'/e times the maximum size
of the concrete aggi egate, whichever is the greater.
ICN Bundling
When post-tensioning steel is draped or deflected, post-tensioning
ducts may be bundled in groups o:I three maximum, provided that the
spacing specified in (B) is maintained in the end three ft. o:I the mem-
ber. Where pretensioning steel is bundled, the deflection points shall be

invesIig:ited for secondary stresses and all bundling done in the middle
th ird of the beam length.
I D I Size of Ducts
Ducts for prestressing steel when bars are used shall have a minimum inside diameter of 'is-in. larger than the diameter of the bars to
be used. When wire or strand is used, the area of the duct shall be at
least 2'?_ times as large as the area of prestressing steel in the duct.
J .6. J 7 POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES AND COUPLERS

Anchorages, couplers, and splices for post-tensioned rein:forcement
shi1l develop the required ultimate capacity of the tendons without exceeding anticipated slip. Couplers and splices shall be placed in areas
approved by the Engineer and enclosed in housing long enough to permit
the necessary movements.
Anchor-age, end fittings and exposed tendons shall be permanently
protected against corrosion.
Anchor fittings for unbonded tendons shall be capable of transferring
to the concrete a load equal to the capacity of the tendon under both static
and cyclic load ing conditions.
J .6. J 8
EMBEDMENT OF PRESTRESSED STRAND
Three or sevenwit e pretens ioning strand shall be bonded beyond the

critical section :for a development length (in inches) not less than
where
D is the nominal diameter in inches, I ,,, and :f,,, are kips per sq. in.
and the parenthetical expression is considered to be without units.
Investi gation may be limited to those cross-sections nearest each

end of the member which are required to develop their full ultimate
capacity.
WhPre straRd lS debonded at the end of a member, the development
length required above shall be doubled.
J .6.19
CONCRETE STRENGTH AT STRESS TRANSFER
Unless otherwise specified, stress shall not be transfers ed to concrete

until the compressive strength of the concrete as indicateil by test
cyllnders, cured by methods identical with the curing of the members, is
at least 4000 psi :for pre-tensioned members and 3500 psi for post-ten
sioned members.
J .6.20
BEARINGS
Bearing devices for prestressed concrete structures shall be designed

in accordance with Articles 1.7.49 through 1.7.56 and Section 12.
J .6.2 J
SPAN LENGTHS
The effective span lengths of slabs shall be as specified in Article

The effective span lengths of simply supported beams shall not exceed
the clear span plus the depth o:I the beam.

The span length of continuous or restrained floor slabs and beams
shall be the clear distance between laces of support. Where fillets making
an angle of 45 degrees or more with the axis of a continuous or restrained
slab are built monolithic with the slab and support, the span shall be
measured from the section where the combined depth of the slab and the
fillet is at least one and one-half times the thickness of the slab. I\Maximum
negative moments are to be considered as existing at the ends of the

span, as above defined. No portion of the fillet shall
be
considered
as
adding to the effective depth.
J .6.22 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

In all bridges, provisions shall be made in the design to resist
thermal stresses induced, or means shall be provided for movement caused
by temperature changes.
Mos ements not otherwise provided :f or, including shortening durinp
stressing, shall be provided for by moans of hinged columns, rockers,

sliding pl:itos, elastomeric pads or other devices.
I .6.23 T-BEAMS
In beam and slab composite construction, the junction between flange
slab and web beam shall meet the requirements of Article 1.6.14, if the
slab is to be considered an integral part with the beam. In cast-in-place
DE SI GN
or precast T-beams, equally effective shear rests tance shall be provided at

the junction of slab :ind beam.
fA J
Effective Flonge Width
In beam and slab construction , using precast, prestressed beams

and composite castinplace slabs, effective and adequate bond and shear
i-esistance shall be provided at the junction of the beam and slab.
The slab may then be considered as an integral part of the beam, but its
assumed effective width as a T-beam flange shall not exceed the
:fol1owing :
(1) One-fourth of the span length of the beam
(2) The distance center-tocenter of the beams
(3) Twelve times the least thickness of the slab plus the width
o:I the girder web.
For beams having a flange on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed onetwelfth of the span length
of the beam, nor six times the thickness of the slab, nor one-half the
clear d istance to the next beam.
For monolith ie prestressed construction, with normal slab spon and
girder spacing, the effectis e flange width is the distance center-tocenter of beams. For very short spans, or where girder spacing is
excessive, an alytical investigations shall be made to determine the
anticipated width of flange acting with the beam.
IBJ Consfruction Joints
When a construction .joint is requ ired between slab and beam of a

cast-in-place T-beam, the joint shall meet the requ ii ements of Article
1.6.14.
ICJ Diophrogms
Diaphiagms of precast or cast-in-place construction using prestressed or non-prestressed reinfoi-cement are recommended at span
ends. Intermediate diaphragms are not required in spans up to 40 :ft. ,
are recommended at mid-span for spans from 40 ft. to 80 it. ; and are
recommended at span third points for spans in excess of 80 ft.
I DJ Isolated Beoms
Isolated beams, in which the T-f orm is used only :for the purpose
of provid ing add itional compression at-ea, shall have a flange thickness
not less than onehalf the web width.
For
composite
construction,
flange width shall not exceed 4 times the web width. For monolithic piestressed construction, flange width shall not exceed 15 times the web
width and shall be a deg nate for all design loads.
1.6.24 BOX GIRDERS

A J Loterol Disfribufion of Loods for Bending Moment *
( 1)
In te nor Beo ins
'The live load bend ing moment for each interior beam in a
spread bOX bPam s uperStI'uctui'e shall be determined by applying
to the beam the fraction (D.F.) of the wheel load (both front and
rear') determined by the following equation :
D.F.=
where N,
nii mber of design traffic lanes (as defined as N in

Art. 1.2.G)
S= beimspacnginfeot (675
L= spun|ength, infeet
in Art. 1.2.6) (32

(2)
Exterior Beo ins
The live loacl bending moment in the exterior beams shall be
leterminPd by :ipplying to the beams the reaction of the wheel

loads obtiin ed by asen ming the flooring to act as :i simple span
(of length S) between beams, bit I shill not be less than 2N; / N p.
IBJ
Elective Compression
Flonge Widfh
In g irdei and flange constiuction, con.sist in g of a stem with top

met bottom slab, effective and ad epi ate bond and shear resistance
sh all be provident at the juncture of the gii-cler and the slan. The slab
may then be con Si dered an i ntergral part of the girder, but its effective width n a girder flange shall not cxceed the following :
(1) One You rth of the span len Mth of the girder
( 2) The di stance center-to-center of gii ders
? ) Twelve times the least th ickness of the slab plus the width
of the gir1er web.
For- girdei s h:wing a flame on onP side only, the effective overhi ngin g vi1th shall not exceed the Vol lowing :
(1 ) One twelf th of the span length of the girder
12) One half of the clear distance to the next girder
13) Six times the lent thickness of the slab
DESIGN
IC J
Flonge
Thickness
( \ ) Top Flo nge
The minimum flange thickness shall be ?c of the clear distance

between gi rders or 6 in., whichever is greater, except the minimu in
thickness way be reduced for factory produced precas I elements to
6'?c in.
(2)
Bottom Flo nge
The maximum thickness of the bottom flange shall be deter-
mined by maximum allowable unit stresses as specified in Article

1.6.6 but in no case shall be less than '/i. of the clear span between
girders or 5'm in., whichever is the greater, except the minimum
thickness may be reduced lor factory produced precast elements to
5 in. Adequate fillets shall be provided at the intersections of all

surfaces within the cell of a box girder, except at the I unction of
well and bott ore flange whore none are requ ired.
IDI Minimum Bor Reinforcement for Cosf-In-Ploce Post-Tensioned Box
Girders
( 1)
Top Flo nge
The minimum top flange reinforcement shall be the same as

for reinforced concrete box girders.
(2)
Boffom Flo nge
The minimum bottom flange reinforcement shall be the same

as for re intoned concrete box girders except the minimum reinforcement shall be 0.3 percent of the Panpe section.
I EJ Sheor
The hot-izontal sheirin g unit stress at the junction of the flange
and the monolithic fillet join in g it to the girder web shall not exceed
0.15 I',
Changes in girder stem thickness shall be tapered for a minimum
distance of 12 times I.he difference in web thickness.
IFJ Diophrogms
Diaphi=agms or spi-eaders within the precast box beams shall be
placed at midspan for spans up to 50 ft. ; at third points :for spans for
50 to 5 It. aan
nd
d t uarter oints :for s ans over 75 lt.
i ntervals not to exceed 80 it. Diaphragm spacing for curved girders
shall be given special consideration.
Section 7
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
J .7.1 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
Isee Tobie 1.7.1 J
Stresses are shown in pou n cfs per square inch .
'The mod ulus of elasticity of all grades of steel shall be assumed to be

29,000,000 ps i and the coefficient of linear expansion 0.0000065 per degree
Fahrenheit.
5t ructural
Carbon
5I eel
T ab I c 1 . 7. I
IIigh Strength Low
AST V Dns nin

U p I.o
P I n cl.
fi ma Jes (h)
Goups (6)
1 ve r 4
To 4 "
T o 8 I n ct.
Appficable
Aa
.
7t1 . 000
46 , G00
40.000
27,000
2J OOO
36
23 00 0-
2 5 , 000-
27 , 000-
(A) Hivctcd unde

16. 000-
L'
18 , 000
L'
= 16, 000-
L'
20 , 000
22 , 000-
14.000
17.000
54,000
40.000
Bearny on m:Med 9h9rne:s znd Other
tation (10)
not subject0.80F
37.000
32.000
31,000
14 000
16,000
17.000
48,000
See i'age II 4 for Iootn otes.
37 . 0 TO
1 8 , 000
28.000
(such sg ustl in rocke:s nnd hingus]
0.4OF,
34 . 000
1 7 . 0011
66.000
40.000
1.7.1
Alloy Stru ctural Steel

M223 (A572) (B)
(A SI4/A517(9)
Up to TQ I net.
Up to
4 Incl.
Not applicable
Shapen thru 42 6 #/Ft.
60 , 000
42,000
70,00
75.000
30 , 000
33 . 000
36 , 000
48 , 090
TO, 000
33, 000
36, 0()()
49, 000
45,000
27,000
23 , 000
27, 0110
3. 000
25, 000
27, 000
28
34
2 7 , 00014.4
19,000-
20,000-
b
b
22,000-
30 , 000-
23
8 6 , 000-
49 , 000-
US , 000-
29,000-
40,000-
44,000-
24,000-
28,00U-
44,000
48,000
44, 000
46 , 0 00
24 , 000
1 7, 00 0
J4, 000
3 7 , 00 0
34.000
87,000
17.000
48.000
34,010
37 , 000
17,000
40 , 000
40,000
.55, 000
44.000
72 , 000
52 , 00o
72,000
26 , 000
72.000
114
FOOTNOTESFOR TABLE >7.1
( I ) Continuous or c a nIilcver beams or gi rders mav be p report ion ed for negative women I at
i uterine en p po r ts Io r an allow a bIe u n it stress 20 po rcent hig her than permitted by th is :to rmula
but i n no case ex needing aim w able u n it s tress Io r comp ress ion flange sup po rted its Iml lenpth.
If cove r plates a re used, the alto w a blc s tati c stress at the pot n I of theoretical cutoff shall be as
determ tried by the Io rmul a.
( 2 ) 1 ton gth , i n in ches , of unsu p ported fl ange between la te raI connecti ons, kn ee b races or
othe r pot nts of en p per t. For conti nun us beams an d g i rde rs , 1 may be taken as the
d istance f rom trite rio r s upp o rt to poin I o:I dead load ccn Iraflex u re if this d is tance is
less th an des ig n ated above.
For can ti1ev'er beam an d gi rders , I may be taken as tw ice the distan ce I rom the s up p ort to the
end of the ca n tileve r, if this rue ta n ce is let s than desig n ated above.
r
b
radius of 8yration , in inches, of the comp reset on flange nbout the axie i n the plane
of the web.
flan ge w idth, in i n ches.
L
Ie ngth of member, in i nches.
r = least radius of gYration of member, in inches.
For comp reseion members with values of greater than those s frown or of kn own ec cent ri city.
see Ap pe ndix C.
( 4 ) See also Article 1.7.4
( 5 ) Linn ited to 4 th iclc ness for structural members other than bearing assembly components.
( 6) Groups I and 2 include all shapes excent those in Groups 3, 4 and 6.

Group 3 in eludes A nghs,
wide flange shapes :
in thi ckness a nd the Iollowi rig
Nominal Depth. In.

x Nowt n at Width, In.
14 3 16
12 X 12
Group 4 in eludes w ide flanae sha pes having nominal
16 in ches, an d weig ht per I oot of 2 19 to SS 0 pen rids ,
G roup 5 incl udes wide flanae s ha pcs hav in g no rni n at
16 in ches, a n d weiiiht per I not of 605 to 7 30 p oun de,
For breakdown of Groups 1 an d 2 see ASTM A6.
Weight Per ft. , Lb.

. . . 142 to 211 incl.
. . . . . . . . 120 to 190 incl.
depth of 14 inches , nom i n at width of
incl us we.
depth of 14 i n ches , nom in at width of
in elusive.
(Z) M222 ( A 588 ) is upplicabl e for we lde I st ructures. with Su p pleme nta ry Requirement 51,
Impact Properties , I See AASHO M222 I .
( 8) A ppli cable Ior weI dcd structures in Grades 42, 4 5 and 50 in pI ate th ick nesses th roug h
19j an d i n shape groups 1, 2 an d 3. w'ith Sup pleinenta ry Requirement SZ, Ian p act Properties,
( See AASHO ltt223 ) .
( 9) Quen ched a nd tempered alloy steel structural shapes a n d seamless mech an ical tubi rig
meeti rig all mechan ical and chemical requ memento of A STM At 1 4/A5 17 s teel, etePt that the
speci fled maximum tensile stren gth may be 14 0,000 ni to r stru ctural s hapes and I46,000 par
to r aeamlese mech an ical tubi na , shall be confide bed as ASTM ASI 4 / A6t7 steel.
( 1 0) This shall apply to pins used p nana rily in axiiiug loa4ed members, such us truss members
an d c:i1le adju stint; links. It shall not ap j1y to j in s used in mem be re hav ing rot:ition caused bv
exp:in sion or deflection.
1.72
DE SIGN
1.7.2 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR WELD METAL

Unless otherwise spec ified, the yield point and u ltimate strength of
weld metal shall be equal to or greater than min imum specified val ue of
the base metal. AI lowable stresses on the effective areas of weld metal
shall be as follows :
Butt Welds
The same as the base metal joined, except in the case of joining metals of d ifferent yields when the lower yield material
shall govern.
Fillet welds
F,. = 12,400 psi on base metal with minimum specified yield
point or strength of 36,000 psi.
F,= 14,700 psi on base metal with minimum specified yield

point or strength between 40,000 psi and 50,000 psi
inclusive.
F,=25,000 psi on base metal with a minimum specified yield
strength between 50,000 ps i and 100,000 psi incl us we.
AWS AS.1, E 70 electrodes, or eqn ivalent weld metal,
may be used for fillet welds on AS 14/A 517 steel ; for
sucii welds F,. = 14,700 psi.
Plug welds
F,. 12,400 psi for resistance to shear stresses only,
where F,=allowab le basic shear stress.
J .7.3 FATIGUE STRESSES

The number of cycles of maximum stress to b
. considered in the
design shall be selected from Table 1.7.3A unless traffic and load ometer
surveys or other considerations mid icate otherwise.
Number of cycles of maximum sti'ess

to be used when the tyJie of load
Case
II
Type
OI
Road
1. Freeways
2. Exp ressivays
3. Major
Highways &
Streets
producing maximum stress is :
H Loadin g
H5 Load ing
Lane Lo:iding
2,000004
500000
1O0 O04
600, 1100
1t1f1, fIt)0
100,000
Other Hi glivvays
& Streets not
included in
Case 1
* \Yhore HS 8: H I oa1i rips give the s:true in ax imum stress, use th c n nan be r ct cycles tin if or H
loadings.
The nu mber of maximum stre->s cycles from win d loads shall be

100,000 unless cond itions at a specific s ite or ii dynamic analysis of a
particular structure indicate otheIwise.
In addition to meeting basic design criteria, members and fasteners
subject to repeated v:iriations or reversals of stress shall be designed
for :fatigue.
Allowable I atigue stress, F,., shall apply to live load in combination
with dead loads, wind loads only, and wind loads in combination with
dead loads. Allowable fatigue stresses shall not be increased for com
bined loadin gs. F,. is given by the following formula, except a-> notei in
Table 1.7.3 (B) :
1 k,R
A)
'
where R = algebraic ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress.

'This ratio may be expressed also in terms of moment, shear, axial force
or torque.
,
1 , but not less than 1.0
8,
(B)
cc and k, = values of coefficients given in Table 1.7.3 (B)

f,,= value given in Table 1.7.3 ( B ) , in psi.
F,,= minimum tensile strength, in psl, given in Article 1.7.1, or

other appropriate minimum ultimate strength.
'
F,= allowable fatigue stresssee Figures 1.7.3 (A) and 1.7.3 (B)
for graphical presentations of the more commonly used values.
Btitt welded splices which conform to all of the :following conditions

shall be designed for F,. as determined for Base metal adjacent to con-
tinuois flange-web hllet welds :
(1) The parts joined are of equal thickness.

(2) The parts joine1 are of equal widths or if of unequal w idths
they shall be transitioned in accordance with Article 1.7.19.
3) Weld soundness is established by radiographic inspection and
the requirements of such inspection are speci fied.
(4) The weld is finished smooth and flush with the base metal on all
surfaces by grinding in the direction of applied stress, leaving
surfaces free from depressions. Chipping may be used providing it is followed by such grinding.
Butt welded splices which do not conform to all of the foregoing
conditions shall be designed for F . as determined for Base Metal ad
jacent to butt welds and shaped in accordance with Article 1.7.19.
Prackets, clips, gussets, stiffeners, and other detail material shall
not be wet ded to members or parts subJ ected to tensile stress unless the
maximum stress at the point o:I attachment does not exceed F,. for
BitS Metal in members adjacent to or connected by fillt Or plug welds.
117
Cixvos {]) tirx+ @ ore plotted
fw M l 83 (A 36) 8 feel. For of her afclc
multiply
from
thv
formula
Fot i que
CATEGORY
curve
( B)
v olucs
by the
Arf. I .7. 5
stress , Fy , 8 h0Il
CYCLES
F,
nof
FORMULA
cxc+e d
cuev
NO
F i gure
1.? 3A
Fatigue
Sfresses
This restriction shall not apply to a compression flange at locati ons where
stiffoners, studs, or fillet v elded shear connectors only are weldetl.
For members with stud shear connectors attached to tension flanges
the allowable stress shall not exceed F,. for " Flanges v ith stud shear
connectors.
J .7.4 PINS, ROLLERS AND EXPANSION ROCKERS

The effective bearing area of a pin shall be its diameter multiplied by
the thickness of the material on which it bears. When parts in contact
have different yield points, F, shall be the smaller value.
FATICUE STRESSES
7ob/ 1 .7.3B
Type of
Tvpe & Location of Stateriot
100.000 Cctes
Base Metal
( 4 ) Tension or
Reversal
60,000
Base Metal adjace nt to

tri ction ty p e Iastener
( 4 ) Tension
( I ) G omp res sion
20,300
13,000
1.06
1.06
Base Metal a djarent to

bearing type Iastene r
( 4 ) Tens in n or
Comp ress ion
Weld Metal or Base

Metal ( 3 ) adjacent to
Butt Weld
( 4 ) Tension
( I ) Comp reset on
Flan ges w'ith Stud Shear

Con nectorn
Base Metal adjacent to or
con nected by fillet ( 2 ) ( 7 )
oz ptuB wetde
Fri ction tip e Iastener
( 5 ) Tene ion or
Comp ress ion
20,500
13,300
0.65
0.65
20,500
1.06
21,000
Base Metal adjacent to

tra usverse stifle ner in
ASTM A6 14/A 5 t7
steel
'
0.55
20,500
13,300
0.55
1?,200
10,600
0.78
0.78
0.65
0.23
0.23
0.54
0.54
0.65
15,000
0.67
0.67
11,500
1.00
0.36
8 ,0
I.oo
9,000 ,
0.62
11,200
0. 50
18,000
LOO
F,
Shear
1 3,500
Tension or
Gompr cssion
20,500
13,300
0.62
16,500
10,80tJ
Bea ri rig ty pe fastener

Base Metal ( s ) sdiacen
to continuous Pa nge web
fillet weld
2.000.000 Cxctes
17,200
(4)Shear
500,0 00 Cycles
Stress
45,000
20,509
11,400
0.65
0.65
1.00
,6
( continued on page 119 )
FO O TNO TES TO "1ABL E 1.7.3B ( continued I rom p age 118.)

( 1 ) Use the F o rmul a :
( 2 ) The us ual cont in uous fillet we1dot flung c-web con neutrons and sim ila r con nectio ns shall be gove rne1 by Catego r J, Base
Met at ad Ia cent to cont inuous flange-web fi llet welds.
( 3 ) Dase Metal adjacent to Inng itud inaI butt wells anl the weld metal i n long itud inal bu It welds shall be governe d by Category I,
Base Metal adJ a cent to Continuous fla nge- web fillet welds.
( 4 ) See graihs on figure 1.7.3A.
( 5 ) See grants on figure 1. 7.3B .
( C ) The Cat ego re G , Weld Metal in Table 1.7.3B d oes not ap ply to th is case. Wh ere the shea r st ress in the welds exceeds 15 ks i ,
Fr Fi -|- 3F in which Ft, and F aie the max inn nan bend ing an d she a r st resses i n the weI 1 and Fr is the altoiv a 6Ie fatigue stiess Ior
Catego ry J, Base Metal A ljacent to continuous flange-web fillet wet ds. lnterm ittent fillet welds shall not be per-rii i tteil.
( 7 ) See Catego nes I an1 K for excey tions.
Figure 1.7. 3 B
FATIGUE STRESSES
CATEGOR'Y
F
CYCLES
BASE METAL
IOQOOO
cnr v c J ed by
500.000
od|ocsni to or
FORMULA
NUMBER
TYPE
OF
TRESS
!f s O O
!- R
Fotigve slrers , Fr , sho 4 not exceed
- I.O -0. 8 -46 -O.4 - 0.
0 +O.2 +O.4 +0.6 +0.8 + I.O

min.
Bearing per linear inch on expansion rockers and rollers shall not
exceed the values obtained by the Iollowing formulas :
F 13,000
600d
Diameters up to 25 inches p
20,000
DESIGN
1.7.4
121
F, 13,000
Diameters from 25 to 125 inches
20,000
3,000
where :
p allowable bearing in pounds per linear inch

d diameter of rocker or roller in inches
F,= minimum yield point in tenet on of steel in the roller or
bearing plate, whichever is the smaller.
Steel may conform to one of the follow ing designations in addition to
the designations l isted in Article 1.7.I :
G old Fin ished Carbon Steel Bars and Sha fting, AA SHO, M-169
(AST I\I A-108)
Carbon Steel Forgings for General Industrial Use, AASH O,
M102 / ASTM A-235)
Alloy Steel Forgi rigs for General Industrial Use, ASTM A-237
Expansion rollers shall le not less than 4 inches in diameter
I\I-169
M-102
M-102
I\1-102
None
4 in dia.
(To 211 ( To 20 (To 10 (To 20
or less
in dia.) in dia. ) in dia.) in dia.)
AASHO Designation
with size limitations
ASTM Designation
\\ ith Ciradc or Class
A-108
A-23?
A-235
A-26
A-287
Grades 11116
to 11180 inc.
Class
Cl
Class
E
Class
G
Class
A
36000'
33,000
B\600
J OOOO
50000
Minimum Yield
Point, psi
F.
Stress in Extreme
Fiber, psi
0.80 ',.
29,000 "
26,000
80,000
40,000
40,000
Shear', psi
0.40 F,
14,400 *
18,000
15,000
20,0110
20,0011
0.40 F,.
14,000 "
13,000
16,000
20,tt0ft
20,000
Bearing on pins not
subject to rotation,
psi '' *
Bearing on pins subI Act to rotation, psi
( Such as used in
iockoi's and hinges)
* For losi jn jurp os e only. Not a ; art of the A 108 sjecifi cations . 5u p p lean on ta ry mate ri.i I
i'equi cements sh ouJ d p rovi dc gua ra n tee that mater iaI will meet these values.
** M:iv s u b sI i I u te rollout material of the same n robic rties.
* * * 1h i.s sh all a; p I y to ji ins use1 j nana riI y in x tall y loaded in embers , s u ch as t runs mem bets
:in d cubic al i us tin I inks. It shall not a n;ly to jins useI in membe re h avi n;;; rotation causecl bv
expansion or ilefleetion.
J .7.5 FASTENERS I RIVETS AND BOLTS I

In proportion ing fasteners, the nominal diameter shall be used, except
as otherwise noted.
The effective bearing area of a fastener 9hall be its diameter run lti-
plied by the thickness of the metal on which it bears. In metal less than
8
' inch th ick, cou ntersunk rivets, turned bolts or ribbed bolts shall not be
assumed to carry etress. In metal is inch thick and over, one-half the
depth of countersin k shall be omitted in calculating the bearing area.
Allowable unit stresses in pounds per square inch for fasteners shall
be as listed in the table below :
Shear
'Type of Fastener
Tension
Bearing
Friction
Type
Connec-
tion
Bearing
Type
Connec-
tion
(A ) Low C'nr6oii Steel Bolts ( 1)

Turned l3olts (ASTM A -307)
antl Ribbeil Bolts
( II) No iucr Dir en Ztrc /s
(rivets striven by pneumatreally or electrically

operated hammers are
considered pov ei driven) .
Structural Steel Rivet

AASHO I\1228, grade 1
( ASTM A-502 grade 1)
Structur:it Steel Rivet
( High Strength)
AASHO M228, grade 2
(ASTM A-602 grade 2)
( C) Hi gm Sir enjj Hi Bolts

High Strength Steel Bolts
AASH O M-164 (ASTM A325 )
40,000
40,009
3G,00I1
40,000 ( ?)
20,000
18,5011
20,000 (4)
High strength bolts may be substituted for Grade 1 rivets, AASHO

1\I 228 (AT TI\I A-502) .
All bolts Pxcept h igh strength bolts, shall have single self-locking
nuts or double nuts.
Joints req umed to resist shear between their connected parts are
designated as e ither Nr iction type or bearing type con nect ions. Shear
connections su b jected to strew reversal, or where slippage wou Id be undesirable, shall be friction type.
Bolts in bearing type con mentions shall have the threads excluded
from the shear planes of the contact surfaces between the connected
parts. I n clete rmining whether the bolt threads are excluded from the
shear planes of the contact surf aces, th read length of bo lts shall be cal( 1 ) AS TM A? 07 bolts shall not be used i n con neutrons subject to Iatigue.
( 2 ) Basecl o n area at the root of th read.
( 3 ) Lees n ct a;'plv to Ination typ e con unction s.
( 4 I Th c allow a blc shcii r x'alue of bolts I r boa r in g ty j c con nect.ion s i n steel with n y tel d p q;q
less then 4 8 , 0 90 psi sh all be redu ce1 by 20 jj w hen th e on 1 ct the s;1icc in ate rim is more than
24 inches Irom the en d of the con ii ectcd mem bcr, $s hasured alori i: the gage line o I the bet ts.
1.7.5
123
DES IGN
c ulated as two thread lengths greater than the specified thread length as
an allowance for th read run out.
In bearing type connections, pull-out shear in a plate should be invest igated between the end ef the plate and the end row of fasteners.
High strength bolts preferably shall be used for Iastene rs s ubject
to computed tension or combined sh ear and computed tension .
For combined shear and tension in friction type joints, where applied
:forcee reduce the total clamping force on the friction plane, the allowable
unit shearing stress, f,., for AAS HO M164 (ASTM A325) high strength
bolts shall not exceed the values obtained from the following equation :
:f, 13,500 .22f ,
where f,=tensile stress due to applied loade
When rivets or high-strength bolts in benrinp type connections are

subject to both shear and tension, the combined stress shall not exceed
values obtained from the following equation :
s + (kt) = S
where s= the computed rivet or bolt unit stress in shear
t= the computed rivet or bolt unit stress in tension

S the allowable rivet or bolt unit stress in shear
k a constant : 0.75 for rivets ; 0.555 for A 325 bolts with
threads excluded from shear plane.
Bolted bearing type connections using high strength bolts shall be

li roited to members in compression and secondary members.
Where shown in the design drawings, enlarged or slotted holes may
be used with high strength bolts proportioned to meet the allowable unit
stresses given a1ove except as herein alter restricted :
1. Holes '?ii; inch larger than bolts /s inch and less in diameter,
? inch larger than bolts 1 inch in diitmeter, anil ?c inch larger
than bolts 1?s inch and greater in diameter may be used in
uncoated friction type shear con neutron s provided a hardened
washer is inserted under both the head and nut.
2. Slotted holes ',ic inch wider than the bolt diameter and of a
length more than allowed in subparagraph 1 but not more than
2' _ times the bolt diameter may be used without regard to
direction of' loading in enclosed parts

connections if one-third more bolts are
to satisfy the design requirements. Only
parts adjacent to an individual laying
slotted holes.
of friction-type shear
provided than needed
one o:I the Enclosed
surface may contain
When enlarged or slotted holes are used, the distances between

edges of adjacent holes or edges of holes and edges of members
124
shall not lie less than that permitted with conventional size
holes under Art. 1.7.36.
J .7.6
IA
CAST STEEL, DUCTILE IRON CASTINGS, MALLEABLE CASTINGS AND

CAST IRON
Cost Steel ond Ductile Iron
For cast steel con:forming to specifications for Steel Castings for
Highway Bridges, AASHO M 192 (ASTM A 486) Mild-to MediumStrength Carbon-Steel Castings for General Appl ication AASHO M 103,
(ASTM A 27) and Corrosion-Resistant Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloy
Hastings for General Application, AASHO M 163 (ASTM A 296) and
f oi Ductile fron Castings, ASTM A 536 the following allowable stresses
in pounds per square inch shall be used :
AASBO Designation
ASTM Designation
Class or Grade
none $ M192
M 192
A27 A486
70-36
Minimum yield point, F,
70
36,000
M 163
A486
None
A 296
Aii36
90
120
CA-15
60-40-18
60,000
95,000
65,000
40,000
Axial Tension
14,500
22,500
34,000
24,000
16,000
T'ension in extreme fibers
14,500
23,500
34,000
24,000
16,000
Axial Compression,
short columns
Compression in extreme fibers
20,000
20,000
30,000
30,000
45,000
45,000
32,000
32,000
22,000
22,000
Shear
Bearing, steel parte in contact
Bearing on pins not subject to
rotation
Bearing on pins subject to
rotation (such as used in
rockers and hinges)
9,000
13,500
21,000
14,000
10,000
30,000
4fi,000
68,000
48,000
33,000
26000
40000
60000
43000
28000
13000
20000
30,000
21800
14,000
When in contact with castings or steel o:I a different yield point,
the allowable unit bearing stress of the material with the lower yield point
shall vovern. For riveted or bolted connections, Art. 1.7.5 shall govern.
fBl Molleoble Costings

For malleable castings conforming to specifications for Malleable
Iron Hastings, AASHO M 106, (ASTM A 47) grade No. 35018, the following allowable stresses in pounds per square inch, shall be used :
Tension
. .
Bending in extreme fiber

Modulus of elasticity
18,000
18,000
25,000,000
DESIGN
1.7.6
125
fCJ Cost Iron
For cast iron castings conform in g to spec ifications for Gray Iron
Castings, AASHO M 105, Class 30, the Vol lowing al lowable stresses in
pou nds per square inch, shall be used :
Bending in extreme fiber
Shear
Direct
compression,
short
3,000
columns
3,000
. 12,000
J .7.7 BRONZE OR COPPER-ALLOY

Bronze castings, AASHO M 107 I ASTM B 22) Alloys A or B or Copperalloy Plates, AASHO M108 IASTM B 100 ) , shall be specified.
The allowable unit bearing stress in pounds per square inch on
Bronze castings or Copper-alloy plates shall be 2,000.

J .7.8
BEARING ON MASONRY
The allowable unit bearing stress in pounds per square inch, on the
following typee of masonry, shall be :
Granite '
Sandstone and Limestone
Concrete :
Bridge eeate, under hinged rockers and
bolsters Inot subjected to high edge loading
by deflecting beam, girder, or trust)
1,000
Bridge seats, under bearing plates or nonhinged shoes (subjec ted to high edge loading by the direct beat ing, upon the plate or
shoe,
of
deflecting
beam
or
girder) ,
average
.
700
The above bridge seat un it stresses will apply only where the edge
of the bridge seat projects at least 3 inches (average) beyond edge of shoe
or plate. Otherwise, the unit stresses permitted will be 75 percent of the
above amounts.
DETAILS OF DESIGN
J .7.9
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN
For the ca lcu lation of stresses, span lengths shall be assumed as the
distance between centers of bearings or other points of support.
1.7.1 O DEPTH RATIOS

For beams or girders the ratio of depth to length of span, preferably
shall not be less than ':-.
For composite girders the ratio of the over-all depth of gi rder (con-
crete slab, plus steel girder) to the length of span preferably shal I not be
126
less than 3_- , and the ratio of depth of steel girder alone to length of span
shall not be less than '/o.
For trusses the ratio of: depth to length of span shall not be less
than'/i.
For continuous span depth ratios, the epan length shall be considered
ae the distance between the dead load points of contraflexure.
J .7.J I
LIMITING LENGTHS OF MEMBERS
For compression members, the ratio of unsupported length to radius

of gyration shall not exceed 120 for main members, or those in which the
major stresses result from dead or live load, or both ; and shall not exceed
140 for secondary members, or those whose primary purpose is to brace
the structure against lateral or long itu dinal forces, or to brace or reduce
the unsupported length of: other members, main or secondary.
In determining the radius of gyration for the purpose of applying the
limitations of the l/r ratio, the area of any portion of a member may be
neglected provided that the strength of: the member as calculated without
using the area thus neglected and the strength of the member as computed
:for the entire section with the
ratio applicable thereto, both equal or
exceed the computed total stress that the member must sustain.
The rad ius of gy ration and the effective area for carrying stress of a
member contain ing perforated cover plates shall be computed for a
transverse section through the maximum width o:I perforation. When
perforations are staggered in opposite cover plates the cross-sectional
area of the member shall be considered the same as for a section having
perforations in the same transverse plane.
Unsupported length shall be assumed as follows :
For the top chords of half-through trusses, the length between
panel points laterally supported as indicated under At ticle 1.7.85 ; for
other main members, the len gth between panel point intersection s or
centers of braced points or centers of end connections ; for secondary
members, the length between the centers of the en d connections of
such members or centers of braced points.
For tension members, except rods, eyebars, cables and plates, the
rati o of u nsu pported length to radius of gyration sha 11 no I exceed 200 for
main members, shall not exceed 240 for bracing members, and shall not
exceed 140 for main members subject to a reversal of stress.
J .7.12 DEFLECTION
The term de Section as used herein shall be the deflect ion computed
in accordance with the ass u mption made for loading when comput in g the
stress in the member.
Members havin g simple or contin uous spans shall be designed so that
the deflection due to l we load pl us impact shall not exceed 'ie of the span,
except on bridges in u rban areas used in part by pedestrians whereon the
rati o preferably shall be /iuac.
The deflection of cantilever arms due to I we load plus impact shall be

limited to ' ii of the canti levo r arm except for the case i nclud ing pedestrian use, where the ratio preferably shall be'?i- ,
1.7. 12
DE SIGN
When span s have cross-bracing or diaphragms su the i ent in depth or
strength to insu re lateral d istri bu Ii on of loads, the deflection may be

computed I:or the standard H or H5 loadin g, cons iden ng all beams or
str in gers as acting together and having equal deflection.
The moment o:I inertia of the grose cross-sectional area shall be used
for compu ti ng the deflection s of beams and girders. When the beam or
gi rder is a part of a compost te member, the live load may be cons idered as
acting upon the compos ite sect ion.
The gross area of each truss me mber shall be used in computing
deflections of trusses. If perforated plates are used the effective area shall
be the net vol u me d ivided by the len gth from center to center of
perforati one.
J.Z. J 3 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF METAL

5tructu rat steel ( includ ing bracing, cross frames and all types of
gusset plates , except for webs of certain rolled shapes, closed ribs in
orthotropic decks, fillers and in railings, shall be not less than 'ie in
thickness. I'he web thickness of rolled beams or channels shall not be
less than 0.23. The thickness of closed ribs in orthotropic decks shall not
be less than '?i,.
Where the metal wiI l be exposed to marked corrosive influences, it
shall be increased in thickness or specially protected against corros ion.
It should be noted that there are other provisions in this section
pertain i rig to th ickness for fillers, segments of compression members,
gusset plates, etc. As stated above fillers need not be '? in in.
For stiffeners and ou tstand i rig legs ot angles, etc., refer to Article
1.7.15.
For str ffen ers and other plates refer to Plate Girders.
For compress ion members refer to Trusses.
J .7.14 EFFECTIVE AREA OF ANGLES AND TEE SECTIONS IN TENSION

The effective area of a single angle tension member, a tee section
tens ion member, or each angle of a double angle tension member in which
the shapes are connected back to back on the same side of a gusset plate,
shall be ass umed as the net area of the connected leg or flange plus onehalf of the area of the ou tstand ing leg.
If a double angle or tee section tension member is connected with the
angles or flanges back to back on opposite sides of a gusset plate, the full
net area of the shapes shall be considered as effective.
When angles connect to separate gusset plates, as in the case of a

double webbed truss, ani the angles are connected by stay plates located
as near the gusset as practicable, or by other adequate means, the fu 11 net
area of the angles shall be considered effective. If the angles are not so
connected, only 80 percent of the net area shall be cons idered effective.
Lug angles may be considered as effective in transmitting stress,
provided they are connected w ith at least one-third more fasteners than
reQ uired by the stress to be carried by the I ug angle.
128
J .7. J 5
OUTSTANDING LEGS OF ANGLES
The widths o:I outstanding legs of angles in compression

where reinforced by plates) shall not exceed the following :
(except
In main members carrying axial stress, 12 times the thickness.
In braci rig an'd other secondary members, 16 times the thickness.
For other limitations see Article 1.7.88.
I .7.J 6
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
The design shall be such as to allow for total thermal movement at

the rate of Ui in 100 feet. P rovis ions s hall be made for changes in length
of span resu lting :f rom live load stresses. In spans more than 300 feet
long, allow ance shall be made for expansion and contraction in the floor.
The expansion end shall be secured against lateral movement.
J .7.17
COMBINED STRESSES
A 11 members su bject to combined bend ing and d irect stresses shall be

proportioned for the maxi mum unit stress s;ecified in Appendix C.
When bend in g s tresses are induced by the component of externally applied
loads actin g perpend icular to the axis of the member, shal I be assumed
equal to +1.
I .7.I 8
ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS
Mem bers, i nclud i ng brac i n g, preferab ly shall be so connected that
ther r gravity axes wit I inte rsect i n a point. Eccent ric connections shall
be avo ided, if pract icabl e, but if unavoidable the members shall be so
proport ioned that the combined fibe r stresses w i 11 not exceed the allowed
axial strew.
J .7. IR SPLICES AND CONNECTIONS

Spl ices may be macl e wi th ri vets, by h igh strength bolts or by the
use of we Id in g. Splices, whether in tension, compression, bending or
shear, shal l be designed for not less thin the average of the calcu lated
s trees at th e point of spl ice and the strength of the member at the same
pot nt but, in any event, not less than 75"? of the strength of the member.
Where a section changes at a spl ice, the strength of the smaller section is
to be used for the above splice requ i resents. The st rength of the member
shall be determ tried by the gross sect ion I or compression members and
by the net section for tension mem bers and members primarily in bend ing.
As an alternate, splices of rolled flexural members may be poporhoned for a shear ejual to actual maximum shear multipl ied by the
ratio of the splice design moment and the actual moment at the splice.
Web spl ice Jlates and their connection s shall be designed for the portion
of the dest gn moment resisted by the web and for the moment due to the
eccenti icity of shear introduced by the splice connection. Flange splice
plates need be designed only for the portion of the design moment not
resisted by the web.
1.7.19
DESIGN
129
Web plates shal I be spliced symmetrica fly by plates on each side. The
spI ice plates for shear shall extend the full depth of the girder between
flanges. In the splice there shall be not less than 2 rows of rivets or bolts
on each side of the joint.
Compression members, such as columns and chords, shall have ends
in close contact at riveted and bolted splices. Splices of such members,
wh ich will be fabricated and erected with close inspection and detailed
with milled ends in full contact bearing at the spl ices, may be held in place
by means of spl ice plates and rivets or high strength bolts proportioned
for not less than 50 percent of the lower allowable stress of the sections
spliced.
Tension and compress ion members may be spliced by means of full
penetration butt welds preferably wi th out the use of splice plates.
Spl ices in truss chords and columns shall be located as near to the
panel points as practicable and usually on that side where the smaller
etress occu rs. The arran gement of plates, angles and other splice elements
shall be such as to make proper prov is ion for the stresses, both axial and
bend in g, in the component parts of the members s pl iced.
For riveted an d bolted flexural members, splices in flan ge parts .shall
not be used between field spI ices except by special permission of the Engineer. In any one flange not more than one part shall be spl iced at the
same cross-section. If practicable, splices shall be located at points where
there is an excess of section. Riveted and bol ted flange angle splices shall
include two angles, one on each side of the flexural member.
In continuous spans, splices preferably shall be made at or near points
of contraflexure.
Welded field spl ices p refc rably should be arranged to minimize overhead weld ing.
If spl ice plates are not in direct contact wi th the parts which they
connect, the n umber of fasteners on each side of the joint shal I be in excess
of the number requ ired for a d i rect contact splice to the extent of at least
two extra transverse lines of fasteners for each intervening plate, except
as provided below.
If fasteners carrying stress pass through fillers, the fillers preferably
ehall be extended beyond the gusset or splice material, and the extension
secured by enough additional fasteners to carry the stress in the filler,
wh ich stress is to be calculated as the total stress in the member divided
by the comb ined area of the member plus the fillers. As an alternate, the
additional fasteners may be passed through the gusset or splice material

without extending the filler.
If the filler is less than '/i inch th ick it shall not be extended beyond
the spl icing material and additional fasteners are not required. Fillers
'/i inch or more in thick ness shall consist of not more than two plates,
unless special permission is given by the Engineer.
In welded splices any filler '/i in. or more in thickness shal I extend
beyond the edges of the splice plate and shall be welded to the part on
which it is fitted with sufficient weld to transmit the splice plate stress
applied at the s urface of the filler as an eccentric load.
The welds joining the splice plate to the filler shall be sufficient to
transmit the splice plate stress and shall be long enough to avoid over-
II I GH WAY B RI DCE S
130
stressing the filler along the toe of the weld. Any filler less than '/i in.
thick shall have its edges made flush with the edges of the splice plate.
The weld size necessary to carry the splice plate stress shall be increased
by the th ickness of the filler plate.
Fillers in high strength bolted friction type connections need not be
extended and developed, but eccentricity of forces at short thick fillers
must be considered.
Material of different widths spliced by butt welds shall have transitions conf or min g to Figure 1.7.19 except that for A514 and A517 steels
o nly the transiti on illustrated in Fig. 1.7.19a is permitted. At butt weld
splices joining writer ml of diffei-ent thicknesses there shall be a uniform
slope between the offset surfaces of not more than 1 in 2_ with respect
to the surface of either part.
DETA IL 0F THICKNESS TRAN SITION
Ib J S tr oight To per ed Tronsit ion
Fig. I.? I9 SPLICE DETAILS
1.7.20
STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS
Except as otherwise proc ided herein, connections shall be designed

for the average of the calculated stress and the strength of the member,
but they shall be designed for not less than 75 percent of the strength of
the member.
Connections shall be made symmetrical about the axis of the members
insofar as practicable. Gon nections, except for lacing bars and handrails,
shall contain not less than two fasteners or equivalent weld.
1.7.21
DESIGN
J .7.2 J DIAPHRAGMS, CROSS FRAMES AND LATERAL BRACING

Rolled beam and plate girder spans shall be provided with cross
frames or diaphi agms at each end and with intermediate cross frames or
diaphragms spaced at intervals not to exceed 25 feet. Cross frames shall
be :is deep as practicable. Diaphragms shall be at least and pre:ferably
_ the gii der depth. End cross frames or diaphragms shall be proportioned to adequately transmit all the lateral :forces to the bearings. Special
consideration shall be given to the design of cross frames used on
horizontally curved steel girder bridges. These cross frames shall be
designed as main members with adequate provisions for transfer of
lateral forces from the girder flanges.
On spans 125 feet or longer with a concrete floor or other floor of
equal rigidity, which is adequately attached to the top flanges, one
plane or system of lateral bracing shall be provided near the bottom
flange. Spans with timber or other nonrigid flooring shall have one
system of lateral bracing near the bottom flange for spans longer than
40 feet and two systems of lateral bracing for spans 125 feet or longer.
The lateral bracing shall be placed in at least one-third of the bays.
Cross frames or diaphragms shall be placed in all bays.
Where beams or girders comprise the main members of through
spans, such members shall be stiffened against lateral deformation by

means o1 gusset plates or knee braces with solid webs which shall be
connected to the stiff eners on the main members and the floor beams.
I:I the unsu pported length of the edge of the gusset plate (or solid web)
exceeds 60 times its thickness, the plate or web shall have a stiffen ing
plate or angles connected along its unsupported edge.
Through ti uss spans, deck truss spans and spandrel braced
shall have top and bottom lateral bracing.
arches
Bracing shall be composed of angles, other shapes or welded sections.

ID a double system of bracing is used, both systems may be considered effective simultaneously iI the members meet the requirements
both as tension and compression members. The members shall be connected at their intersections.
The lateral bracing of compression chords, prefer':ibly shall be as
deep as the chords and effectively connected to both flanges.
The smallest angle used in bracing shall be 3 by 2' a inches. There
shall be not less than 2 fasteners or equivalent weld in each end connec
tion of the angles.
J .7.22
NUMBER OF MAIN MEMBERS ON THROUGH SPANS
Where beams, girders or trusses are used for through spans, the
spans preferably shal I have only two main members. Such members shall
be spaced a sufhc rent d istance apart (center to center) to be secure
against overturn ing by the assumed lateral forces.
132
I .7.23 ACCESSIBILITY OF PARTS

The accessib il ity of all parts of a structure for inspection, cleaning
and painting shall be secured by the proper proportioning of members
and th e design of: thei r details.
J .7.24 CLOSED SECTIONS AND POCKETS

Closed sections, and pockets or depressions which will retain water,
shall be avoided where practicable. Pockets shall be provided with
effective drain holes or be hlled with waterproofing material.
Iletails shall be so arranged that the destructive effects of bird life,
the retention of d irt, leaves, and other foreign matter will be reduced to
a minimu m. Where angles are used, either singly or in pairs, they
preferably sh all be placed with the x'ertical legs extending downward.
J .7.25 WELDING, GENERAL

Welding symbols and :fabrication shall conform to the current Speci-
fications for Welded Highway and Railvay Bridges of the American Weld-
ing Society and Art. 2.10.23 except that welding of steels not covered by
this specification shall conform to established welding procedures for
those steels.
Material for structural members which is designed and specified to
be welded shall con:form to AASHO M183 (AS'IM A36) , AASHO M161
( ASTM A242 of a weldable grade) , or AASH O M188 (AISTM A441) .

In addition to the steels named above and covered in Article 1.7.1, other
weldable steels may be considered a:fter the suitability and weldability of:
same has been thoroughly established.
1.7.26 MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS

,
The minimum fillet weld size shall be :is shown in the followin g
table. Weld size is determined by the thicker of the two parts joined
unless a larger size is required by calculated stress. The weld size need
not exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Material 'Ihickness of Thicker

Piirt Joined
(Inches)
Minimum Size of F'i1let \\'e1d

( Inches)
To jinclusive
The minimum size seal weld shall be "i, fillet weld.
DE SICN
J .7.27
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE SIZE OF FILLET WELDS
The maxim um s ize of a fillet weJd that may- be assu med in the des ign
of a connection shall be such that the stresses in the adjacent base

material do not exceed the val ues all owed in Article 1.7.1. The maximu in
size that may be used along edges of connected parts shal I be :
(1) ) A long edges of material less than '? inch th ick, the maxim u
in size may be equal to the thickness of the material.
( 2) Along edges of material 'ii inch or more in th ickness, the
maximum size shal I be '/n inch less than the th redness of the
material, un less the weld is espec rat l y des i gnated on the
drawi ngs to be b u ilt out to obtain full th roat thickness.
J .7.28
EFFECTIVE WELD AREAS
IA I Butt Welds
The effective area shal I be the effective weld length mu ltipl red by
the effective throat thickness.

( I) The effective weld length for any butt weld, square or
skewed, shal I be the width of the part joined, perpend icular
to the d irection of stress.
12) The effective th roat th ickness shall be the th ickness of the
thinner piece of base metal joined. ( No increase is permitted for weld reinforcement.)
/Bl Fillet Welds

The effective area shall be the effective weld length mu]tipl ied by
the effective throat th ickness. (Stress in a fillet weld shal I be considered as applied to th is effective area, for any direction ot applied
load.)
(1 ) The effective length of straight fillet weld shall be the overall
lingth of the fu 11-size fillet incl ud ing end returns.
(2) The effective length of a curved fillet weld shal I be the length
of the line generated by the centerpoint of the effective
throat thickness.
3I The effective throat thickness shall be the shortest distance
from the root of the diagrammatic weld to the face,
J .7.29
MINIMUM EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
The min imum effective length of a fillet weld shal I be four times its
size and in no case less than 1'3:inches.
J .7.30 FILLET WELD END RETURNS

Fillet welds wh ich support a tensi Ie force that is not pa raIle1 to the
axis of the weld, or wh ich are proport toned to w ithstand repeated stress
shall not terminate at corners of parts or members but shall be returned
cont in uously, fu II size, around the corner for a length equal to twice the
weld size where s uch retu rn can be made in the same plane. E nd returns
shall be indicated on design and detail drawings.
J .7.3J
LAP JOINTS
The mini mum width of laps on lap joints shall be 5 times the thickness of the th inner part joined and not less than 1 inch. Lap joints joining
plates or bars subjected to axial stress shall be fillet welded along the edge
of both lapped parts except where the deflection of the lapped parts is
sufficiently restrained to prevent opening of the joint under maximum
loading.
J .7.32
SEAL WELDS
Seal weld ing shall preferably be accomplished by a continuous weld

comb ining the functions of seal ing and strength, changing section only as
the requ ired strength or the requirements of minimu in size fillet weld,
based on material th ickness, may necessitate.
J .7.33
FILLET WELDS IN SKEWED TEE JOINTS
When joining material in skewed tee joints, fillet welds shall not be
used for joints that have an incl uded angle of less than 60 degrees.
J .7.34
FILLET WELDS IN HOLES AND SLOTS
Fillet welds in holes or slots may be used to transmit shear in lap

joints or to prevent the buckl ing or separation of lapped parts, and to join
components of built-up members. Such fillet welds may overlap, su bject
to the provisions of Article 1.7.28. Fillet welds in holes or slots are not to
be considered plug or slot welds.
J .7.35
SIZE OF FASTENERS PRIVETS OR HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS I
Fasteners shall be of the size shoix'n on the draw ings, but generally
shall be 'li inch or ? inch in diameter. Fasteners ?s inch in diameter shal I
not be used in members carry in g calculated stress except in 2'?_ i rich legs
of angles and in flanges of sections requi ring ?s inch fasteners.
The diameter of fasteners in angles carrying calculated stress shall
not exceed one-fourth the w idth of the leg in wh ich they are placed.
In angles whose size is not determined by calculated stress, s inch
fasteners may be used in 2 inch legs, '?i inch Iasteners in 2'?_ inch legs,
/s inch fasteners in 3 inch legs, and 1 inch Iastene re in 3,_ inch legs.
Structu rat shapes which do not admit the use of /s inch d iameter
fasteners shall not be used except in handrails.
J .7.36 SPACING OF FASTENERS

The pitch of fasteners is the distance along the l me of principal
stress, in inches, between centers of adjacent fasteners, measured along
one or more fastener lines. The gage of fasteners is the distance in inches
between adjacent lines of Iasteners or the distance from the back of angle
or other sh ape to the first I i ne of has teners. The pitch of fasteners shall
be governed by- the requ i resents for sealing or stitch, wh ichever is the
minimum.
1.7.36
DE SIGN
The min imum d istance between centers of fasteners shal l be th ree

times the diameter of the fastener but, preferably, shal l not be less than
the following :
For 1 inch fasteners, 3' inches.
p 7/8 inch fasteners, 3 inches.
For 2i i n ch Iasten ers, 2?a i nches.

For /s inch fasteners, 2fi inches.
1.7.37
MAXIMUM PITCH OF SEALING AND STITCH FASTENERS
IA I Sealing Fasteners
For sealing, the pitch on a single line adjacent to a I ree edge of an
outside plate or shape shall not exceed 4 inches + 4t or 7 inches. If
there is a second line of fasteners uniformly staggered with those in the
line adjacent to the free edge, at a gage g less than 1'/_ inches + 4t
therefrom, the staggered pitch in two such lines, considered together,
shal l not exceed 4 inches + 4t "fig or 7 inches 'fi g but need not be less
than one-half the req u meanest for a single l ine. t= the th redness in
inches of the thinner outside plate or shape.
IB J
Stitch Fasteners
In bu ilt- up members where two or more plates or shapes are in

contact, stitch tasteners shall be used to irisu re un iform action and, in
compress ion members, to prevent buckl ing. In compression members
the pi tch of stitch fasteners on any single line in the direction of stress
shall not exceed 121, KCpt that, if the fasteners on adjacent lines are
staggered and the gage g between the line under consideration and
the farther adjacent line ( if there are more than two lines ) is less than
241, the staggered pi tch in the two lines, considered together, shall
not exceed 121 or 151 "/sg. The gage between adjacent l ines of fasteners
shall not exceed 241. t=the thickness, in inches, of the th inner outside plate or shape. In tension members the pitch shall not exceed twice
that specified for compression members and the gage shall not exceed
that specified for compression members.
For pitch of fasteners in the ends of compression members, See
Article 1.7.86.
J .7.38
IA J
EDGE DISTANCE OF FASTENERS

General
The min imum distance f rom the center of any fastener to a sheared
or flame cut edge shal I be :
For 1 inch fasteners, 1/i inches.
For 7s inch fasteners, 1'/a inches.
For " /i inch fasteners, 1'/i i nches.
For 7s inch fasteners, 1'7e i nches.
The mini run in distance from the center of any fastener to a rol led
or planed edge, except in flanges of beams and channels, shall be :
For
For
For
For
1 inch fasteners, 1'3_ inches.

'lb inch fasteners, 1'/i inches.
/; inch fasteners, 1'/s inches.
/s inch fasteners, 1 inch.
In the flanges of beams an d channels the distance shall be :

For 1 inch fasteners, 1*i inches.
For /s inch fasteners, 1"s inches.
For ' inch :fasteners, 1 inch.
For / inch fasteners, /s inch.

The maximum distance from any edge shall be e ight times the
thickness of the thinnest outside plate, but shall not exceed 5 inches.
I BI Special
In connections des igned by bearing on the plates and
more than two lines of Iasteners parallel to the direction of
the distance between the center of the nearest fastener and
the connected member toward which the pressure from the
having no
the stress,
that end of
fastener is
di rected, shall not be less than the nominal shearing area of the fastener
( single or double shear, as the case may be) divided by two-thirds of

the plate thickness. This end distance may be proportionately less
where the stress per fastener is less than that of the maximum permitted, but not less than 1.5 times the fastener d iameter.
In bearing type connections having no more than two fasteners in
a line parallel to the direction of stress, the distance between the center
of the nearest fastener and that end of the connected member towards
which the pressure from the fastener is directed shall not be less than
AC/t for single shear or 2AC/I for double shear, where A is the
nominal cro9S-sectional area of the fastener, t is the thickness of the
connected part and C is the ratio of specified minimum tensile strength
of the Iastener to the specihed minimum tensile strength of the connected part. Th is end distance may be proportionately less where the
shear stress per fastener is less than that permitted in Article 1.7.5, but
not less than US times the fastener diameter. It need not exceed 1'
times the transverse spacing of the Iasteners.
1.7.39
LONG RIVETS
Rivets subjected to calculated stress and having a grip in excess of

4'7 diameters shall be increased in number at least 1 percent for each
add itional '/is inch of grip. If (he grip exceeds six times the d iameter o:I the
rivet, spec tally designed rivets shall be used.
1.7.40
LINKS AND HANGERS
In p in -connected tension members other than eyebars, the net section

across the pin hole shall be not less than 140 percent, and the net section
back of the pin hole not less than 100 percent of th Et?QU Ired net section of
the body of the member. The ratio of the net width through the pi n
hole transverse to the axis of the member) to the th ickness of the segment
D E SIGN
shall not be more than 8. Flanges not bearing on the pin shall not be
cons idered in the net section across the pin.
I .Z.41 LOCATION OF PINS

Pins shall be so located with respect to the gravity axie of
members as to reduce to a minimum the stresses due to bending.
the
I .7'.42 SIZE O - PINS

Pins shall be proportioned for the maximu in shears and bend ing
moments prod uced by the stresses in the members connected. If there
are eyebars among the parts connected, the diameter of the p in shall be
as specified in Article 1.7.46.
J .7.43 PIN PLATES

When necessary for the req u ired section or bearing area, the section
at the pin holes shal l be i ncreased on each segment by plates so arran ged
as to red uce to a in in imum the eccentricity of the segment. One plate on
each side shall be as wide as the outstanding flanges will allow. At least
one fu 11 w idth plate on each segment shal I extend to the far edge of the
stay plate and the others not less than 6 inches beyond the near edge.
These plates shall be con meeted by en ough rivets, bolts, or fillet and pl ug
welds to transmit the bearing pressure, and so arranged as to distribute it
uniformly over the fuI l section.
I .Z.44 PINS A ND PI N NUTS

Pins shall be of sullied ent length to seen re a f u 11 bear in g of all parts
connected u pon the turned body of the pin. They sha 11 be secured in position by hexagonal recessed n uts or by hexagon a I sol id n uts with washers.
If the pins are bored, th rough rods w i th cap washers may be used. Pin
nuts shall be malleabl e castings or steel. They shall be seen red by cotter
pins in the screw en ds or else the screw ends shal l be long enough to
permit burring the threads.
Members shall be held against lateral movement on the pins.
J .7.45 UPSET ENDS

Ba rs and rods with screw ends, where s pecified, sha II be u pset to
provide a section at the root of the th read, v'hich v'i ll exceed the net
section of the body of the member by at least 15 percent.
1.7.46 EYEBARS
Eyebars shall be of a uniform thickness without reinforcement at the
pin holes. The th ickness of eyebars sha'l be not less than 'pa of the width,
nor less than /_ inch, and not greater than 2 inches. The section o:I the
head through the center of the pin hole shall exceed the required section of
the body of the bar by at least 35 percent. The net section back of the pin
hole shall not be less than 75 percent of the requ ired net section of the body
of the member. The rad i us of transition between the head and body of the
eyebar shall be equal to or greater than the width of the head through the
centerline of the p in hole. The diameter of the pin shall be not less than
eld point of steel
rues the width of the body of the eyebar.
J .7.47 PACKING OF EYEBARS

The eyebars of a set shall be symmetrical about the central plane of
the tru ss and as nearly parallel as practi cable. Bars shall be as close
together as practicable and held against lateral movement, but they shall
be so arranged that adjacent bars in the same panel will be separated by
at least /e inch.
Intersectin g d iagonal bars not far enough apart to clear each other
at all times shal I be clamped together at the intersection.
Steel hlling rings shall be provided, if needed, to prevent lateral
movement of eyebars or other members connected on the pin.
1.7.48 FORKED ENDS

Forked ends will be permitted only where u navo idable. There shall
be enough pin plates on forked ends to make the section of each jaw equ at
to that of the member. The pin plates shall be long enough to develop the
;iin plate beyond the near edge of' the stay plate, but not less than the
length requlred by At ticle 1.7.43.
BEARINGS
\ .T.49
FIXED
BEARINGS
Fixed ends shall be firmly anchored. Bear in gs for spans less than
50 feet need have no provision for dePecti on. Spans of ii0 feet or greater
shall be prov ided wi th a type of bearing employing a h inge, curved bearing plates, elastomer ie pads, or pin arrangement for deflection purposes.
1.7.50
EXPANSION BEARINGS
Spans of less than 50 feet may be arran ged to slide u pon metal
plates with smooth su rfaces and no prov isions for de Section of the spans
need be made. Spans of 50 feet and greater shall be provided with rollers,
rockers or slid in g plates for expansion purposes and shall also be provided
with a type of bearing employing a hinge, curved bearing plates, or pin
arrangement for deflection purposes.

In lieu of the above requirements elastomeric bearings may be used.
See Section 12, Dlvi9ion I of this specification.
I .7.5 I
BRONZE OR
COPPER-ALLOY
SLIDING
EXPANSION
BEARINGS
Bronze or copper-alloy st iding plates shall be cha mfe red at the ends.
They shall be held securely in position, usually by being inset into the
1.7.51
DESIGN
metal of the pedestals or sole plates. Prov is ions shall be made against any
accu mu lation of d i rt wh ich will obstru ct free movement of the span.
J .7.52
ROLLERS
Expansion rollers shall be connected by substan tial s ide bars and sha II
be gu ided by gearing or other effectual means to prevent lateral movement, skewing and creeping. The rollers and bee ring plates shall be protected from di rt and water as far as practicable, and the des ign shall be
such that water will not be retained and that the roller nests may be
inspected and cleaned easily.
J .7.53
SOLE PLATES AND MASONRY PLATES
Sole plates and masonry plates shal l have a min imu in th ickne.ss of
inch.
For spans on i ncli ned grades greater than 1 * without hinged bearings the sole plates shall be beveled so that the bottom of the sole plate is
level, u nless the bottom of the sole plate is rad ial ly en rved.
I .7.54
MASONRY BEARINGS
Beams, gi rdere or trusses on mason ry sha 11 be so en pported that the

bottom chords or flanges wit I be above the bridge seat, prefers b ly not less
than 6 inches.
J .7.55
ANCHOR BOLTS
Trusses, girders and rolled beam spans preferably shall be securely
anchored to the substr uctu re. Anchor bolts shall be swedged or threaded
to secure a satisfactory grip upon the material used to embed them in
the holes.
The following are the minimum requirements for each bearing :
For rolled beam spans the outer beams shall be anchored at
each end with 2 bolts, 1 in diameter, set 10 in the masonry.
For trusses and git-ders :
Spans 50 feet in length or less ; 2 bolts, 1 in diameter, set
10 in the masonry.
Spans 51 to 100 feet ; 2 bolts, 11i in d iameter, set 12 in the
masonry.
Spans 101 to 150 :f eet ; 2 bolts, 1_ in diameter, set 15 in

the masonry.
Spans greater than 150 feet ; 4 bolts, 1t: in diameter, set
15 in the mason ry.
Anchor bolts shall be designed to resist uplift as specified in Article

1.2.16.
1.7.56 PEDESTALS AND SHOES

Pedestals and shoes preferably shall be made of: cast steel or structural steel. The difference in width between the top and bottom bearing
surfaces shall not exceed twice the distance between them. For hinged
bearings, th is distance shall be measured from the center of the pin. In
bu ilt-up pedestals and shoes, the web plates and anglee connecting them to
the base plate shall be not less than /s thick. If the size of the pedestal
permits, the webs shall be rigidly connected transversely. The minimum
thickness of the metal in cast steel pedestals shall be 1. Pedestals and
shoes shall be so designed that the load will be distributed uniformly over
the entire bearing.
Webs and pin holes in the webs shall be arranged to keep any eccentricity to a minimum. The net section through the hole shall provide
140 Jo of the net section required for the actual stress transmitted through
the pedestal or shoe. Pins shall be of su fficient length to secure a full
bearing. Pins shall be secured in position by appropriate nuts with

washers. All portions of pedestals and shoes shall be held against lateral
movement on the pins.
FLOOR SYSTEM
1.7.57 STRINGERS
Strin gers preferably shall be framed into floorbeams. Stringers sup-
ported on the top flanges of floorbeams preferably shall be continuous

over two or more panel9.
1.7.58 FLOORBEAMS
Floorbeams preferably shall be at right angles to the trusses or main
girders and shall be rigidly connected thereto. F loorbeam connections
preferably shall be located so the lateral bracing system will engage both
the floorbeam and the main supporting member. In pin-connected trusses,
if the floorbeams are located below the bottom chord pins, the vertical
posts shall be extended sufficiently below the pins to make a rigid connection to the floorbeam.
J .7.59
CROSS FRAMES
In bridges with wooden flors and steel stringers, intermediate cross

frames or diaphragms) shall be placed between stringers more than
20 feet long.
1.7.60
EXPANSION JOINTS
To provide for expans ion and contraction movement, floor expansion

joints shall be provided at all expansion ends of spans an d at other points
where they may be necessary.
Apron plates, when used, shall be designed to bridge the joint and to
prevent, so far as practicable, the accumulation of roadway debris upon
DESIGN
1.7.60
the bridge seats. Preferably, they shall be connected rigidly to the end
floorbeam.
1 .7.6J END CONNECTIONS OF FLOORBEAMS AND STRINGERS

The end connection shall be designed for the loads 9pecified. The end
connection angles of floo rbea ins and stringers shall be not less than is inch
in fin ished th i ckn ess. Except in cases of special end floorbeam details, each
end connection for floorbeams and stringers shall be made with two angles.
The length of these angles shall be as great as the flanges will permit.
Bracket or sheI f angles which may be used to furn ish su pport during
erection shal l not be considered in determ in ing the n u mber of fasteners
requ i red to transmit end shear.
End connection details shall be designed with special care to provide
clearance for making the field connection.
End connections of stringers and floorbea ins preferably shall be
bolted with Hi gh Strength Bof ts, however, they may be riveted or welded.
In the case of welded end connections, they shall be designed for the
vertical loads and the end bend ing moment resul ting from the deflection
of the members.
Where timber str in gers frame into steel floorbeams, shelf angles with
st iffeners shall be provided to carry the whole reaction. Shelf angles shall
be not less than 7 s inch thick.
J .7.62
END FLOORBEAMS
There shall be end floorbea ins in all square-ended trusses and girder
spans and preferably in skew spans. End floorbeams for truss spans
preferably shall be des igned to perm it the use of jacks for l ifting the
su perstruc tu re. For th i s case the allowable stresses may be increased
50 percent.
End floorbea ins shall be arranged to permit painting of the side of
the beam ad jace nt to the abutment backwa 11.
1.7.63
END PANEL OF SKEWED BRIDGES
In skew br idges without end Poorbeams, the end panel stringers

shal l be secured in correct pos it ion by end struts connected to the stringers
and to the main tru sees or gi rder. The end panel lateral b racing shall be
attached to the main trusses or gi rders and also to th e end struts. Ade-
quate provisions shall be made for the expansion movement of stringers.
J .7.64
SIDEWALK BRACKETS
Sidewalk brackets shal I be connected in such a way that the bending

stresses wil I be transferred directly to the floorbeams.
142
ROLLED BEAMS
J .7.65 ROLLED BEAMS, GENERAL
Rolled beams, including those with welded cover plates, shall be
designed by the moment of inertia method. Rolled beams with riveted
cover plates shall be designed on the same basis as riveted plate girders.
The compression flanges of rolled beams supporting timber floors
shall not be considered to be laterally supported by- the flooring unless the
floor and fastenings are specially designed to provide adeQuate support.
J .7.66 BEARING STIFFENERS

Suitable stiffeners shall be provided to stiffen the webs of rolled
beams at bearings when the unit shear in the web adjacent to the bearing
exceeds 7ii o of the allowable shear for girder webs. See the related
provisions of: Article 1.7.73.
1.7.67 COVER PLATES

The length of any cover plate added to a rolled beam shall be not less
than (2D -l3) i'eet where (D) is the depth of the beam in feet.
The maximum thickness of a single cover plate on a flange shall
not be greater than 2 times the thickness of the flange to which the
cover plate is attached. The total thickness o1 all cover plates should
not be greater than 2/_ times the Pange thickness. The thickness and
width of a cover plate may be varied by butt welding parts of different

thickness or width, with transitions conforming to the requirements of
Article 1.7.19. Such plates shall be assembled and welds ground smooth
before attaching to the Pange. Cover plates may be either wider or
narrower than the flange to which they are attached. Cover plates wider
than the flange to which they are attached must be provided with
transverse end welds. The end weld may be returned around the beam
Pange or stopped short of the Pange toes.
Any partial length welded cover plate shall extend beyond the theoretical end by the terminal distance, or it shall extend to a section where
the stress in the beam flange is equal to the allowable fatigue stress for
Base Metal adjacent to or connected by fillet welds, whichever is greater.
I'he Iheoreticnl end of the cover plate is the section at which the stress in
the flange without that cover plate equals the allowable stEt3S9 exclusive of
fatigue considerations. The term/nnl distotice is 2 times the nominal cover
plate width for cover plates not welded across their ends, and ID time9 IOP
cover plates welded across their ends. The width at ends of tapered cover
plates shall be not less than 3 inches. The weld connecting the cover plate
to the flange in its terminal distance shall be continuous and of sufficient

size to develop a total stress of not less than the computed stress in the
cover plate at its theoretical end. All welds connecting cover plates to
beam flanges shall be continuous and shall not be smaller than the mini-
mum size permitted by Article 1.7.26.
DESIGN
1.7.68
PLATE GIRDERS
J .7.68 PLATE GIRDERS, GENERAL
Girders shall be proportioned by the moment of inertia method. In
calculating the net moment of inertia of riveted plate girders, the gravity
axis of the gross section shal l be used and the moment of inertia of all
holes each s ide of the axis shall be deducted. The tensile stress shall be
computed from the moment of inertia of the entire net section and the
compressive s tress from the moment of inertia of the entire gross section.
The compression flanges of plate girders supporting timber floors
shal I not be considered to be late rally supported by the flooring u nless the
floor and fasten ings are specially designed to provide support.
J .7.69 FLANGES
fA J Welded Cirders
Each flange may compri9e a series of plates joined end to end by full
penetration butt welds. Changes in flange areas may be accompl ished by
varying the thicknes9 or width of the flange plate, or by adding cover
plates. Where plates of varying thicknesses or widths are connected, the
splice shall be made in accordance with Article 1.7.19 and welds ground
emooth before attaching to the web.
When cover plates are used, they shall be designed in accordance with
Article 1.7.67.
The ratio of compression flange plate width to thickneee shall not
exceed the value determined by the formula :
b/t
but in no case shall b/t exceed 24.
Where the calculated compressive bending stress equals .55 F the
b/t ratios :for the various grade9 Of steel shall not exceed the following :
36,000 Q9i, Y.P. Min.
42,000 to
46,000 psi, Y.P. Min.
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min.
55,000 psi, Y.P. Min.
60,000 psi, Y.P. Min.
b/t =23
b/t= 21
b/t= 20
b/t = 19
b/t= 18
65,000 psi, Y.P. Min.

b/t 17
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min.
b/t= 15
100,000 psi, Y.P. Min.
b/t= 14
In the above b is the flange plate wid th, t is the thickness, and I is
the calculated maximum compressive bending stresses (see Art. 1.7.112 for
Hybrid Girders) .
fBl Rivefed or Bolfed Girders

Flange angles shall form as large a part of the area of the flange as
practicable. Side plates shall not be used except where flange an glee
exceeding 7/g inch in thickness otherwise wou Id be required.
Width of outstanding legs of flange angles in compression, except
those reinforced by plates, shall not exceed the value determined by

the formula :
b/t=
but in no case shall b/t exceed 12.
Where the calculated compressive bending stress equals .55 F, the

b'/t ratios for the various grades of steel shall not exceed the following :
36,000 psi Y.P. Min.
b/t= 11
42,000 to
55,000 to
100,000 psi Y.P. Min.
b'/I= 10
b'/t= 9
b/I= 7.5
b/t7
In the above b' is the width of a flange angle, t is the thickness, and
is the calculated maximum compressive stress.
The gross area of the compression flange, except for composite
design, shall be not less than the gross area of the tension flange.
Flange plates shall be of equal thickness, or shall decrease in
thickness from the flan ge angles outward. No plate shall have a thickness greater than that of the flange angles.
At least one cover plate of the top flange shall extend the full length
of the girder except when the flange is covered with concrete. Any
cover plate which is not full length shall extend beyond the theoretical
cut off point far enough to develop the capacity of the plate or shall
extend to a section where the stress in the remainder of the g irder
flange is equal to the allowable fatigue stress, whichever is greater.
The theoretical cut off point of the cover plate is the section at which
the stress in the flange without that cover plate equals the allowable
stress, exclusive of fatigue considerations.
The number of fasteners connecting the flange angles to the web
plate shall be sufficient to develop the increment of flange stress transmitted to the flange anglee, combined with any load that is applied
directly to the flange.
Legs of angles 6 inches or greater in width, connected to web plates
shall have two lines of :f asteners. Cover plates over 14 inches wide shall
have four lines o:I fasteners.
1.7.70 THICKNESS OF WEB PLATES

IAJ Girders Not Stiffened Longitudinolly
The web plate thickness of plate g irders without ton gitudinal
stiffeners shall not be less than that determined by the formula :
23,000
but in no case shall the thickness be less than D/170.
1.7.70
DE SIGN
h
\ I
| | | | | | | || |
I I I 1 1 1 J I l .l
hI I I I I I I I I
|
|
| | )
| |
| | ||
| |t
||| |
&
wcs Tnicxxcss aso si9ocn oEnni

t< fvncfive vf bending atrvm)
f$ cvlcvlofv4 cvmprccsivc bcndhg etrccs In flange
Figure I.7 70
Where the calculated compressive bending stress in the flange

equals the allowable bending stress, the thickness of' the web plate, (with
the web stiffened or not stiffened depending upon the requirements for
transverse stiffeners) , shall not be less than (where the Y.P. ie for the
flange material) :
36,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/16$
50,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/140
90,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/105
42,000 psi. Y.P. Min.

45,000 & 46,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
55,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
60,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
65,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
100.Oflfl ri.st . V.P. Mi n
D/150
D/145
D/133
D/127
D/121
ri / i rin
IBJ Girders StiRened Longitudinolly

The web plate thickness of plate girders equ ipped with longitud inal
stiffeners shall not be less than that determined by the formula :
D
46,
but in no case shall the thickness be less than D/340.
Where the calculated bending stress in the flange equals the allow-
able bending stress, the thickness of: the web plate stiffened with transverse stiffeners in combination with one longitudinal stiffener, shall not
be less than (where the Y.P. is for the flange material) :
36,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
42,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/330
D/300
50,000 psi. Y.P. J\/Lin.

55,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
60,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/280
D/266
D/253
45,000 & 46,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
65,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/290
D/242
90,000 psi. Y.P. Min.

D/210
100,000 psi. Y.P. Min.
D/200
In the above, D (depth of web) is the clear unsupported distance,
in inches, between flange components, t is the web thickness and I,
is the calculateil flange bending stress.
J .7.7J TRANSVERSE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS

Except as otheriv ise provided below, the webs of plate girders shall
be stiffened at inte rvals not greater than the distance given by the
formula :
11,0001
( See Figure 1.7.71A)
but n.ot greater than the clear unsupported depth of the web plate between
flanges, in which :
d=the requ ired distance between str ffeners, in inches
t==the thickness of the web plate, in inches
f, the average calculated unit shearing stress in the gross
section of the web plate at the point considered.
The first two stiffener spaces at the simply supported ends of girders
shall be one-half the val ue specified above.
Transverse intermediate stiffeners may be omitted if the web plate
thickness is not less than the thickness determined by the formula :
Figure 1.7.71B)
7500
but in no case shall t be less than D/ 150.
Where the calculated shear stress equals the allowable shear streS9,
1.7.71
147
DE SIGN
transverse in termed rate stiffeners may be omitted if the thickness of the
web is not less than :

36,000 psi. Y.P.
42,000 psi. Y.P.
45,000 & 46,000 psi. Y.P.
50,000 psi. Y.P.
55,000 psi. Y.P.
60,000 psi. Y.P.
65,000 psi. Y.P.
90,000 psi. Y.P.
100,000 psi. Y.P.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
D/68
D/64
D/60
D/58
D/56
D/53
D/51
D/43
D/41
Intermediate stiffeners preferably shall be made of plates for welded

plate girders and shall be made of an gles for riveted plate girders. They
may be in pairs, one st iffener fastened on each side o:I the web plate, with
a ti ght fit at the compression flange. They may however be made a single
stiff ener fastened to one side of the web plate. When siiffeners are used
on one eide only of the web plate, they shall be fastened to the compression
flange.
The moment of inertia of any type of transverse stiffener shall not
be less than :
where I 25
20, but not less than 5.0.
fn these expressions,
I the in inimu in permissible moment of inertia of any type of

transverse intermediate stiffener.
I the requ ired ratio of rigidity of one transverse st iffener to
that of the web plate.
d -the requ ired d istance between stiffeners, i n inches.

d,== the actual d istance between stiffeners, in inches.
D the u nsu pported depth of web plate between flange components, in inches.
t= the thickness of the web plate, in inches.
When stiffeners are in pairs, the moment of inertia shall be taken
about the center I me of the web plate. When single stiffeners are used,
the moment of inertia shall be taken abou t the face in contact with the
web plate.
Stiffeners at points of concentrated load ing shall be placed in pairs
and shall be designed in accordance with Article 1.7.73.
The wid th of a plate or the outstanding leg of an angle intermediate
st iffe ner shall not be less than 2 inches plus ? the depth of the girder,
and it shall preferably not be less than 'fi the ful I width of the girder
flange. The th ickness of a plate or the outstanding leg of an angle inter
med rate stiffener shall not be less than 'in its width. Intermediate
stiffeners may be A36 steel.
48
FIGURE 1.7.71 A
( See page 149 for Figure 1.7.7 IB)
J .7.72 LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS

The centerline of a plate longitudinal stiffener or the gage line of an
angle longitudinal stiffener shall be D/5 from the inner surface or leg of
the compression flange component. The longitudinal stiffener shall be
proportioned so that :
I Dt( 2.4
where
do
Ithe minimum moment of inertia of the longitudinal stiffener

about its edge in contact with the web plate.
D the unsupported d istance between flange components, in inches

t the thickness of the web plate, in inches
d, the actual distance between transverse stiffeners, in inches
The thickness of the ton gitudinal stiff ener shall not be less than :
bQf
2250
where
b= width of stiffeners
f calculated compressive bending stress in the flange
The stress in the stiffener shall not be greater than the basic allowable bending streS9 IOT the material used in the stiffener.
Longitud inal stiffeners are usually placed on one side only of the web
plate. They need not be continuous and may be cut at their intersections
with the transverse stiffeners.
DE 5I GN
WE6
PL AT E
W I TH OUT
149
STI FFEN E RS
I overoge coJcu loted unit she or s tress in web

I" thickness of web plote
4O
S0
6O
7O
8O
90
!0O
D (inchesi
FI G U R E
J .7.73
IA I
1. 7.71 B
BEARING STIFFENERS
Welded Girders
Over the end bearings of welded plate pi rders and over the inter-
med rate bearings of conti n uous welded plate g i rders there shall be
str ffeners. They sha 11 extend as nearly as pract icable to the outer edges
of the flange plates. They preferably shal I be made of plates placed on

both sides of the web plate. Bea ring stiffeners shall be des igned as
col u runs, and the ir connecti on to the web shal I be des i gned to transmit
the entire end reaction to the b ea r in gs. For stiffeners consisti rig o:I two
plates, the column section shal l be ass umed to comprise the two plates
and a centrally located strip of the web plate whose width is equal to
not more than 18 times its thickness. For stiffeners consisting of four
or more plates, the column section shall be assumed to comprise the four
or more plates and a centrally located strip of the web plate whose width
is equal to that enclosed bj' the four or more plates plus a width of not
more than 18 times the web plate thickness. (See Art. 1.7.113 for Hybrid
Girders.) The radius of gyration shall be computed about the axis
through the center line of the web plate. The stiffeners shall be ground
to fit against the flange through which they receive their reaction, or
attached to the flange by full penetration groove welds. Only the portions of the stiffeners outside the flange-to-web plate welds shall be
considered effective in bearing. The thickness of the bearing stiffener
plates shall not be less than
b
F,
12
33,000
The allowable compressive stress and the bearing pressure on the

stiffeners shall not exceed the values specified in Article 1.7.1.
IBJ Riveted or Bolted Girders
Over the end bearings of riveted or bolted plate girders there shall
be stiffener angles, the outstanding legs of which shall extend as nearly
as practicable to the outer edge on the flange angle. Bearing stiffener
angles shall be proportioned for bearing on the outstanding legs of

flange angles, no allowance being made for the portions of the legs being
fitted to the fillets of the flange angles. Bearing stiffeners shall be
arranged, and their connections to the web shall be designed to transmit
the entire end reaction to the bearings. They shall not be crimped. The
thickness of the bearing stiffener angles shall not be less than
The allowable compressive stress and the bearing pressure on the

stiffeners shall not exceed the values specified in Article 1.7.1.
J .7.74
CAMBER
Girders should be cambered to compensate for dead load deflections

and in addition thereto the camber preferably shou ld be increased and/or
decreased for the flanges to parallel the profile grade line when i t is on a
vertical curve.
TRUSSES
J .7.75
TRUSSES, GENERAL
Component parts of individual truss members may be connected by

welds, rivets or high strength bolts.
Preference should be given to trusses with single intersection web
systems. Members shall be symmetrical about the central plane of the
truss.
Trusses preferably shall have inclined end posts. Laterally unsupported h ip joints shall be avoided.
Main trusses shall be spaced a sufficient dista rice apart center to

center, to be secure again st overturning by the ass umed lateral forces.
For the calculat ion of stresses, effective depths shall be ass umed as
foIlows :
Riveted trusses, distance between centers of gravity of the chords.

Pin-connected trusses, distance between centers of chord pins.
\.7.7b TRUSS MEMBERS

Chord and web truss members shall usually be made in the follow ing
shapes :
H Sections, made with two side segments Icomposed of an gles
or plates) with solid web, perforated v'eb, or web of stay plates and
lacing.
Channel sections, made with two angle segments, with solid web,
perforated web, or web of stay plates and lacing.
Single Box sections made wi th s ide channels, beams, angles and
plates or side segments of plates on ly, connected top and bottom with
perforated plates or stay plates and lacing.
Single Box sections, made with side chan nels, beams, an glee and
plates or side segments of plates on ly, connected at top with solid
cover plates and at the bottom with perforated plates or stay plates
and I aei ng.

Double Box section s, made with side ch an nets, beams, angles an d
p fates or side segments of plates only, connected w ith a conventional
eolid web, together with top and bottom perforated cover plates or
stay plates and lacing.
If the shape of the truss permits, compress ion chords shall be con -
tinu ous.
In chords composed of an gles in chan nel shaped members, the vertical
legs of the angles p referably shall extend downward.
If web members are su bject to reversal of stress, their end connections shall not be pinned. Counters preferably s hall be rigid. Adj us table
counters, if used, shall have open turnb uckles, and in the desig n of these
members an allowance of 10,000 pou nds shall be made for initia I stress.
On l y one set of d iagona 1s in a ny panel shall be adjus table. Sleeve nu ts
and loop bals shall n ot be used.
1.7.77 SECONDARY STRESSES

The design and details shall be such that secon dary stresses w ill be
as smal I as practicable. Seeon dary stresses d ue to tru s.s d i sPortion or floorbeam deflection usually need not be considered in any member, the width
of which, measured parallel to the plane of distortion, is less than onetenth of its len gth. If the secondary stress exceeds 4,000 pou rids per
square inch for tension me mbers and 3,000 for compress ion members,
the excess shall be treated as a primary stress. St resses d ue to the flex ural
dead load moment of the member sha 11 be considered as additional secondary
stress.
1.7.78 DIAPHRAGMS
There shall be diaphragms in the trusses at the end connections of
floor beams.
The queset plates en:aging the pedestal ;iin at the end of the truss
shall be connected by a diaphragm. 5inn ila rly, the webs of the pedestal
shall, if practicable, be connected by a diaphragm.
There shall be a diaphragm between gusset plates engaging main
members if the end tie plate is 4 feet or more from the point of intersection of the members.
1.7.79 CAMBER
The length of the truss members shall be sue.h that the camber will
b eQual to or greater than the deflection produced by the dead load.
J .7.80 WORKING LINES AND GRAVITY AXES

Main members shall be proportioned so that their gravity axes will
be as nearly as practicable in the center of the section.
In compression members of unsymmetrical section, such as chord
sections formed of side segments and a cover plate, the gravity axis of the
section shall coincide as nearly as pract icable with the working line, except
that eccentricity may be introduced to counteract dead load bending.
In 2-angle bottom chord or diagonal members, the working I ine may be
taken as the gage line nearest the back of the angle or at center of grav ity
for welded trusses.
1.7.8 J
PORTAL AND SWAY BRACING
Through truss spans shall have portal bracing, preferabl y, of the 2plane or box type, rigidly connected to the end post and the top chord flanges,
and as deep as the clearance will all ow. If a single plane portal is used, it
shall be located, preferably, in the central transverse plane of the end posts,
wi th diaph ragms between the webs of the posts to provide for a d
istribution of the portal stresses. The portal bracing shall be designed to
take the full end reaction of the top chord lateral system and the end posts
shall be designed to transfer this reaction to the truss bearings.
Through truss spans shall have sway bracing 5 feet or more deep at
each intermediate panel point. Top lateral struts shall be at least as deep
as the top chord.
Deck truss spans shall have sway bracing in the plane of the end
posts and at all intermediate panel points. This bracing shall extend the
full depth of the trusses below the floor system. The end sway bracing
shall be proportioned to carry the entire upper lateral stress to the sup
ports through the end posts of the truss.
J .7.82
FILLERS, DEVELOPMENT, MAXIMUM NUMBERS, ETC.
For Fillers refer to Article 1.7.19.
1.7.83
1.7.83
DE SIGN
PERFORATED COVER PLATES AND LACING BARS
The shearing force normal to the member in the planes of lacing or

continuous perforated plates shal I be assumed divided equally between all
such parallel planes. The shearing force shall incl ude that d ue to the
weight of the member plus any other external force. For compression
members, an add it tonal force shall be added as obtained by the following
formula :
l
3,300,000
F,.
In the above expression :
V normal shearing stress in pou nds.
P=allowable compressi ve axial load on members, in pounds.
1=: length of member in inches.
r -rad ius of gyration of section about the ax is pe rpendic u far

to plane of lacing or perforated plate i n inches.
F;= specified minimu in yield point of type of steel being used.
fA J Perforated Cover Plofes

When perforated cover plates are used, the follow in g provisions
shall govern ther r des ign :
( 1) The ratio of length, in d irection of strew, to width of
perforation, shall not exceed two.
f 2) The clear d istance between perforations in the d irection
of stress, shall not be less than the d istance between points
of en pport.
(3) The c lear d istance between the end perforation and the
end of the cover plate s hall not be less than 1.25 times the
distance between points of support.
(4 ) The point of support shall be the inner line of fasteners or
fillet welds connecting the pe rforated plate to the flanges.
For plates butt welded to the flange edge of rolled segments the po int of support may be taken as the weld when ever the ratio of the on tstandinp flange width to flange
th ickness of the rolled segment is less than se ven. Otherwise point of su pport shall be the root of the flange of the
rol led segment.
(5) The periphery of the perforation at all points shall have a
min imu in rad ius of 1/_ inches.
(6) For thickness of metal see Article 1.7.88.
IBI
Locing Bors
When lac in g bars are u sed, the followi ng prov ision s shal I govern
their design :
( 1) Lacing bars of compres.sion members shal I be so spaced
that the stenderness ratio of the portion of the flange in-
clu ded between the lacing bar connections will be not more
than 40 nor more than of the slenderness ratio of the
member.
(2) The section of the lacing bars shall be determined by the
formula for axial compression in which I is taken as the
distance along the bar between its connections tp the main

segments for single lacing, and as 70 percent of that distance for double lacing.
If the distance across the member between fastener lines
in the flanges is more than 15 inches, and a bar with a
single fastener in the connection is used, the lacing shall
be double and fastened at the intersections.
(4) The angle between the lacing bars and the axis of the
member shall be approximately 45 degrees for double lac
ing and 60 degrees for single lacing.
Lacing bars may be shapes or flat bars. For main members the minimum thickness of flat bars shall be /io of the
distance along the bar between its connections for single
lacing and 'no for double lacing. For bracing members the
limits shall be /so for single lacing and '7 for double
lacing.
(6) The diameter of fasteners in lacing bars shall not exceed
one-third the width of the bar. There shall be at least two
fasteners in each end of lacing bars connected to flanges
more than 5 inches in width.
1.7.84 GUSSET PLATES
Gusset or connection plates preferably shall be used for connecting

main members, except when the members are pin-connected. The fasteners
connecting each member shall be symmetrical wi th the axis of the member,
so far as practicable, an d the fu 11 development of the elements of the
member shall be given consideration. The gusset plates shall be of ample
thickness to resist shear, direct stress, and flexu re, acting on the weakest
or critical section of maximum stress.
Re-entrant cuts, except curves made for appearance, shall be avoided
as far as practicable.
If the length of unsupported edge of a gusset plate exceeds the value
of the expression
times its thickness, the edge shall be stiffened.
Listed below are the values of the expression

grades of steel :
36,000 psi., Y.P. Min. 58
42,000 psi., Y.P. Min. 54
45,000 & 46,000

50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
90,000
100,000
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
p9i.,
psi.,
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
51
49
47
45
45
37
35
for the :folloiving
DE 5I GN
J .7.85
HALF-THROUGH TRUSS SPANS
The vertical truss members and the floorbea ins and th em con nections
in half-through truss spans shall be proportioned to resist a lateral force
of not less than 300 pounds per I in ear foot, applied at the top chord panel
points of each truss.
The top chord shall be considered as a col u run with elastic lateral
supports at the panel points. The critical buckling force of the col u run,
so determ incd, shal I exceed the maximu in force from dead load, I we load
and impact in any panel of th e top chord by not less than 50 percent.
J .7.86
FASTENER PITCH IN ENDS OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
In the ends of compression members, the pitch of fasteners connecting

the componeh t parts- of the member shall not exceed fou r times the
d iameter of the fastener for a length equal to 1': ti rues the max imum
width of the member. Beyond this point, the pitch shall be increased
grad uaI ly for a length equal to I'm times the maximu in width of the
member u nti I the maxi mum pi tch is reached.
J .7.87
NET SECTION OF RIVETED OR HIGH STRENGTH BOLTED TENSION
MEMBERS
The net section of a riveted or h igh strength bolted tension member
is the su in of the net sections of its com ponen t parts. The net section of a
part is the Jirod uct of the th ickn ess of the part multiplied by i ts least net
wid th.
The net wid th for any ch am of holes extend ing prop ress i ve l y across
the part sh all be obtained by dcd uctin g from the gross width the en in of
the d iameters of all the holes i n the cha in and adding, for each gage space
in the chain, the q u a nti ty :
s
4g
where S = pitch of any tw'o successive hot es in the chain
g= ;,a9o of the same holes
The net sec I ion of the part is obta i ned from the chain wh ich gives
the J eas I net wid th.
For angles, the gross w idth sh all be the s u rn of the wi dth s of th e
legs less th e th ickn ess. Th e gage for ho les i n oppos i te legs sh at I be the
eu in of gages from back of angle less the th i ckness.
At a splice, the total stress in the member being spliced is transferred
by :f asteners to the spI ice ma terial.
When determ in ing the un it stress on any least net wid th of e it her
spl ice materi a I or member being spl iced, the amou nt of the stress previ ou 9l y tr.i n starred by fasten en adjacent to the secti on being i n ves tigated
shall be cont idered in determ in ing the u n it stress on the net sect ion .
The d iameter of the hole shal I be taken as 'Zs inch greater than the
nominal diameter of the rivet or high strength bolt, unless larger holes
are permitted in accordance with Art. 1.7.5.
'
rcl9r tO li WOShtn O, lheoly 0f
1.7.88
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
THICKNESS OF METAL
Compressi on members shall be so designed that the main elements

of the section will be Con nected d meekly to the gusset plates, pins, or
othei members.
The center of gravity of a built-up section shall coincide as nearly
as practicable w ith the center of the section. Preferably, segments shall
be connected by solid webs or perforated cover plates.
Plat s S1t@j9Ort id on Oflt? Side, Out Stoftdiiip ie QS OJ ang I es and per;fo-
roted plotes. For outstanding plates, the outstanding legs of angles, and
perforated plates at the perforations, the b/t ratio of the plates or angle
segments, when used in compress ion, shall not be greater than the value
obtained by use of the formula :
b/t
1625
but in no case shall b/t be greater than 12 for main
members and 16 for secondary members.

(Noteb is the distance I:rom the edge of plate or edge of perforation
to the point of support.)
When the compressive stress equals the limiting factor
, the
b/t ratio of the segments indicated above shall not be greater than the
ratios shown for the following grades of steel :
36,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t= 12
42,000 to 50,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t= 11

55,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t= 10.5
60,000 to 6fi,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t= 10
90,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t= 8.0
100,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t 7.5
IO I P i3 i3H @flO Y P d 011 ( SO Q Q 8 DI' RP S O/ fltotll COlltQ O1'2 Pf2 5PQ 222 f2 S.
For members of box shape, consisting of main plates, rolled sections,. or
made up component segments, with cover plates, the 6/t ratio of: the main
plates or webs of: the segments, when used in compression shall not be
greater than the value obtained by use of the formula :
4000
in no case shall b/t be greater than 45.
(Notch is the distance between points of support for the plate and
between roots of flanges for the webs of rolled segments.)
W. hen the compressive stresses equal the limiting
',
the F
.
factor
b/t ratio of the plates and segments indicated above shall not be greater
than the ratios shown for the following grades of steel :
36,000 psi., Y.P. Min.
42,000 psi.,
45,000 & 46,000 psi.,
50,000 psi.,
55,000 psi.,
60,000 psi.,
65,000 psi.,
90,000 psi.,
100,000 psi.,
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
b/t= 32
b/t= 29
b/t= 28
b/t= 27
b/t= 26
b/t= 25
b/t= 23
b/t= 20
b/t= 19
1.7.88
1ii7
DE SI GN
Sotid cor er p/otes enpport ed ott two ed g es or uebs rozinectinp mciii

rue rub er s or s e go ents . For members of H or box shape consist in g of solid
cover plates or sol id webs connecting main plates or segments, the b/t
ratio of the solid cover plates or webs when used in compress ion shall not
be greater than the val u e obtained by use of the formula :
but in no case shall b/t bl? gfeater than 50.

, f.
( Not
b is the unsupported distance between points of support.)
'F
When the compressive .stresses equal the l Smiting factor
, the
b/t
b/t ratio of the cover plate and webs indicated above shal l not be greater
than the ratios shown for the following grades of steel :
36,000 psi., Y.P. Min. b/t =40
42,000 psi., Y.P. Min.
45,000 & 46,000

50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
90,000
100,000
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
Y.P. Min.
Y.P. Min.
Y.P. Min.
Y.P. Min.
Y.P. Min.
Y.P. Min.
Y.P. Min.
b/t =37
b/t =35
b/t =34
b/t =32
b/t =31
b/t =29
b/t =25
b/t 24
P erJ orat ed corcr p/otc.s support cd or two ed g es . For members of box

shape cons isting of perforated cover plates con necking ma in plates or
segments, the b /t ratio of the perforated cover plates when used in compression shall not be greater than the value obtained by use of the
formula :
6000
but in no case shalt b/t be greater than 55.
(Noteb is the d istance between points of support. Attention is

d irected to requ i resents for plate thickness at perforations, n amely plate
supported on one side, wh ich also shall be satisfied. )
When the compress we stresses equal the limiting factor
the
b/t ratio of the perforated cover plates shall not be greater than the rat ios
shown for the follow ing grades of steel :
36,000 psi., Y.P. Min.
42,000 psi., Y.P. Min.
45,000 & 46,000 psi., Y.P. Min.

50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
90,000
p9i., Y.P.
psi., Y.P.
psi., Y.P.
psi., Y.P.
psi., Yg.P.
b/t =48
b/t =44
b/t =42
Min. b/t =41

Min. b/t =39
Min. b/t= 37
Min. b/t 35
Min. b/t 30
158
In the above expressions

I,=the eaten lated compressive stress
b= is the width (defined as indicated for each expression)
I-is the plate or web thickness
The point of support shall be the inner line of fasteners or fillet
welds connecting the plate to the main segment. For plates butt welded to
the flange edge of rolled segments the point of support may be taken as
the weld whenever the ratio of outstanding flan ge width to Pange th ickness of the rolled segment is less than seven. Otherwise point of support
shall be the root of flange of rolled segment. Terminations of the butt
welds are to be ground smooth.
J .7.89
STAY PLATES
Where the open sides of compression members are not connected by

perforated plates, such members shall be provided with lacing bars and
shall have stay plates as near each end as practicable. Stay plates shall
be provided at intermed rate points where the lacing is interrupted. In
main members, the length of the end stay plates between end fasteners
shall be not less than I'm times the distance between points of support and
the length of in termed rate stay plates not less than ?i of that d istance. In
lateral struts and other secondary members, the over-all length of end and
in termed iate stay plates shall be not less than " i of the distance between
points of support.
The point of support shall be the inner line of fasteners or hllet
welds connecting the stay plates to the flanges. For stay plates butt
welded to the flange edge o:I rolled segments, the point of support may be
taken as the weld whenever the ratio of out stand in g flange w idth to flange
thickness of the rolled segment is less than seven. Otherwise the point of
support shall be the root of flange of rolled segment. When stay plates are
butt welded to rolled segments of a member, the allowable stress in the
member shall be :letermined in accordance with Article 1.7.3. T'erminations of butt welds shall be ground smooth.
The separate segments of tension members composed of shapes may
be connected by perforated plates or by stay plates or end stay plates and
lacing. End stay plates shall have the same min imum length as speci fied
for end stay plates on main compression members and intermediate stay
plates shall have a minimum length of /i of that specified for intermediate
stay plates on main compression members. The clear d istance between
stay plates on tension members shall not exceed 3 feet.
The th ickness of stay plates shall be not less than 1 a of the d istance
between points of support for main members, and 'he of that distance for
bracing members. Stay plates shall be connected by not less than three
fasteners on each side, and in members having lacing bars the last
fastener in the stay plates, preferably shall also pass through the end of
the adjacent bar.
RIBBED ARCHES
J .7.90 THICKNESS OF WEB PLATES, SOLID RIB ARCHES
The th ick ness ratio D/t of each web plate in sol id rib arches having
DE 5I GN
1.7.90
no longitudinal st i ff eners shall not be greater than the val ue obtained by

use o:I the following formu la :
D/ t =
7200
but in no case shall D/t be greater than 60.
The th redness ratio D/t of web plates in soft d rib arches eg u i pped
with longitud inal stiffeners, that is when the web is rein forced along its
axis with a longitud inal stiffener of am plc cross-sectional area and
rigid ity, sha II not be greater than twice the vaI u e obtai tied by use of the
above formula.
When the compress we stresses equal the lim i ting factor $' the
D/t ratio of the web plates shall not be greater than the ratios shown for
the follow in g grades of steel :
W ithout
Longit.
36,000 psi., Y.P. Min.
42,000
45,000 & 46,000
50,000
5fi,000
60,000
65,000
90,000
100,000
psi.,
psi .,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
psi.,
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Y.P.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
\\'ith
Lori git.
Stiffeners
Stiffeners
D/t= 57
D/t= 114
D/t=53
D/t= 51
D/t= 48
D/t 46
D/t =45
D/t= 42
D/t =36
D/t= 34
D/t i06
D/t 102
D/t= 96
D/t 92
D/t 90
D/t= 84
D/t 72
D/t= 68
BENTS AND TOWERS

J .Z.9 J BENTS AND TOWERS, GENERAL
Bents, preferably shall be composed of two supporting colu runs, and
the bents usually shall be united in pairs to form towers. The design of
members for beats and towers is governed by the appl icable artic les i..ider
Trusses and Details of Design.
J .7.92 SINGLE BENTS

Single bents shal l have h inged ends or else shall be designed
resist bending.
J .7.93
to
BATTER
Bents, preferably, shall have a su the i ent spread at the base to prevent
uplift under the assumed lateral load ings. In general, the width of a bent
at its base shall be not less than one-third of its height.
J .7.94 BRACING
Towers shall be
both
an it
HIG HWAY BRIDGE S
stiff members having either welded, high strength bolted or riveted connections. The sections of members of longitudinal braci rig in each panel
shall not be less than those of the members in correspond ing panels of the
transverse bracing.
The bracing of long col umns shall be designed to hx the column about
both axes at or near the same point.
Column splices shal I be at or close above the panel points of the
bracing.
Horizontal diagonal bracing shall be placed in all towers having more

than two vertical panels, at alternate intermed rate panel points.
J .7.95 BOTTOM STRUTS

The bottom struts of towers shall be strong enough to slide the mov-
able shoes with the structure un loaded, the coefficient of Inction being
assu med at 0.25. Provision for expansion of the tower bracing shal I be
made in the column bearings.
COMPOSITE GIRDERS
1.7.96 COMPOSITE I-GIRDERS, GENERAL

This section pertains to struc tures composed of steel girders with
cone rete slabs connected by shear connectors.
General specifications pertaining to the design of concrete and steel
structu res sha 11 apply to structu re s utili zi rig composi te gi rders where such
specifications are applicable. Compos ite girders :ind slabs shall be designed
and the stresses computed by the composite moment of inertia method
and shall be consistent with the predetermined properties of the various
materials used.
The ratio of the modu li of elasticity of steel (29,000,000 psi) to those
of concrete of various design strengths shall be as follows :
I, un it ultimate compressive strength of concrete as determ ined by cylinder tests at the age of 28 days, psi.
n ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. The val ue of n, as a function of the ultimate cylinder strength of concrete, shall be assumed as follows :
I, 2000-2400
n -15
-2500-2900
== 12
== 3000-3900
=10
4000-4900
=8
5000 or more
6
The effect of creep shall be considered in the design of composite
girders which have dead loads acting on the composite section. In such
structures, stresses and horizontal shears produced by dead loads acting
on the compost te section shall be computed for n as given above or for
this value multiplied by 3, whichever gives the higher stresses and shears.
If concrete with expansive characteristics is used, composite design
D E SI GN
should be used with caution and provision must be made in the design to
accommodate the expansion.
Composite sections shou Id preferably be proportioned so that the
neutral axis lies below the top surface of the steel beam. If concrete ie
on the tension s ide of the neutral axis, it shall not be cons idered in
computi ng women ts of i nertia or resisti rig moments except for deflection
calcu lations. Meehan ical anchorages shall be provided to tie the sections
together and to develop stresses on the plane join ing the concrete and the
steel.
The steel beams, especially if not supported by intermediate falsework shall be investigated for stab iI ity during the time the concrete is in
place and before it has hardened.
J .7.97 SHEAR CONNECTORS

The mech an ical means wh ich are used at the junction of the girder
and slab for the purpose of developi rig the shear resistance necessary to
produce composite action shall conform to the spec ifications of the respective materials as provided in Division II. The shear connectors shall be
of types wh ich permit a thorough compaction of the concrete in order to
insure that ther r entire surfaces are in contact wi th the concrete. They
shall be capable of resisting both horizontal and vertical movement be-
tween the concrete and the steel.
The capacity of stud and channel ehear connectors welded to the

girders is given in Article 1.7.100. Channel shear connectors shall have at
least die inch fillet welds placed along the heel and toe of the channel.
The clear depth of concrete cover over the tops of the shear connectors
shall be not less than 2 inches. Shear connectors shall penetrate at leaet
2 inches above bottom of slab,
The clear d istance between the edge of a girder flange and the edge
of the shear connectors shal I be not less than one inch.
J .7.98 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH

in compos ite gi rder construction the assu med effective width of the
slab ae a T-beam flange shall not exceed the fol lowing :
( 1 ) One-fou rth of the span length of the girder.
12) The distance center to center of girders.
13) ) Twelve times the least th ickness of the slab.
For gi rders having a flange on one side only, the effecti ve flange
width shall not exceed one twe lfth of the span length of the girder, nor
cix times the th ickness of the slab, nor one-half the d istance center to
center of the next girder.
I .Z.99 STRESSES
Maximu in compressive and tensile strlSse9 in girders which are not
provided with temporary supports d uring the placing of the permanent
dead load, shall be the su in of the stresses produced by the dead loade acting on the steel girders alone and the stresses prod uced by the superimposed loads acting or the composite girder. When girders are provided
,'
with effective intermediate supports which are kept in place until the concrete ha9 attained 75 percent of its required 28-day strength, the dead and
live load stresses shall be computed on the basis of the composite section.
In continuous span9, the positive moment portion may be designed
with composite sections as in simple spana. Shear connectors shall be provided in the negative moment portion in which the reinforcement steel
embedded in the concrete is considered a part of the composite section. In
case the reinforcement steel embedded in the concrete is not used in com-
puting section properties for negative moments, ehear connectors need not
be provided in these portions of the spans, but add itional connectors
9hall be placed in the region of the point of dead load contraflexure in
accor ilance with Art. 1.7.100 (A) 3) . Shear connectors shall be provided
in accoi dance with At-ticle 1.7.100.
1.7.J 00 SHEAR
lAJ Horizontal Sheor
The maximum pitch of shear connectors shall not exceed 24 inches,
except over the interior supports of continuous beams where wider
spacing may be used to avoid placing connectors at locations of high
stresses in the tension flange.
Resistance to horizontal shear shall be provided by mechanical shear

connectors at the junction of the concrete slab and the steel girder. The
shear connectors shall be mechanical devices placed transversely across
the Pange of the girder spaced at requ far or variable intervals. The
shear connectors shall be designed :for fatigue * and checked I:or ulti-
mate strength.
( 1)
Fotigue
The range of horizontal shear shall be computed by the

formu la :
where S, = the range of horizontal shear per linear inch at the

junction of: the slab and girder at the point in the span
under consideration.
the range of shear due to live loads and impact. At any
section, the range of shear shall be taken as the differ

ence in the minimum and maximum shear envelopes
( excluding dead loads) .
The statical moment about the neutral axis of the com
posite section, of the transformed compressive concrete area or the area of reinforcement embedded in
the concrete for negative moment.
* Reference ia made to the paper titled Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors by Roger G.
5! 'ter an d Joh n W. Fisher in HI GHWAY RESEARCH RECORD, No. 147. nublished by the
Hi$h $y Rsearch Board. Washington , D .C.. 1966.
DE SIGN
1.7. 100
163
I= The moment o:I inertia of the transformed composite

girder in positive moment regions or the moment of
inertia provided by the steel beam including or excluding the area of reinforcement embedded in the concrete in negative moment regions.
(In the above, the compressive concrete area is transformed
into an equivalent area of steel by dividing the effective concrete

flange width by the modular ratio, n.)
The al lowable i ange of horizontal shear, Z,, in pounds on an
individual connector is as follows :
Channels
Z,=Bw
Welded studs (for ratios of H/d equal to or greater than 4)

where w the length of a channel shear connector in inches
measured in a transverse direction on the flange of
a girder.
d diameter of stud, in inches
13,000 for 100,000 cJ'cles
10,600 for 500,000 cycles

7,850 for 2,000,000 cycles
B = 4,000 :for 100,000 cycles

3,000 for 500,000 cycles
2,400 for 2,000,000 cycles
H = height of stu d in inches
The requ ired pitch of shear connectors is determined by dividing the allowable range of horizontal shear of all connectors at one
transverse girder crossecti on (EZ, by the horizontal range of shear
S, per linear i rich. Over the interior supports of continuous beams
the pitch may be mod ified to avoid placing the connectors at locations of h igh str esses in the tension flange provided that the total
number of connectors remains unchanged.
(2) Ulfim ote Strength
The number of connectors so provided for fatigue shall be

checked to ensure that adeq u ate connectors are provided for ultimate strength. The n umber of shear connectors required between
the points of maximu in positive moment and the en d supports or

dead load points of contraflex ure, and between points of maximum
negative moment and the dead load points of cori traflexure shall
equal or exceed the number given by the formula :
HI GHWAY B RI DGE S
where
N the number of: connectors between points of maximum

positive moment and aclj acent end supports or dead load
points of contraflexure, or between points of maximum
negatis'e moment and adjacent dead load points of contraflexure.
u' the ultimate strength of the shear connecter as given

below.
Q = a reduction factor =0.85.
P = force in the slab as defined hereafter as P,, P,, or P,.
At points of maximum positive moment, the :force in the slab is
taken as the smaller value of the :f ormu1as :
P,=A, F
Or
P =0.85 I, be
where A,= total area of the steel section including coverplates.
F, specified minimum yield point of the steel being used.
I,= compressive strength of concrete at age of 28 days.
b effective flange width given in Art. 1.7.99.
c thickness o:I the concrete slab.
At points of maximum negative moment the force in the 9lab
is taken ae :
where A( = total area of longitudinal reinforcing steel at the interior support within the effective flange width.
F) specified minimum yield point of the reinf orcing steel.
The ultimate strength of the shear connecter is given as follows :
Channels :
5,, = 550 (h +t/2) w
:I',
Welded Studs (H/d 4) :
where
5,= ultimate strength of individual shear connector, in

pounds.
h = the average flange thickness of: the channel flange, in
inches.
I= the thickness of the web of a channel, in inches.
w = length of a channel shear connector, in inches.
I, compressive strength of the concrete at 28 days, psi.
d= diameter of stud, in inches.
DE SIGN
1.7.100
13 J
Additionol Con nectors fo Develop Slob Sfress

The nu mber of add it tonal connectors required at points of
contraflexure, when reinforcement steel embedded in the concrete
is not used in computing section properties for negative moments,
shall be computed by the formula :
where N,= number of additional connectors for each beam at point

of contraflexure.
A, total area of longit udinal slab reinforcement steel for

each beam over interior support.
range of stress d ue to live load plus impact, in the slab

reinforcement over the support (in lieu of more accu rate computations, I, may be taken as equal to
10,000 psi) .
the all owable range of horizontal shear on an individual
shear connector.
The additional connectors, N,, shall be placed adjacent to the
point of dead load contraflexu re within a distance equal to H the
effective slab width, i.e., placed either side of this point or centered
about it.
fBJ Verficol Sheor

The intensity of unit shearing stress in a composite girder may be
determined on the basis that the web of the steel girder carries the total
external shear, neglecting the effects of the steel flanges and of' the con-
crete slab. The shear may be assumed to be uniformly distributed

throughout the gross area o:I the web.
J .7. J OJ DEFLECTION
The provisions of Article 1.7.12, in regard to deflections from live
Road plus impact also shall be applicable to composite girders.
When the girders are not provided with falsework or other effective
intermediate su pport durin g the placing of the concrete slab, the detection
due to the weight o:I the slab and other permanent dead loads added before
the concrete has attained 75 per cent of its reQuired 28-day strength shall
be computed on the basis of non-composite action.
J.Z. JO2 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS, GENERAL

This section pertains to the design of simple and continuous span
steel-conci-ete composite multi-box girder bridges of moderate length. It is
applicable to box girders of single cell, having width center to center of top
steel flanges approximately equal to the distance center to center of adjacent top steel flanges of adjacent box girders. The cantilever overh arig of
the deck slab (including curbs and parapets) beyond the exterior web,
lfiG
shall be limited to 60 percent of the distance between the centers of
adjacent top steel flanges of adjacent box girders, but in no case greater
than 6 :feet.
The provisions of Division I, Design, shall govern where applicable,
except as specifically modified by Articles 1.7.102 through 1.7.109.
1 .7.J 03 LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS FOR BENDING MOMENT

The live load bending moment for each box girder shall be determined
by applying to the girder, the fraction W L f a wheel load (both :front and
rear) , determined by the following equation :

L
0.1 + 1.7R +
0.85
N
N
where R=
Number o:I Box Girders
Ng = W,/12, reduced to the nearest whole number
W, = Roadway width between curbs
in feet) , or barriers if curbs
are not used. R shall not be less than 0.5 nor greater than 1.5.
The provision of Article 1.2.9, Reduction in Load Intensity, shall not
apply in the design of box girders when using the design load Wp given
by the above equation.
.7.JO4 DESIGN OF WEB PLATES

IAJ Vertical Sheor
The design shear Vp for a web shall be calculated using the follow-
ing equation :
where V,= vertical shear

8= angle of inclination of: the web plate to the vertical
IBJ Secondary Bending Stresses
Web plates may be plumb (90O Jo bottom of flange) or inclined. If
the inclination of the web plates to a plane normal to bottom flange is no
greater than 1 to 4, and the width of the bottom flange is no greater

than 20 percent of the span, the transverse bending stresses resulting
from distortion of the girder cross section and from vibrations of the
bottom plate, need not be considered. For structures in this category
transverse bending stresses due to supplementary loadings, such as
utilities, shall not exceed 5,000 psi.
For structures exceeding these I twits, a detailed evaluation of the
transverse bending stresses due to all causes shall be made. These
stresses shall be limited to a maximum stress or range of stress of

20,000 psi.
167
DESIGN
J .7.105 DESIGN OF BOTTOM FLANGE PLATES

fAJ Tension Flanges
In cases of simply supported epans, the bottom flange shall be considered completely effective in resisting bending if its width does not
exceed one-fif th ('s) the span length. If the flange plate width exceeds
one-fifth ( s) of the span, an amount equal to one-fifth ( k ) of the span
only shall be considered effective.
For continuous spans, the criteria above shall be applied to the
lengths between-points of contraflexure.
fBl Compression Flanges Unsti9ened
Unstiffened compression flanges designed for the basic allowable
stress of 0.55 F, shall have a width to thickness ratio equal to or less

than the value obtained by the use of the formula :
64
where
b flange width betu'een webs in inches

I= flange thickness in inches
FOt' greater b/t ratios, but not exceeding 60, the stress in an unstiffened bottom Pange shal I not exceed the value determined by the use
of the formula :
1 sin (/2)
13,300
7160
For val ues of b/t exceed ing 13,300/9 F,, the stress in the Pange
shall not exceed the value given by the formula :
The b/t ratio preferably should not exceed 60 except in areas of
low stress near points of dead load contraflexure.
Should b/t ratio exceed 45, lcingitudinal stiffeners should be con-
sidered.
I.Cl Compression Flanges Sti9ened Longitudinolly *

Longitudinal stiffeners shall be at equal spacings across the flange
width and shall be proportioned so that the moment of inertia of each
stiffener abo ut an axis parallel to the flange and at the base of the
stiffener is at least equal to :
where
$ 0.07 kn for values of n greater than 1

I 0.125 k for a value of n = 1
w= width of flange between longitud inal stiffeners or distance
from a web to the nearest longitudi nal stiffener
In solving these equations a value of k between 2 and 4 generall y should be resumed.
HI( H)VAY BR]DGES
1H8
, ,.,
n = number of longitudinal stiffeners

k= buckling coefficient which shall not exceed 4
For the flange, including stiffeners, to be designed for the basic
allowable stress of 0.55 F,, the ratio w/t shall not exceed the value given
by the :formula :
For greater values of w/t but not exceeding 6650 k/ QF, or 60,
whichever is less, the stress in the flange, including stiffeners, shall not
exceed the value determined by the formula:
For values of w/t exceeding 6650 \/lc/ F, but not exceeding 60,
the stress in the Pange, incl uding stiffeners, shall not exceed the value
given by the formula :
'b'14.4 k (t/w) 10
When longitudinal stiffeners are used, it is preferable to have at
least one transverse stiffener placed near the point of dead load contraflexure. The stiffener should have a size equal to that o:I a longitudi-
nal stiffener.
If the longitudinal stiffeners are placed at their maximum w/t ratio
to be designed l'or the basic allowable design stresses of 0.55 F,. and the
number of longitudinal stiffeners exceeds 2, then transverse stiffeners
should lie considered.
IDJ Compression Flonges Sfiffened Longitudinolly ond Tronsvcrsely

The longitudinal stiffeners shall be at equal spacings across the
flange width and shall be proportioned so that the moment of inertia of
each stiffener about an axis pai allel to the flange and at the base of the
stiffener is at least equal to :
I,=8 tw
The transverse stiffeners shall be proportioned so that the moment
of inertia o:I each stiffener about an axis through the centroid of the
section and parallel to its bottom edge is at least equal to :
I,=0.10 (n + 1) w
where A,= area of bottom flange including longi tud inal stiffeners
a spacing of transverse stiffeners
I,= maximum longitudinal bending stress in the flange o:I the
panels on either side of the transverse stiffened
E modulu.s of elasticity o:I steel
For the flange, including stiffeners, to be designed :for the basic
DESICN
1.7.105
169
allowable stress of 0.55 F,., the ratio w/t for the longitudinal stiffeners
shall not exceed the value given by the formula :
where k, =
For greater values of w/t, but not exceeding 6650
whichever is the less, the stress in the flange, including stiffeners, shall
not exceed the value determined by the formula :
6650
b = 0.55 F, 0.224 F, 1 sin (r/2)

For values of w/t exceeding 6650
but n ot exceeding 60,
the stress in the Pange, including stiffeners, shall not exceed the val ue
given by the formula :
I = 14.4 k, I t/w 10
The maximu in val ue of the buckl ing coefficient k,, shall be 4. When
k , has its maximum v'alue, the transverse stiffeners shall have a spacing,
a, equal to or less than 4 vv. If the ratio a/b exceeds 3, transverse
stiffeners are not necessary.

The transverse Qtr ffeners need not be con nected to the flange plate
but shall be connected to the webs of the box an d to each l ongitud inal
stiffener. The connection to the web shall be designed to resist the
vertical force determined by the formu la :
2b
where S, = section modulus of the transverse stiffener
The connection to each longitudinal s tiff ener shall be designed
resist the vertical force determined by the formula :
,
to
IEJ Compression Flonge StifFeners, General
The width to thickness ratio of any outstanding element of the

flange stiffeners shall not exceed the value determined by the formula :
where b= width of any outstand ing str ffener element

U = th ickness of outstanding st iffener element
Longitudinal stiffeners shall be extended to locations where the
maximu in stress in the flange does not exceed that allowed for base
metal adjacent to or connected by fillet welds.
HIGHWAY
17O
BRIDGE S
17106
J .7.J 06 DESIGN OF FLANGE TO WEB WELDS

The total effective thickness of the web-flange welds shall be not less
than the thickness of the web. If fillet welds are used, they shall be on both
sides of the connecting flange or web plate.

J .7. J 07 DIAPHRAGMS
Diaphragms, cross-frames, or other means shall be provided within
the box girders at each support to resist transverse rotation, displacement,

and distortion.
Intermediate diaphragms or cross-frames are not requ ired for steel

box girder bridges designed in accordance with this specification.
J .7.108 LATERAL BRACING

Generally no lateral bracing system is required between box girders.
A horizontal load equal to 25 pounds per square foot acting on the area
exposed in elevation shall be applied in the plane o:I the bottom flange.
The section assumed to resist the horizontal load shall consist of the
bottom flange acting as a web and 12 times the thickness of the webs acting as flanges. A lateral bracing system shall be provided if the combined
stresses due to the specified horizontal force and dead load of steel and
deck exceed 150 percent of the allowable design stress.
J .7.109 ACCESS AND DRAINAGE

Consistent with climate, location, and materials, consideration shall
be given to the providing of man-holes or other openings, either in the
deck slab or in the steel box for form removal, inspection, maintenance,
drainage,
etc.
HYBRID GIRDERS
1.7.J J J 0 HYBRID GIRDERS, GENERAL
This section pertains to the design of (1 ) noncomposite girders that
have both flanges of the same minimum specified yield strength and a web
with a lower minimum specified yield strength, (2) composite girders
that have a tension flange with a higher minimum specified yield strength
than the web and a compression flange with a minimum specified yield
strength not less than that o:I the web and (3) girders that utilize an
orthotropic deck as the top flange and have a web with a lower minimum
specified yield strength than the bottom flange. It is applicable to both
simple and continuous span girders. In noncomposite girders and in the
negative moment portion of continuous span composite girders, the compression flange area shall be equal to the tension flange area or larger
than the tension flange area by an amount not exceeding 15 percent. In
composite girders, excluding the negatlve moment portion in continuous
span girders, the compression flange area shall be equal to or smaller
than the tension flange area. Steel girders that support the dead weight
of the slab without composite action, but act compositely with the slab in
171
DES IGN
1.7.110
supporting the live load, shall be considered to be composite
girders.
In
either composite or noncomposite girders, the minimum specified yield

strength of the web shall not be less than 35 percent of the minimum
specified yield strength o1 the tension flange.
In girders that utilize an orthotropic deck as the top flange,
the
minimum specified yield strength of the web shall not be less than 3Ii
percent of the minimum specified yield strength of the bottom flange in
regions of positive bending moment and 50 percent of the minimum
specified yield strength of the bottom flange in regions of negative
bending moment. As used in this section, flange refers to the flange of

the steel girder and excludes the slab and reinforcing bars.
The provision s- of Division I, Design, shall govern where applicable,
except as specifically modified by Articles 1.7.110 through 1.7.113.
J .7.1 J J
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
f AJ
Bending
The bending stress in the web may exceed the allowable stre9s for
the web steel provided that the stress in each flange does not exceed the
allowable sts-ess from Art. 1.7.1 or 1.7.3 for the steel in that flange
multiplied by the reduction factor
R= 1
(See Figures 1.7.111A and 1.7.111B)
where
n
the min imum specified yield strength of the web divided by the
minimum specified yield strength of the tension flange.
the area of the web divided by the area of the tension flange.
the distance from the outer edge of the tension flange " to the
neutral axis (of the transformed section for composite girders)

divided by the deplh of the steel section.
The bending stress in the concrete slab in composite girders shall

not exceed the a lloivable stress for the concrete multiplied by R.
I BJ
Sheor
The shear stress in the web (the shear force divided by the web
area) shall not exceed the allowable shear stress for the web steel.
Hybrid girders shall be designed for fatigue as i:I they were homo-
geneous girders of the flange steel. The allowable fatigue stresses :for
web sp1ic.s and for attachments to the web shall be based on the web
steel, except that stiff ener to web and flangeweb hllet weld connections
shall be based on the flange steel.
Bottom flange of orthotroii ie deck briclges.
172
7
.
75
70
I.5
Z.0
.5
5.0
3.5
RATIO OF FEB AREA TO 7EKSION FLANGE AREA, ,3
FIGURE 1. 7. Ill A
75
I.5
Z.O
2.5
3.O
3.5
RATIO OF FEB AREA TO TENSION FLANGEAREA, ,D
FIGURE I.7.III B
* Dottom flange of orthotrop ic deck: bri1ges.
1.7.112
DES IGN
1.7.1 J 2
PLATE THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS
In calculating the maximum width-to-thickness ratio of the flange

plate according to Article 1.7.69 and the minimum thickness o1 the
web plate according to Article 1.7.70, :f,, shall be taken as the catch lated
bending strese in the compression flange divided by the reduction :factor, R.
J .7.1 J 3 BEARING STIFFENER REQUIREMENTS

In design ing bearing stiffeners at interior supports of continuous
hybrid girders for which = is less than 0.7, no part of the web shall be assumed to act in bearing.
HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMS AND WELDED PLATE GIRDERS

1 .7.J 14
SCOPE
This section pertains to rolled beams and welded I-section plato

girders heat-curved to obt:tin a horizontal curvature. Steels that are
manufactu red to a specified minimum yield point greater than 50,000 psi
shall not be heat-curved.
J .7. J J 5
MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVATURE
For heat-curved beams and girders, the horizontal radius of curvatui e measured to the centerline of the girder web shall not be less than
150 feet, and shall not be less than the larger of the values calcu lated
(at any and all cross sections th roughout the length of the girder)
from the following two equations :
7500 b
In these equations, F,. is the specified minimum yield point in ksi

Of steel in the girder web, D is the ratio o:I the total crosssectional area
to the crosssectional area of both flanges, b is the widest flange width
in inches, D is the clear distance between flanges in inches, I is the web
thickness in inches, and R is the radius in inches.
In addition to the above requirements, the radius shall not be less
than 1000 feet when the flange thickness exceeds 3 inches or the flange
width exceeds 30 inches.
1.7.J 16
CAMBER
To compensate for possible loss of camber of heat-curved girders in

service as residual stresses dissipate, the amount of camber in inches,
174
HI CiHWAY BRIDGE S
1.7.116
a, at any section along the length of the girder shall le equal to :
where a,,; is the camber in inches at any point along the span calculated
by us url procedures to compensate for ileflection due to dead loads or
any other specified loads, s,, is the maximum value of A D, in inches within
the span, E is the modulus of elasticity in ksi, F,. is the specified minimum
yield point in ksi of the girder flange, Y, is the distance from the neutral
axis to the extieme outer fiber in inches maximum distance for non
and L is the span length or distance between
points of dead-load contraflexu re in inches."
LOAD FACTOR DESIGN
Load Factor design is an alternate method for design of simple and

con tinuous beam and girder structures of moderate length. It is a method
of propor tion in g structu rat members for multiples of the design loads.
To insure serviceab il ity and durability, consideration is gis'on to the
control of permanent deformations under overloads, to the fatigue
ch racteri stics under service loadings and to the control of live load
deflections under service loadings.

J .7.J 18
NOTATION
A = urea of cross section (1n.)
A = area of one flange of beam or girder (in.)

A,= total at-ea of steel section including cover plates (in.)
A,= gross effectiv e area of column cross section (in.)
A,, area of web of beam (in.)
b'= width of projecting flange element (in. )
6 width of outstanding stiffener element (in.)
D = dead load
D distance center to center of box girder flange pliites (in.)

d depth of member (in.)
, = depth of beam
J depth of column
J,, -distance between tranverse stiffeners (in. )
d,, -depth of steel web of a composite section (in.)
(I -modulus of elasticity (29,000,000 psi)
y' stress (psi)
F,, = buckling stress (psi)
* Pa rt of the cam be r loss is att ributable to con st ruction load s and will occur iluring cont tru ction of the b riJ ge; total e:inn ber loss will be com iIete aftc r several months of in-service tea 1s.
The ref o re, a p o rtion of the cambe r in crease ( apJi reximately 60 Jercent ) should be i n cl udcd in
the b ridge p rofile. Cambe r losses o I this nature ( but, general I - , smalle r in in agnitud o ) aie at so
known to occu r in straight beams anl at rders.
DES IGN
1.7.118
specified minimum yield point or yield strength of the type

of steel being used (psi)
specified 28-day compressive strength of concrete (psi)
impact
moment of inertia (in.")
length of a compression member (in.)
distance between points of bracing of compression flange

(in.)
L= live load
moment on a cross section (in.-lb)
maximum moment capacity (in.-lb)

axial compression on the member (lb)
maximum axial compression capacity (lb)

radius of gyration (in.)
radius of gyration with respect to Y-Y axis (in.)
section modulus (in.)
flange thickness (in.)
thickness of thlnnest part connected by bolts (in.)
web thickness ( in.)
shear force on the cross section (lb)
maximum shear capacity (lb)
Plastic Section Modulus (in.)
i eduction factor
J .7.119
LOADS
Service live loads are vehicles which may operate on a

legally without special load permlt.
highway
For design purposes, the service loads are taken as the dead, live
and impact loadings described in Section 1.2 (except Art. 1.2.4) .
Overloads are the live loads that can be allowed on a structure on
i nf requ ent occasions without c:iusing permanent damage. For design
purposes the maximum overload is taken as " I L + I) .
The maximum loads are the loadings specified in Article 1.7.123.
1.7.120
DESIGN THEORY
The moments, shears and other forces shall be determined by assum-
ing elastic beh:ivior of the structure except as modified in Article
1.7.124 (A) (3) .
The members shall be proportioned by the methods specified in

Articles 1.7.124 through 1.7.135 so that their computed maximum strengths
shall be at least equal to the total effects o:I design loads multiplied by
their respective load factors specified in Groups I, II and III of Article
1.7.123.
Service behavior shall be investigated as specified in Articles 1.7.136
through 1.7.138.
17ti
1.7.1?1
1.7.J 21
ASSUMPTIONS
( 1) Strain in flexural members shall be assumed directly propor-
tional to thP distance from the neutral axis.
(2) Stress in steel below the yield strength, F,., of the grade of
steel used shall be taken as 29,000,000 psi times the steel strain. For
strain greater than that corresponding to the yield strength, F ,,, the
stress shall be considered independent of strain and equal to the yield
strength, F,.. This assumption shall apply also to the longitudinal
reinforcement in the concrete floor slab in the rep=ion of negative
moment when shear developers are provided tO secure composlte action

in this region.
(3) At maximum strength the compressive stress in the concrete
slab of a composite beam shall be assumed independent of strain and

equal to 0.85f ,
(4) Tensile strength o:I concrete shall be neglected in Pexural calculations.
1.7.122
DESIGN STRENGTH FOR STEEL
The design strength for steel shall be the specified minimum yield
point or yield strength, F,., of the steel used as set forth in Article 1.7.1.
1 .7.J 23
MAXIMUM DESIGN LOADS
The maximum moments, shears or forces to be sustained by a stresscarrying steel member shall be computed from formulas listed below.
Members subject to combinations of loads and forces shall be designed for
the combined effects.
For all loadings less than //20, provision shall be made for an
in frequent heavy load by applying Group IA loading, with the live load
assumed to occupy a single lane without concurrent loading in any other
When earthquake loading is taken into account, the Group II loading
shall be used sit bsti tu ting E :for 11'. \\'hen ice pressure is taken into
account, the Group II loading shall be used substituting ICE for SF.
The symbols in the above formu las represent the moments, shears or
forces caused by the toads and effects described in Article 1.2.22.
1.7.124
J .7.1 24
lA J
177
DE SIGN
SYMMETRICAL BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Compocf
Sections
Symmetrical I-shaped beams with high resistance to local buckling
and proper bracing to
resist
comp:ict sectlone. Compact
lateral
sections
at-e
which rotate at near constant moment.
to rsional buckling qualify

:ible to
Koi-in plastic
as
hin ges
Rolled or fabi icated I-shaped beams meeting the requirements of

paragraph ( 1) below shall be considered compact sections and the
maximum strength shall be as computed :

where F,. is the specified yield point of the steel being used,
Z is the plastic section modulus.*
(1) Beams designed as compact sections shall meet the following
requirements : I for certain frequently used steels these requirements
are listed in Table 1) .
(a) Projecting flange element
b/t
1600
whei e b is the width of the projecting flange element,

I is the flange th ickness.
(b) Web thickness

d/t i
where d is the depth of the beam,
I,,. is the web th ickness.
(c) Lateral bracing

when M.. fi 0.7M ,
WhPre L , is the distance between points of bracing of the compres
sion flange,
r,. is the radius of gyration with respect to the Y-Y axis,

M and M.. are the moments at the to o adjacent braced points.
In no case shall L , exceed the value given in Article 1.7.124
(B) (1 ) Ic) .
* See Commen tary of AISI Bulleti n I G for method of com ju ting Z. Values I or rolled section s
:irc listed i n the M annal of S tecl C on stru ct i o n, Seventh Elition , TO 7 0, A me iie:in Insti tuto of
5teel Construe tion,
12.124
The required lateral bracing shall be provided by braces capable
of preventing lateral displacement and twisting of the main

members or by embedment of the top and sides of the compression flange in concrete.
(d) Maximum axial compression

P 0.15F,.A
where A is the area of the cross section.
(e)
Maximum shear force

V 0.55F,,dtg
( 2) -ii-tiCle 1.7.124 (A) is applicable to steels with stressstrain

d iagrams which exhibit a yield plateau :followed by a strain hardening
range.
Steels such as ASTM A3 6, A242, A440, A441, A 572 and A 588 meet
these requ memento. The limitations set North in Article 1.7.124 (A) are
gis en in Table 1.
8.4
70
37
68
7.8
65
34
69
7.5
62
33
56
7.2
59
31
54
6.8
67
30
51
(3) In the design of a continuous beam of compact section com

plying with the provisions of Article 1.7.124 (A) (1) , negative moments
over supports determined by elastic analysis may be reduced by a maximum of 10 o Stlth reduction shall be accompanied by an increase in
maximum positive moment in the span equal to the average decrease
of the negative moments in the span. The reduction shall not apply
to negative moments produced by cantilever loading.
I BJ
Broced Non-Compocf
Sections
For rolled or fabricated I-shaped beams not meeting the require-
ments of Article 1.7.124 (A) (1) but meeting the requirements of

paragraph ( 1) below, the maximum strength shall be computed as :
where S is the section modulus.
( 1) The aboVe eQuation is appliCltble to beams meeting the follow-
ing requirements :
DESIGN
1.7.124
When
M < M,,, b/t may be i nci eased by the ratio 9M,,/M
(b) Web thickness
D/t,,. 150
where II is the clear unsupported distance between flange com
ponents.
(ct
Spacing of lateral bracing for compression flange

20,000,000 A,
where d is the depth of beam or girder,

A is the flange area.
(d) Maximum axial compression
Axial compression shall not exceed the value given by
Article 1.7.124 (A) (1) (d) .
(e)
Maximum shear force
but not more than 0.58F,.Dt,,

(2) The limitations set North in paragraph (1) above are given
in Table 2.
TABLE1 2
F, (psi)
36,000
42,000
46,000
50,000
5b,0t00
9fl,00f1
100,000
b/t
Li,d
A,
11.6
10.7
10.3
9.8
9.4
7.?
7.0
556
476
4B5
400
B64
222
200
ICJ
Tronsition
The maximum strength of members with geometric properties

falling between the limits of Articles 1.7.124 (A) and (B) may be
computed by str aight line interpolation, except that the web thickness
must always satisfy Article 1.7.124 (A) (1) (b) .

IDJ
Unbroced Sections
(1) For members not meeting the lateral bracing requirement of
Article 1.7.124 (B) (1 ) (c) the maximum strength shall be computed
as :
M,, F, S 1
When the ratio of stresses at the two ends of the braced length,
L ,, is less than 0.7, the maximum strength, M,, as computed by the
above formula may be increased 20 j but not to exceed F,.S.
( 2) In members not meeting the roqui rements of Article 1.7.124

( D ) ( 1) (e) the web shall be provided with transverse stiffeners as
specified in Article 1.'7.124 (E ) .
(3) Members with axial loads in excess of 0.15F,.A should be
designed as beam-columns as specified in Article 1.'7.134
IEJ
Tronsversely
Sti9ened
Girders
( 1) For gii ders not meeting the shear requ moments of Articles
1.7.124 (A) (1) Ie ) and 1.7. 124 (B) 11) (e) transverse stiffeners are
requ ired for the web. For girders with transverse stiffeners but
without longitudinal stiffeners the thickness of the web shall meet
the requi rement :
For different grades of steel this limit is :

F,. (]lS1)
92
8
6
6
122
1
36,000
42,000
46,000
50,000
55,000
50,000
100,000
(2) The maximum bending strength of transversely stiffened

girders meeting the requirements of Article 1.7.124 E) ( 1) shall be
computed by Articles 1.'7.124 B ) or 1.7.124 (D) ( 1) as applicable sub
.ject to the requ irement of Article 1.7. 124 (E) (4) .
(3) The shear capacity of beams and girdei s with webs fulfilling
the requ memento of Article 1.7.124 (E) (1) shall be computed as
where :
D =clear, unsuppoi ted distance between Pange components.

d,,= distance betw-een transverse stiffeners.
(4) ID a gii der panel is subjected to simultaneous action of shear
and bentling moment ss ith the magn itude of the shear higher than
0.6V,,, then the moment shall be limited to not more than :
1.7,124
DESIGN
(5) Transverse stiffeners shall be spaced at a distance, d,,, accord

ing to shear capacity as specified in Article 1.7. 124 (E) (3) but not
more than 1.SD. T ransverse stiffenei s may bP omitted in those portions
of the girders where the maximum shear force is less than the value
given by Article 1.7.124 ( B) 11) (e) .
The first stiffener space at the ends of girders with simple suyi-
OI-ts shall not be greater than D nor :
d = 14,500 Dt,,./V
that
T'he width-to-thickness ratio of transverse stiffener s- shall be such
where b is the projecting width o1 the stiffener.

The gross crosssectional area of intermed rate transverse stiffeners
shall not be less than :
where F is the ratio o:I web plate yield strength to stiffener plate yield sti ength
B = 1.0 for stiffener pain,
1.8 for single angles,
2.4 for single plates.
C is computed by Article 1.7.124 ( E ) (3)
The moment o:I inertia of transverse stiffeners with reference to
the midplane of the web shall be not less th:in :
Transverse stiffeners need not be in bearing with the tension

flange. The maximum distance between the stiffenerto-web connection and the face of the tension flange shall not be more than 41,,
Stiffeners provided on only one side o:I the web must be in bearing
against but need not be attached to the compression flange.
IFJ Longitudinolly Sfi9ened Girders
(1) ) Longitudinal stiffeners shall be required when the
thick ness is less than that specified by Article 1.7.124 (E) (1)
shall be placed at a distance D/5 from the inner surface of
compression flange.
The web th ickness of plate gii ders with transverse stiffeners
one longitudinal stiffener shall meet the requirement :
For different grades of steel, this limit is :
web
and
the
and
182
386
356
340
326
B11
36,000
42,000
46,000
50,000
55,000
248
231
100,000
90,000
(2) The maximum bending strength of longitudinally stiffened girdeis meeting the i equ i rements of Ai ticle 1.7. 124 ( F) ( 1) shall be computed
by Articles 1.'7.124 ( B ) or Ai ticle 1.7.124 (D) (1) as applicable, subject
to the requirement of Article 1.7.124 (E) (4) .
13) The shear capacity of girders with one longitud inal stiffener
shall be computed by Article 1.7. 124 (E) (3) .
The dimensi one of the longitudinal stiffener shall be such that :
( a) the width-tothickness ratio is not greater than that given
by At-ticle 1.7.124 (E) (5) .
(b) the rigidity of the stiffener is not less than :
I fi Dt,,"' 2.4 D 0.13

(c) the radius of gyration of the stiffener is not less than :
' 23,000
In comp uting I and r values above, a centrally located web strip not
more than 181,,. in width shall be considered as a part of the longitudinal stiffener. Transverse stiffeners for girder panels with longitudinal stiffeners shall be designed accord ing to Article 1.7.124 (E) (5)
except that the depth o:I subpanels shall be used instead of the total
panel depth, D. In addition the section modulus of the transverse

stiffener shall be not less than :
where D is the total panel depth (clear distance between flange components) and S, is the section modulus of the longitudinal stiffener at
D/5.
J .7.125
UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS AND GIRDERS
fAl Generol
For be:inns and gi rde rs symmetrical about the vertical axis of the
cross section but unsymmetrical with respect to the horizontal centroidal ax is, the provisions of Articles 1.7.124 (A) through 1.7.124 (D)
shall be applicable except that in computing the maximum strength by
ArtiCl 1.7.124 (D) ( 1) the term b is replaced by 0.9b'.
1.7.125
DESIGN
IBJ Unsymmetricol Sections with Transverse StiReners
Girders with transverse stiffeners shall be designed and evaluated

by the provisions of Article 1.7.124 (E ) except that when D , the clear
d istance between the neutral axis and the compi ession flange, exceeds
D /2 the web thickness, I,., shall meet the requirement :
D
18,250
ICl Longitudinolly Sti9ened Unsymmetricol Sections

Lonyitudin:it stiffeners shall be required on unsymmetrical sections
when the web thickness is less than that specified by Articles
1.7.124 (E ) ( 1) or 1.7.125 (B ) .
For girders with one longitud incl stiffener and transverse stiffenfirs, the provisions of Article 1.7.124 ( F) :for symmetrical sections
shall be applicable provided that :
(a) the longitud inal stiffener is placed 2D,/5 from the inner
surface or the leg o:I the compression flange element.
(b) When D, exceeds D/2, the web thickness, I,., shall meet the
requirement :
J .7.126 COMPOSITE BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Composite beams shall be so proportioned that the following criteria
are satisfied :
(a) The maximum strength of any section shall not be less than the
sum of the computed moments at that section multiplied by the
appropriate load factors.
(b) The web of the steel section shall be designed to carry the total
external shear and must satisfy the applicable provisions of
Articles 1.7.124 and 1.7.125. In such application the value of
D, shall be taken as the clear distance between the neutral axis
of the composite section for live loads and the compression
flange.
1.7.127 POSITIVE MOMENT SECTIONS OF COMPOSITE BEAMS AND

GIRDERS
I AJ
Compact Sections
When the steel section satisfies the compactness requirements of

Article 1.7.127 (A) (2) , the maximum strength shall be computed as
the resultant moment of the Iully plastic stress distribution acting on
the section (Figure 1.7.127) .
(1) The resultant moment of the fully plastic stress distribution
may be computed as :follows :
(a) the compressive force in the slab, C, is equal to the smallest
of the values given by the following Equations :
( 1 ) r' ri s.u f ml w r a v
where 6 is the effective width of slab,
I, is the slab thickness.

(A F,.) , is the product of the area and yield point of that
part of i einf oicement which lies in the compression

zone of the slab.
where (A F,.) ;, is the product of area and yield point for bottom flange
of steel section (including cover plate if any) ,
(A F,. j ,, is the product of area and yield point for top flange of
steel section,
(A F,.) ,,. is the product of area and yield point :for web of steel
where 2Q,, is sum of ultimate strengths of shear connectors between

the section under consideration and the section
moment.
(b) the ilepth of the stress block is computed from the
pressive f'orce in the slab.
of
zero
com
'0.85f b
(c) when the compressive force in the slab is less than the value
given by Equation (2) abos'e the top portion of the steel
section will be subjected to the following compressive :force :
(d) The location of the neutral axis within the steel section
measured from the top of the steel section may be determined as follows :
be) the maximum strength of the section in bending is the first
DESIGN
1.7.127
moment of all :forces about the neutral axis, taking all forces
and moment arms as positive quantities.
(2) Composite beams quality as compact when their steel section
meets the requ irements of Articles 1.7.124 ( A) ( 1) (b) and 1.7.124
(A ( 1) ( e) , and the stress-strain d iagram of the steel exhibits a yield
pl:it eau followed by a strain hardening
range .
IBJ Non-compoct Secfions

When the steel section does not satisfy the compactness requirements of Article 1.7.127 (A) (2) the maximum strength of the section
shall be taken as the moment at first yielding.

I CJ
General
Maximum compressive and tensile stresses in girdei s which are not

provided with temporary supports during the placing of dead loads
shall be the sum of the stresses produced by 1.30D cting on the steel
girder alone and the stresses produced by 1.80 (D, + 5/3 (L + I) ) acting
on the composite girder, where D, and D at-e the moment caused by the
dead load acting on the steel girder and composite girder, respectively.
When the girders are provided with effectiv e intermediate sup
ports which are kept in place until the concrete has attained 75 %c of its
i equ ired 28-day strength, stresses are produced by the loading,

1.30 ( D q 5/3 (L + I) ) , acting on the composite girder.
J .7.J 28
NEGATIVE MOMENT SECTIONS OF COMPOSITE BEAMS AND

GIRDERS
The maximum strength of beams and girders in the negative moment

regions shall be computed in accoi-dance with Articles 1.7.124 and 1.7.125
as applicab Ie. It shall be assumed that the concrete slab does not carry
tensile stresses. In cases where Ihe slab reinforcement is continuous over
interior supports, the reinforcement may be considered to act compos itely
with the steel section.
J .7.129 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS

This section pertains to the design of simple and continuous bridges
of moderate length supported by two or more single-cell composite box
girders. It is applicable to box girders, having width centerto-center of

top steel flanges approximately equal to the distance
center-to -center
of
adjacent top steel flanges of adjacent box girders. The cantilever overhang of the deck slab, inclu ding curbs and parapet, shall be limited to
60 percent of the distance between the centers of adjacent top steel
flanges of adjacent box girders, but in no case greater than 6 feet.
IA J
Moximum
Strength
The maximum strength of box girders shall be determined accord-
ing to the applicable provisions of Article 1.7.126, 1.7.127 and 1.7.128.

In addition, the maximum strength of the negative moment sections
shall be limited by
M,,= F ,S
1.7.12il
18B
where F , is the buckling stress of the bottom flange plate as given in

Article 1.7.129 (E) .
IBJ
Loterol
Distribution
The live load bending moment for each box girder shall be deter
mined in accordance with Article 1.7.103.
ICJ Web Plofes

The design shear V :for a web shall be calcu lated using the following equation :
where V = one hal:I of the total vertical shear :force on one box girder,
0 = the angle of inclination of the web plate to the vertical.
The i ncli nation of the web plates to the vertical shall not exceed 1 to 4.
ID ) Tension Flonges
In the case of simply supported spans, the bottom flange shall be

considered fully effective in resisting bending if its width does not
exceed one-fifth the span length. ID the flange plate width exceeds onefif th of the span, only an amount equal to one-hf th of the span shall be
considered effective.
For contin uous spans, the requirements above shall be applied to
the d istance between points o:I contraflexure.

IE J
Compression
Flanges
(1) Unstiffened compression Panges designed for the yield stress,

F,., shall have a width-to-thickness ratio equal to or less than the value
where b flange width between webs in inches,

I= flange thickness in inches.
(2) For greater b/t ratios, but not exceeding 13,300/QF,,, the
buckling stress of an unstiffened bottom flange is given by the formula :
F,, 0.592 F, 1+0.687 sin
2
in which c shall be taken as
(3) For' values of b/t exceeding 13,3009F,., the buckling stress

of the flange is given by the formula :
1.7.129
DESIGN
187
(4) ID longitud inal stiffeners are used, they shat l be equally spaced
across the flange v idth and shall be proportioned so that the moment
of inertia of each stiffener about an axis parallel to the flange and at

the base of the stiffener is at least equal to :
I,=Qtw
where d 0.07k n' when n equals 2, 3, 4 or 5.
#= 0.125k when n =1.
w =width of Pange between longitudinal stiffeners or distance
ft-ore a web to the nearest longitudinal stiffener.
n = number of longitudinal sf iffeners.
k= buckling coefficient which shall not exceed 4.
For a longitu dinally stiffened flange designed for the yield stress
F ., the ratio w/t shall not exceed the value given by the :formula
For greater values of w/t, but not exceeding 6650 k/QF,., the
buckling stress of the Pange, including stiffeners is given by Article
1.7.129 (E ) (2) in which c shall be taken as :
For values o:I w/t exceeding 6650y'k/ F . the buckl ing stress o:I
the Pange, including sliffeners, is given by the formula :
\\'hen longitudinal stiffeners are used, it is preferable to have at
least one transverse stiffener placed near the point of dead load contraflexure. The stiffener should have a size equal to that of a longitudinal
stiffener.
5) The width-to -thickness ratio of any outstanding element of

the flange stiffeners shall not exceed the value determined by the
:formula :
where b width of any outstanding stiffener element,

I'=thickness of outstanding stiffener element.
IFJ Diophrogms
Diaph ragms, cross-frames, or other means shall be provided within
the box girders at each support to resist transverse rotation, displace-
ment and distortion.
Intermediate diaphragms or cross-frames are not required for box

gii d er bridges designed in accordance with this specification.
J .7.J 30
IA I
SHEAR CONNECTORS
General
The horizontal shear at the interface between the concrete slab

and the steel girder shall be provided for by mechanical shear connectors throughout the simple spans and the positive moment regions
of con tin u ous spans. In the negative moment regions, shear connectors
shall be provided when the reinf orcement steel Embedded in the concrete is considered a part of the composite section. In case the reinforcement steel imbedded in the concrete is not considered in computing section properties of' negative moment sections, shear connectors
need not be prov ided in these portions of the span, but additional connectors shall be placed in the region of the points of dead load contraflexure as specified in Article 1.7.100 (A) (3) .
IB J
Design of
Connectors
The nu mber of shear connectors shall be determined in accordance

with Article 1.7.100 (A) (2) , and checked for fatigue in accordance with
Article 1.7.100 (A) (1) and 1.7. 100 (AI (3) .
ICl Maximum Spocing
The maximum pitch shall not exceed 24 inches except over the
interior supports of continuous beams where wider spacing may be
used to avoid placing connectors at locations of high stresses in the
tension flange.
I .7.J 31 HYBRID GIRDERS

This section pertains to the design of ( 1) noncomposite beams and
girders that have flanges of the same minimum specified y ield strength
and a web with a lower minimum specified yield strength, and (2)
composite girders that have a tension flange with a higher minimum
specified yield strength than the web and a compression flange with a
minimum specified yield strength not less than that of the web. It is
applic:ible to both simple and continuous girders. In noncomposite girders
and in the negative moment portion of continuous composite girders,

the area of the compression flange shall be equal to the area of the
tension flange, or larger than the area of the tension flange by an amount
not exceeding 25 percent. In composite girders, excluding the negative
moment portion in continuous girder s-, the area of the compression flange
shall be equal to or smaller than the area of the tension flange. The
minimum specified yield strength of the v eb shall not be less than 35
percent of the minimum specified yield strength of the tension flange.
The provisions of Articles 1.7.124 through 1.7.130 shall apply to
hy brid beams and girders except as modified below. In all equations o:I
these Articles, F,. shall be taken as the minimum specified yield strength
of the steel of the element under consideration.
DESIGN
1.7.132
1.7.J 32 NONCOMPOSITE HYBRID GIRDERS

l Al
Compact Sections
The ejuation of Article 1.7.124 I A) for the maximum strength of

compact sections shall be replaced by the expression
v here F,. is the specified minimum yield strength of the Pange and Z
is the plastic section modulus.
In computing Z, the web thickness shall be multiplied by the ratio of
the minimum specified yield strength of the web, F,.g,, to the minimum
specified yield strength F,.,.
IBJ Broced Non-compoct Sections
The equation of Article 1.7.124 (B ) for the maximum strength of
compact sections shall be replaced by the expression
For symmetrical sections,
12 +Q (Up p" )
12 2Q
where
For unsymmetrical sections,
whlPt3 3 lS the distance :from the outer fiber of the tension flange to the
neutral axis divided by the depth o:I the steel section.
I CJ Unbroced Noncompoct Sections
The equation of Article 1.7.124 (D) (1) for the maximum strength
of unbraced noncompact sections shall be replaced by the expression
R
where the appropriate R is determined from (B) above.
IDJ Tronsversely Sti9ened Girders
The equation of Article 1.7.124 (E) (3) for the shear capacity of'
transversely stiffened girders shall be i eplacod by the expression
The equation for A in Article 1.7.124 (E) (5) is not applicable to

hybrid girders.
J .7. J 33 COMPOSITE HYBRID GIRDERS

at
The maximum stren gth of the compos ite section shall be the moment
first yielding of the flanges times R (for unsymmeti-ical sections)
ft ore Article 1.7.132 ( B) , in which ji is the distance from the outer fibei
of the tension flange to the neutral axis of the transformed section divided
by the depth of the steel section.
J .7. J 34 COMPRESSION MEMBERS

IA J
Axiol Loading
( I ) /V\ci xi in u in Copcicif y
The maximum strength of concentrically loaded columns shall

be computed as :
where A, is the gross effective area of the column cross section
and F is determined by one of the following two formulas :
for
KL
less than or equal to
where
K
L,
is effective length factor in the plane of buckling

is length o:I the member between points o:I support, in
inches
r
is radius of gyration in the plane of buckling, in inches
F, is yield stress of the steel, in psi
E
is 29,000,000 psi
F,, is buckling stress, in psi
1 2)
E9ecf we Le n9th
The effective length :factor K shall be determined as follows :

(a) For members having lateral support in both directions at its ends :
K 0.75 for riveted, bolted or welded end connections.

K= 0.875 :for pinned ends.
(b) For
members
having
ends
not
fully
supported
later ally by diagonal bracing or an attachment to an
DESIGN
1.7.134
adj:icent structure, the effective length factor shall

be determined by a rational procedu re.
I BJ Combined Axiol Lood ond Bending
( J )
Mo xim uin Co po city
The combined maximum axial force P and the maximum bending moment M acting on a beam-column subjected to eccentric
loading shall satisfy the following equations :
M
where
F ,. is buckling stress as determined by the equations of Article
1.7.134 (A) ( 1)
M, is the maximum strength as determined by Articles 1.7.124
(A) (B) or ( D)
the Euler buckling stress in
the plane of bending,
G is the eq u ivalent moment factor, as defined below.
M,, F,.Z the :full plastic moment of the section,
Z is the plastic section modulus,
Km
(2)
is the effective slenderness i-atio in the plane of bending.
Eq u i vo I e n f /r\ore e n I FoCfor C
If the ends of the beam-column are restrained from sidesway

in the plane of bend ing by diagonal bracing or attachment to an
adjacent laterally braced structure, then the value of equivalent
moment factor, C, may be computed by the formula :
C =0.6 + 0.4a, but not less than 0.4
where a is the ratio of the numerically smaller to the larger end
moment. The ratio a is positive when the two end moments act
in an opposing sense (i.e., one acts clockwise and the other acts
countei clockwise ) and negative when they act in the same sense.
In all cases, factor C may be taken conservatively as unify.
* B . G. Ioh nston , Guido to Design Crite ri a Ior Metal Com p session Members , John Wiley and
Sons, In '., New York , ltlfifi.
1.7.135 SPLICES, CONNECTIONS & DETAILS

I AJ
Connectors
General
Connectors shall be proportioned so that their maximum

stiength multiplied by the reduction factor, d, shall be at least
equal to the effects of design loads multiplled by their i-espective
load factors specified in Article 1.7.123. The maximum strengths
multiplied by the reduction factors are listed in Table 3.
1 2 I Wet ds
The ultimate strength oJ weld metal in groove welds
equal to or greater than that of the base metal. The
shall be
ultimate
strength of the weld metal in fillet welds need not match the
strength of the base metal. However, the welding procedure and
weld metal shall be selected to insure sound welds. The effective
weld area shall be taken as dehned in Article 1.7.28.
(3)
Bo I ts o n d Rivefs
In proportion ing fasteners, the nominal diameter shall be
used except when a shear plane intersects the threads.
High-strength bolts preferably shall be used for fasteners subj ect to tension or combined shear and tension.
Strength ( gF )
1.00 F,
0.45 :f.
Type of Fastener
Groove Weld '
Fillet Weld '
Low-Carbon Steel Bolts

ASTM A307
Tension
27 ksi
2 ksi
Shear
Power-Driven Rivets
ASTM A502
Shear Grade 1
Shear Grade 2
26 ksi
30 ksi
High-Strength Bolts
ASTM A 325
Tension "
Shear ( Bearing-Type) " "
76 ksi
54 ksi
( 1 ) F
yield point of con necteil inaterial.
( 2 ) F minimum strength pf the wet ding rod metal but not greater than the
tensile strength of: the connected p:irts.
( 3 ) When a shear j1ane i ntersects the bolt threads, th roll urea shall be used.
( 4 ) Bearing
stresses
in
bearing-tyne
connections
shall
not
exceeil
the
tensile
strength of the con n ectecl materi at.

( 6 ) For A235 bolts the tens ile strength docreases for diameters greater tha 7 ; J
Th e 1esin value listet is for bolts un t 7/ ) . diameter. For d iameters greater than
@ in . diameter the lesign vslue shall be computed as 0.6 6 Fri f or tension and 0.46 Fri
for s hear w here Ei, i s the ASTM minimum tensile strength of the bolt.
D E S I GN
For combined tension and shear in bearing type connections,

bolts and rivets shall be proportioned so that the shear stress does
not exceed :
where F,. = shear strength of the fastener, QF, as given in Table 8.
I,= tensile stress due to the applied load.
(4)
Friction
Joints
Friction joints shall be designed to prevent slip at the overload

in accordance with Article 1.7.136 (C) . Maximum strength of
bolts need not be considered in the design of such joints.
the
l B J Connections
( I )
Sp I ices
Splices retry be made with rivets, with high-strength bolts or
by the use of welding. Splices, whether in tension, compression,

bending or shear, shall be designed for not less than the average
of the calculated stress res ul tant at the point of the splice and the
strength of the member at the same point, but in any event not
less than 75 of the maximum strength of the member. Where a

section changes at a splice, the maximum strength
shall be at least 7G 'c of the smaller section spliced.
o:I the
splice
The maximum strength of the member shall be determined by

the gross section for compression members. For members primarily in bending, the gross section shall be used, except that if
more than 15j of each flange area is removed, that amount
iemoved in excess of 15% shall be deducted. For tension members
and splice material, the gross section shall be used unless the net
section area is less than 85 (? of the corresponding gross area, in
which case that amount removed in excess of 15 shall be
deducted.
( 2 )
Bolts Sub|ecfed
to
Prying Action
by Con nected
Bolts requ ired to support applied load
by
Porfs
means
o:I direct
tension shall be proportioned :for the sum of the external load and
tension resulting :f rom prying action produced by deformiition of
the connected parts. The total tension should not exceed the values
given in Table 3 of Article 1.7.135.
The tension due to prying actions shall be computed as :
Bb
8a
20
where
Q = the prying :force per bolt (taken as zero when negative) ,
T the direct tension per bolt due to external load,
a distance :f rom center o:I bolt to edge of plate,
H HH\VAY BPIDGE 5
1.7.13
b= distance :from center of bolt to toe of fillet of connected part,

I
thickness of thinnest part connected, in.
(3)
Rigid Con necfions
All rigid frame connections, the rigidity of which is essential

to the continuity assumed as the basis of design, shall be capable
of resisting the moments, shears, and axial loads to which they
are subjected by maximum loads.
The beam web shall equal or exceed the thickness given by :

M,
where
M is the column moment,
d;, the beam depth,

d, the column depth.
When the thickness o:I the connection web is less than that
given by the above formula, the web shall be strengthened by
d iagonal stiffeners or by a reinforcing plate in contact vv'ith the
web over the connection area.

At joints where the flanges of one member are rigidly framed
into one flange of another member, the thickness of the web (tp )
stipporting the latter flange and the thickness of the latter flange
t,) shall be checked by the :formulas below. Stiffeners are

requ ired on the web of the second member opposite the compression flange of the first member when
and opposite the tension flange of the first member when

I, < 0.4 A,
where
tg = thickness of web to be stiffened.
k= distance from outer face of flange to toe of web fillet of
member to be stiffened,
b= thickness of flange delivering concentrated :force,
I, thickness of Pange of member to be stiffened,
A,= area of Pange delivering concentrated load.
1.7.136 OVERLOAD
iA J Noncomposite Beoms
For noncomposite beams the moment caused by D
(L -l- I)
shall not exceed 0.8 F,.S. For such beams designed :for Group IA
loading, the moment caused by D +2.2 (L + I) shall not exceed 0.8
F,S. In the
DESICN
1.7.16
case o:I moment redistribution under the provisions of Article

1.7.124 (A) (3), the above limitation shall apply to the modified mo
ments but not to the original moments.

IBJ Composite Beoms
For composite beams the moment caused by D +
(L + I) shall
not exceed 95 % of the moment at first yielding in the section. For

such beams designed for Group IA loading, the moment caused by
D + 2.2 t L + I) shall not exceed SS o:I the moment at first yielding in

the section. In computing dead load stresses the presence or absence
of temporary supports during the construction shall be considered.
IC J Friction Joints
The shear caused by the loading, D +
(L + I) in friction-type
high-strength bolted joints shall not exceed 21,000 psi for ASTM
325 bolts.
For combined shear and tension in frictiontype joints where
applied forces reduce the total clamping force on the friction plane, the
maximum shear stress shall not exceed the values obt:iined from the
following equations :
For A325 bolts
1,.= 21,000 [1 f,/0.53F,)
where F,, is the tensile strength of the bolt,
I, is the applied tensile stress.
J .7. J 37 FATIGUE
IA) General
The analysis of the pr obability of fatigue of steel members or
connections under working loads and the allowable fatigue stresses,
F,., shall conform to Article 1.7.3, except that Ihe limitati on imposed
by the ba9ic design criteria given in Articles 1.7. 1 :iiid 1.7.2, shall not
apply.
IBJ
Composite
Construction
( \ ) SI o b Rei nfo rce me nf
When composite action is provided in the negative moment

region, the range of stress in slab reinforcement shall be limited
to 20,000 psi.
( 2)
Sh eo r Con necfors
The shear connectors shall be designed for fatigue in accordance with .4rticle 1.7.100 (A) .
1.7.137
IC J
Hybrid Beoms ond Girders
Hybrid girders shall be designed for fatigue in accordance with

Article 1.7.111 IC) .
1.7.J J 38
DEFLECTION
The control of detection of sleek or of composite steel and concrete

structures shal I conform to the provis ion of At ticle 1.7.12.
ORTHOTROPIC-DECK BRIDGES
J .7.J 39
ORTHOTROPIC-DECK BRIDGES, GENERAL
This section perta ins to the design of steel bridges that utilize a
stiffened steel plate as a deck. Usually the deck plate is stiffened by
longitu din:il ribs an d transverse beams ; effective widths of deck plate
act as the top flan ges of these ribs and beims. Usually the deck, including
ton gitudin al ribs, acts as the top flange of the main box or plate girders.
As used in Articles 1.7.139 through 1.7.148, the terms, rib and beam,
refer to sections that include an effective width of deck plate.
The provisions of Division I, Design, shall govern where applicable,
except as spec ifical ly modified by Articles 1.7.139 through 1.7.148.
An appropi-iate method of elastic analys is, such as the
equivalent
orthotropic-slab method r the eq u ivalent-grid method, shall be used in

designing the deck. The equivalent stiffness properties shall be selected
to correctly s inn u late the actual deck. An appropriate method of elastic
analys is, such as the thin-walledbeam method, that accounts for the
effects o1 tors ional d istortions of the crosssectional shape shall be used
iii designing the girders of or thotropic-ileck box-girder bridges. The box
girder design shall be checked for lane or truck loading arrangements that
produce maximum distortional I to rs ional ) effects.
J .7. J 40
WHEEL-LOAD CONTACT AREA
The wheel loads specified in Article 1.2.5 shall be un if ormly distributed to the deck plate over the rectangular area defined bclow :
Wheel Load,
kip
Width
Perpendicular
to Traffic, inch
Length
in D irection
of Traffic, inch
In the above table, t is the lh ickness of the wearing surface in
inches.
1.7.141
1.7.J 4J EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF DECK PLATE

fA J
Ribs ond Beoms
i'he effective wid th of deck plate acting as the top flange o:I a
longitudinal rib or a transvei-se beam may be calculated by accepted
approximate methods.*
IBJ
Cirders
The full width of deck plate may be cons idered effective in acting
as the top flange of the girders if the effective span of the girders is
not less than : ( 1) 5 times the maximum distance between girder wCbS
:ind (2) 10 times the maximum distance from edge of the deck to the
nearest girder web. The effective span shall be taken as the actual
span for simple spans and the distance between points of contraflexure
for continuous spans. Alternatively, the effective width
may be
determined by accepted analytical method s-.
The effective width of the bottom flange of a box girder shall be
determined according to the prov isions of Article 1.7.105 (A) .

1.7.J 42 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
fA J
Locol Bending Stresses in Deck Plote
The term local bending stresses refers to the stresses caused in

the deck plate as it carries a wheel load to the ribs and beams. The
local transverse bending str-esses can sed in the deck plate by the specified wheel load plus 30 percent impact shall not exceed 30,000 psi
unless a higher allowable stress is justified by a detailed fatigue analy
sis or by applicable fatigue-test results. For deck con figurations in
which the spacing of transverse beams is at least 3 times the spacing
of longitudinalrib webs, the local longitudinal and transverse bending
stresses in the deck plate need not be combined with the other bending
stresses covered in paragraphs ( B) and (C) below.
IB J
Bending Stresses in Longitudinal
Ribs
The total bending stres-ses in longitudinal ribs due to a combination of ( 1) bending of the rib and, (2) bending o:I the girders may
exceed the allowab le bending stresses in At-ticles 1.7.1 and 1.7.3 by
25 percent. The bending stress due to each of the two individual modes
shall not exceed the allowable bending stresses in Articles 1.7.1 and
1.7.3.
ICJ Bending Stresses in Transverse Beoms

The bending stresses in transverse beams shall not exceed the
allowable bending stresses in Articles 1.7.1 and 1.7.3.
Desipn Mann:it for O rthotrop ie Steel Plate Deck B ricIg:es, AIS C, 196 3 o r O rth ct nip ie
B riclges , Theory and D osign, by M.S. T re its ky, Lincoln Arc Well ing Fo un da I ie n , 196 i.
\ DJ Intersections of Ribs, Beoms, ond Girders

Gonne ctions between ribs and the webs of beams, holes in the
webs of beams to permit passage of ribs, connections of beams to the
wCbs of girders, and rib splices may affect the fatigue like of the
bridge when they occur in i egions of tensile stress. Where applicable,
the number of cycles of maximum stress and the allowable fatigue

stresses given in Section 1.7.3 shall be applied in designing these
details ; el sewhPre, a rational fatigue analysis shall be made in designing the details. Connections between webs of longitu dinal ribs and
Ihe deck plate shall be designed Io sustain the transverse bending
fatigue stresses caused in the webs by wheel loads.
1.7.J 43 THICKNESS OF PLATE ELEMENTS
IAJ Longifudinol Ribs ond Deck Plote

Plate elements comprising ton gitud inal ribs, and deck-plate elements between webs of these ribs, shall meet the minimum th ickness
iequiiements of Ai ticle 1.7.88 ; I,, may be taken as 75 percent of the

sum of the compress we stresses duo to ( 1) bending o:I the rib and, (2)
bending of the girder, but not less than the compressive stress due
to either of these two individual bond ing modes.
IBJ
Girders ond Transverse Beoms

Plate elements of box girders, plate g irders, and transverse beams
shall meet the i equirements of Articles 1.7.65, 1.7.70, 1.7.71, 1.7.72,
1.7.73, and 1.7.105.
1.7.144 MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS OF LONGITUDINAL RIBS

The slenderness, L/r, of a longitudinal rib shall not exceed the value
given by the following formula unless it can be shown by a detailed
inalys is that overall buckling of the deck will not occur as a result of
compressive stress ind uced by bending of the girders :
-1000
where
L= distance between transverse beams
r= rad ius of gyration about the horizontal centroi dat axls Of the rib
including an effective width of deck plate
F = maximum compressive stress (in psi) in the deck plate as a result
of the deck acting as the top flange of the girders ; this stress
shall be taken as positive
F,. yield strength of rib material in psi
J .7. J 45 DIAPHRAGMS
D iaphragms, cross f r:trees, or other means shall be provided at each
support to transmit lateral forces to the bear in gs and to resist transverse
DESIGN
1.7.14?
rotation, displacement, and distortion. Intermediate diaphragms or cross

frames shall be provided at locations consistent with the analysis of the
girders. The stiffness and strength of the intermediate and support
diaphragms or cross frames shall be consistent with the analysis of the

girders.
J .7.J 46
STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS
IAJ Deflections
The deflections of ribs, beams, and girders due to live load plus
impact may exceed the limit:it ions in At-ticle 1.7.12, but preferably shall
not exceed i of their span. The calculation of the deflections shall be
consistent with the analysis used to calculate the stresses.
To prevent excessive deterioration of the wearing surface, the
deflection of the deck plate due to the specified wheel load plus 30 percent impact preferably shall be less than Tiu of the distance between
webs of ribs. The stiffening effect of the wearing surface shall not be
included in calculating the deflection of the deck plate.
I Bl
Vibretiens
The vibrational characteristics of the bridge shall be considered in

arriving at a pi oper design.
J .7.147 WEARING SURFACE

A su itable wearing surface shall be adequately bonded to the top
of the deck plate to provide a smooth, nonskid riding surface and to
protect the top of the plate against corrosion and abrasion. The wearing
surface material shall Jn ovide (1) sufficient ductil ity to accommodate,
without cracking or debond ing, expansion and contraction imposed by
the deck plate, (2) sufficient fatigue strength to withstand flexural
cracking d ue to deckplate deflections, (3) sufficient durability to resist
rutting, shoving, and v ear ing, (4) imperviousness to water and motorvehicle fuels and oils, and (5) res isdance to deterioration :f rom deicing
salts, oils, gasolines, diesel fuels, and kerosenes.
J .7.148 CLOSED RIBS

GlosPd ribs without access holes for inspection, cleaning, and painting are permitted. Such ribs shall be sealed against the entrance of
moisture by continuously welding (1 i the rib webs to the deck plate, (2)
splices in the ribs, and 13) d iaphragms, or transverse beam webs, to the
ends of the ribs.
1.8.1
Section 8CORRUGATED METAL AND STRUCTURAL

PLATE PIPES AND PIPE-ARCHES
I .8. I GENERAL
The materials :for the structure shall conform to the specifications eet
forth below, and the construction and installation shall conform to Section
23, Division II. The min imum gage or thickness shall be as determined by
design in accordance with Art. 1.8,2, except that such thickness shall be
increased i n accordance with Art. 1.8.4 to provide for corros ion or abrasion
unless there i9 evidence that corros ion or abrasion is not likely to occur.
Corrugated metal pipe composed o:I a smooth liner and corrugated
sheI I attached integrally at seams spaced not more than 30 inches apart
may be designed in accordance with Article 1.8.2 on the same basis as a
st:indard corrugated metal pipe having the same corrugations as the shell
and a vv eight per foot equal to the sum of' the weights per :foot of liner
and corru gated shell. This shall be limited to a maximum pipe diameter
of 84 inches, the thickness of the corrugated shell shall be at least 60 %
of the total thickness of shell and liner, and the specified backfill compac
tion shall be a minimum of 85 o of standard density. Where corrosion or
abrasion are anticipated, thickness of shell and liner shall be increased in
accordance with Article 1.8.4 or suitable coatings shall be specified.
Corrugated metal pipe and pipe-arches may be of riveted, welded,
or helical fabrication. The specifications are :

Aluminum
Riveted
Continuous Welded
Spot Welded
AASHO M 196
Helical Underdrai n
Culvert
Steel
AASHO M 36
AASHO M 197
Specification
Pending
AASHO M 56
AASHO M 197 or
AASHO M 36
AA SHO M 211
AASHO M 36
Structural plate pipe and pipe-arches shall be bolted. The specifica-
tion9 are
Bolted
Aluminum
AASHO M 219
Steel
AASHO M 167
(6x2 Corrugations)
Noth ing inclu ded in this section shall be interpreted its prohibiting
the use of new develop me nts vv'here usefulness can be substantiated.
I .8.2 DESI GN
Four criteria must be considered in the structural design of a flexible
buried conduit. Each considers the mu tual function of the metal ring
and the soil envelope surround ing it ; interaction of these two materials
produces a composite structure.
The criteria are :
(A) Seam Strength
(B) Han d ling and Installation Strength
For 3 x 1 cor r ugatio us an equal n umber of / ;5 ASTM A 326 bolts may be subst it uted
Ior rivete.
18.2
LE SIGN
(C) Fail ure of the Cond uit Wall
(D) Deflection or Flattening
fA J
Seom Strength
Seam Strength must be sufficient to withstand the thrust developing

from the total load supported by the condu it.
This th rust, in lbs. per lineal ft. of structure is :

pa
T=(LL+DL)x
where LL = Design Live Load, p9f. See Art. 1.3.3

DL= Dead Load, psf. See Arts. 1.2.2 (A) and 1.8.8
Span I or diameter) , in ft.
Thrust, T, multiplied by the safety factor, (See Art. 1.8.8) should
not exceed the seam strength. The strengths shown in Table 1.8.2 are
recommended in the determination of fill heights. Longitudinal seams
:for corrugated metal pipe and pipe-arch shall develop the minimums
shown in Table 1.8.2.
IBI Handling ond lnstollofion Strength

Handling and installation strength must be sufficient to withstand
impact forces assoc iated with shipping and placing of pipe. Both shop
and field assembled pipe must have strength ItdeQuate to withstand
compaction of the backfill without interior bracing to maintain pipe
shape.
Handling rigid ity is measured by a Flexibility Factor determined
by the formula
FF =D/E I
where
D pipe diameter or max imum span, inchee
E modu lus of elasticity of the pipe material, psi (see Art.

1.8.3.)
I = moment of inertia per unit length of cross section of the pipe

wall, inches to the 4th power per inch.
For steel conduits, FF should generally not exceed the :fo1lowing
values :
2 'Z and
2 s x "e corrugation FF =4.3 10
3 1 corrugation FF =3.3 10'
6 2 corr ugation FF =2.0 10
For aluminum conduits, FF should generally not exceed the following values :
2 K and
2/s x'Z corrugation FF =9.5 10
9 2'/ corrugation FF =2.5 10
I CJ Failure of the Conduit Woil
Failure of the wall by wall crushing may occur if the wall flexibility is low (regardless of the quality of backfill) . Failure of the wall
202
TABLE 1.8.2
Minimum Lon9itudinnl Seem Strengths Ultimate strength in kips
per foot)
3 x 1 Corrugated
Steel Pipe
Thickness
Single
Rivets
Double
Rivets *
Thicknes s
Double
Rivete
0.064
16.7
21.6
0.064
28.7
0.079
0.109
0.138
0.168
18.2
29.8
0.079
23.4
46.8
0.109
24.5
49.0
0.138
25.6
51.3
0.168
6 2 Structural Plate Steel Pipe
Thickness
0.109
0.138
0.168
0.188
0.218
0.249
0.280
4 Bolts/ft
42.0
6 Bolts/it
62.0
81.0
93.0
112.0
132.0
144.0
180
2 Ye and 2/s x Fz Corrugated
194
9 2'/e Structural Plata
Aluminum Pipe
Aluminum Pipe
Aluminum
Thickness
0.060
0.075
0.105
0.135
0.164
35.7
53.0
63.7
70.7
Single
Rivets
Double
Rivet9
9.0
9.0
15.6
16.2
16.8
14.0
18.0
31.5
33.0
34.0
Bolts
5/s Bolts
Thickness
per :ft
0.09
0.10
0.125
0.15
0.175
0.20
0.225
0.250
22.2
26.4
34.8
44.4
52.8
Steel
Bolts
5/s Bolts
per ft
6 .
66.
72.
Pipes of 42 or larger diameter require double rivete.
by elastic buckling may occur if the wall flexibility is high and the backfill is comp ressible (poorly consolidated) . Interaction of these two failure cond it ions, crushing and buckling, may develop in a zone between
h igh and low wall flexibi lity.
It is assu med that a flexible condu it in a soil-structure interac-
tions system does not I:tit at a specific stress defined by bending, since
DESIGN
1.8.2
203
the cond u it in yielding may transfer more of its load to the surrounding
soil.
For diameters less than D, where
24E
r
D =
k
, the ring compres-
sion stress, f,, at which buckling becomes critical, in the interaction
zone is
f ,,
kD
48E
r
For diameters greater than D, where
D =
24E
, the ring com-
pression stress, I,, at which buckling becomes critical, in the elastic
buckling zone is
12E
kD
where I,= minimum tensile strength, psi
I,= critical stress, psi, not to exceed the yield strength
k soil stiffness factor
D = pipe diameter or span, in.

r = rad ius of gyration (corrugation)
E = modulus of elastici ty, psi
Design for buckling is accomplished by limiting the ring compression thrust, T, to the buckling stress multiplied by the conduit wall area
per lineal :foot of structure divided by the safety :factor.
IDJ Deflection or Floftening
The Iowa Deflection Formula provides one approach to prediction
of ri ng deflection. It i elates ring deflecti on to the passive side pressure
resist in g horiz ontal movement of the pipe wall and to the inherent
strength of the pipe. Pipe arches need not be checked for deflection.
The Iowa Deflection Formula is :
KW,R
X-D, EI +0.061 ER
where X = horizontal deflection of the pipe, in.
D, = deflection lag factor
HICiH\\'AY BPII1G ?
1.82
K= a bedding constant (depends on bedding angle)

W,= vertical load per u nit length of pipe, lb/lin in.
R= mean radius of pipe, in.
E = modulus of elasticity of pipe, psi (see Art. 1.8.3)
I = moment of inertia per unit length of cross section o:I pipe
wall, inches to the fourth power per inch
E= horizontal soil modulus, psi/in.
Other methods are available for predicting ring deflection.
1.8.3
CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS
IAJ ALUMINUM Corrugated Metol Pipe ond Pipe-orch
Chemical AASH O M 196 (ASTM C478) an d M 197
Mechan ical
Th ickRS9,
Minimum
Tensi Ie
Min imum
Yield
psi
psi
Strength
in.
0.051 I 0.113
0.114 to 0.249
EIon gation
24,000
24,000
4*
Qo
31,000
31,000
IBJ ALUMINUM
Minimum
Strength
in 2 inches
Mod. of:
Elast.
psi
10 10
10 X 10
Sfructurol plote pipe ond pipe-orch
Chemical AASHO
215, Alloy 5052
Mechanical
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
psi
0.09 0 to 0. 175
0.175 to 0.250
,
IC) STEEL
35,500
34,000
Corrugated
Metol
Min imurri
Yield
Strength
psi
Min imum
Eto npati on
in 2 inches
Mod. of
Elast.
psi
28,000
26,000
6 9p
8 9p
10x 10
10 10
Pipe
ond
Pipe-orch
Chemical AASHO M 36
Mechanical
Minimum
Tensile
Strength,
psi
4 5,000
Min imum
Yield
Strcn gth,
psi
Min imum
Elongat ion
in 2 inches
Mod. of
Elast.
psi
29 x 10
DESIGN
( D I STEEL
Strucf urol
Plote
Pipe ond
Pipe-orch
Chemical-AA SHO M 167

Mechanical
Minimum
Tensile
Strength,
42,000
Minimum
Yield
Strength,
Minimum
Elongation
in 2 inches
Mod. of
28,000
30 o
29 10
Elast.
psi
The mechanical properties shown above are for the flat material
prior to corru gating. A certificate of compliance shall be requ ired from
the manuf:acturer.
1.8.4
ABRASIVE OR CORROSIVE CONDITIONS
For corrugated metal and structural plate pipes and pipe-arches

having a thickness less than 0.25, the entire conduit, or bottom plates only
in the case of structural plate pipe, shall be of greater thickness, or protected by other means, when required i'or resistance to abrasion or
corrosion.
1.8.5
RIVETS AND BOLTS
Rivets I:or corrugated sections and bolts for structural plate sections
shall conform with the following :
Aluminum Corrugated Section :
Rivets-Aluminum, ASTM B 316, Alloy 6053-T4
Aluminum Structural Plates :
Bolts-Aluminum, ASTM B 211, Alloy 6061-TG
Bolts-Steel, AASHO M 164 (ASTM A 325)

Steel Corrugated Section :
Rivets-Steel, AASHO M 36
Steel Structural Plates :
Bolts-Steel, AASHO M 164 ( ASTM A 325)
Where end
treatment
requires a rigid headwall, the
plates or
pipe
shall be anchored to the headwall with not less than /i inch anchor bolts at
not more than 19 inch centers. Steel bolts for structural plate sections
shall be torqued during installation to a minimum of 100 it-lbs. and a
maximum of 300 ft-lbs. Aluminum bolts for structural plate sections shall
be torqued during installation to a minimum o1 100 ft-lbs., and a maximum
of: 150 ft-lbs. For power driven tools, the holdon period may vary from
2 to 5 seconds.
Bolts shall be of sufficient length to provide for a full nut.
1.8.6
MULTIPLE STRUCTURES
Where multiple lines of: pipes or pipe-arches greater than 48 inches in

diameter or span are used, they shall be spaced so that adjacent sides of
the pipe shall be at least one-half d iameter or 3 feet ap:irt, whichever is

less, to permit adequate compaction of backfill material. For diameters
up to 48 inches, the minimum spacing shall be not less than 24 inches.
1.8.7 SLOPED ENDS SKEWED

\\'hen the skew angle exceeds 20 degrees and the structure has the
ends cut to fit the slope, the ends shall be reinforced.
1.8.8 MAXIMUM DEPTHS OF COVER

The maximum depths of cover may be determined by use of the Iowa
Deflection Formula and the following basic data. (Nothing included
herein shall proh ibit the use of other appropriate basic values.)
Weight of embankment100 lbs/cu. ft.
k 0.44, soil stiffness coefficient for good side fiI I material compacted
to 85 percent of standard density based on AASHO 5pecification

(ASTM D 698) .
E'= Modulus of passive soil (side fill) resistance : 700 psi.
Elongat ion :
99
5 percent of nominal diameter
Maximum deflection :
5 percent of nominal diameter below circular shape
Safety factors used :
Longitudinal test seam strength 4.0
Pipe wall buckling
2.0
For pipe-arch structures placed on a stable foundation, the confining
backfill must be capable of supporting a corner pressure of 2 tons per
square :foot. Marginally stable or compress i ble foundations requ ire special investigation. Fill heights exceeding 100 feet shall be used only after
a thorough investigation of the foundation material.
Section 9STRUCTURAL PLATE ARCHES

J .9. J GENERAL
Structural Plate Arches shall conf oi-in to Section 8, Division I, and to
the specificati ons set North below, and the construction and installation
shall conform to Section 23, Division I I.
J .9.2 RATIO, RISE TO SPAN

The design of s ingle radius structural plate arches should be based
on r:it toe of rise to span vat-ying from 0.3 to 0. 5.
J .9.3 MINIMUM HEIGHT OF COVER

The minimum cover for design loads shall be Span/6 but not less
than 12. For construction requ irements see Section 2.23.10.
1.9.4
DE SIGN
1.9.4 SCOUR CONDITIONS

Invert slabs shall be provided when scour is anticipated.
J .9.5 MULTIPLE ARCHES
Where multiple arch spans are used, the distance tetween plates shall
be not less than '/i of the lonsei adjoining span.
J .9.6 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN

The substructure shall be designed according to specification s herein
for substructures of bridges.
Section i0
TIMBER STRUCTURES
1.IO.1 ALLOWABLE STRESSES

fAJ
Allowoble Unit Stresses for Stress-Grode Lumber
The allowable unit stresses given in Table 1.10.1 are for normal
duration of loading for stress grade9 of sawn lumber used under continuously dry conditions as in most covered structu res. For other service conditions, the following modification shall apply. For lumber used
under conditions in which the moisture content of the wood is at or
above the fiber saturation point, as when continuou sly submerged, the
allowable unit stresses in Table 1.10. 1 in compression parallel to the
grain shall be reduced 10 percent, in compression perpendicular to the
grain shall be reduced one-third, and the values for the modulu9 Of
elasticity shall be reiluced one-eleventh.
( 1) Use of stress grades in flexure :
Allowable unit stresses in flexure for Iout and Plank gradee
apply to material with the load appl red to either the narrow or wide
face.
Allowable unit stresses in flexure for Beam and Stringer
grades apply only to material with the load applied to the narrow
I ace.
Beam grades ordinarily are graded for use on simple spans.
When used as a cont in uous beam the grad ing provisions cueto man ly appl ied to the middle thi rd of the length of simple spane
shall be applied to the middle two-thirds of the length of pieces to
be used over double spans and to the entire length of pieces to be
used over three or more spans.

(2) Modi fixation for cond ition of use for bearing perpend icular to
grain :
The allowable u n it stresses for compress ion perpend icular to
the grain assu me the material will be surface seasoned when installed. When used under cont in uously wet cond i t ions, the tabulated values should be red uced one-thi rd.
Allowoble Unit Sfresses for Glued Lominofed Timber
(1) The at lowable unit stresses for softwood species shall be as

recommended in American Institute of Timber Construction
203-70 Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Lami

nated Timber of Douglas Fir, \'estern Larch, Southern Pine
and Galifoi-nia Redwood, and as given in Tables 1.10.1 (A)
and 1.10.1 (B) herein. For hardwood species, the allowable
unit stresses shall be as given in Table 2.10 of the Timber
Construction Manual, by the American Institute of Timber

Construction, published by John Wiley & Sons, New York City,
New York.
The stress tables given in AITC 203-70 are divided into sections :for dry-use or wet-use conditions. Allowable unit
stresses for dry-use conditions are applicable when the mois-
ture content in set-vice is less than 16 as in most covered
structu res. Allowable unit stresses for wet-use conditions are

applicab le when the moisture content in service is 16 Jo or
more, as may occur in exterior or submerged construction,
and in some structures housing wet processes or otherwise
havin g constant high relative humidities.
The stress tables in AITG 20370 give stresses for members
stressed primarily in bending (load applied perpendicular to

the wide face of the lamination) and for members stressed
primarily in axial tension, axial compression or loaded in
bending parallel or perpendicular to the wide face o:I lamination. Edge joints shall be glued only in members loaded normal
to the lamination edges or in members where torsion is a sig
nificant design consideration.
Slope of grain, type and location of end joints, and other
requ irements, together with certain manufacturing require
ments, must be met for these allowable unit stresses to apply.

The requ irements for slope of grain for softwoods are given
in AITC 203-70, whereas these requirements :for hardwoods
are incorporated in Table 2. 10 of the A ITC Timber Construction Manual. Other requirements are given in U.S. Commercial Standard 253-63.
Species other than those specifically included herein may be

used provided allowable unit stresses are established for them
in accordance with U.S. Commercial Standard 253-63.
ICl Allowoble Unit Stresses for Normol Loading Conditions

The tabulated allowable unit stresses are for normal load duration which contemplates fully stressing a member to the allowable
unit stress by the application of the full design load for a duration of
appi oximately ten years ( either continuously or cumulatively) . For
other load ing conditions, adjustments should be made as given in the
following sections.
ID J Allowoble Unif Stresses for Permanent Loading
When a member is fully stressed to the maximum allowable stress
for long term loading conditions (greater than ten years either con-
UE SIGN
209
tin uously or cu mulatively) , use 90 percent of the tabulated all owable

un it stresses. The pi ovisions of this paragraph do not apply to modulus
of elasticity.
IEJ Allowoble Unit Stresses for Wind, Eorfhquoke or Short Time Loading
When the duration of the full maximum load does not exceed the
period i n d icated, increase th e tabulated allowable unit stresses

fOllOWS '
15 per cent for 2 months du ration, as for snow
as
25 per cent for 7 days duration

33/s per cent I:or wind or earthquake
The above increases are not cumulative. The resulting structural
members shall not be smaller than requ ired for a longer duration of
load ing. The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to modulus
of elasticity. The increases apply to mechanical fasten ings except as
otherwise noted.
I F I Combined Stresses
These spec ifications do not cover the application of loadings which
prod uce comb tried axial and bending stresses, nor the effective reductions in the tabulated stresses a.s a resu It of these load ings.
For th is condition, attention is directed to Section 4, page 11, of
the Timber Construction Manual, 1966, by the American Institute of
Timber Construction, published by John Wiley & Sons, New York , N.Y.
1.J 0.2 FORMULAS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF STRESSES IN TIMBER

In calcu latin g I we load stresses in timber, impact shall be neglected.
See Article 1.2. 12 B ) .
IA I
Horizontol Sheor in Beoms

Horizontal shear in beams shall be computed Irom the max imu in
shear occu rring at a d is tance Irom the support equal to th ree times
the depth of the beam, or at the quarter point, wh iehever is the lesser
d istance f rom the support. The live load used in cornpu tin g horizontal
shear shall be placed so as to produce max imum external shear at th is
d istance Irom the support. This external l we load shear shall be onehalf the su in of 60 per cent of the shear from the und istr ibuted wheel
leads and of the shear from the wheel loads d istribu ted late rally as
specified for moment in Article 1.3. 1. For und istr i bu ted wheel loads,
one l me of wheels is assu med to be carried by one beam.
The shear shall be calcu lated according to the following formula :
3V
2bd
Where
I,.= h orizontal shear stress in pounds per square inch
b= width of beam in inches
d = depth of beam in inches
V= vert ical shear in pou n de
TABLE 1.1 0.1
Allowable Unit Stresses for Structuia1 Lumber V isu ll5 C1iaded

See other p rev isions of Article 1. 10.1 :for ad jus tin ents of these tabula te d
Note : Th is rep resen ts onl y- partial listing of av ailable s i ee tea an d gi a des. 1or a complete hsti n a see the Suii1em ent to i 0 7 1 Ed it ion of N atie n at Des ign S9ecifi cation :for Stress Grade Lumbe r an1 its Fasten ings, NFPA
Alloxva ble uni I stress i n p ouncls pe r square in ch
Extreme :fiber i n
ben d ing ' Fri
Spccies a nd commer cial

e ra de
E
w.n
uses
( s ingle )
Reppeti-
Tension
n ara11e1
to, gra|n
Fi
Horizontal
sheair
F,
3cm p res sion

ierpeni up a
F
member
uses
Comp session
p arallel
top g ai
Mod ulus
of
e1astic,itv
E
Grading
CA LIFORNJA REDWOOD ( Surfaced di y, Used at lS /n max. m. c. )

Clear Heart Structural
ectStructural
N;
N.
No. 3
c Structural
N.e
N 2
o
uny vnIth
2300
1860
146
' and less thik

ant wide
)70
1400
800
1oAA
800
450
100
80
80
421
426
425
4' anl !ess thik

6 tn lt wide
l(D
1
700
1oAA
1Ao
z(
)
450
600
1,400, 0 0 0
1, 40 0, 00 0
26
1,100000
1850
IG 0 0
1450
125 0
Lumber
I n spectres
Bu rcau an I
As so ciati o n
]85
385
4?5
,
,
Produts "
456
386
385
West Coast
,
,
1250
10?0
Table JNo. 1.tO.1 (cont'd)

Allow able unit stress in pounds per square
Ext reme fiber in
bend inc Fs
Eng i-
neered
T errs ion
narallel
to grain
F i
Ccren iession
nernendicular
to grain
uses
( sinele )
F c _|_
1900
1600
1550
Dense Select Stru c tu r at

Sele ct Stru ctural
me N o. 1
N.
Posts an1
T imbe re
ch
Comn ress in n
; arallel
to grain
45 5
385
385
455
386
1400
14 0 0
120 0
85
1,600.000
1201
1,800,0 0 0
1,800, 00 0
2000
1660
Decking
Modulus
of
elastic ity
E
Dense Select Structuia1

Select Str uctu ial
en e No. 1
N
85
Posts an d
Timbers
Selected Deck inP
Comme rci at Deck in g
Deecki n
Selectel Decking
Comme rci at Deck ing
Decking
14 0 0
120 0
180 0
( Stresses a pnlY at
15 "/, moistu re
con ten I)
OOO
1,900, 0 0 0
1,'? 00, 0 0 0
Grading
rules
agency
Table No . I . 10.1 ( contd )
80
1400
e$t Stru ctural

N.
?70
Posts and
Timbers
8?6
80
80
Decking
EAST E RN SPRUCE ( S url a ced d ry- o r surf acel p reen. Used at TO 9 max . rn. c. )
NO.2
2[o 4thick
100
TO.
2 tO 4 thitk
1100
I:3eIect
Commerc rat
Deck i up
No. 3
-" to 4 ,vide
625
)TD
3B6
05
66
255
253
'?00
426
1,200,000
1,100,000
7o0
1 , 4 0 0, 0 00
1,?00, 0 00
EN GLEMANN SPRU CE ( Err glean an n S; rucc-Lolqepole P me)

Selected Decking
Commercial Decking
( Surf a cel d rv o r su rf a cert preeb.

1300
.
14 00
Set ected Decking

Com medial Deck in g
HE M -F IR ( Surf ace I ct r y o r s u rface1 p men . Us c1 at 19'? in ax . in . c . )

Select S tru ctural
J 55 g
No. 1
2 to 4 thick
1400
Uso1 at ltt 9e max . in . c. )

1,200,000
(S(resscs apply nt
246
245
246
25
57 5
l,Z00,000
24
-4?
2 to 4 thick
C an I vv rder
'
Wcs tern Wood

1000
Association
I see I oot n ot c s
Table No. 1. 10. 1 ( contd )

Allowable un it stress in p ounds per square inch
Grading
rules
agen eg
Species and commercial

gra de
70
Beams an d
Str inpers
70
ect St ructu rat
Beams and
S tringe re
e t Structural
Pus(s nd
N/
N.
1,40 0,00 0
1,4 0 0,0 0 0
1,40 0, 0 0 0
1,400, 0 0 0
1600
1300
1,40 0, 0 0 0
Deck ing:
(Stresses apply rit

16 "/, moisture
content )
1,600,000
1,50 0, 00 0
( Stresses ap p ip at
1,4 00, 00 0
Decking
L OD GE PO LE PINE ( Surfaced try or s urfaced g reen . Used a 1 19c max. m. c. )

Setc ctel Deck ing
Deck ing
Commerc rat Decking
Selected Deck trip
Comment at Decking
1 , 4 0 0, 00 0
1.4 0 0, 00 0
Beams an d
Syringe rs
I see f oon otes

? through 9 )
1,400,000
Timbers
TDA HO WHITE PINE ( Surface I I rv or sit rf aoed green . Used at 199 ma x. m. c. )

Se1ectel D ecki ng
1400
Decking
Commeic rat Deck ing
Se1ectel De cki ng
Commeic rat Deck ing
Lumber
Inc p ection hui-.
1,400, 0 0 9
1,40 0, 0 0 0
Selected Decking
Commercial Decki rig
Selected De ck ing
Commercial Decki up
245
800
97
Decking
243
126 0
86 0
1|3 0 0 !0 0 0
2 through 11 )
TbleNo. 1.10.1 (cont'J)
Species a n1 comm ci cial

grade
Si ze
class i ficat in n
Alto vv'able un it stress in

Extreme fiber in
Tenets ri
bend i ng ii
p:ira11e1
- to giain
En giRe;'eti -Fr
( s ingle )
p ouncls pe r squa re inch

H or i ComComzo rita I
p reset on p ress ion
sheaipc i-penp at allel
F
licular
to y rat n
uses
2P 0
280
Select
M o1u1u.s
of
elastic ity
E
( sec :footnotes
? th rough iI )
800
1,4 0 0,000
1, 3 00, 00 0
Deck i rig
PONDER OSA PINESUGAR PINE (Ponderosa Fiuc-Lodgero!e Pinc) (SufuccJ Jry or sufated qruen. UsnJ at 1O/ rnn. nn. c)
Selects it Deck rug
Com me rci at D ecki n q
Decking
P roluc ts
A see nation
Deckng
content)
RED PIN E ( S url acecl

2 to l think
1100
1150
Select Str-uctu ia1

Np. 1 5I ructural
7O
2 80
2 80
280
Posts an1
Timbers
1000
800
SI TKA S PRUC E ( Su iface1 d re or s u rtaced preen . Used at 19in max. in .c. )

Select D ex
Commo rcial Dex
2 P0
2 80
Lumber
I n sp action Bit r.
280
14 6 0
West Coast
280
4'
to 4 xv i1e
No. 2 I\ted rum G iiin
TO
1G00
1850
TO 6 0
Table No. 1. 10. 1 ( cc ntd )
Extreme 5berin
bending Fs
E ng i -
neered
uses
( single)
2 to 4 thick
2 to 4 wide
Dens$ se.ut ist

No. 1
tive-
member
uses
170 0
825
ctural
Dense
N.: 2
No. 2 Melium ;:rain
d 2 Den se
Ne
No. 3 Dense
180(I
6 and wider
860
Dense Stiuctura1 86
Den se Structural 72
2 to 4 thick
Select Dex
Commerc ia1 Dex
Deck in g
Selected Decki rig

Ccmin erm at T1ec1i rig
Deckin g
Selected Deck ing

Commercial Decking
Decking
90
475
1150
1,700,000
550
90
475
700
1 500 000
1400
1000
1200
700
90
90
90
75
47?
405
475
346
1650
1260
1450
900
1900000
1800 000
1,900,000
1,400,000
976
90
47s
1w
650
750
1,400,000
1,500,000
'825
so
4o/
1000
1160
1000
1160
1,600,000
1,700,000
1,600,000
1,700,000
2050
1700
1,900,000
1,900,000
976
826
975
2 to 4 th ick
2 to 4 wide
2 to 4 thick
6 an d wide r
1000
476
EU
'728
D ense SId. Factory

No. 1 Factory
No. 1 Dense Factory
No. 2 Factory
life. 2 Dense Factors
rules
a gen cv
Repeti-
75
90
90
90
90
346
475
476
405
475
1'ioo'ooo
1450
dry or surfaced green. UseJ at l9Q,rnax. u.c.)
1200
1050
West Coast
Lumber
Inspection B ur.
1400
1200
1250
( 5tree see an n1y at

15 / moisture
content )
1, 100,00 0
1, 00 0, 0 00
216
1.10.2
H IG HWAY BRIDGE S
FO O TNO T ES F O R TAB LE 1.10.I
Values for Fo, Ft ,' ' n d F for the grades of Const i u ction and Stan da ref air ii I y only
Th c values in T:ib1e 1.10. 1 are based on ed pewiso use. For th men s ion 2 " to 4 in th i ck ness .
wh en usel Al atw i so, th e rccommen led design values No r hber stress in ben d in y in ay be muJ tiplie1
by the follow in x factors :
2"
n
4 Click device in
n
Et rom e fi bcr i n
Len I in 3 Ft
a u
Tension
p ara11e1
to grai n
Ft
maximum
n
Hori zonIat
shy air
control
d s
Comn reset on
pcrpen1icuI ar
in grain
..y
.
Com n ression
par a1Ie1
to g rat n
.. y ..
Mo1ulus
of
Elasti city
. ;.,
1. I7
1.08
W hen 2 to 4 thick lumber is des igncl for use v'Ec re the mon ture content will exceeil 19
ii crcen I for an exten Ic1 jerioI of time, tLie values shown i n Table 1. 10, 1 should be multipl ie1
Tension
perpeuJiculai
0.8 G
J
'
i arallel
to grain
F
of
El asti city
E'
0.7 0
0.84
When lumber 5 and thicker is 1esigne1 for use where the mci sturc content will excec1 1 fi
iiercent for an exten ded reriod of time. the values shown in T:ib1e 1.10. I shou11 be mu1ti;1iel
Ex Irem e ft be r in
hen li n f: Fi
I . 00
Tension
1.0 0
1.0 0
0. 07
The I:ib u1atol hon zon ta1 s hear v al ues s frown he rein a re ba sett n the con se rv atis'e :issum i tion of the most severe checks , shaken or srlits ross ible, as if ii I an c were si1it full len gth .
When I urnbe r 4 an it thi n ner is man uf act urecl un Lea soncd the tabul atel values s houlrt be in tuft i1ic1
21.7
DESIGN
POOT1'IOTES FOR TABLE 1.10.1 ( 14)

Specihc hoiizontal shear values for uny graJe and species ot lumber muy be estab1isbel by use
of the following tobles svhen the length of sput or chccl is k nown :
J\I ultiplx tabulated
When length of rlit is:
( Nom ii:tl 2 Lumber' )
M uJtinlY tobtlteJ
When length o sjIit on wicle oce is :
"F" value Ly :
('Jtnd Thicker umberJ

No split
*fi X ttfirrow face
1.67
rerommvndc4 drsi& vn!ues shvvvn for Se|urt StrsrturaL No. t, No. 2 swJ Mn. 3 sradrs as shw
in 2 tc 4 thicL, 2 to 4 wide s nJ z" to 4 thicl, nd wider ctcg ice when gruJecl i n

ccordncc with those giaIe requirements.
'' When MC IS" Decking is usef where the misturc content will exceed 15 pcrcenL fui in
cxtendcJ pencil of time, the dcsien 'oIue tahuloteI to npply at 15 petent mulsLurc content.
shoulI be mltipl ict by the following tnctnis . Extiemc Fiber in DenJing F'i.-0.?9; Mclulus nT
Elnsticitx
E"-0.92.
National Lumber Grades A utbority is the Ganalian rules-writine gcncy responsible for
preia ration, main tenance and ihssem i nation of a uniform softwooil lumbei- c ral ing rule to r :ill
tBl Secondory Stresses in Curved Glued Lominotcd Members

( I )
Curvoture Foctor
For the cu rved portion of members, the allowable stress in

bend ing shall be mod i fied by mu ltiplication by the following curvature factor:
in wh ich
1 2000 It/R
t= th ickness of lamination in inches

R= rad ius of cu rvatu re of a lam mation in inches
and UR shou Id not exceed 1/125 for Douglas fii-, larch and California redwood and 1/100 foi- Southern pine.
No curvature factor shall be applied to str-ess in the straight

portion of an assembly regardless of curvature elsewhere.
1 2 ) Rodiol Tension or Compression
The radial stress, I,., induced by a bending moment in a cu i-ved
member, shall be defined by the following equation :
where
I,,=3M/2Rbd
M = bending moment in inch pounds
R= radius of curvature at centei-line of membei- in inches
TABLE 1.10.1A
Allov able Unit Stresses for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, Members Stressed Principally in Bending, Loaded Perpendicular to the \\'ide Face of the Laminations ' ' '
( S tresses she w n belov' are to r normal con di tions of macho g.
See o ther p rev is ions or' Article

uri it s tresses. )
1. 1 0. 1 for al] ustments of these tab ulate d allowabl e
(1) Dou8las Fir and Western Larch
DRYGONDITIONSOFUSEE 1900O00
24F
4-10
11-20
21-26
26-35
36-40
41 ormore
2400
2400
2400
2400
24 00
2400
1600
1600
1600
1600
16 00
1600
1500
1500
1500
1600
HO0
1300
16 00
$
16 0
16 0O
$60 0
1600
1500
1500
450
460
450
450
4? CI
460
385
3811
385
38S
385
38h
450
450
450
410
410
410
410
410
410
165
165
165
166
165
16f
( 1) Douglas Fir and Western La rch
4-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
4l orm0re
22F
.6:.
1600
1600
1600
1600
$o
.
1300
1300
1300
1300
J0$
1100
1100
1100
1100
:.:
305
306
305
305
:60
260
260
260
260
14G
14G
145
145
145
24F
ip ag$
comNnations a
Fn eraII
:.bl:arom allba
g available and the de signer sFioul d check on availabili ty prior to sp ecif y ing.
aato
1300
13 0 0
The 22F and 24F
145
1100
TABLE 1.10.1A
12)
( contd)
Southei-n P i ne
DRY CONDITIONS OF USE E

4 or more
12 or more
l8F
6 or more '
14 or more
1,800,000 ;I
1800
1800
1600
1600
J6I10
1500
385
386
2000
2009
1600
1600
1500
1500
385
886
2200
2200
1600
1600
1500
1600
450
?86
200
200
Note : The 2 6 F combination may ri ct be read ilp av enable arid th c den gner shou1'1 checlc on av a ilab i l i ty p nor to sweetly ing.
listed are z en erally av at table I rom all lam in ators.
1500
1600
1500
6
WET CONDITIONS OF USE E
1,6 0 0,000 1
260
:
12 or mor
6 or' more
14 or more
18 or more
2?F
1600
1C00
1300
1300
1100
1100
81
8
00
260
4 or in ore
24i'
Not e : The 2tiF c om1i nation may- not be rea1il' a x-at table an d the les i gne i shoulil check on v-ailab ili I' p nor to sr cert y my.
I rated are j en e ra11 ' av'uila11o I rom all I amin ators.
2
14 or more
1100
260
O ther comb in ation s
DESIGN
FOOTNOTES FOE iADLE :.(0.:A
The tebulateil stresses in thie table nre irimarily apiil icable to members st i-essetl in bcniline
member's ereter thiin I Z inches in dpth. the rciui remepts of Article 1.Ip.2 on Size factor a1uli'.
compression members. tension mcm
The ending i Ist ri ctiott:: us cotit:iined in A ITC 30tZ2, 30 124 en I 'ltl 1Zfi tension lam i nation
req\Jirements shnll he follov'J For the outermost tension laminutions representing ?,7 cf thn
thtal rlcTth of glued lnminrtel bcnling members 1 f inches or more in Ipth. J' rr oil nlitins
f ' A ITC 30122 to np9l itabli: to combination 22F , A lIC 3(I I-24 is ppl textile to combi nation
letn i 1s of these tension lam mutton requ i remen is.
Den.sc ter the

For combi nation 2IiP ( 1 1 . six ir fewer lure matrons. the allowable u n it st resses fr tension
rerallel to grain and romprcesion jiirallel to gruin can be met-eased to i s00 psi :ind i see pei
rmrrcUve!r for thv Jry cowJiflow of use und to 1500 psi sd t2J0 psi cpectivo|y fvr the wrt
tonJitiow vf use.
h i her
b= width of cross section in inches

d = depth of cross section in inches
When M is in the direction tending to de:i-ease curvature (increase the rad ius) , the sti-ess is tension across the gi-am. For this
condition, the tension stress acrow the gi-am shall be limited to
1/3 the allov'able unit sti-ess in hoi-izontal shear for Southern pine
and Galifoi-ma redwood for all load cond itions and for Douglas liiand larch for- wind or earthquake loadings. The li init shall be
IS psi for Douglas fir and larch for other types of load. These
values at-e subject to modifications for dui-ation of load. If these
values are exceeded, mechanical reinfoi-:ing shall be used and shall
be sufficien t to resist all radial ten:ion stresses.
When M is in the direction tending to increase curvatiii-e
Idecrease the radius) , the stress is compression across the grain
and shal I be limited to the allow'able unit stre.ss in compression
perpendicular to the grain for at I species included herein.
Compression or Bearing Perpendicular to Groin

The at lowable u n i I stresses for compression perpendicular to the
grain apply to bearings of any length at the ends of the beam, and to
all bearings 6 inchea or more in length at any other loca tion. When
calcu lat ing the bearing area at the ends of beams, no allowance shall
be made for the fact that, as the beam bends, the pressure upon the
inner edge of the bearing is gre:iter than at the end of the beam.
TABLE 1.1 0.1B

A
b
nd
b
n
u
D
(ioug1:is Fi r an1 Western Larch
( 1)
1
2
AH
AH
1200
1800
3
5
AH
AH
2400
2600
u
a
Ar c
n
.
P
.
.
r
S
h
DRY CONDITION S OF U SE E
P n p
b
n b
145
2200
2300
2600
1,6 0 0, 0 00 1 I
260
D RY COND I TIO NS O F USE E

1400
1900
2200
2100
2200
950
1700
2000
1960
2300
wEv cONDITiON S OF USE E

210 0
1900
2 100
410
450
260
220 0
2 6 09
240 0
26 0 0
n
St
I , 80 0, 0 0 0 is i
1400
1800
Southern Pme
tr
145
WEP CON DITION 5 G F USE E
( 2)
120
120
1,80 0, 00 0 ; 1
1100
1800
2100
2400
2600
165
1,60o, 000 psi

6
6
6
145
223
DESIGN
FO O TNO TES FOR TABLE 1.10.1B
' The tab ulated stresses i n th is table are p rim at'iI v nnli cable to members I carted ax iaI Iz o r
parallel to the wide face , of the ,lam i nat ions. For combi nations anl stro?s s arjlic:ible to mem-
baminat
n$,see Tab
al
n
due to a to.id Pj1ie1 periendicular to the wide fiice of the
.a A--"
" T h c tab idatcd etress es a re ai;l i cable to members conta in i rig th ree (3) oi mo re lam i n at ions.
'T lie ta bulated stresses arc ap iI i cable to members conta inin q four ( 4 ) or more tannin ation s .
For bearin gs of less than 6 inches in length and not nearer than
3 inches to the end of a member, the maximum allowable load per
square inch is obtained by in ul tip lying the allowable un i I stresses in
com press ion perpen d ie u far to grain by the following f actor :
in wh ich L is the length of bearing in inches measured along the grain

of the wood.
The in u lt ipl yi ng factors for ind icated lengths of bearing on s uch
small areas as pI ates and washers become :
Lengthofbeaiing
in inches
Factor
/_
. . . . . . . . 1.75
1'?
6or
more
1.88
1.25
1.19
1.13
1.10
1.00
In using the preced ing formu la and table for rou nd washers or
bearing areas, use a length equ at to the diameter.
ID I Simple Solid Column Design
I'hese formulas to r simple solid col umns are based on pin-end
conditions b ut shal l be appl red also to squ are-end cond i t ions.
Allowable unit sti esses in pounds per square inch of cross-sectional
area of simple solid columns shall be determined by the :following
form ula, but s uch unit stresses shall not exceed the tabular values for
compression parallel to grain, F ,, as provided in Article 1.10.1 and
ad.) usted in accordance with the applicable provisions of Al-tiCle 1.10.1
where F
a lloivable unit stress in compression parallel to grain, in psi,

ad justed for l/d ratio
E = mod ulus of elasticity, psi
unsupported overall length, in inches, between points o:I

lateral support of simple columns
r= least radius of gyration of section
For columns of square or rectangu lai- cross-section, this :formula becomes :
IE I Spoced Column Design
G .?0E
F,.
For an assembly of members having a lesser l /d ratio, the ind i v idu ml members are den pried as simple soI id colu runs. Spaced columns
are elasn fied as to fix i ty, i.e., cond it ion c r couch ti on 6, which
introduces a mul I ipl y ing factor a pplicab Ie in the lesign of its ind iv id ual in embers. ( See F i gu re I . 10,2
For individual members of a spaced colu run, /d shall not exceed
80, nor shall .,/d exceed 40. (See Figure 1.10.2) .
The ind iv idu ml members in a spaced colu in n on con ordered to act
together to carry the total column load. Each member is des i gned
separately on the basis of its l /d ratio.
A greater l/d ratio than ml lowed for simple solid colu runs is perm i tterl beeau se of the end fixi ty developed by the connect or s and end
blocks. Th is fixity is effective only in the th ickness di rect ion. The I 'd
ratio in the il irect ion of width is subject to the proh'isi on s for st mple
solid col um ns.
When a s in gle spacer block is I ocated with in the middle I on th cat
the column leng th I l I , connectors are not requ i red for th i s block. If
t here are two or more spacer blocks, conn ectors are iQU i red and the
distance between two adjacent blocks shal l not exceed one-half the
distance between centers of con nectors in the end b locks.
F"or spaced colu mm used as com preset on members of a tru ss, a
panel point wh ich is s ta5'ed lateral ly shall be cons icl e red a> the end of
the spaced colu run, and the portion of the web members, between the
ind ivid ual pi eces maki n g up a spaced col u run, may be con s idered as the
end blocks.
If there are two or more con nectors i n a contact face, the center of
grav ity of the grou p shal I be u sed in measu ring the d is tance I rom connectors in the end bl ock to the end of the colu run for dete rant n i n g fixi t j'
eonditi on a or b. (Figure 1.10.24 .
Th ickness of spacer and end blocks shall not be ten than that of
ind iv id ual members of the spaced colu run, nor sha 11 th redness, w idth,
and length of spacer and end blocks be less than requ ired for connectors
DESIGN
1.10.2
of a size and n umber capable of carrying the load compu ted in accordance w ith Article 1.10.2 I I ) . Blocks th ieker than a side member do not
appreciably increase load capac ity.
The total at lowal1e Road for a spaced colu run is the sum of the
allowable loads for- each of its ind ividual members. Allowable unit
stresses shal l be determ i ned as f oJlows, b u I the max i run in u n it stress
shall not exceed the values for compression parallel to grain F . in
Table 1.10.1, or as tabu lated in the reference listed in Article 1.10.1

( B ) (1 ) , and as adjusted in accordance with provisions of Article 1.10.1,
nor shall the load exceed that permitted by the follow in g prov is ions.
The net section shall be determined by subtracting, from the fu 11 crosssectional area of the timber, the projected area of that portion of the
connector groove wi thin the members and that portion of the bolt hole
not wi th in the connector groove located at the critical plane. (See Table
2.20. 1 for typical d imens ion s for Timber Connectors) . Where connectors
are stagge red, adjacent connectors, with parallel-to-grain spac ing eQUal
to or less than one connector d iameter, shall be considered as occurring at
the same critical section.
In tension and compress ion members the requ ired net area, in
squ arc inches, shall be determined by dividing the total load transferred
throu gh the critical section by the allow able tension stress for tension
membei s, or by the al lowable compression parallel to grain stress for
comp i ession members, foi- the species ind grade of lumber used.
For condition a, the al lowable unit stress for ind ividual members
of a spaced col umn, in wh ich the connectors in end blocks are placed
at a distance not exceeding l/20 from the ends, shal I be determined by
the formula :
0.75E
(l/d)
For condition b, the al lowable load for the individ ua1 members
of a spaced colu run in which the connectors in en d blocks are placed
a distance of l/20 to l /10 from the ends and the blocks extend to the
ends of the col umn shall be determined by the formula :
0.90E
(l/d)
The
total
load
capacity determined
by the
forego i n g
procedu re
shou ld be checked against the su in of the load capacities of the ind ivid ual members taken as s i nip Ie solid colu runs with out regard to fixity,
using their greater d and the I between the lateral supports which provide restraint in a d irection paral lel to the greater d.
The values for F,., as above defei-mined, are subject to the dui ation o:I load adJ ustments as provided in Article 1.10.1.
I FJ Sole Lood on Round Columns
The s ate load on a round column shall not Pxceed that permitted
for a square column of the same cross-sectional area, or as determined
by the torrent a :
3.619E
The values for F',. determined by the formula may not exceed the
values for compress ion parallel to the grain, F',., adjusted for service
conditions and duration of load in accordance with Article 1.10.1. The
allowable unit stress values as determined from the :formula are subject to the duration of loading adjustments as given in Articles 1.10. 1
(D) and 1.10.1 (E) .
In determin ing the least di minsi on, d, for tapered columns, the
diameter of a round column or the least dimension of a rectangular
column, tapered at one or both ends, is taken as the sum of the mini
mum diameter or least dimension and onethird the difference between
the minimum and maximum diameters or lesser and greater dimensions.
IG J
Notched Beoms
Beams notched u pward in the bearing face on supports shall be

limited to maximum end load R as determined by the formula :
R=
R= maximu in end load
F,
allowable un it horizontal shear stress
b breadth of beam
d= depth of beam above the notch
h -total depth of beam
IH I Bearing on Inclined Surfaces
P sin + Q cos O
N unit bearing on an inclined surface
P= unit stress in compression parallel to the grain

Q == u nit stress in compression perpend icular to the grain
8= angle in degrees between the direction of load and the
direction of grain
III Timber Connectors
Timber connectors shall consist of devices to be used at surfaces of
contact in bolted timber joints, to increase the strength or shear resistance of wood-to-wood or wood-to-steel connections.
Allowable loads, spacing of connectors, edge and end distance, bolt
and washer sizes and other details of: design shall be those recommended or approved by the DPsign Manual for Timber Connector
Construction, 1970, Timber Engineering Company ; or the allowable
loads way be determined by actual tests of full size ,j oints for each
condition of connector used in accordance with standard procedure.
1.10.2
DESIGN
I II Size Fuctor
When the depth of a rectangu lar beam exceeds 12 inches, the
tabu lated unit stress in bending F,,, shall be reduced by mu ltiplying the
tabulated stress by the size factor, C;., as determined from the following rel at ionsh ip
where C,. size factor
d = depth of member in inches
The size factor relationship as given above is appl icab Ie to a bending member satisfying the following basic a.ssumptions : fa) simply
supported beam, (b) uniformly distributed load, and (c) span to
depth ratio (P/d) of 21. This factor can thus be applied u ith reasonable accuracy to most commonly encoun tered design situ at ions.
Where greater accii racy is desired for other sizes and conditions of
loading, the percentage changes given in the following table may be
applied directly to the size factor calculated for the basic conditions
as previou sly stated. Stiaight line i nterpolati on may be used for other
9/d ratios.
Span to
Depth Ratio
P/d
Loading Condition
for Simply
Change
Supported Beams
Change
+2.3
1.6
Center Point
Third Point
-B 2
14
24
+78
For more detailed analysis of the size factor tnd its appl ication to
the design of bending members, the designer is referred to the AITC
Timber Construction Manu al. The red uction in bending stresses
for
deep members based on the size effect factor is only applicable to

glued lam i nated members.
IKI
Lofercil Sfci bility
( 1) The tabu lated allowab le unit bending stresses given under

Article 1.10.1 are spp l icable to members which are adequately briced.
When deep, blender members not adejuately braced are used, a reduction to the allowable tin it bending stresses must be applied based on
a computa ti on of the slend enters factor of the member. In the check
o:I lateral stabil ity, the slend erness factor is computed by the relationsh ip :
where C, slenderness factor

9,. effective length o1 beam, in. ( see table below)
d = depth of beam, in.
b breadth of beam, in.
228
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF GLUED LAMINATED BEAMS

Type of Peam Span and
N:iture of Load
Value of'
Effective Length, 9,,'
Single s;an beam, load concentrated at center

Single spun beam, uniformly distributed load
Single span beam, equal end moments
Ganti lever beam, load concentrated at
u nsupported end
Can ti lex-er beam,
uniformly d i stributed load
Single span oi cantilever beam, any load

( eonseivative value)
(2) Beams with V:iriotis Lateral Support Gon ditions

(a I \V ithout lateral support. When the depth of a beam does
not exceed its breadth, no lateral support is required and
the allowable unit strew is determined by applying the
:ippi opriate prov is ions of Articles 1.10.1 and 1.10.2.
I b) With lateral support. If lateral movement of the compression Pange is prevented by a continuous support,
there is no danger of' lateral buckling, and the allowable
stresses require no reduction based on a slenderness ralio
concept. Also, there is no need to limit the depth-breadth
ratio to 5 or 6.
Ic) When the depth of a beam exceeds the breadth, bracing
must be provided at the points of bearing, and it must
be so arranged as to prevent rotation of the beam at those
points in a plane perpendicular to its longitu dinal axis.
The allowable stresses are calculated by the formulae
contained in the following paragraphs for short, intei-mediate and long beams.
13) The allowable unit stresses are determined ii om the following
equation s :
Ia) Short beams. When the slen dei ness factor, C,, does not
exceed 10, the tabular allowable unit stress in bending,
F, , adju sted in accordance with the applicable provisions
of Articles 1.10.1 I D) , 1.10.1 (E) , 1.10.2 I B) and 1.10.2 (I)
i s used lor design.
(b\ Intermediate beams. When the slenderness factor, C,, is
greater than 10 but does not exceed C,,, a unit sti ess in
bending based on slenderness considerations, F ,', is calculated by the formula :
1.10.2
DE SIGN
where F , = tabulai- al lowable unit stress in bending, psi
E = modulus of elasticity, psi

Long Petms. When the slender ne ss factor, C , is greater
than C;, but less than 50, the unit stress in bending is
calcu litcd by the formula :
040E
SPACED COLUMN , CONN EGTOR

FIGUR E
1. 10. 2
JOI NED
J .10.3 GENERAL
All wood used in timber structures shall be prese rvat ivel y treated
as provided in D wisi on I I, Section 21, unless otherv'ise spec ified.
I . I O.4 8OLTS
Bolts shall be spaced center to center not closer than 4 times the
bolt diameter. The d istance f rom the center of a bolt to the end of
any timbPr shall be not less than 7 times the bolt diameter if loaded in
tension parallel to grain, nor 4 times the bolt diameter if loaded in compiessi on parallel to the gram or in tension oi- compression perpen dicular to
the grain. For parallel to gi=ain loading in tension or compression, the
distance from any edge of the timber to the center of the nearest bolt
shal l be at least 1/_ times the bolt diameter, except that 1or
/'/d ratios moi e than 6, use one-half the distance between rows of bolts.
For perpend ie u lar to grain loading, the ed ge distance toward which the
load is acting shall be at least 4 times the bolt diameter and the edge
distance on the opposite edge shall be at least 1/e bolt diameters.
1 . J 0.5 WASHERS
A washer shall be used u irder all bolt heads and nu ts wh ich wou Id
otherwise come in contact with wood. Eit her cast or plate washers may
be u sed and they shal 1 be designed to prevent excessive cm shi ng of the
wood when the bob Is at e tightened. For bolts or rods in tension, washers
shal I be su flicient size to develop the tension stress in the bolt or rod
without exceeding the allowable unit stress in compress ion perpen dicular
to grain for the species and grade of l umber used.
A standard circu lar washer shall be used u nder the heads of all lag
screws.
1 .10.6 HARDWARE FOR SEACOAST STRUCTURES

The hardware for structures on the seacoast shall be galvanized or
cadmium plated.
1.J 0.7 COLUMNS AND POSTS

No column shall have an unsupported length greater than 50 times
its least dimens ion.
The strength of bu i It-up columns composed of two or more sticks
bolted together, either with o r wi th out packing blocks, shal l be considered
as equal to the combined strength of tire single sticks each considered as
an in depend ent co lumn.
The strength of connector-joined spaced columns shall be determined

as provided in Article 1.10.2 ( I) .
J .1 0.8 PILE AND FRAMED BENTS
I Al Pile Bents
Pile bents generally shall not exceed 40 feet in height. Pile bents
over 10 feet h igh shall be sway-braced tran sversely wi th diagonal
braces on each side of the bent, and shall bl adeQu ately braced longi-
DESIGN
tud inally. In general, pi Ie bents shall contain not less than four piles
each and the outside piles, preferably, shall be battered. The piles shall
be designed for safe bearing and for column action.
I BI Fromed Benfs
Framed bents may be supported on piles, concrete pedestal >
- or mud
sills. All bents shall be away-braced

vision shall be made for longitudinal
shall contain not less than four posts
bent shall be battered. The posts shall
transversely and adequate probracing. In general, Irained bents

each and the outside posts of the
be designed as columns.
PCI Sills ond Mud Sills

When possible, sills shall be located clear of all earth so that there
may be a free ci re ulation of air around them. Sills shall be fastened to
mud sills or piles with drift bolts of not less than "i-inch diameter and
extending into the mud bills or piles at least 6 inches. Sills shall be
fastened to pedestals with dowels of' not less than !fi-inch diameter,
set in the pedestals and extending into the sills at least 6 inches.
Posts shall be fastened to sills by dowels of not less than ;-inch
diameter, extending at least 6 inches into the posts and sills, or by drift
bolts of not less than 'Ft-inch diameter driven diagonally through the
base of the posts and extending at least 9 inches into the sill. Posts
shall be fastened to pedestals with dowels of not less than /i-inch

diameter an d exten ding into the posts at least 6 inches.
Timber caps shall be not less in size than 10 by 10 inches. They

shall be fastened with drift bolts of not less than ?i-inch diameter,
extending at least 9 inch9 lntO the piles or posts.
I EA
Bracing
Singlestory bracing shall not exceed 20 feet in height. The min i -
mum size of tran sverse sway braces shal l be 3 by 8 inches. All bracing
i ntershall be bol ted th rough the piles, posts or caps at the ends
mediate intersections, it may be bolted or spiked. In all cas'es, spike9
shall be provided in ad dition to bolts. The bolts used shal l be not less
than /s-inch d iameter.
IFI Pile Bent Abutments
Pile ben I abu tments shall be adequ ately braced or anchored to resist earth press ure. Bulkhead plank shall be not less than 3 inches
thick. II shall be fastened to the pi les wi th spi kev, the length cif wh ich
shall be at least 3 inches greater than the th ickness of the plank.
1 .J O.9 TRUSSES
I Al
Joints ond Splices

Joints shall be detai led to shed water to the max imu in degree prac
ticable. Joints and splices shall be des i gned to develop the computed
stresses in the members connected and, preferabl y , to develop the fu 11
strength of the members. Posts or struts bearing a;,ainst the sides of
timber members, preferably, shall be provided with meta I end bear i rigs.
loints involving end bearing on inclined surfaces sha 11 be avoided,
prefe rance be i rig g iven to squ are-cut ends of timbers bearing against
blocks.
Bearing su rfaces of casti rigs con nesting I imber members shall be

in iI led to prov ide s mooth, even su rfaces perm itting accu rate fitting and
complete contact of the vv'ood and metal bearing su rfaces. Rolled plates,
bars and sh apes u sed in chord spl ice plates, or other parts bearing upon
wood su rfaees, shall be t rue and even. The wood su rfaces taking
bean up u pon metal parts shall be not less than is inch in wi dth. Bolts
on gag in g wet.i n gs and stru ctu rat parts shal I hold them rigid ly in posi t ion so that bend ing on the parts in contact will be reduced to a in in imu m. The jot n t deta i ls at trust panel pot rite shall provid e defin i te l in es
of action ind sh ml I be simple and as s u sccpt ible as possible of dehn ite
strength anal ys is. When incl tried bolts are used to connect end posts
or web members with chord members, they shall be placed approx i matel y a I an an gle of not more than 60 degrees with the latter and
when u sed in con junction w i th joint cast in gs, the holes in one of the
con nected members shall be bored / inch larger than the nominal
d iameter of the bolts. No daps i n chords for butt blocks shal l be less
than '?; inch deep.
Spl ices for ten sia n members shall be ties igned to red uce to a
in in imum the effects of c ron sh ri nkage of the timber. Neither steel
splice plates of the batten type nor shear pin spl ices shall be used when
the timbers to be spl reed are more than 8 inches th ick, since the
sh r inkage w ill pe ran it the joint to become loose. Shear pin joints shall
be used on ly w ith f u lly reasoned timber.
IBI
Floor Beoms
Flor beams shall be sized at bearing points. In floor beams composed of two or more timbers, th o timbers preferably shall be separated
by at least 2 inches for air circulation. Floor beams shall be connected
to the main truss members by means of rods or structural shapes.
IC J
Hongers
Hangers generally shall be rods having upset ends with a suitably
designed washer or bearing plate at each end. Upset ends shall conform to the requirements specified for Structural Steel Design, Division I.
ID J Eyebars ond Counters
The requirements specified for Structural Steel Dest gn, Division I,
for counters, eyebars an d eyebar packing shall apply to s uch members
when used in timber trusses.
IEI
Bracing
Timber trusses shall be provided with a rigid system of laterals in

the plane of the loaded chord. When the details will permit, this lateral
bracing shall be secu rely fastened to all longitudinal stringers. Lateral
bracing, preferably rigid, in the plane of the unloaded chord, and rigid
portal and sway-bracing shall be provided in all trusses having sufficient
DESIGN
headroom. Outrigger brackets connected to extensions of the Poor
beams shall be used for bracing through-trussses having headroom
insufficient for a top lateral system.
RFI
Comber
Camber, in addition to that required to provide for dead load and
shrinkage, shall be provided in timber trusses in suflic rent amount to

give the structure a good appearance.
J .J 0.J 0 FLOORS AND RAILINGS

lA J Stringers
Stringers shall be of sufficient length to take bearing over the :fu 11
width of caps or floor beams, except outside stringers which may have
butt joints. Pref ei ablj', they shall be of two panel lengths placed with
staggered jo ints. The lapped ends of untreated stringers shall be
separated at least '/e inch :for air circulation. Stringers shall be secured
to caps or floor beams.
IBI Bridging
Stringers shall be braced by cross bridging in each panel. The
bridging shall be not less in size than 2 by 4 inches.
ICJ
Nailing Strips
When timber floors are supported by steel joists, the joists shall be
provided with nailing strips which shall be bolted either to the top
flanges or the webs.
When nat ling strips are bolted to the flanges, they shall be used
on all joists. They shall be not less than 4 inches deep and shall be
wider than the supporting flange. They shall be secured with '/ -inch
bolts through the flan ges, spaced not more than 4 feet apart and not
more than 18 inches from the ends of the strips.
Nailing strips bolted to the webs shall be not less than 4 inches
thick and shall be fastened with bolts spaced not farther apart than 5
feet. They shal I be held e lear of the flanges by blocks between the web
and strip, and bolted throu gh the web with /s inch bolts sJiaced not
more than 4 feet apart and not more than IP inches from the ends
of the strips.
IDI
Flooring
Roadway floor plank shall have a nominal th ickness of not less

than 3 inches. Sidewalk floor plank shall have a nom in al th i ckness of
not less than 2 inches.
The mini mum size of material u sed for- lam in ated or strip floors
shall be 2 by 4 inches.
I El
Retaining
Pieces
Reta in ing p wees, where requ ired, shal I be rot less than 6 inches in
width. In general, they shall be secured in place by ?s-inch bolts at 3foot intervals and spiked at 1foot i ntorvals.
I FJ Wheel Guords
Wheel guards having a cross section of not less th an 4 by 6 inches
shall be provided on each side of the roadway. The gua rd timbers shall
be in lengths of not less than 12 feet. They shil l be secured with /sinch bolts at the end an cl at in termed rate points not moie than 4 feet
apart.
In str ip floors or cambered tloors, not prov ided wi th retain ing
pieces, the wheel puards sha 11 be placed d irectly on the flooring with
scu pper holes at su itable i nterva ls. In other floors the wheel guards
sh all be su ppo rted by scu pper blocks not loss than 4 inches th ick an d 1
foot long, held in place by sp ikes and a bolt th rough the wheel guard
and flooring, and spaced n ct more than 4 feet center to center.
IG J
Droinoge
AdeQu te prov is ion shall be made for the proper d ra i nage of I imber
floors.
IH I Railings
Wood railings shall consist of not less than 2 horizontal lines of
rails. Rails, rail posts and has ten in gs shall be designed for the load9
specified in Article 1.1.9 Rail ings.
P ref eiably, rat ls shall be .s u rfaced
st des
1 54 5' )
and
pa in ted.
J .10. J J FIRE STOPS

To check the spread of fi re lengths we of the stru e tu re, t imber
floors or trestles of any con siderab Ie length, prefo rabl y shall be provided w ith fire stops.
In t imber flors these fi re stops shou Id be prov i ded a t i nte rvals of
not over 75 feet. They may consist of d iaph ragms of wood or fireres is tant material at least as thick as the flooring, located over caps or
floorbeam an d completely fill in g the open ing between the joists.
In timber trestle bridges, in addition to the ft re stops in the floor,
fi re curt a ins shou ld be prov ided at in tervals of 100 feet or more. These
curtains may consist of plank or asbestos-covered metal spiked to the
bents. 'They should extend downward from the bottom of the joists at
least 5 feet and horizontally at least to the ends of the caps. A fire stop
between the joists shou Id be located over each curtain.
Section lJ
LOAD CAPACITY RATING OF

EXISTING BRIDGES
1.J 1.1 OVERLOAD UNDER PERMIT

The unit working stresses used in determining the load-carrying
capacity of each member of a structure to be crossed by a vehicle operat-
DE SIGN
ing under a special permit shal I take into account the type of material
from which the member is made and the physical condition of the
member. For structural elements for which p!ans are available and the
properties of materials are known, the tensile stress produced by any

such special permit load (including impact, if any) and dead load for
structures in good condition shall not exceed :
1. 75 percent of the yield point of structural steel members or
of the bars in the reinforced concrete members. Th is percentage
should be reduced for h igh strength steels.
2. For prestressed concrete members, 90 percent of the yield
point stress of the Jirestres s- ing steel in the layer of tendons nearest
the extreme tension fiber of the member ; or 75 percent of the
prestress i ng steel stress at the center of gravity of the tendons due
to the ultimate moment, whichever governs.
3. A 53 percent increase in the allowable Design Stress of
treated timber. For untreated timber, no overst ress is to be permitted.
Compressive stresses shall be checked on a correspond ing basis.
1.1 1.2 IMPACT

If the condition of the permit does not eliminate the likelihood of
impact, i mpact shall be considered as provided under Article 1.2.12.
J .1 1.3 ADJUSTABLE LOADS

Overweight permits should not be approved
for
vehicles
carrying
loads such as gravel, cement, lumber, petroleum products, pipe or any

other product, material or equipment which can be reduced in weight to
the design or legal limit.
J .J J .4 STRESS ANALYSIS
For the load under consideration, the stress analysis used shall be
in conform a rice wi th the provi sions of Division I, except that a more
reasonable distribution may be assumed for vehicles of unusual width
or wheels of unusual size such as those used in the construction industry.
J .J J .S ALLOWABLE STRESSES
No modification in allowable stresses for the appropriate material
and those hereinafter given shall be made except as provided in Article
1.11.1.
I . J 1.5 ALLOWABLE STRESSES

Allowable u n it stresses are shown in pounds per square inch. The modulus of elasticity of all grades of steel shall
be assumed to be 29,000,000 psi and the coefficient o:I linear expans ion 0.0000065 per degree Fahrenheit.
AASHO Designation (4)

ASTM Designation (4)
Carbon
Steel
Silicon
steel
Nickel
M-94 ( 1961)
M-95 ( 1961)
M-96 ( 1961)
A7 ( 1967 )
A94 ( 1966)
A8 ( 1961)
Min imum Tensile Streiig th
60,000
Mi n imum Yield Point
33,000
steel
Axial tension, net section
Tension in extreme fiber of rolled shapes, girders

and built-up sections subj ect to bending
18,000
Ax ial Compression, gross section : Stiffene rs

of pl ate gi rders
Comp ression in splice material, gross section
Comp ress ion in exticme fibers
of
rod led
gi rders ancl built-up sections, subject to

gross section, v'hen com press ion flan ge is :
( A) Su pported lateially its fu 11 length by

embedm ent in cone i ete.
shapes,
bending,
0.55 F,
(B) ( 1) Partially supported or unsupported
20
g reater than :
with n of greater than :

r'
24,000
132
M-96
M-94
Compression in concentrically loaded columns (2)
Riveted ends
1.25
.55F,
Pinned ends
20,000-0.46
L ' 20,000-0.61
L
24,000 -0.86 L'-
F,
15,000-0.32
1.25 l
with not greater than
' 21,000-0.66 L '
140
Shear in girder webs, gross sect ion .
14,000
Bearing on rn illed stiffeners and other steel parts in
contact
Stress in extreme fiber of pins
Beai-ing on p ins not subj ect to rotation ( 3) ( 5 )
Bearing on pins subject

rocket s and hinges) .
36,000
26,000
32,000
44,000
40,000
to rotation (3) ( such as
Shear in pins .
16,000
18,000
Shear in turned & ribbed bolts

Bearing on power driven rivets and H.S. bolts
See Article 1.7.5
Bearing on expansion rollers and rockers .
Se Article 1.7.4
22,000
238
I length, in inches, of unsup ported II ange betvs'een lateral connections, knee braces or other
points of sup port. F'or con Iinuous beams and girders, I may be taken as the dista rice
Irom interior sup port to point of dead load contraPex ure if th is distan ce is tess than that
designated above.
For cantilever beams and g irders, I may be taken as twice the distan ce from the su pport to
the end of the cantilever if th is distance is less than designated above.
r
radius of g y ra tion, in in ches of a tee section comp need of the comp reset on Pange plus onesixth of the web area, about the cx is in the plane of the web :
for welded girders ( r)_ b/l2
for riveted girders ( r )

0. 1b
where b flange width. in inches
Aw
area of the web, in.
A r = area of the flange. in.
12 ) Comi session in con centri cally loaded columns havin a valuee not greater then stovpn
in a;y be com puted Irom these an prox inn ate formulae, or Irom the more exact formulae given in
L- len gth of member, in i n ches
r least radius of ay ration of member, in in ches
For comp session members v'ith values of greater than those shoxs'n or of known eccentri city,
see Apiendix G. The factor of safetY to be used when using Ap pendix C is 1.76, 1.80 and 1.83
for M 9 4, M 95 an d M9 6 steels Yes p ectivel y.
( 3 ) The effecti ve bearing area of a p in sh all be its I i awe Ie r mull i plt d b 9 th+ th i Ok bus of
the metal on which it bers.
( 4 ) Number in pren thee js represents the last year these siecifi cations were p rinted.
(j) y;j shnfl ppp]y p p]pj pp@ } |jrfly in ax{sfly ]onded rnernbcrs suuh as truss rnem5PrS
a nd cable :idjus ting links. It shall not aj pl ' to p in s uset i n members havi ng rotation
ex; an s ion o r it effect ion.
crime it be
Section J2ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS

1 .J 2.1 GENERAL
Elastomeric bearings shall be subject to the requirements of this section and to the sections applicable to the particular types of construction
with which they are used.
The elastomers to be used shall conform to requirements given in
Section 2.25 of this specification.
I .I 2.2 DESIGI'4
Bearings may be plain (consisting of elastomer only) or laminated
(consisting of layers of elastomer restrained at their interfaces by bonded
laminates) . Elastomer compounds of nominal 70 durometer hardness
shall not be used in laminated bearings. Plain bearings generally will be
1.12.2
DE SIGN
restricted by the requirements of this specification to conditions where

little movement is anticipated.
The following terms will be used :
L Length of a rectangular bearing parallel to the direction of
translation
Width of a rectangular bearing perpendicular to the direction

of translation
R= Radius of a circular bearing

Average thickness of a plain bearing or the thickness of any
indivi dual layer of elastomer in a laminated bearing (including
the top and bottom layer)

Total effective elastomer thickness (summation of t's)
Shape :factor (the area of the loaded face divided by the side
area free to bulge)
for rectangular bearings
circular bearings
2t
The size of the elastomeric pad shall be euch that both surfaces are in
complete contact with the bearing areas.
The compressive strain o:I a plain bearing or of any individual layer
of a laminated bearing is a function of the average un it compressive
stress, the hardness o:I the elastomer and the shape factor. The compressive deflection of each layei is the product of the strain and the thickness of the layer. The total deflection o:I the bearing is the sum of the
layer deflections. The shear strain of a bearing is a function of the tem-
perature, hardness of the elastomer and average shearing unit stress. The
shear deflection of a bearing is the product of the shear strain and the
total effective elastomer thickness. These relationships may be taken from
existing test reports, but for large bearings or groups of standard designs,
they shall preferably be verified by tests of the particular designs involved.
Bearings shall have built in taper when nonparallel load sur:faces
would otherwise produce a compressive deflection of .06 T under dead load.
Such taper shall be limited to'/8 ]3er foot.
To insure stability the following limits shall be observed :
Plain BearingsMinimum L or R ST
Minimum W
=5 T
Laminated BearingsM in imum L or R =3 T

Minimum W
=2 T
The total of the positive and negative movements caused by anticipated temperature change shall not exceed .5 T.
The average u nit pressure on elastomeric bearings shall not exceed
800 psi under a combination of dead load plus l we load, not including im-
pact. The average un it pressure due to dead load only shall not exceed
500 psi. When dead load plus live load upli(t reduce the average pressure
to less than 200 psi the bearing shall be secured against horizontal crawling prefe rably by positive attachment to the top surface or to the top and
bottom su rf aces. When secured to the top and bottom surfaces the bearing may be subject to momentary light tension.
Th e initial conip res swe dePecti on i n a plai n bearing or in any layer
of a lam i riated bearing, under dead load plu s live load, not including impact
shall not exceed .07 t. The detection can be determined from a plot showing the rel at ionsh ip of Shape Factor, load and the durometer hardness
of the elastomer under cen.>i deration. These curves are generally a ar!able from manu factu rers for their product.
Section 13 STEEL TUNNEL LINER PLATES

1 .1 3.J GENERAL
These ci itei-ii cover the design of cold for med panel steel tunnel linel
platCs. The minimum thickness shall be as determined by design in
acc oi-da rice with Art icles 1.13.2, 3, 4, 5, 6 an cl the construction shall
eonfoim to Section 26 of Division II. The supporting capacity of a
non-rigid tunne! Iining such :is a steel l iner plate results from its ability
to deflect under load so that side restraint developed by the lateral
i est stance of the soil constrains fit rther deflecti on. Deflection thus tends
to equali ze i dial press u res and to load the tunnel liner as a compression
The loacl to be ciii-iied by the tunnel liner is a function of the type o:I
soil. In a granular soil, with little or no cohesion, the load is a function

of the angle of internal friction of the soil and the diameter of' the
tunnel being constructed. In cohesive soils such as clays and silty clays
the load to be carried by the tunnel liner is dependent on the shear ing
strength of Ihe soil above thP roof of the tunnel.
A s ubsurf ace exploi ation program and appropriate soil tests should
be perl or med at each installation before undertaking a design.
Nothin g included in this section shall be interpreted as prohib it in g
the use of new developments where u set u lness can be s ubstanti ated.
1 .13.2 LOADS
External load on a circulai- tunnel liner made up of tunnel liner
plates may be predicted by various methods including actual tests. In
cases where more precise methods of analysis are not employed, the
external load P can be predicted by the following :
1. ID the grouting pressure is greater than the computed externiil
load, the external load P on the tunnel liner shall be the grouting
pressu re.
2. In general the external load can be computed by the formula
DF'SIGN
Where : P the external load on the tunnel liner ;
P;= the vertical load at the level of: the top of the tunnel
liner due to live loads ;

Pg = the vertical load at the level of the top of the tunnel liner
due to dead load.
For an H20 load on an u n surfaced fill, values of P; are :ipproxirnate1y
the following :
H (ft)
P; (lbs per sq. ft)
4
375
5
2Ii0
6
190
7
140
8
110
9
90
10
75
H is the height of soil fill above the top of the tunnel liner.
Values o:I P; may be calculated using Marstons formula for load
or any other s u itable method.
In the absence of adequate borings and soil tests, the full overfill
height should be the basis for P; in the tunnel liner plate design.
The following is one form of Marstons formula :
Where : P,, = C,WD
C,= coefficient for tunnel liner, Figure 1.13.1

W= total (moist) unit weight of soil
D = horizontal diameter or span of the tunnel
H = height o:I soil fill over Ihe top of the tunnel
Vol ues of coefficient Cd

Fi q u re I . IS. I
242
HI GH WAY BRIDGE 5
J .13.3 DESIGN
The Iollowing criteria must be considered in the design o:I liner
plates :
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
I oini strength
Handling and installation strength
Critical buckling of liner plate wall
Deflection or flattening of tunnel section.
J .13.4 JOINT STRENGTH

Seam strength for liner plates must be sufficient to withstand the
thrust developed from the total load supported by the liner plate. This
thrust, T, in pounds per lineal foot is T =PD/2
Where P =1oad as defined in 1.13.2

D = diameter or span in feet
Ultimate design longitudinal seam strengths are :
Plate thickness,
inches
Ultimate strength,
kips/f t
0.075
0.105
0.135
2 Flange
20.0
30.0
47.0
0.179
62.O
54.0
0.239
0.313
0.375
92.0
81.0
115.0
119.0
0.164
55.0
0.209
87.0
4 Flange
26.0
43.0
50.0
67.0
Thrust T, multiplied by the safety factor, should not exceed the
ultimate seam strength.
1. J 3.5 HANDLING AND INSTALLATION STRENGTH

The liner plate ring shall have enough rigidity to resist the unbalanced loadings of normal construction : grouting pressures, local sloughins and miscellaneous concentrated loads. This rigidity is mea sured by a
Flexibil ity Factor determined by the formula :
FFWhere FF = Flexibility factor

D = Diameter, Inches
E = Modulus of elasticity, psi
I= Moment of inertia, inches to the 4th power per inch
For ordinary installations FF should not exceed

2.0 x 10 for 2 flange
0.9 10 for 4 flange
DE SIGN
1.13.6
J .13.6
243
CRITICAL BUCKLING OF LINER PLATE WALL
Wall buckling stresses are determined from the following formulae :

For diameters less than D,, the ring compression stress at which
buckl ing becomes critical is :
in psi
For diameters greater than D,. .
12E in psi
kD
\Vhere :
24E
=critical pipe diameter, inches
f,, minimum specified tensile strength, psi

I, buckling stress, psi., not to exceed minimum specified yield
strength
k soil stiffness :factoi , 0.22, unless more precise values are obtained
D = pipe diameter, inches
r= radius of gyration of section, inches per foot

E modulus of elasticity, psi
Design for buckling is accompl ished by limiting the ring compression
thrust T to the buckling stress multiplied by the cross section ai ea o:I

the liner plate divided by the factor of sa:fety :
f A
Where T thrust per lineal foot from Article 1.13.4
A = cross section area of l iner plrite, sq. in. per :foot.
FS = factor of safety for buckling
J .J 3.7
DEFLECTION OR FLATTENING
Deflecti on of a tunnel depends si gn ificantly on the amount of over

excavation of the bore and is affected by delay in backpacking or inadequate backpacking. The magnitude of deflection is not primarily a
function of soil modul us or the liner plate properties, so it cannot be
computed with usual deflection formulae.
Where the tunnel clearances are important, the designer should
oversize the structu re to provide for a normal deflecti on. Good construction methods should result in deflecti ons of not more than 3 c o:I the
normal diameter.
1.13.8 CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS

IA J
Chemical Composifion
Base metal shall
to ASTM A 569
244
IBJ Minimum mechonicol properties of flof plote before cold forming:

Tensile strength =42,000 psi
Yield Strength
28,000 psi
Elongation, 2 inches 30 %c
J .J 3.9 SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

The moment of inertia in inches to the fourth power per inch of
plate width, based on the avei age of one ring of plates, shall conform
to the follow ing requirements :
4-Flanged
2-Flanged Plate
Gross
Required Moment
of Inertia
Thickness
Section
Area
0.031-0.035
0.0360.040
0.041-0.04
0.046-0.050
0.051 -0.055
0.056-0.0G0
0.061-0.065
0.06 6-0.070
0.071-0.075
0.076-0.080
0.081-0.085
0.0 860.090
0.091-0.095
0.096-0.100
0.1010.105
0.106-0. 110
0.111-0. 115
0.116-0. 120
0.1210. 125
0. 126-0. 130
0.13 1-0.135
0.13G-0. 140
\ .J 3.10
Cross
Thickness
Section
Area
in.
in.
in.
in.
0.105
0.105
0.105
0.135
0.135
0.164
0.134
0.134
0.134
0.172
0.172
0.209
0.075
0.105
0.105
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.096
0.135
0.135
0.174
0.174
0.174
0.164
0.209
0.164
0.213
0.164
0.209
0.164
0.179
0.227
0250
0250
0818
0.81B
03IB
0888
0209
0209
0235
0272
0272
0B12
0.313
0.313
0.313
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.388
0.388
0.388
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.239
0.239
0.312
0.312
0.209
0.209
0.250
0.264
0.264
0.313
0.164
0.213
0.179
0.179
0.209
0.213
0.233
0.233
0.272
COATINGS
Steel tunnel linei- plates shall be of heavier gage or thickness or
protected by coatings or other

abrasion or corrosion.
means
when
recluired
for
resistance to
1.13.1 J
BOLTS
Bolts and nuts used with lapped seams shall be not less than ?s inch
in diameter. The bolts shall conform to the specifications of ASTM A
449 for plate th rednesses equal to or greater than 0.209 inches and A 307
for plate thickness less than 0.209 inches. The nut shall conform to
ASTM Designation A 563, Grde C.
Bolts and nuts used
ID inch in diameter for
and not ten than is inch
bolts and n uts shall be
ASTM Specificttions A
J .J 3.1 2
SAFETY
with Your flan ged plates shall be not less than

plate th icknesses to and includ ing 0. 175 inches
in diameter for plates of greater thickness. The
q u ick acting coarse thread and shall conform to
307, Grade A.
FACTORS
Longitudinal test seam strength3

Pipe Wall Buckling
2
Division
II
CO NSTR U CTIO N
Section i EXCAVATION AND FILL
2.1. J GENERAL
Foundation excav t ion shal I include the removal of all material, of
whatever nature, necessary for the construction of to undat ions and
substructures in accordance with the pl:ins or as directed by the Engineer.
It shall incl ude the furn ish ing of all necessary eq u ipmcnt and the con
struction of all cribs, coff erdams, ca is sons, u nwaterin g, etc., wh ich may
be necessary for the execution of the work. It shall also include the s ubseq u ent removal of cofferdams and cribs and the pl acement of
all
necessary
backfi ll as hereinaf ter spec i fied. It shall also include the disposing of
excavated mate r rat, wh ich is not requ ired for backfi 11, in a manner and
in locations so as not to affect the carrying capac ity of the channel and
not to be unsigh tly.
C ompensat ion for a 11 clearing and grubbing contained within the
bridge site shall, u nless otherwise specified i n the contract, be incl uded
in the un i I price or prices bid for another item or other items. The bridge
site is defined as the entire area between the righ I of way lines and between lines parallel ing the bridge ends and passing through the longitud inal extrem i ties of the su bsf ructu re or su per structure, wh ichever is
greater, u nless a greater length is necessary for the requ i red construction
of the bridge, or unless othe rw i s. specified in the contract.
A ll substructures, where practicable, shal l be constructed in open
excavation and, where necessary, the excavation shal l be shored, braced
or protected by coff erdams in acco rdance with approved metho1s. When
footings can be placed in the d ry without the use of cribs or cofferdams,
backforms may be omitted with the approval of the Engineer and the
enti re excavation filled wi th concrete to the reQu ired e1ex'ation of the
top of the foot ing. The add i tional concrete requ ired shall be placed at
the expense of the Contractor.
2. J .2 PRESERVATION OF CHANNEL
Unless othervv ise spec ified, no excavat ion shall be made outside of
ca i ssons, cribs, cofferdams, steel piling or sheeti rig, and the natural
stream bed adjacent to the structu re shall not be disturbed without permission from the Engineer. If any excavation or dredging is made at
the site of the structure before caisson s, cribs or coffe rdams are sunk
or are in place, the Contractor shall, without extra charge, at:ter the foundation base is in place, backfill all such excavation to the original ground
surface or river bed with material satisfactory to the Engineer. Material
deposited with in the stream area from foun dation or other excavation
or from the filling of coffe rdams shall be removed and the stream area
l'reed from obstruction thereby.
248
HI GH WAY B RIDGE S
.+
2.1.3 DEPTH OF FOOTINGS

The elevati on of the bottoms of footi ngs, as shown on the plans,
shal I be cone i dered as approx i mate only and the en gi neer may order, in
wr i ti ng, s uch chan ges i n d imen sions or elevation of foot in gs as may be

necessa ry to secu re :t sati st act ory foundation.
2.1 .4 PREPARATION OF FOUNDATIONS FOR FOOTINGS

A 11 rock or othe r hard foun dation material shall be freed I rom all
loose water ml, cleaned and cut to a firm surface, e it her level, stepped,
or rou ghe ne d, as may be directed by the engineer. All seams shall be
cleaned ou t an d filled with cone rote, mortar or grout.
When mason ry is to rest on an excavated surface other than rock,
special care shall be taken not to disturb the bottom of the excavation
and the fi nal removal of the foundation materixl to grade sh:ill not be
made u nti l j ust before the masonry is to be placed.
2. J .5 COFFERDAMS AND CRIBS

IAJ
Generol
C off erdams and cribs for to u n d at ion construction shall be carried
to ad eQUate de the and her ghts, be safely des igned ind constr ucted, and
be made as water-tight as is necessa r j' for the proper performance of
the wo rk wh ich must be done in side them. In general, the interior
d imens ions of eofferda ins and cribs shall be such as to give suffic ient
clearance I or the const ructi o n of forms and the i n spect i on of ther r
exterio rs, and to perm it pu mping outs ido of the forms. Coff erdams or
cribs wh ich are tilted or moved late rally du ri rig the process of s inking
shall be righted, reset or enlarged so as to provide the necessary clearance and th is sha 11 be :it the sole expense of the contracto r.
When cond i tions are encou ntored which, in the opinion of the
engineer, render it impracticable to u nwater the to undation before
placin g mason ry, he may reju me the con sI ruction of a concrete foundation seal of such d ime ns ions as may be necessa ry. The ton ndation shall
then be pumped out and the balance of the masonry placed in the dry.
When weigh ted cribs are employed and the wei ght is utilized to partially overcome the hyd rostatic pressure acting agar net the bottom of
the fou ndation seal, special an th o rage such as dowels or keys shall be
prov ided to transf:er the entire weight of the crib into the f ou ndation
seal. During the placin g of a You n dation seal, the elevation of the
water ins ide the coff erdam shall be control led to prevent any flow
th rough the seal and if the coff e rda m is to remain in place, i I shall be
vented or ported at low water level.
IBJ
Protecf ion of Concrete
Cofferdams or cribs shall be con str ucted so as to p rotect green

concrete against damage from a sudden rising of the stream and to
prevent damage to the fou ndation by' erosion. No ti mber
or bracing
shall be left in coffe rdams or cribs in s uch a way as to extend i nto the
substructu re mason ry, w ithout written perm ission from the engi neer.
2. 1. 5
CONSTRUCTION
I CI
Drowings Required
For su bstructure work, the Con tractor shall submit, ripon request,
drawings showing h is proposed method of coffe rdam constr uction and
other details left open to h is choice or not fully shown on the engineers
draw ings. Such drawings shall be approved by the Engineer before

construction is started on work governed by them.
I DJ
Removol
Unless otherw isc provided, cofferdams or cribs with all sheeting
and bracing shall be removed after the completion of the substructure,
care being taken not to distu rb or otherwise inj ure the finished masonry.
2.J .6 PUMPING
Pumping I rom the interior of any You ndation enclosure shall be
done in such manner as to preclude the possibility of the movement of
water through any I resh concrete. No pump in g will be permitted d uring
the placing of concrete or for a period of at least 24 hours the reaftcr,
unless it be done from a s u it able sump separated from the concrete work
by a water-tight wall or other effective means.
Pu mping to unwater a sealed coff e rdam shal I not commence u ntil
the seal has set s ufficiently to withstand the hydrostatic pressure.
2.1.7 INSPECTION
After each excavation is completed the Contractor shall noti:fy the
Engineer, and no masoni-y shall be placed until the Engineer has :ipproved
the depth o:I the excavation and the character of the foundation material.
2. J .8 BACK-FILL
All material usei for back-fil I shall be of a quality acceptable to the
engineer and shall be free from large or frozen lumps, wood,
or
other
extraneous material.
All spaces excavated and not occupied by abutments, pier's, or other
permanent work shall be refilled with earth up to the surface of the surrounding ground, with a s uffic rent allowance for settlement. All back-fill
shall be thoroughly compacted and, in general, its top surface shall be
neatly graded.
The fill behind abutments and w i ng walls of all bridge structures
shall be depos ited in well-compacted, horizontal layers not to exceed 12
inches in thickness. The back-fill in front of such un its shall be placed
first to prevent the poss ibility of forward movement. Special precautions
shall be taken to prevent any wed ging action against the masonry, and
the s!ope bounding the excavation for abu tments and wing walls shall be
destroyed by stepping or roughen ing to prevent wedge action. Jetting
of the fill behind abutments and wing walls will not be permitted.
Fill placed arou nd culverts and piers shall be deposi ted on both
eides to approximately the same elevation at the same time.
Adequate provision shall be made for the thorough drainage of all
back-filling. French drains shall be placed at weep holes.
HIGHWAY BRIDGE S
218
No back-fi 11 shall be placed against any mason ry abutment, w ing

wall or culvert until permission shall have been given by the eng ineer
and p re her ably not u ntil the masonry has been in place 14 days, or until
test cylin den show the strength to be twice the working stress used
in the design.
Backfil l in g of sectional plate pipes anl arches shall be done in
accordance with Articles 2.23.5 and 2.23.6.
2. J .9 FILLED SPANDREL ARCHES

For filled spandrel arches, the filling shall
be
carefu fly
placed in
such manner as to load the ring un iformly and symmetrically. The

filling material shall be acceptable to the Engineer and shall be placed
in hor izontal layers, not to exceed 12 inches in thickness, carefully
tamped and brought up simu ltaneous ly from both haunches. Wedge
shaped sections of fil ling material against s-pand refs, w ings or abu tments
will not be permitted.
2.1. 10 APPROACH EMBANKMENT

When the contract for any bridge str uctu re reQu ires the placement
of app roach embankments, they shall be constructed and paid for in

acco rdan ce with th e hi gh way spec i heat i on s governing this class of con
str u ct ion.
2.J .1 J CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION

Classi h cation, if any, of excavati on will be indicated on the plans
and set forth in the proposal.
2.1. J 2 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Pay ment for foundation excavation shal l include the cost of all
labor, material, eqn ipment, and other items that may be necessary or
con ven rent to the success f u l completion of the excavation to the elevation of the bottom of the footings. It .shal1 also include the cost of
removing coffe rdams and any surplus material which may have been
thrown up during the process of excavation, and shall incl ude the cost
of back-fil l ing in a compacted cond it ion an amou nt of materi a l eQu at to
th e amou nt of excav a ti on . Any back fil I reQu i red in excess of the amount
excavated shall be paid for as extra work unless a price for extra backfill
i s included in the contract.
The yardage to be paid for shali be the actua l nu in ber of cu bic yards
in original position, of material acceptabl y excavated in conform ity with
the plans or as directed by the Engineer, but no yardage shall be included
in the meas uremen I for payment wh ich is outside of a volume bou rided
by vertical planes 18 inches outside of and para llel to th e neat l ines of
the footing. The cross-sectional area measured shall not include water or
other l iQu ids, bu t shall include mu d, muck and other similar sew i -solids.
The top an d bottom l init ts of computed volume shall be the on ginal
grou nd or the top of the requ i red grading cross secti on, whichever is
lower, and the bottom of the completed footing.
2.1.12
CONSTRUC'I'ION
When it is necessary, in the opinion of the Engineer, to carry the
foun d at ions below the elevation s shown on the plans, the excavation fir
the first th ree feet of add it ion i l depth wi 11 be incl uded in the quantity
for wh ich payment wi 11 be made u nder the item Foun dation Excavation.
Excavation below this add it ional depth will be paid for as extra work,
unless the Contractor is willing to accept payment at conti act prices.
Secfion 2
SHEET PILES
2.2. J GENERAL
Th i s speci fication covers only sheet pil ing shown on
the plans, or
ordered by the Engineer, to be left in place so that it becomes a part of

the finished structure.
2.2.2 TIMBER SHEET PILES

The timber, unless otherwise noted, shall be preservative ly treated
in accordance with Division II, Section 21, an d may cons ist of any Creatable species which wi 11 satisfactorily stand driving. It shall be sawn or
hewn with square corners and shall be free from worm holes, loose knots,
wind shakes, decayed or unsound portio us, or other defects which might
impair its strength or tightness.
The piles shall be of the d i men sions shown on the plans either cut
from the solid material or made by b u ild ing up the piles of th ree planks
securely fastened together. The piles shal l be d rift sh arpened at their
lower ends so as to wedge the adjacent pi les tigh tly together.
The tops of the piles shal I be cut off to a straigh I line at the elevation
indicated and shall be braced with wal ing strips, properly lapped and
joined at all splices and corners. The wales shall preferably be in one
length between corners and shall be bolted near the tops of the piles.
2.2.3 CONCRETE SHEET PILES

Where concrete sheet piles -are requ ired, they shall be in strict
accordance with the deta iled design. The requ ire ments governing the
man ufacture and instal lation of concrete sheet piling shall conform, in
general, to those governing precast concrete bearing piles.
2.2.4 STEEL SHEET PILES

Steel sheet piles shall be of the type and weigh I indicated on the
plans or designated in the special provisions and of the material requ ired
below. The piles, when in place in the completed structure, shall be
practically xvater-tigh I at the joints. Painting of steel sheet p i les shall
conform to Article 2.3. 17.
Steel sheet piles shall conform to the requ irements of AASHO M202
(ASTM A 328) .
2.2.5 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Payment for sheet p iles shall include the cost of turn ishing, driving
and cutting off. Payment w i 11 be made on the basis of the p iles driven as
approved by the E n pincer, except that a deduction from the payment will
be made in an amount equal to the salvage value of the material out off
:ifter driving.
T imber, cone rete, ind s teel sheet Jules w ill be paid for at the contract
pr we per squat e f oot.
Section 3BEARING PILES

2.3. J MATERIALS
Steel piles shall consist of structu rat steo I shapes of the section pro
vi ded on the plans or as othe rw ise specifi ed. The steel shall con form to
the Speci fixation for 5tr u ctu rat Steel, AA SHO M-1 b3 ( ASTM A36) .
2.3.2 DESIGN AND CONDITIONS OF USE

General and Design : Refer to D ivis ion I, Section 4.
Bearing Values, Design : Refer to Article 1.4.4.
P rese rvat we Treatment : Refer to D iv isi on I I, Section 21 .
2.3.3 PREPARATION FOR DRIVING

IAI
Excovof ion
I n gen ct al, pi let shall not be d riven u ntil after the excavation is
complete. Any material frree1 up betw'een the piles sh all be removed
to correct eleviti on w ith out cost to the State before
masci nry
for
the
found ation is plac r1.

I BI
Cups
The heads of all cone re te piles, an d the heads of timber p i1es, when
the natu re of the d i'iv i in is s u ch as to u nd uly i n j ure them, shall be
protected b caps of app roved den gn, prefer ably hav i n a rope or othe r
su it able c u sh i on next to the pi Ie head and fittin g i rite a casting wh ich

in turn supports a timber shock block. When the area of the head of
any I imber pi Ie is grette r than that of the I we of the hammer, a
su i table cap shall be prov i d el to d i stri bu te the b1w of the hammer
th rou g hout the ct oss sec ti cn f th e pile.
The head shall be cut sq u are and shall be shtped or eh amf e red to
prevPn t spl ittin g at its periph ery.
For spec ial types of pilin p, d riving heads, man drels, or other dev ice.s i n aw orda rice w ith the man u factu rem recomme ndation shall be
provided so tha t the p ile may be d riven w ithout injury.
For steel p ili rig the heads sha 11 be cu I sQu arely on d a driv in g cap
shall be prov ided to hold the axis of the pi le in line with the axis of the
hammer.
CONSTRUCTION
dollars, bands, or other devices, to protect timber piles

splitting and brooming shall be provided where necessary.
against
I D I Poinfing
Timber piles shal l be poin ted where soil cond it ions requ ire it.
When necessary, the pi les shall be shod with metal shoes of a design
sat is:factory to the Engineer, the points of the piles being carefully
shaped to secure an even rind uniform bearing on the shoes.
IEJ
Splicing Piles
Fu 11 length piles shall be used where practicable. In exception al

c ircu instances splicing of pi les may be permitted. The method of spl icing ehall be as shown on the plans or as approved by the Engineer.
When the splicing of steel piles or steel shel ls of special piles is done
by welding, the arc method shall be given preference.
IFJ Poinfing Steel Piles
Steel piles shall be painted as specified in Article 2.3.17.
2.3.4 METHODS OF DRIVING

IA J General
Piles may be driven with a gravity hammer, a steam hammer, or a
comb mation of water j ets and hammer but a steam hammer is pre:ferred. Precast concrete piles, prefe rably, shall be driven by means of
a combination of hammer and jet.
I BJ Hommers for Timber ond Steel Piles
Gravity hammers for driving timber piles shall weigh not less than
2,000 pounds, preferably 3,000 pounds, and for steel piles not less than
3,000 pounds, but in no case shal I the weight of the hammer be less than
the combined weight of driving head and pile. The Tal l shall be so
regulated as to avoid inJ u ry to the piles and in no case shal l exceed 15
feet. When a Steam hammer is used, the total energy developed by the
hammer shall be not less than 6,000 foot-pounde per blow.
IC J
Hommers for Concrete Piles
Unless otherwise provided, concrete piles, precast, or shel ls for cast-inplace piles, shall be driven w ith a steam hammer which shall develop an
energy per blow at each fu 11 stroke of the piston, of not less than one f ootpou nd for each pound of weight driven. In no case shall the total energy
developed by the hammer be less than 6,000 foot-pounds per blow.
If a gravity hammer is used, it shall have a weight not less than 50
per cent of the weight of the pile, b ut in no case less than 3,000 pounds ;
and the d rop of the hammer shall not exceed 8 feet.
H I GH WAY
IDJ
Additional
2.3.4
BRIDGE S
Equipment
In case tht? reQu ired penetration i s not obtained by the u se of a
hammer complying w ith the above minimum requ irements, the Contractor shall provide It heavier hammer, or resort to jetting at his own
expense.
I EA
Leods
Pile d river leads shall be con strncted in such a manner as to afford

freedom of movement of the hamme r, and they' shall be held in pos ition
by gu ys or stiff braces to insu re support to the p i Ie lu rin g
driving.
Except where p iles are driven through water, the leads, prefe rably, shall
be of suffic i ent len gth so that the u se of a follower w ill not be necessary.
Preferably, inclined lead s shall be used in driv in g battered piles.
(FJ
Followers
The driving of pil ing w ith Iollowe r s shall be avoided if p racti cable
and shall be done only under written permission of the Engineer. When
followers are used, one pile from each group of 10 shall be a long pile
driven without a hollower, and shall be u sed as a test pile to determine
the average bean ng power of the group.
G 1 Writer Jets
When water j ets are used, the n u mber of jets and the
volu me
and
pressure of water at th e j et nozzle s shall be su ffici c= nt to freely erode the

material adj acent to the pile. The plant shall have sufficient capac ity to
deliver :i I all ti rues at least 100 pou nds per sq u are inch pressure at two 'iinch jet nozzles. Before the den red penetration is reached, the jets shall
be w ithdrawn and the piles shall be driven w ith the hammer to sec u re
th e final pen c trat i o ri .
IHI
Accurocy of
Driving
Piles 8 hall be driven w ith it van ation of not more than "i inch per
foot from the vertical or from the better .shown on the plans, except
that pi let f c r tres tle bents shall be so dr iven that the cap in ay be placed
in its proper locati on w itho u I ind u c i n g excen we stresses i n the pi les,

and to u ndation p i1es shall no I be out of the post tion .shown on the plan
more than G i nche.s after d ri vin p.
2.3.5 DEFECTIVE
PILES
Th e procedu re i nc i dent to the rl riv i rig of piles shall
n ot
subject
them to excess we and u ndue abu se p reducing crush in g and spall in g of

the cc ncrete, in j u no us splitti n g, spli nte r ing and broomi n 5 f the woo it
or deform ation of the tee1. Man i pulatii n of piles to force them into
proper position, considered by the Engineer to be excessive, will not be
perm itted. Any p i lo damaged by reason of internal defects, or by imprcie r d r i v i n or d iiven o u I of i ts proffer locti on or tl r i v en be low the
elevation fixed by the plans or by the Engineer, shall be corrected at the
contracts rs expense by on e of the follow i n g me thoc1,s appr)ved by the
Engineer for the pile in question :
2.3.5
C ON STRUC TI ON
(1) ) The pile shall be withdrawn and replaced by a new and if
necessary, a longer pile.

(2) A second pile shall be driven adjacent to the defective or low
pile.
(3) ) The pile shall be spl iced or built up as otherwise provided
herein or a sufficient portion of the footing extended to properly
embed the pile. Timber piles shall not be spI iced without specific
permission of the Engineer. All piles pushed up by the driving of
adjacent piles or by any other cause shall be driven down again.
2.3.6 DETERMINATION
OF BEARING VALUES
( See of so Article
1 .4.4 )
IAI
Loading Tests
When requ ired, the size and nu mber of piles shall be determ ined by
act ual loading tests. In general, these tests shall consist of the appi ication of a test load placed upon a su itable platform s upported by the
pi Ie, with su itable apparatus for accurately measuring the test load and
the settlement of the pi Ie under each increment of load.
In lie u thereof hydraulic jacks with su itable yokes and pressure
gauges may be used.
The safe allowable load shall be considered as 50 per cent of that
load which, after a continuous appl ication of 48 hours, prod uces a permanent settlement not greater than i inch measured at the top of the
pile. Th is maximum settlement shall not be i ncreased by a continu ous
application of the test load for a period of 60 hours or longer.
At least one pile for each group of 100 piles preferably should be
tested.
IBI
Timber
Pile
Formulas
When not d riveri to pract ical refusal, the bearing val ues of piles
preferably shall be determ tried by load tests as specified above. In the
absence of load ing tests or su bstant rated adequate pile form ulas, the
9af e bearing values for timber piles- shall be determined by the following formulas :
2WH
for gravity hammers,
for single-acting steam hammers,

2H (W +Ap)
for double-acting steam hammers,
s=o.i
where
P safe bearing capacity in pounds,

W v'eigh I, in pounds, of striking parts of hammer,
H =height of fall in feet,
A area of piston in square inches,
p steam pressure in pounds per sjuare inch at the
hammer,
S the average penetration in inches per blow for the
last 5 to 10 blov's for gravity hammers and the last
10 to 20 blows for steam hammers.
'
The above formulas are applicable only when

The hammer has a free fall.
The head of the pile is not broomed or crushed.
The penetrati on is reason ably qu ick and uniform.
There is no sensible bounce after the blow.
A follov er is not used.
Twice the height of the bounce shall be deducted from H to
determine its value in the formula.
Unlese otherwise ordered by the Engineer timber piling shall be
driven to the bearing value giv en on the plans or in the supple mental
spec i fixation s. If bearing /alues are not given, timber piling shall be
d riven to a min imum value of twenty tons.
In case water Jets are used in con nect ion with the d riving, the
bearing capacity ehall be determined by the above formulas from the
resu Its of driving at ter the jets hive been withdrawn, or a load test
may be applied.
ICI
Concrete ond Steel Piles

When not driven to practical refusal the bearing value for concrete
and steel piles pre f e rably shall be clctormined by means of loading tests
specified above. In the absence of loading tests, their
safe
bearing
values may be approximated by substanti ated adeQuate pile formulas

or those specified for timber piles. However, the character of the soil
penetrated, cond it ions of driving, d istribu tion, size, length and weight
of the piles, shells or cores d riven, and the computed load per pile shall
be g iven due consideration in determining their probable safe bear ing
value.
2.3.7 TEST Pl kS
When required, the Contractor shall drive tt29t Jules o:I a lenth
and at the location de9i gnated by the Engineer. These piles shall be of
greater length than the length assu med in the des ig n in order to provide for any variation in soil cond i ti one.
2.3.8 ORDER LISTS FOR PILING
The Contractor shall furnish piles in accordance wi th an itemized

list, which shall be furnished by the Engineer, showing the number and
length of all piles.
In determ in in g len gths of piles for order ing and for footage to be
included i n the contract, the len gths given in the order list shall be
based on the lengths wh ich are assumed to remain in the completed
structure. The Contractor 9hall, at his own expense, increase the lengths
given to provide for I resh heading and for such add it ional length as may
be necessary to su it the contractor's method of operation.
2.3.9 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF TIMBER PILES
The method of stori ng and handling shall be such as to avoid
injury to the piles. Special care shall be taken to avoid breaking the
OONSTRUGTION
surface of treated piles and cant-hooks, dogs or pikepoles shall not be
u sed. Cuts or breaks in the surface of treated piling shall be given three
brush coats of hot creosote oil of approved qual ity and hot creosote oil
shall be pou red into all bolt holes.
2.3.1 O CUTTIT'J G OFF TIMBER PILES
The tops of all piling shall be sawed to a true plane, as shown on

the plana, and at the elevation fixed by the Engineer. Piles which support timber caps or grillage shall be sawed to conform to the plane of
the bottom of the superimposed structure. In general, the length of pile
above the elevation of cutoff shall be sufficient to permit the complete
removal of all material inj ured by driving, but piles driven to very nearly
the cut-off elevation shall be carefu lly adzed or otherwise freed from at I
broomed, splintered or otherwise injured material.
2.3.1 J CUTTING OFF STEEL OR STEEL SHELL PILES

Piles shall be cut off at the requ ired elevation. If capping is re-
qu ired the connecti on shall be made according to details shown on the

plans.
2.3.1 2 CAPPING TIMBER PILES

After cut-off, the heads of timber piles shall be protected as specified
in Article 2.20.7.
2.3.13 MANUFACTURE OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

IA J
General
Pi Yes shal I be constructed in accordance with details shown on the

plans.
I BI
Cliiss of Concrete
Class A or A (AE) concrete shall be used :for precast concrete piles.

I CJ
Form Work
Forms :for precast concrete piles shall con:form to the general
requirements for concrete form work as provided in Art. 2.4.19.
Forms shall be accessi bIe for tamping and consolidation of the concrete.
Under good weather curing conditions side forms may be removed at
any time not less than 24 hours after placing the concrete, but the entire
pile shall remain supported for at least seven days and shall not be subjected to any handling stress until the concrete has set for at least 21
daye and for a longer period in cold weather, the additional time to be
determined by the Engineer.

\ DJ
Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be placed in accordance with details shown

on the plans.
258
I El
Costing
The piles may be cast in either a horizontal or a vertical position.

Special care shall be taken to place the concrete so as to produce
satisfactory bond with the reinf orcement and avoid the formation of
stone pockets, honeycomb or other such defects.
To secure u n i formity and remove surplus water, the concrete in
each pile shal I be placed cont in u ousl y and shall be compacted by vibrat-
ing or by other means acceptable to the Engineer. The forms shall be
overfil led, the su rplus concrete screeded off, and the top su i Iaces
finished to a u n iform, even texture s imilar to that produced by the
forms.
iFI
Finish
Trestle piling exposed to view shall be finished above the ground
line in accordance with the prov i st ons govern ing the fin ishin g of concrete columns. Foundation pil ing, that portion of the trestle piling
wh ich will be below the ground surface, and piles for use in sea water
or alkali soils shall not be fin ished except by pointing as above set forth.
I G1
Curin9
Concrete piles sha!1 be cu red as prov ided e!sewhere in these specifications for concrete. As soon as the piles have set su fficiently they shall
be removed f rom the forms and piled in a curing pile separated from
each other by wood spacing blocks. No pi le shal I be driven until it has
set for at least 21 days an d,
in
cold weather, for
longer
period as
determined by the Engineer. Concrete pile9 for use in sea water or

alkal i soils shall be cu red for not less than 30 day s before being used.
2.3.J 4 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

Removal of forms, cu ring, stori rig, transporting and handling precast
concrete piles shall be done in such a manner as to avoid excess we bending
st resses, cracking, spal l ing or ot her in ju rio us resu Its. The method of
handling shall be such as will not induce stresses exceed ing those specified
in Section 1.5 when computed according to Article 1.4. SG.
Piles to be used in sea 'ater or in alkal i soils shall be handled so as
to avoid surface ab rasions or other in j uriPs exposing the interior concrete.
2.3. 15 MANUFACTURE OF CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES

IAI
'
General
Piles shall be constructed in accordance with details shown on the

plans.
IB J
Inspection of Metol Shells

At all times prior to the placing of concrete in the driven shells,
the Contractor shall have available a suitable light for the inspection of
each shell th rou ghout its entire le ngth. Any i nip rope rl y driven , broken
or otherwi se defective she 11 shall be corrected to the sati sfaction o:I the
Engineer, by removal and replacement, or the driving of an additional
pi Ie, at no extra cost to the State.
CONSTRUCTION
IC J
Closs of Concrete
Class A or A IAE) concrete shall be used for cast-in-place piles.
I D I Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be placed in accordance with the plans or

special provisions.
IEJ Placing Concrete
No concrete shall be placed unti I all driving within a radius of 15
feet has been completed, nor until all the shells for any one bent have
been completely driven. If this cannot be done, all driving vv'ithin the
above l inn its shall be discontinued until the concrete in the last pile cast
has set at least seven days.
Concrete shall be placed as specified for piles precast in the vertical
position. Accumu lations of water in the shells shal l be removed before
the concrete is placed.
2.3.J 6 EXTENSIONS OR BUILD-UPS"

Extensions, splices or build-ups on concrete piles, when necessary, shall be made as follows :
After the driving is completed, the concrete at the end of the pile
shall be cu I away, leaving the reinforcement steel exposed for a length
of 40 diameters. The final cut of the concrete shall be perpendicular to
the axis of the pile. Reinforcement similar to that used in the pile
shall be securely fastened to the projecting steel and the necessary
form work shall be placed, care being taken to prevent leakage along the
pile. The concrete shall be of the same quality as that used in the pile.
Just prior to placin g concrete, the top of the pile shall be thoroughly
wetted and covered with a th in coating of neat cement, retempered
mortar or other suitable bonding material. The forms shal I remain in
place not less than seven days and shall then be carefully removed and
the entire exposed surface of the pile finished as previously specified.
2.3.17 PAINTING STEEL PILES AND STEEL PILE SHELLS

Unless otherwise provided, when steel piles or steel pile shells
extend above the ground surface or water surface they shall be protected by three coats of paint ae specified for Painting Metal Structures
in Section 2.14. This protection shall extend from an elevation 2 feet below the water or ground surface to the top of the exposed steel.
2.3.J 8 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

fAl General
Piling, whether timber, concrete or steel, will be paid for according
to Method A or B as designated in the contract.
I BJ Mef hoJ A
foot.
For furnish ing and driving piles at the contract price per linear
The total cutoff of piling shall be paid for at the prices set
forth by the State in the special prov ision for th.so of the following items incorporated in the work :
Cutoff, untreated timber piles, per linear foot
Cutoff, treated timber piles, per l in ear foot
G utoff, precast concrete piles, per linear foot
Cutoff, steel shells for piles, per linear foot
Gu toff, steel piles, per pound
(?)
Furn ishi ng o nd Driv ing
The number of Iinear feet to be paid for shall Le the actual

length of piles remaining in the completed structure and the n um-
ber of linear feet of cutoff to be paid for shall be the actual n umber
of Iin ear feet cu t off, except that no allowance will be made for
lengths in excess of those ordered by the Engineer, and except that
if the Contractor masts concrete piles fu 11 length of the reinforce
ment bars to tacit itate d riving, no payment will be made for that
portion v here concrete must be removed in order that bars may
project as shown on the plans. II paid for as cu toff, cutoff mate
rial ( i f the cutoff is in excess of 3 feet in length ) shall become the
property of the State. Cu toff material 3 feet or less in length, and
other cutoff material which, in the opinion of the Err gineer, is not
worth salvaging shall be di sposed of to the sati sfacti on of the
Engineer.
13 )
Poyment fo r Fu rnish i ng o n d Driving Piles
Payment for I urn ish ing and driving piles shall include the
mate ria1 and work specified u nder Payment I or Furn ishing P iles
and Payment for Driving P ilesMethod B.
ICI
Method B
For turn ishing pi les at the contract price per linear foot.
driv ing piles at the contract price per l in ear foot.
For
( I ) Fu rnish ing
The nu mber of linear feet of timber, precast concrete or steel

piles to be paid for shall be the total ordered length of piles which
are driven and which have been Iu rn i sh ed in acco rdance with the
lengths designated by the Engineer, except that if the Contractor

casts concrete piles full len gth of the reinforcement bars to facilitate driving, no payment will be made for that portion where concrete must be removed i n order that bars may proj ect as shown on
the plans. Cutoff material ? feet or less in len gth and other cutoff
material which, in the opinion of the E ngineer, is not worth salvaging, shall be disposed of to the sati9:faction o:I the Engineer.
The number of linear feet of cast-in-place piles to be paid for
sha 11 be the actual n umber of l in ear feet of piles remaining in the
completed structu re. The len gth measured shall include both the
steel shell and the reinforced concrete extension as measured from
the point of the tip of the pile to the bottom of the cap or bottom
of t)ie footing, as the case may be.
CON STRUC'TION
2.3.18
(2)
D rivi ng
The number of linear feet to be paid for shall be the total

numbPr of linear feet of pil ing remain ing in the Completed struc
ture. For driving cast-in-place piles the length measured shal l
incl ude both the steel shell and the rei n forced concrete extens i ous
as measured from the point of the tip of the pile to the bottom of
the cap or bottom of the footing, as the case may be.
(3)
Poymen t for Fu rn is h in g Piles
Payment for I u rni sh i ng pi les shall include f u 11 compensation
for furnishing the pit ing and all material requ ired therefor ready
for placement, including all material nocessa ry for extens ions and
bu ild -u ps and for completion of the pile, and for ill labor, tools,
hau liRg, 9Q u i pment, handling, treatment and all work i nc idental to
the c on struction of the piling prior to driv in g or cont truction of
bu ild-u ps and extens ions. Payment shall also include I a) reinforcement in concrete piles re;u ired to extend beyond the end of
the pile for connecti on s ; (b) the fitting and attach ing of steel shoes
when they are specified for timber piles ; (c) the I urnish ing and
attachrrient of brackets, lugs, core stoppers and cap plates on steel
pi ling.
( d I Payment for Drivi ng Piles
Payment for driving piles per linear foot shall include full
compensation for I urn ish in g all labor, tools, materials, su pplies,
eqn ipmont and other n ecessa ry or
met dental
costs
of
handling,
driving, cutting off p iles, treatment of pile heads, constructing

bu ild - ups and extensions of concrete piles, painting of steel piles
an d all other inc i d enta I work connected therewith. It shall also
incl ude f u 11 compen sation for all jetting, dril!ing, blasting, or other
work necessa ry to obtain the requ ired penetration or bearing values
of piles.
ID I Folsework ond Defective Piles
No payment will be made for the f urn ish ing or driving of false
work piles, nor will payment be made for piles driven out of place, for
defective pi les, or for piles which are damaged in handling or driving.
\ EI
Additionol
Requirements
If the length of wood piles, steel piles or steel pile shells designated by the Engineer is not sufhcient, the splicing, including labor,
equ ipment and materi at, shall be paid for on the basis of extra work
unless a contract item is provided to cover the payment.
Brackets, plates or other reinforcement on steel pit es requ ired by'
the Engineer in addition to those shown on the plans will be paid for as
extra work.
If not covered by a contract item, metal shoes for piling, ordered by
the Engineer, will be paid :for at cost delivered to the site, plus 15
per cent.
No additional allowance, or adjustment, will be made in the con-
tract prices for Iu rni sh i ng or driv in g pi ling because of these addr tion at
requ i rements.
2.3.19 PAYMENT FOR TEST PILES

Test p iles ordered by the Engineer shall be paid for as follows :
I I piles are used i n the stru Ctu re as a result of the te.s t, the test
piles shall be paid for as i n the Case of other pi les.

If, however, pil i rig is not u sed i n the structu re, the test p iles v'i 11
be paid for as prov ided for extra work, due cons ide rat in being
given to the cost of br i n ging the pi le d rive r to the st te and remov
ing it from the work.
2.3.20 PAYMENT FOR LOADING TESTS

Payment f r load ing tests shal I i nc1u de the cost of al I mate r ml,
equ ipment and labor inc ident al t ma k ing the load i n g test or te.s ts .is
directed by the Engineer, or as speci fied in the Special provisions. Payment shall be made on the bas i s of the contract Price fo r p i le load in g
tests, or, in the absence of en ch i price, shall be made on the bas i s of
extra work.
Section 4
CONCRETE MASONRY
2.4.1 GENERAL
2.4.2 MATERIALS
\AJ
Cement
( \ )
Po rt I o n d Ce men t
E ight types of portland cement are recog n ized by th we specifi

cation s, des i in atec1 as follows :
Type I.
For u se i n general concrete con str ucti on

where the spec ia I prope rties spec ified u nd e r
types II, I I I , I V an d V are not requ i red.
Type IA.
Type
Type
Type
Type
Ai r-e ntra i n i n g po rtlan d ee ment for the same

uses as specified un dcr type I.
I I. For use in gene rat cone rete crn str u ctio n ex
posed to moderate sul fate acti on or where
moderate heat of hyd ration is requ ired.
I IA. A i r e ntrain in g piort la nd cement for the same
u ses as specified under ty pe I I.
I I I.
For use when high early s tr ng th is reju i red.
I I IA. A ir entrain ing portland ce ment for the same
CONSTRUC TION
2.4.2
Type IV.
Type V.
use as specified under type III.
For use when a low heat of hydration is re-
quired.
For use when high sulfate resistance is required.
NOTE : Atten tion is called to the fact that cements conformi rig to
the requ i remen ts to r ty pcs I V a n d V a re n ct u s uaI ly ca r rted i n stock.
I n ad va rice of s pecif y i rig their use j u rch ase rs o r ther r rep rosenta tiv:s should dete ran i n e
made av aiJabJe.
whether these txpes o cement are, or
can
be,
Portland cement of the type or types specified shall conform to

the requirements of AAS HO Specificati ons for Portland Cement,
M 85. Unless otherwise provided, or called for in the special provisions, type I shall be furnished.
Air-en training portland cement of the type or types specified
shall conform to the above requi resents. Unless otherwise provided or called :for in the special provisions, type IA shall be
furnished.
(2)
Porflo nd
BI ost - Furnoce
Slog
Cement
Two types of portland blast-furnace slag cement are recognized

by these specifications, as follows :
Type IS. Portland blast-furnace slag cement.
T'ype IS-A. Air-entraining portland blast-furnace slag
cement.
Portland blast-furnace slag cement of the type or types specified shall conform to the requ irements of AASHO 5pec ifications
for Portland Blast-Furnace Slag Cement, M 151.

( 3)
Mo son ry Cement
Two types of masonry cement are recognized by thesP specifi

cations, as follows :
Type I. For use in general purpose masonry.
Type I I. For use where high strength is requ i red.
Masonry cement of the type or types specified shall conform to
the requ i resents of AASHO Spec ifications for Masonry Cement,
M 150 (ASTM C91) .
(4)
It ofuro I Cemen I
Natural cement shall conform to the requ Cements of AASHO

Specifications for Natural Cement, M 15.
(5)
5 o in plin g o nd Tesfin g
Hydraulic cements shall be sampled and tested in accordance

with the standard methods referred to in the applicab le specifications of the American Association of State Highivay Officials.
Cement may be sampled either at the mill or at the site of the
work as provided in the abos'e specification. The seals of cars
contain ing cement which have been sampled shall not be broken
except by the Engineer ; otherwise additional samples 9hall be
taken from these cars.
The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of dates of delivery ao

that there will be su fficient time for sampI ing the cement, e ither at
the mill or upon delivery. If this is not done or if additional tests
are necessary, the Contractor may be requ ired to rehandle the
cement in th.e sto rehouse for the purpose of obtain ing the req u ired
samples.
\ BI Woter ond Admixtures
I I )
Quo lity of Woter

Water for use with cement in mortar or cone rete shall be
subject to the approva l of the Engineer. It shall not be salty or
brackish and shall be reasonably Clear and f t-ee from oil, acid,
inj urious alkali or vegetable matte r.
1 2 I Tests for Woter
When required by the Engineer the quality of the mixing water

shall be determined by the Standard Method of Test for Quality
of Water to be Used in Concrete, AASHO I\Methods of Sampling
and Testing, Designation : T 26.
In sampling water 1or testin g, care snaii ne taien tnai inc
containers are clean and that samp les are representative.
When comparative tests are made with a water of known
sat isfactory quality, any ind ication of u nsou ndness, marked change
in time of setting, or a reduction of more than 10 per cent in mortar
stren gth, shal I be sufficient cause for rejection of the water under
test.
13 I
Ad mixtures
Adm ixtures in concrete shall be used only when approve1 by
the Engineer. Air-en training ad mixtures if specified or permitted
shall conform to the requ iremcnts of AAS H O Standaid Spec ifications for A ir-E ntrain ing Adm ixtu res for Gonc rote, M 1154
(ASTM C260) .
14)
Tesfs for Adm ixtu res
Air-entrain ing adm ixtu res shall be tested in accordance with

AASH O Standard Method of Testing Air-Entraining Admixtu red
for Concrete, T 157 (ASTM C 233) .
Fine Aggregote
( I)
Fine Ag g reg ote
All fine aggregate for concrete shall conform to the Specihcation for Fine Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete, AASHO
M 6. NOTE : Requ irements for soundness should be stipulated in
the special provisions (Refer to AASHO M 6, paragraph 4. 1, 4.2
(2)
Sond for Mortor
Sand for mortar shall conform to the Specifications for Mortar

Sand, AASHO M 45 (ASTM C 144) .
CONSTRUCTION
Coorse Aggregotes
I I I Coorse Aggregofes
All coarse aggregates for concrete shall conform to the Specification :for Coarse Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete,
AASHO M 80 as to quality and to the Speci fiCtion for 5tandard
Sizes of Coarse Aggregate for Highway Construction, AASHO M
43 (ASTI\1 D 448) .is to size. NOTE : Requirements for soundness
should be stipu lated in the special provisions [Refer to AASHO
M 80, paragraph 6.1, 6.2, 6.3) .
Slag shall be used for- aggregate only it its use is provided for
in the s peer al provisions.
(2)
Ru bb ie or Cyclopeon Aggrego te
One-man and derrick stone used in rubble or cyclopean con

crete shall consist of tough, sound and durable rock. The stone
shall be free from coatings, drys, seams or flaws of any character.
In gene rat, the percentage of wear shall not exceed 50 when tested
in accordance with AASHO Standard Method of Test :for Abrasion
of Coarse Aggregate by the use of the Los Angeles Machine, T 56.
Preferably, stone shal l be angular in shape an d shall have a
rough surface such as will thorough ly bond with the surrounding
mortar.
2.4.3 CARE AND STORAGE OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES

The hand I ing and storage of concrete aggregates shal I be such as
to prevent segregati on or the adm ixture of foreign materials. The
Engineer may require that aggregates be stored on separate platforms
at satisfactory locations.
When spec ified in the special provis ions, the coarse a8gregate shall
be separated into two or more sizes in order to secure greater uniformity
of the concrete mixture. Di fferent sizes of aggregate shall be stored in
separate stock pi les sufficiently removed from each other to prevent the
material at the edges of the piles from becoming i nterm ixed.
2.4.4 STORAGE OF CEMENT

All cement shal I be stored in suitable weatherproof bu ild ings
which will protect the cement from dampness. These bu ridings shal l be
placed in locations approved by the Engineer. Pt-ovisions for storage
shall be ample, and the shipments of cement as received shall be separately
stored in such a manner as to provide easy access for the identification and
inspection of each shipment. Storage build ings shall have a capacity for
the storage of a sufficient quantity of cement to :illow samplin g at least
12 days before the cement is to be used. Stored cement shall meet the test
requ irements at any time after storage when a retest is ordered by the
Engineer.
On small jobs, storage in the open may be permitted by written

authorization ft-ore the Engineer, in which case a raised platform and
ample waterproo:I covering shall be provided.
When requ i red by' the terms of the contract, the Contractor shall
keep acc ti ratc records of the del i x eries of cement an d of it s use in the
work. Copies of these records shal l be supplied to the Engineer in such
form as maJ be req u i red.
2.4.5 CLASSES OF CONCRETE

Ten eI asses of concretc are provided for in these spec ifications, five
class's of non -a i renti-am cd concrete and five eo vre s p ond i n g classes of
ai r-en I i a in ed con orete. Each clan of concrete shall be used in that part
of t hC St ru ct u re v h ere Ca l1C'tl for on the p lan s or wh e i-e dcs ignated by
the Englneer. The classes arc as follows :

Non-air-enti a in ed
con crete
Cl ass A
Class E
Class C
Class X
Class Y
A ir-entrained
cone rete
Class A ( A E )
Class B ( A E)
Class C ( AE )
Glass X ( AE )
Class Y ( AE )
2.46
267
CONSTRUCTION
2.4. COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE

The cement content, coarse aggregate size, cons istency, at r content
I i n the case of AE mixes) and the approxi mate weights of fine and
coarse aggregate I saturated surface-dry basis) for each class of con
crete shall be as follows :
A p p rox inn
Ai r
Sacks
A qgreg to ner sack ( S4 lbs. ) of
Fine
Goame
Fue
Goame
Inches In ches Percent
The wei ghts of fine and coarse aggregate given in th e abov e table
are based on the u se of a g gregates h aving b ulk specific grav ities, i n a

sat u ratPd su rfaee d Y y cond it ion, of 2.65 05. I n the case of bl us tf u mace slag, the bu I k specific gravity, unless determi ned on the parties lar material be mg u sed, may be ass umed to be 2.25. For reas on ably wellgraded mater ia 1s of normal phys ical character istics, the u se of the above
ind icated proper tions, together with s u fficient water to ob twin the rPq u i red
con s i stency, will resu It in concrete of the specified cement content, pl u s or
mi nu s two percent. For a ggre gate s having specifi c rav iti es outside the
r.in gos ind icated abovc, the weights shall be corrected by mu lt i ply ing the
we igh ts shown in the table by the ratio of the specific gravity of the aggregate to be used and 2.65.
The relative weights of fine and coarse aggregate per sack of cement
given in the above table are based on the use of a natu ral sand havin g a
fineness mod ulu s with in the range of 2.70 to 2.90 and method s of p1ac ing
wh ich do not involve h i gh frequency vibration. When sharp, angular
manuf actu red sands or extremely coarsely graded sands are u sed, the
relative amount of fine aggregate shou ld be increased. For finer sands the
relative amount of' fine aggregato shou ld be decreased. In general, the
least amount of sand which will ins u re concrete of the req u i red workability for the placing con ditions i nvolved shou ld be used. Any change
in weight of fine aggregate made by the Engineer for the purpose of
adjusting work ab il i ty should always be compensated for by changing the
weight of coarse aggregate in the opposite direction by a correspond in g
amount.
When at r-entrai ned concrete is speci fied, and an air-entrain ing
admixture is to be used, the Engineer shall determine, by means of trial
batches on the project, th e amou tit of adm i xture req u i red to prod uce an
air content wi th in the ra n ge spec ifi ed. In case an air-en training cement
i 9 to be used, the E ngi nee r shall determine whether the cement when
u sed i n concrete i ri the requ i red propo rtions w i 11 entra i n at r in the
concrete w ith in the I inn i ts spec i fled. In case the at r content, thus deterinned, fall s on ts i de th e spec i fied ran be and i I is found i mposs ible to
obtai n the rec) ii i red a i r conten I by sl i ght ad j u stme n ts in the finecoarse
aggregate ratio and/or by changes in mixing p roced u res, the Contractor
way, i I the at r con ten t is too low, ftse an at r entra i n i n g adm ixtu re of
the same type as that u sed in the man ii fac tu n' of the a i r-entra i n in g
cPment, in an amou nt su fin i e nt to bi i n g the a i r cci ntent v i th i n the
required range. If the air content is too high, the Gontracto r, subject
to approva l by the Eng ineer, may use a non-air-entraining cement as a
rcJlaceme nt for a portion of the a i r-e ntrain in g cement in an amount
su ltte rent to br i n g the at i content w i th in the ieq u i red iange.
2.4.7 SAMPLING AND TESTING

Compliance with the requirements indicated in Article 2.4.6 shall be
determined in accordance with the following standard methods of
AASHO :
pa) Sampling fresh concrete
T 141 (ASTM C172)
T 121 (ASTM C138)
(b) Cement content
T 27
(c) Size of coarse aggregate
T 119 (ASTM C143)
(d) Consistency
T 152 (ASTM G231)
(e) Air content
(I) Bulk specific gravity and
absorption
Tests for strength (when required) shall be made in accordance with
the following :
a) Molding concrete specimens in
the field
T 23 (ASTM C31)
(b) Compressive strength of molded

cylinders
2.4.8 MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS
22 (ASTM C39)
OONSTRUGTION
248
cases, s u itable allowance shall be made for van ation s in th e moisture

condition of the aggregates, in clu d i n g the bulk in g effect in the fine
aggregate.
When the aggregates contain more water than the q u:tntity neces
sary to produce a saturated s u rfaee-dry cond it ion in c on tomplated in
Article 2.4. 6, represen tative samples shall be taken and the moistu re
content determined for each kin d of aggregate.
When sack cement is used, the q u ant i ti es of aggregates for eaCh
batch shill be exactly s uflic ient for one or more fu 11 sacks of cemcnt
and no batch requ iring f racti on at sacks of cement will be perm i ttcd.
2.4.9 MIXING CONCRETE

I A I General
Unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer, concrete shall be
machine mixed at the site.
IB J
Mixing ot Sife
Con crete shal I be th o rou gh ly mixed in a batch mi xe r of an approved
size and type which will insu i-e a u n i form d istr ibuti on of the mate r i als
th rough out the mass.
The mixer shall be eq u ipped with adeq u ate wate r storage and a
device for accu rt tCly measu ring and automati cal ly contriI li rig the
amount of water used in each batch. P rcfe rab ly', mech an ical mean s
shall be provi dcd for record i rig the n umber of i-evol utions for each
batch and au to ma tica l l y preventing the d recharge of the in ixe r unt il the
mate r ia ls have been mixed the s;ec ified mini mu in time.
The enti i e contents of the mixer shall be removed from the d ru in
hefore matPr ials for a succeed ing batch are placed tlierei n. No mi xer
h avi rig a i a ted cap an ty of lo.>s than a 1-bag batch sha I l be used nor
shal l a in ixe r be charged in excess of its rated ea pac i ly.
All cone rete shall be in ixed for a pei- rod of not less than 1'/_
minu tes after all mate r i a ls, incl u din g water, are in th e mixer. Du ring
the pen nd of in txt rig, the mixer shall operate at the speed for wh ich it
has been dest gned, but th is speed shall be not loss than 14 nor more
than 20 revol u tion s per min ute.
The fi re I batch of cone rete mate ria]s placed in the mixer sh all
contain a en the i ent excess of cement, sand and water to coat the inside
of the dru in without i ed uc i rig the requ ired mortar content of the mix.
Upon the ces sa I io n of mixing for a considerable period, the in ixe r shall
be thoroughly cleaned.
Truck mixers, unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer, shall
be of the revolving dru in type, waterti ght, and so con s trusted thit the
concrete can be mi xed to insu i e a un iform d i str i b ut i on of materi ale

th rou ghcut the mass. All solid materials for the c one re te shal l be
accu rately me:rsu red i n accordance with Article 2.4.8, a nd ch arged
into the di u in at the Ii oportion i n g plant. Except as en bseq uontly provided, the tr uck mixer shall be equ ipped with a tank for can-y ingr mi x
ing water. On ly the prescri bed amount of water shal l be placed in the
on ti me botxs'ee n the i n t i ocl u e tion

an d the leg inn i ug of the in i xi ii g may be
waived when, in the j u dgment of th e Engineer, the aggregates are
suffic e ii tly- free f rm mci stu ie, st I hat th ert' w ill be no hiim fu1 c fleets
o ii the cement.
I D I Po rtiol Mixing of the Centro I Plon t
IEI
Plont fdix
M ix i rig .it a cont r:i 1 plan I shall cn for in I o the reJ It i rei rients for
in ix i n g itt the s ite.
IF I Time of Hauling ond Placing Mixed Concref e
IG I Hond Mixing
CONSTRUCTION
271
IHI
Del ivery
The organization supplying concrete shall have suffic ient plant
capacity and transporting apparatus to insure continuous delivery at
the rate requ ired. The rate of delivery of concrete during concreting
operations shall be such as to provide for the proper handling, placing
and fin ishing of the concrete. The rate shall be such that the interval
between batches shall not exceed 20 min utes. The methods of delivering
and handling the concrete shall be such as w ill tacit itate placing with the
minimu in of rehan dling an d without damage to the structure or the
concrete.
11 I
Retemperin9
The concrete shall be in ixed on ly in s uch quanti ties as are requ ired
for i mmcd rate use and any wh ich has devo loped initial set shall not be
used. Concrete which has partially hardened shall not be retempered
or remixed.
2.4.10 HANDLING AND PLACING CONCRETE

IA J
Generol
In prep a ration for the placing of concrete all sawdust, chips, and
other constru ction debris and extraneou s matter shall be removed from
the interior of forms. Str uts, stays and braces, serv ing temporarily
to hold the forms in correct shape and al i gnment, pending the placing
of concrete at their locations, shall be removed when the concrete placing has reached an elevation ren dering their service unnecessary. These
temporary members shall be entirely removed from the forms and not
buried in the concrete.
No concrete shall be used which does not reach its final posi tion in
the forms with in the time stipulated under A rt icle 2.4.5 ( F .
Concrete shall be placed so as to avoid segregation of the mater ials
and the d i splacement of the reinf o rcement. The use of: long troughs,
chutes and pipes for conveying concrete from the mixer to the forms
shall be permitted onl) on written authorization of the Engineer. In
case an inferior quality of concrete is produced by the use of s u ch
conveyors, the Engineer may order discontinuance of their use and the
i n sti tu ti on of a sat is factory method of plac i ng.
Open troughs and chutes shall lie of metal or metal lined - where
steep slopes are reQu i red, the chutes shal I be eq u ipped with
in short lengths th at reverse the d irection of movement.
All ch utes, t rou g hs and pipes shall be kept clean and I ree from
coatings of hardened concrete by thorough ly flush ing with water at ter
each r un. Water used for fl ush ing shal I be d ischarged clear of the
str ueture.
W hew plicing operitions would involve droppi ng the concrete more
than 5 Acct, it shall be depos i ted through sheet metil or other approved
pipes. A.s far as pi act icable, the pipes shall be kept f u ll of concrete
d ui'in g placing ind ther r lower ends shall be kept bu riecl in
the newly
placed con e reto. Af tci- ini tial set of the conc rete, the forms shall not
be jarred and no s train shall be placed on the ends of re in forcement
bars wh ich proj ect.
HIGHWAY BRIDGE S
2410
Concrete, during and immediately after depositing, shall be thoroughly compacted. The compaction shall be done by mechanical vibration subject to the fol'ow ing provisions :
( 1) The vibration shall be internal unless special authorization
of other methods is given by the Engineer or as provided herein.
12) V i b rators sh all be of a type and design approved by the
E ngineer. They sha 11 be capable of transm i tti n g vi Aeration to the
concrete at ft-eg u e ncies of not less than 4500 impulses per minu te.
(3I The intensity of vibration shall be such as to visibly affect
a mass of concrete of 1inch slump over a radiu s of at least 18
inches.
(4) The Contractor shall provide a sufficient number o:I vibrators to properly compact each batch immediately after it is
place d in the forms.
(5) Vibrators shal l be man ipu lated so as to thoroughly work
the concrete around the reinforcement and imbedded fixtures, and
into the corners and angles of the for ins.
Vibration shall be appl red at the point of deposit and in the
area of fresh I y depos ited concrete. The vibrators shall be inserted
and withd rawn out of the concrete slowly. The vibration shall be of
su Lucien t d uration and in tens ity to thorou ghly compact the concrete,
bu I shall not be conti nued so as to cause segregation. Vibration
shall not be continued at any one point to the extent that local ized
areas of grou t are formed.
Appl ication of v ibrators shall be at points un iformly spaced
and not farther apai t than twice the rad ius over which the vibratie n i s visibly effect i ve.
(6 Vibrati on shall not be appl red di rectly or through the reinfo rcomon I to sections or layers of concrete wh ich have hardened to
the degree that the concrete ceases to be plastic under v ibration. It
shall not be u sed to make concrete flow in the forms over d istances
so great as to cau se seq repation, and vibrators sha 11 not be used to
tran spo rt concrete i n the forms.
17 I Vibration shall be su pp lemented by such spad ing as is
necessa ry to insure smooth su rfaces and dense concrete along l'orm
surfaces and in corners and location s imposs ible to reach with the
v i b rate rs.
18I The prov i sion s of this article shal l apply to the filler cone rete for steel grid floor except that the vibrator sha 11 be applied to
the steel.
19\ The prov is ions of th is article shall apply to precast pil ing,
conci-etc cri bb ing and other precast members except that, i f ap-
proved by the E ngineer, the man uf acturers' methods of vibrations

may be used.
Cone rete shall be placed in horizontal layers not more than 12
i nches th ick except as hereinafter provided. When less than a complete layer is plicec1 i n ono operation, it shall be termi nated in a vertical
bu lkhead. Each layer shall be placed an d compacted be for e the preced in p batch has taken initial set to prevent inj ury to the green con-
CON STRUC TION
273
cretc and avoid su rf accs of scpa rat i on between the batches. Each
layer shal l be com pacted so as to avoid the Iormation of a construction
joint w ith a preCed ing layer wh ich has not taken in it rat set.
When the plac ing of concrete is temporarily d i scontinti ed, the con-
crete, af too beeom my firm enough to retai n its form, shall be cleaned
of laitance and other ob.j ecti on at le material to a su fhcient d epth to
expose sound c on crete. To avoid vis ible joints as far as possible upon
exposed faces, the top surf aw of the concrete adjacent to the forms
shall be smoothed with a trowel. Where a feather edge might be
prod uced at a con struct i on joint, as in the sloped top surface of a wing
wall, an in set form shall be used to produce a blocked out portion
in the prec ed i n g layer wh ich shall produce an edge th ickness of not
less than 6 i nches in the s ucceed ing layer. Work shall not be disc on
tin ued with in 18 inches of the top of any face, unless prov is i on has been
made for a cop mg less than 18 inches thick, iii wh ich case, if permitted
by the E ngineer, the construction joint may be made at the under eide
of the coping.
Ian med ia tely followi ng the d i wont in uance of placing concrete at I
we u mu latin us of mortar splashed upon the reinforcemen t steel and the
su rf aces of forms shall be removed. D rted mortar ch ips and dust shall
not be pu idled into the u met concrete. If the aecumu lations are not
removed pr ior to the concrete becoming set, care shall be exercised not
to in j u i e or break the concrete-steel bond at and near the surface of
the concrete, v hile clean ing the rei n forcement steel.
IBI
Culverts
In general, the base slab or footings of box culverts shall be placed

and allowed to set before the remainder of the culvert is constr ucted.
In th is case en i ta blP prov is ion shall be made for bond ing the si dewalls
to the culvert bise, prefe rably by means of raised
longi tudi nal keys
so
con sti-u c ted as to prevent, as far as possible, the percolation of water

throii gh the constru ction joint.
Before cone rete is placed in the sidewalls, the culvert footings shal I
be thorough l y Cleaned of all shavings, sticks, sawdust, or other extraneous mateiial and the surface caref u lly chipped and roughened
in accordance with the method of bonding construction join ts as specified herein.
In the constr uction of box en lverts 4 feet or less in height, the
sideivalls and top slab may be constructed as a monol ith. When this
method of con struct ion is used, any necessary construction joints shall
be vertical and at right angles to the axis of the culvert.
I n the construction of box cul verts more than 4 feet in height, the
conc re te in the walls shall be placed and all owed to set before the top
slab is placed. In this case, appropriate keys shall be left in the side
xv lls for anchori rig the cover slab.
E;ich w ing wall shall be constructed, if possible, as a monolith.
Con Qtr uct ion joints, where u navo idable, shall be horizontal and so
I ocated that no joint vv i I l be visible in the exposed face of the win g wall
above the ground line.
274
ICI
Girders, Slobs and Columns
For simple spans, concrete, preferably, shall be depos ited by beginning at the center of the span and working from the centPr toward the
ends. Concrete in girders shall be deposited un if orml y for the full
length of the girder and brought
up even ly in horizontal
layers.
For
cont in uou s spans, wh t2re rPQU iFd by dest gn cons id e ration s, the concrete
(il win g seQuCne Shal l be shown on the plan s or in the special prov is ion s.
Concrete in girder hau nchPs less than 3 feet in height shall be
pined at the same time as that in the girder stem, and the column or
ibu tmen I tops shall be cut back to form seats for the hau nches. Whenever any haunch or fillet has a vertical height of 3 feet or more, the
abutment or columns, the haunch, and the girder shal I be placed in th ree
su cccs swe sta es first up to the lower side of the haunch ; socon d, to
the low er s ide of the girder ; and th ird, to completi on.
For haunched c ont in uo us girders, the girder stem I includ ing
haunch ) sh all be poured to the top of stem. Where the s we of the pou r
is such that it cannot be made i n one pour, vertical con sti u ction .jo.nts
shall preferably be located within the area of contraflex u re.
Concrete in slab spans shal I be placed in one cont in uous operation
for each span unless otherwise provided.
The floors and gi rders of th rough girder su pe rstr uctu res shall be
p!aced in one con tinu ous operati on unless otherw ise spec i fied, in which
case special shear a rich o i age shall be provided to insure monolithic
action between girder and floor.
Cone rete i n T-beam or deck girder spans may be placed in one
cont in uous operation or may be placed in two separate ope rati on s, each
of wh ich shall be continu ous ; first, to the top of the girder stems, and
secon d, to completion. I n the latter case, the bond between stem and
slab shal I be pos itive and mech an ical, and may be secured by means of
s u i table shear keys or by arti tic ially roughen ing the s u rface of the top
of the g irder stem. In general, su itable keys may be formed by the u se
of ti mber blocks app rox i mately 2 by 4 inches in cross-section and having
i length 4 inches few than the width of the gi rder s tern. Then key
blocks shall be spaced along the gi rder stems as reQu i red, but the
spacing shil l be not greater than 1 foot center to center. The blocks
shall be beveled an d or led in such manner as to insure their ready re
moval, an d th ey sha I I be removed as soon as the concrete has set suf
ficiently to retain its shape.
Concrete in box girders may be placed in two or three separate
oper at ion s. In either case the bottom slab shal l be poured first. Bond
between the bottom slab and stem shall be pos it we and mech a n ical. If
the webs me pou red separa tely from the top slab, bond between the top
slab and webs shall be secured in the same manner as for T-beams. Requ iremen ts for shear keys for T-beams shall also apply to box girders,
except that keys need n ot be deeper than the depth to the top of bottom
slab re i n to rce ment.
C'onc re te in colu run s shall be placed in one continuous operatio n,
u nless otherwise di rected. The concrete shall be at towed to set at least
12 hou rs before the caps are placed.
Unless otherw'ise permitted by the Engineer, no concrete shall be
placed in the superstructure until the column forms have been stripped
24.10
CONSTRUCTION
sufhciently to determine the character of the concrete in the columns.

The load of the superstructure shall not be allowed to come upon the
bents until they have been in place at least 14 days, unless otherwise
permitted by the Engineer.
I D I Arches
The concrete in arch rings shall be placed in such a manner as to
load the centering uniformly.
Arch ri rigs, preferably, shal I be cast in transverse sections of such
size that each section can be cast in a continuous operation. The
arrangement of the sections and the sequence of placing shal l be as
approved by the Engineer and shall be such as to avoid the creation of
initial stress i n the reinforcement. The sections shall be bonded
together by suitable keys or dowels. When permitted by the Engineer,
arch rings may be cast in a single continuous operation.
2.4. J 1 PNEUMATIC PLACING

Pneumatic placing of' concrete will be permitted only if specified
in the special provisions or if authorized by the Engineer. The equipment
shall be so arranged that vibrations will not damage freshly placed
concrete.
Where concrete is conveyed and placed by pneumatic means the
eQu ipment shall be su itable in kind and adequ ate in capacity for the
work. The machine shall be located as close as pract icable to the place
of deposit. The position of the discharge end of the line shal I not be
more than 10 feet from the point of deposit. The d ischarge linee shall
be horizontal or incl in ed upwards from the machine.
At the conclusion of placement the entire eqn ipment shall be thoroughly cleaned.
2.4.12 PUMPING
Placement of concrete by pu mping will be permitted only if speci-
fied in the special provisions or if authorized by the Engineer. The equip-
ment sh aJl be so arranged that vi brations will not damage freshly placed
concrete.
Where concrete is conveyed and placed by mechanically applied
pressure, the equipment shall be su itable in kind and adequate in capacity
for the work. The operation of the pump shall be such that a cont in uous
stream of concrete without air pockets is produced. When pu mping is
completed, the concrete remaining in the pipeline, if it is to be used, shall
be ejected in such a manner that there will be no contamination of the concrete or separat ion of the ingredients. After this operation, the entire
equipment shall be thoroughly cleaned.
2.4.13 DEPOSITING CONCRETE UNDER WATER

Concrete shall not be deposited in water except with the approval
of the Engineer and under his immediate su pervision ; and in this case
the method of placing shall be as hereinafter designated.
Concrete deposited in water shall be Class A with 10 per cent excess

cement. To prevent segregation, it shall be caref ully placed in a compact
mass, in its final position, by means of a trem ie, a bottom dump bucket or
other approved method, and shall not be disturbed after be ing depos ited.
Still water shall be maintained at the point of deposit and the forms under
water shall be water-tight.
For parts of structures under water, when possible, concrete seals
shall be placed con tinu ously from start to fin ish ; the surface of the concrete shall be kept as nearly horizon tal as practicable at all times. To
insure thorough bonding, each succeed ing layer of a seal shall be placed
before the preceding layer has taken i n itial set.
A tre in ie shall consist of a tube having a d iameter of not less than

10 inches, constructed in sections hav ing flanged couplings fitted with
gaskets. The tremies shall be supported so as to permit I ree movement
of the d ischa rge end over the entire top surface of the work and so as
to permit rap id lowering when neces sary to retard or stop the flow of
concrete. The d i sch arge end shall be closed at the start of work so as to
prevent water entering the tube and shall be en tirely sealed at all times ;
the trem ie tube sh all be kept full to the bottom of the hopper. When a
batch is du mped i nto the hopper, the flow of concrete shall be induced by
slightly rat sin g the di scha rge end, always keeping it in the deposited concrete. The ftow shall be continu ou s until the work is completed.
Depositi rig of cone rete by the drop bottom bucket method shall conform to the follow in g spec ification. The top of the bucket shall be open.
The bottom doors shall open freely downward and outward when tripped.
The bucket shall be completely filled and slowly lowered to avoid backwash.
It shall not be du mped u ntil it rests on the surface upon which the concrete is to be deposi ted and when di scharged shall be w i thdrawn slowly
u ntil well above the concrete. The slump of concrete shal I be maintained
between 4 and 8 inches.
Unwate r in g may proceed when the concrete seal is suffici ently hard
and strong. All tar tance or other unsatisf actory material shall be removed
from the exposed s urface by sc rap ing, ch i; ping r othe r means which will
not injure the surface of the con crete.
2.4.14 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

IA J General
Construction joints shall be made only where located on the plans

or shown in the pou ri ng schedu Ie, unless otherwise approved by the
Engineer.
If not detailed on the plans, or in the case of ewe rpency, construction joints shall be placed as directed by the Engineer. Shear keys or
inclined rci nforcement shall be used where n ccessary to transmit shear
or bond the two secti on s together.
IBI
Bonding
Before depos it in g new concrete on or against concr.te which has

hardened, the forms shall be re ti ghtened. The surface of the hardened
24.14
GONSTRUGTION
27T
concrete shall be roughened as required by the Engineer, in a manner
that will not leave loosened particles of aggregate or damaged concrete

at the surface. It shall be thoroughly cleaned of foreign matter and
laitance, and saturated with water. To insure an excess of mortar at
the j uncture of the hardened and the newly deposited concrete, the
cleaned and satu rated surf aces, includ i ng vertical and in clined surfaces,
shall first be thorou gh ly covered with a coating of mortar or neat cement
grout against which the new concrete shall be placed before the grout
has attai ned its initial set.
The placing of concrete shall be carried continu ously from joint to
joint. The face edges of all joints which are exposed to view shall be
caref u lly finished true to line and elevation.
2.4.1 5 RUBBLE OR CYCLOPEAN CONCRETE

Rubble or cyclopean concrete shall consist of either Glass B or C
concrete, as spec ified, containing large embedded stones. It shall be used
only with the approval of the Engineer in massive piers, gravity abutments, and heavy footings. The stone for this class of work may be oneman stone or derrick stone conform in g to the requ irements of Article
2.7.2 (A ) .
The stone shall be carefully placednot dropped or castso as

to avoid in jury to the forms or to the partially set adjacent mason ry.
SGratified stone shall be placed upon its natural bed. All stone shall be
washed and saturated with water before placing.
The total volume of the stone shall not be greater than one-third of
the total volumc of the portion of the work in which it is placed. For
walls or piers greater than 2 feet in thickness, one-man stone may be
used ; each stone shall be surrounded by at least 6 inches of concrete
and no stone shall be closer than 1 foot to any top sur:face nor any closer
than 6 inches to any coping. For walls or piers greater than 4 feet in
thiekn en, derrick stone may be used ; each stone shall be su rrou nded by
at Ie:est 1 foot of concrete ; and no stone shall be closer than 2 feet to

any top s urface nor closer than 8 inches to any coping.
2.4. J 6 CONCRETE EXPOSED TO SEA WATER

Unless otherwise specifically provided, concrete for structures exJiosed to sea water shall be Class A concrete as specified in Article 2.4.6.
The clear d istance from the face of the concrete to the nearest face
of re i rif orcement steel shall be not less than 4 inches. The concrete shall
be mixed for a period of not less than 2 minutes and the water content of
the mixture shall be carefully control led and regulated so as to produce
concrete of maximum impe rmeab ility. The concrete shall be thoroughly
compacted and stone pockets shall be avoided. No construction joints shall
be formed between levels of extreme low water and extreme h igh water
as determined by the Engineer. Between these levels sea water shall not
como in direct contact with the concrete for a period of not less than 30
days. The original surface, as the concrete comes from the forms, shall
be left undisturbed.
278
2.4.17 CONCRETE EXPOSED TO ALKALI SOILS OR ALKALI WATER

Where concrete may be exposed to the action of
alkali ne
waters or
soils, speci at care shall be taken to place it in accord ance with placing
spec theatre us herein. Whenever poss ible, placi ng shall be cont in uous until
comp le tion of the section or unti I the concrete i s at least IP inches above
ground or water level. Alkal me waters or soils shall be kept from contact
w ith the concrete durin g placement and for a period of at least 72 hours
th ereaf ter.
2.4. J 8 FALSEWORK AND CENTERING

Unle,ss otherw tee prov i dcd, detailed plans for Pa lsework or centering ehall be supplied to the Engineer on request, but, in no case shall
the Contractor be relieved of respons ib ility for resu lts obtained by the
use of th ese (ilans.
For des i gning falsework and center in g, a weight of 150 pounds
per cubic foot sh all be assumed for green concrete. All falsework shall
be dcs i gne1 and constructed to provide the necessary rigidity and to
support the loads wi thou t app rec table set Element or deformation. The
Engineer may require the Contractor to employ screw jacks or hardwood wecl ges to take up any settlomen t in the formwork ct ther before
or during th e placing of concrete.

False vvo rk wh ich cannot be foun dcd on a satisfactory footing shall
be su pported on pit in p wh ich shall be spaced, driven and removed in a
manner approved by the Engineer.
False work shall be set to give the fin ished str ucture the camber
specified or ind nated on the plans.
Arch cen tc ri n g shall be con s trusted according to centering plan s
approved by the E ngineer. Provision shall be made by means of suitable
wedges, sand boxes or other device for the gradual lowering of centers,
and renderi rig the arch self-support in g. When di rected, centering shall be
pliiced upon approved j wks i n order to take up and correct any slight
set Element wh ich may occur afte r the plac in g of masonry has begun.
2.4.19 FORMS
A 11 forms shall be of wood or metal and shall be built mortarti ght
'
an d of su the rent ri gid ity to prevent d i stortion d u.e to the pressure of the
concrete and other loads incident to the construction operations. Forms
shall be co nstrusted and mai nta i ned so as to prevent warping and the
open ing of joi rite due to sh ri nkage of the lu mber.
The form s shall be sub.stantial an d unyield i ng and shall be so
des igned that the finished concrete wi 11 conform to the proper dimen.sion,s a nd contou rs. The design of the forms shall take into account
the effect of v ibration of concrete as it is placed.
Forms for exposed surfaces shall be made of' d ressed lu mber of
uniform th redness, with or without a form liner of an approved type, and
shall be mo rta rt i ght. Forms shall be billeted at all sharp corners and shall
be gi ven a bevel or draft in the case of all projections, such as girders
and copings, to insure easy removal.
2.4.19
CONSTRUCTION
279
Metal ties or anchorages within the forms shall be so constructed

as to perm it their removal to a depth of at least 2 inches from the face
without injury to the concrete. I n cuse ordinary wire ties are per
mitted, all wires, u pon removal of the forms, shall be cut back at least
'Zi inch from the face of the concrete with chisels or n ippers , for green
concrete, n ippers are necessary. All fittings for metal ties shall be of
such desipn thit, upon ther r removal, the cav ities wh ich are left will be
of the smal les I possible size. The cavit red shall be filled with cement
mortar and the surface left sou nd, smooth, even and un iform in color.
All forms sh a I I be set and ma i nta i ned true to the line designated
until the cone rete is su ffic iently h ardened. Forms shal l remi in in place
for periods wh ich shal I be determined as he re i n at ter spec ified. W hen
form s :ippear to be un suti sf actory i n any way, ei ther before or during
the placing of concrete, the Engineer shall order the work stopped until
the defects have been corrected.
The shape, s I ren gth, rigidity, watertigh tn ess and surface smoothness of re-used forms shal l be ma i n tai ned at all times. Any warped or
b ulged lumber must be resized before being reused. Forms which are
unsatis:factory in any respect shall not be reused.
For narrow walls and colu runs, where the bottom of the :f orm is
in access i b Ie, the lower form boards shall be Ref t loose so th at they may
be removed for cleaning o ut extraneous material inn med iately before
placing the concrete.
All forms shall be treated with oil or saturated with water immediately before placing the concrete. For rail members or other members with exposed faces, the forms shall be treated with an approved
oil to prevent the adherence of concrete. Any material wh ich wi 11
adhere to or d iscolor the concrete shall not be used.
2.4.20 REMOVAL OF FALSEWORK, FORMS AND HOUSING
In the determination of the timc for the removal of falsework,
forms and hous rug, and the d iscont in u ance of heating, cone ideration
shall be give n to the location and ch arac ter of the structu re, the weather
and other cond it ions in fl u encin g the setting of the concrete, and the
materials used in the mix.
If field ope rations an not con trolled by beam or cylinder tests the
Toll oiv in g periods, excl us we of diys when the tempe rat ure is beI ow 40,
for removal of forms and su pports may be used as a gu ide :
Arch centers
14 days
Centering u nd e r beams
14 days
Floor slabs
7-14 days
Walls
12-24 hrs.
Columns
1- 7 days
Sid os of beams and all other parts
12-24 hrs.
If high-early strength cement is used these periods may be reduced
as directed by the Engineer.

If field operations are controlled by beam or cylinder tests, the
removal of forms, supports and housing, and the d i scon I inu ance of heat ing
and curing may be begun when the strength s reach values wh ich shall be
fixed by the Engineer for the particular method of testing which is to be
280
used. The 1eams or cy linders shall be cured under conditions which are
not more f avorable than the most unfavorable conditions for the portions
of the concrete which the beams rep resent.
Methods of form removal I ikely to cause over stressin g of' the concrete shall not be u sed. I n general, the forms shall be removed from
the bottom upwards. Formc> and thei r supports shall not be removed
without the approval of the Engineer. Supports shall be removed in
such a man ne r as to permit the cone rcte to uniformly and gradu ally
take the stresses l ue to its own weight.
In general, arch centering sha 11 be struck and the arch made selfsu pportin g before the rail m g or coping is placed. This p recaution i s
essenti at i n order to avoid jamming of the ex;ansion J or rite and variations in at inment. For filled spandrel arches, such portions o1 the
spandrel wal ls shall be left for construction subseq u ent to the striking
of centers, .n may be necessa ry to ax'oid jamming of t he expans to n
joints.
Centers shall be gradually and uniformly lowered in such a manner
as to iivoil in jii riou s s tresses i n any part of the struct u re. In arch
struc tures of two or more spans, the sequence of striking cente r.s shall
be specified or approved by the Engineer.
2.4.21 CONCRETING IN COLD WEATHER

No concrete shall be placed when the atmospher ie temperature is
below 35 F w'ithout written permission of the Engineer. When directed
by the Engineer, the Contractor shall enclose the structure in such a
w:iy that the concrete and air within the enclosu i e can be kept above
60 F for a period of seven days after placing the concrete.
If h igh early strength cement is used these periods in:iy be reduced, as directed by the Engineer.
'The Contractor shall supply such heating apparatus as stoves, sala-
manders or steam cQU ipment and the neee ssary Iuel. When dry heat
is
used, means of maintain ing atmospheric mo isture shall be prov ide1. All
aggre gates an d in ixing witcr shil1 be heated to a tompe retu re of at least
70 F but not more than 150 F ; the aggregates may be heated by either
steam or dry heat. If perm i tted by the Engineer the torch method of
heating mixed coneieto may be used, ;rov i ded the heating appar:it us
shall be nich as to heat the mass un iformly and avoid hot spots which w ill
bu rn the in:tteri ate. The temperatii re of the concrete shall be not less thtn
60 F at the time of placing in the forms. In case of extremely low temperatures, the Engineer may, at his discretion, raise the minimum limiting
te mpe ratu red for wate i-, ag gregates and mixed concrete.
2.4.22 CURING CONCRETE

Concrete Surf aces exposed to con dition s causin g premature d ry ing
shall be protects d by cover in g as soon as possible with canvas, straw,
burlap, sand or other satisf actory material and kept moist ; or if the
su nates are not covered, they shall be kept moist by Pushi rig or sprinkling. Curing shall continue for a Jeriod of not less th an seven days
after placing the concrete. If h igh -early strength cement is used, this
2.4.22
CONSTRUCTION
281
period may be red uced as directed by the Engineer. Other precautions
to insure the development of strength shall be taken as the Engineer

may diiect.
2.4.23 EXPANSION AND FIXED JOINTS AND BEARINGS

IA J
IBI
Open Joints
Filled Joints
Poured expans ion joints shall be con.sti ucted similar to open joints.
When p re mol d ed types ai-e spec i fit d, th e fil ter sh.t Il be in correct pos i -
tion vi hen thP concrete on one s id e nd the joint is placed. When the
form is removed, the cone i eto on the other s idP shall be placed. Ad eJ uate v atei- stops of mCtal, rubber or plastic shall be caref u fly placed
.is sh own on the plans.
I CJ
Premolded Exponsion Joint Fillers

Non-ex I i nd ing and i esil ient typcs sh all conform to the Specifiestrotfor Pref o rmed Expansion joint Fillers for Conciete of the AASHO
M 1?3 ( AS TI\1 D 1752) .
Bit uminous fiber types ehall conform to the Specificati on for Pre-
formed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete, AASHO M 153 (ASTM
D 1752 ) .
Bitu minou9 type filllr 9hall con:form to the Specificati on for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete, AASHO M 33.
IDJ
Steel Joints
The pl a tes, an g1es or other structu ral shapes shall be accu rately
sh Jed, at the shop, to conf orm to the section of the concrete floor.
The fabrication and painting shall conform to the requ irements of the
spec ificati on s covering those items. When called for on the plans or in
the special provisions, the material shall be gal van ized in l ieu of painting. Care shall be taken to insu re th at the surface in the fin ished plane
is true and free of wa rp i ng. Positive methods shall be employed in
placing the joints to keep them in correct position during the placing
of the cone i ete. The open ing at expansion joints shall be that designated on the plans at normal temperatu re, and care shall be taken to
avoid impa irment of the clearance in any manner.
I EI
Water Stops
Adequate w'ate r stops of metal, rubber or plastic shall be placed as

shown on the plans. \\'here movement at the Joint is provided for, the
water stops shall be of a type permitting such movement without
HI GH WAY BRIDGE 5
in j ury. They shall be spliced, welded, or sol de red, to form continuous

watertight joints.
IFJ Sheet Copper
Sheet copper shall conform to the Speci fixations for Copper Sheet,
Strip and Plate, AA SHO M 138 (ASTM B 152) .
Sheet copper shall meet the Embrittlement Teet of Section 12 of
M 138.
IG J
Beoring Devices
Bear ing plates, rockers and other expansion devices shall be constructed accord ing to details shown on the plans. Unless set in plastic
co ncrete or as otherw we spc c i fled, they shall be set in grout to insure
un iform
bearing. Bronze or copper-alloy p lates shall conform
to
the
requ i cements of A t-ticles 2.11.2 I A ) or 2. I 1.2 I B ) . Structu rat steel

and painting shall conform to the spec ificati one for those items. \\'hen
called for on the plans or in the special prov is ions, the material shall be
galvan i zcd in lieu of paint in g. The rockers or other expan sion devices
shall be set to con form to the temperature at the time of c rection.
FINISHING CONCRETE SURFACES

2.4.24 GENERAL
Surface fin ishes shall be c lassified as follows :
Class 1. Ordinary surface fin ish.

Class 2. Rubbed finish.
C lass 3. Tooled finish.
Class 4. Sandblast fin ish.
G lass 5. Wire brush, or scrubbed finish.
Class 6. Floated surf ace fin ish.
All concrete sht1l be given Class 1, O rd in ary Surface Finish, and
In add it ion, if f u rther fin ishing i s reQ11 iEd, such other type of finish
as is spec ified. If not otherwise speci fied, the follow ing surfaces shall
be given a Glass 2, Rubbed Finish : The exposed laces of piers, abutments, wing walls and retaining
the outs ide laces of girders,
T-beams, slabs, colu runs, bracke ts,
headwalls, railings, arch
rings, .spand rel walls and parapets ; but not on the tops and bottoms of
floor slabs and sidewalks, bottoms of beams and gi rders, sides
of
in-
terior beams and girders, backwalls abox e bridge seat or the underside
of copings. The surface finish on piers and abu tments shall include all
exposed surfaces below bridge seat to 1 foot below. low water elevation
or 2 feet below finish groun d line when such ground line is above the
water surface. Wing walls shall be fin ished I rom the top to 2 feet
below the hn ish slope lines on the outside face and shall be finished on
top and for a depth of 1 foot below the top on the back sides.
Unless otherwise specified, roadway floors shall be given Class 6,
Floated Surface Fin ish.
2.4.25
CONSTRUCTION
2.4.25 CLASS J , ORDINARY SURFACE FINISH

Immediately following the removal of forms, all fins and irregular
projections shall be removed from all surfaces except from those which
are not to be exposed or are not to be waterproofed. On all s urfaces,
the cavities produced by form ties and at l other holes, honeycomb spots,
broken corners or edges and other defects shall be thorough ly cleaned,

and after having been kept satu rated with water for a period of not
less than three hours shall be caref u lly pointed and trued with a mortar
of cement and fine aggregate mixed in the proportions used in the grade
of the concrete beinp finished. Mortar used in pointing shall be not
more than one hour old. The mortar patches shall be cured as specified
under Article 2.4.22. All constr uction and expansion joints in the completed work shall be left careful ly tooled and free of all mortar and concrete. The joint fi fler shall be left exposed for its l'ull len gth with clean
and true edges.
The resul ting surfaces shall be tru e and u n iform. All repaired surfaces, the appearance of which is not satisfactory to the Engineer, 9hall
be i u bbed as spec ified under Article 2.4.26.
2.4.26 CLASS 2, RUBBED FINISH

After removal of forms, the rubb in g of concrete shall be started as
soon as its cond it ion will permit. I mined iately before starting th is
work the concrete shall be ke;t thoroughly sat u rated with water for a
minimum period of th ree hon is. Su fficient time shal I have elapsed
before the wettin g down to allow the mortar used in the pointing of
rod holes and defects to thoroughly set. Surfaces to be fi n ished shall
be rubbed wi th a med i u in course ca rboru n d u in stone, using a small
amo u nt of mortar on its face. The mortar shal l be composed of cement
and fine sand mixed in proper". ions used in the concrete being fi n ished.
R u bb in g shall be cont in ued until all form marks, projections and irregu
lan ti es havC been removed, all voids filled, and a uniform
su rface has
been obta in ed. The paste produced by this rubbing shall be le:ft in
place at this time.
After al l concrete above the surface being treated has been cast,
the final fin i sh shall be obtai ned by ru bbing with a fine carboru nd um
stone and water. This rubb ing shall be continued until the entire
surface is of a smooth texture and uniform color.
After the final rubbing is completed and the surface has dried,
i t shall be ru bbed with burlap to remove loose powder and shall be left
free from all unsound patches, paste, powder and objectionable marks.
2.4.27 CLASS 3, TOOLED FINISH

Finish of this character for panels and other like work may be
secured by the use of a bushham mer, pick, cranda ll, or other approved
tool. Air tools, preferably, shall be employed. No tooling shall be oone
unti l the concrete has set for at least 14 days and as much longer as
may be necessary to prevent the aggrega te particles from being picked
out of the sur:face. The finished surface shall show a grouping of broken
aggregate particles in a matrix of mortar, each aggregate particle being
in slight relief.
284
HI GHWAY BRIDGE 5
2428
2.4.28 CLASS 4, SAND BLASTED FINISH
2.4.29 CLASS 5, WIRE BRUSHED OR SCRUBBED FINISH
2.4.30 CLASS 6, FLOATED SURFACE FINISH

IAJ Striking OR
IBJ
Flooting
Af ter strikin g off .tnc1 con slid.i t trip as spec ifiPd above, the surface
Shall bC in:tdc u n i form by lon gi tu I inal or t ran eve rse floit ing, or both.
Long i tu dinal float i rig wi 11 be requ ired except i n places where thi s
mPthod is not fc asiblc.

IC J
Longitudinol
Flooting
Th e lori gitud in at float, ope rited from foot bri d qcs, shall be worked
w ilh a sa\x i rig moti on whi le hPld in i float i np position p:iral tel to the
roid ccnterli n c .i nd piss i up grd u il1y f rom one s ide of the pavement
to the other. T he float shall thCn be moved forward onehalf of its
length arid th P above ope rat i on repcated. Machine float in g wh ich pro
duces eq u ivalent results may be substitu ted for the above hand method.
iDJ
Tronsverse
Floating
The transvc rse float shall be operated across the pavement by start-
ONSTRUTION
24.30
28J
ing at the edge and slowly mov'in g to the ce nter and back again to the
edge. The float shall then be moved forward one-half of its len Mth and
the above operati one repeated. Care shall be taken to preserve the
crown and cross section of the paveme tit.
IE J
Stroighfedging
Af te r the lon gitu d ina l R ou I i n g has bPen complo ted and the CxcCSs
water removed, but wh i Ie the concrete is still plastic, the slab su rf ace
shall be tested for trueness with a st.ra igh tedgc. For th i s pu nose, the
contractor shall turn ish and u se an accu i ate 10foot straightedge
swung from han dles 3 fcet longer than one-half the width of the slab.
The Qtr a ih tedge shall be held in s uceess we positio us parallel to the
road centerline and in contact with the surface and the whole area gone
over :from one side of the slab to the other as necessary. Advancement
along the deck sh. 11 be in success we stages of not more than one-half the
length of
the s ti-aigh tedge.
Any depress ions ton nd
sh all be imme-
diately fil led v ith fresh ly mixed concrete, struck off, con sol idated an d
refin ished. High areas shal I be cut down and i-efin i shed. The str a ightedge testing and refloatin g shtll contiri ue until the entire surface is
found to be free from observable depart u res from the str:t ightcd ge and
the slab h.ts the reQu ird grade and contour, until there are no deviations of more than Ii i rich under the 10-foot straightedge.
iFJ Finol Finishing
When the concrete has hardened suffic icntly, the su i face shall be
given a broom fin ish. The broom sh all be of an t J proved type. The
strokes shall be square across the sItb, from cd ge to edge, with adjacent
strokes sI ihtly ove rl appcd, and shal l be made by di-awing the broom
without tearing the concrete, but so as to produce i egu far cori u Nations
not over s" of an inch in depth. The su rface as thus fin ished sh:tI I be
free from porous spots, irregu lan ties, dep re ssions and small pockets
or ro ugh spots s uch as may be caused by acci d enta I d istu rb inp, during
the final 6 room in g, of pirticles of course agg rcgate embedded near the
surface.
2.4.31 SIDEWALK FINISH

Af ter the concrete has been depos i ted in place, it sh all be com
pacted and the surface shall be struck off by means of a strike board
and floated with a wooden or cork float. An edging tool shall be used
on all edges and at all expans i on
j oints.
The
s urface
shal l not
vary
more than fs inch u rider a 10foot stra ightedge. The surface shal I
have a granular or matte tcxturc which will not be st ick when wet.
Sidewalk surfaces shall be laid out in blocks wi th an approved
grooving tool as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer.
2.4.32 PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED MORTAR

IA I
General
This section refers to premixed sand
and
cement
pneu matical ly
applied by u itable mechanism and competent opcrators, and to which

mixture the water is added immediately previous to its expulsion from
the nozzle.
28?
HIGHWAY BRIDGE 5
I BJ
Proportions
The p roportion of' cement to sand shall be based on d ry and loose

volu mm and shal I not be less than one to four for encasement of steel
members, one to three for concrete repair, nor one to four and a half for
speci at linings.
ICJ
Woter
Content
The water content shall be maintai ned at a p racticable minimum

and not in excess of 3 gallons per sack of cement as p laced.
I DI
Mixing
The cement and san d shall
be
thorou ghly
mi xetl
before
being
charged into the mach me. The sand shall contain not less than 3 nor
more than 6 per cent moistu re by wPi ght.
I EA
Nozzle Velocity
T'he veloc ity of the material as it leaves the nozzle must be main
tamed u ni form at a rate determined for the g iven j ob condi tions to
produce min imu in rebound.

I FI
Nozzle
Position
The n ozzlo sh a 11 be hel1 i n such a position and at s It Ch d i s tance that
the stream of flow i ng materi al wi 11 impi nge at approxi mately right

angles to the surf ace bet rig covered w ithout oxcessi ve impact.
IGI
Rebound
Sond
Rebou nd or accu mutated loose sand shall be removed from the surface to be covered prior to placing of the orig i n at or succeedi rig layers
of mortar.
IHI
IIJ
Forms
Joinfs
The pneu in atically appli ed mortar at the end of any day's work or
s imilar stopping periods shall be slopecl off to a th in edge. Before

placi rig an adjscent section this sloped po rtion shall be thoroughly
cleaned and wette d.
I J I Bond
Surfaces to which pneu matically applied mortar i s to be bonded

shall be tho roughly cleaned of dirt, paint, grease, organic matter and
loose particles. Absorpt we surfaces shall be v etted before the application of the mortar.
2.432
CONSTRUCTION
2B7
I KJ Curing
Pneu matically appl ied mortar shall be so applied, protected, and
cured as to prevent its temperature falling below 50 F or a loss of

moisture from the surface for the periods indicated below :
( 1) Where normal portland cement is used, 7 days.
(2) Where high-early strength portland cement is used, 3 days.
Pneu matically applied mortar shall be applied only with the permission of the Err gineer if the air temperature is 50 F or less.
ILJ Reinforcement
The reinforcement, when requ ired, shall be adequate from the
standpoint of structural requ irements and shal I consist of mesh or
round bars, spaced not less than 2 inches nor more than 4 inches apart
either way, and having a diameter not less than that of No. 12 wire.
The area of the reinforcement shall be at least 0.2 per cent of the cross
sectional area of the mortar. The reinforcement shall be at least /i inch
from the unexposed surface of the mortar and at least 'i inch from the
exposed surface.
2.4.33 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

fA J
General
The construction of prestressed concrete members shall conform

to the requ irements of preceding articles in th is section except as those
requ irements are modified or supplemented by the provisions which
follow.
IBJ Supervision
Unless specifically permitted by the Engineer, the Contractor or
f abricator shall provide a techn ter an skilled in the use of the system
of prestress ing to be used who shall supervise the work and give the
Engineer such assistance as in his judgment may be necessary.
ICJ
Equipmenf
The Contractor or fabricatoi shall provide all equipment necessary
for the constr uction and th e prestress ing. Prestress ing shall be done
with approved jacking equipment. If hydrau I ic jacks are used, they
shall be equ ipped with accurately reading pressure gages. The combination of jack and gage shal l be calibrated and a graph or table
showing the calibration shall be furnished the Engineer. Should other
types of jacks be used, calibrated proving rings or other devices shall
be furnished so that the jacking forces may be accurately known.
IDI
Concrete
Concrete shall be controlled, mixed and handled as specified in

other articles of this section unless otherwise specified herein.
Concrete shall not be depos ited in the forms until the Engineer
has inspected the placing of the reinforcement, conduits, anchorages,
and prestressing steel and has given his approval thereof.
288
The concrete shall be vibrated i ntcrnally or externally, or both, as

ordered by the Engineer. The vibrating shall be done with care in such
a manner as to avoid d i spl acement of re in to re i n g, condu its, or wires.
IEA
Steom Curing
5te:inn curing shall be done under a suitable enclosure to conta in

the live steam and min imize moisture and heat losses. The in it rat
application of the steam shall be Irom two to four hou re after the
final place ment of concrete to allow the initial set of the concrete to
take place. If retarde re are u sed, the waiting period before appli
cation of the steam shall be i ncreased to from four to six hours. The
steam shall be at 100 per cent relative hu midity to prevent loss of
moisture an d to provide excess mo isture for proper hydration of the
cement. Appl motion of the steam shall not be d irectly on the concrete.
Du ring appl nation of the steam, the ambient air tempe rature shall
increase at a rate not to exceed 40 F per hour until a maximum
temperature of from 140 F to 160 F is reached. The maximum
temperate re sh all be held until the concrete has reached the desired
strength.
When the desired concrete strength has been reached, steam curing
may be discontinued. The member-s shall be detensioned immediately
after termination of steam curing, while the concrete and forms are
still wiirm. In discontinuing the steam, the ambient air temperature
9hall not decrease at a rate to exceed 40 F per hour until a temperature has been reached about 20 F above the temperature of the air
to wh ich the concrete w ill be exposed. The concrete shall not be ex
posed to temperatu red below f reezi rig for six days after casting.
I FJ
Tronsportotion
ond Storoge
P recast girders should be transpo rted i n an
'
u pright pos i ti on,
and
points of support anl d i rections of the reaction s w ith respect to the

girder shou ld be appr ox i mately the same during tran sportation and
storage as when the girder i s in its final pos iti on. In the event that
the contractor deems i I exped rent to tran sport or store precast girders
in other than th i s pos it ion, it shall be done at his own risk.
Care shall be taken during s to rage, ho uting, and handling of the
precast un i ts to Jrevent craeki rig or d a wage. Un i ts da miged by im
proper storing or handling shall be replaced by the Contractor at hi9
expense.
I GI
Pretensioning
Method
CONSTRUCTION
2.4.33
289
made and cured i de nt wally with the members, of at lent the min imu in
9trength shown on the plans or in the spec i ficati one for such transfer
of load. The elements shal l be cut or released in su ch an order that
lateral eccentric ity of prestress will be a minimum.
\ HI
Post-Tensioning
Method
The tens toning process shall be condu cted so that the tension being
applied and the cI ongation may be measured at all times. The friction
loss shall be estimated as provided in Article 1.6.7. A record shall
be kept of gage pressu res and elongati on s at all times and su bmitted
to the En gineer for his approval. Loads shall not be applied to the
concrete u ntil it h:is attained strength as specified in Article 2.4.33
G) for pretend toning method.
IIJ Grouting of Bonded Steel
Posttensioned prestressed bridge members preferably shall be of

the bonded tJ-pe in which the tens toned steel is installed in holes or
flexible metal rlucts cast in the concrete and bonded to the surrounding
concrete by filling the tubes or ducts with grout. The grout shall be a
mixture of cement and fine sand I passing a No. 30 sieve) in the
approximate proportions of one part cement to 0.75 part
sand, the
exact proportion to be adjusted to form a grout hax'ing the proper

cons istency.
All prestress in g reinforcement to be bonded shall be free of dirt,
loose rust, grease, or other delete r iou s substances. Before g rout in g,
the ducts shall be free of water, dirt or any other foreign substance.
T'he ducts shall be blown out with compressed air until no water comes
through the d uct. For long members with draped strands an open
tap at the low point of the d uct may be necessary.
The grout shall be flu id (consistency of th ick paint) but proportionel so that free water will not separate out of the mix. Unpolished
aluminum povv der may be added in an amount of one to two teaspoons
per sack of cement. Commercial plasticizers used in accordance with
the man u f acturers recommendation may be u sed pros'id ed they contain no ingredients that are corros we to steel. Su the ient pressure shall
be used in grouting to :force the grout completely th rough the duct,
care being taken that rupturing of the ducts does not occur.
IJI Prestressing Reinforcement
Prestress in g reinforcemen I shall be high-tens ile-strength steel

wire, high-tensilestrength sevenwire strand or high-tens ile-strength
alloy bars as called for on the plans or in the special prov is ions.
High-tensile-strength steel wire shall conform to AASHO M 204
(AST61 A 421) .
High-tensile-strength seven-wire strand shall conform to the requ irements of AASHO M 203 ( ASTM A 416) .
High-te nsilestrength alloy bars shall be st. ess relieved and then
cold st retchecl to a mi manure of 130,000 ps i. After cold stretch ing, the

physical properti e s shall be as follows :
145,000 psi
Minimum u ltimate tensile stren gth
Min imum yield stren gth, measured by
the II.7 percent exten sion under load
method shall be not less than
130,000 psi
Min imum modu lu.s of elast ie ity
25,0 00, 000 psi
M inimu in elongation in 20-bar diameters
after rupture
4 percent
II iameter tolerance
+ 0.03, 0.01
IK I Testing Prestressing Reinforcement ond Anchoroges
All w i re, strand, or bars to be shipped to the s ite shall be assigned

a lot number and tagged for i de nt ification p urposes. Anchorage assemblies to be sh ipped shall be I ikcwise i den ti fied.
All samples submitted shall be representative of the lot to be
I u rn i shed and, in the case of w me or strand, shall be taken from the
same master roll.

All of the materi als speci fied for testing shall be furni shed free
of cost and shall be delivered in time for tests to be in:tdP well in advance of on t i cuated time of use.
Where the Engineer intends to require nondestructive testing of
ono or more parts of thP str uetu re, special specifications shall be drawn
g iv in g the requ ired detai ls of the work.
The vendor shall Murni sh for testing the follow ing samples selected
from each lot. If ordered by the Engineer, the selection of samples shall
be made at the man u facturer's plant by the in spector.
P7 P I cii /Onap in ct kod,For pretensioned strands, one sample at
least 7 feet long shall be but-nished in accordance with the requirements
of par:igraph 7.1 of AASHO M-203.
f / /cn,s /rri t /r th, nd.The follow my lengths shall be furnished :
For w i res reQu i ring heading5 feet.
For wi red not requ inn g headingsufficient length to make
u p one parallellay cable 5 feet long cons uting of the same nu mber
of w ires as the cable to be turn ished.
For strand to be furn ished w ith fittings5 feet between near
ends f fittin gs.
For bars to be turn ished with th readed ends and nuts5 feet
between th reads at ends.
Anc k ora g e as s erm 6 li cs.Two anchorage assembl res shall be furnished, complete with distribution plates of each size or type to be used,
if anchorage assemblies are not attached to reinforcement samples.

The payment for concrete of the various classes shall rucfu de compensation for all eqn ipmerit, tools, mater il, falsework, forms, bracing,
labor, surface fin ish and all other item-s of expense required to complete the concrete work shown on the plans, with the exception of
rein:forcement steel. The payment for concrete shall include the cost
G ONS T RU CTION
291
of joint fillers, metal drains, expans ion joints and in iscella neou s metal
devices u nless they are covered by other items in the contract. The
q uanti ty of concrete involved in fillets, scorings and chambers 1 square

inch or less in cross-sectional area shall be neglected. Payment will be
made on the basis of the actual yardage within the neat I ines of the
structure as shown on the plans or revised by authority of the El ngineer, except that deduction shall be made as follows :
(1) ) The vol ume of structural steel, inc lu d in g steel piI ing,
encased in conerete.
(2 ) The volume of ti mber piles encased in concrete, assuming the
vol nine to be .8 cubic foot per- linear foot of pile.
(3) The volume of concrete piles encased in concrete.
No ded uction shall be made for the vol nine of concrete d i splaced
by steel reinforcement, floor d rains, or expansion joint material. If a
bid is asked on handrail ing, that portion of the railing above the top
of the roadiva j' curb or above the surface of the sidewal k, as the case
may be, shall not be incl uded in the yardage of concrete, but shall be
paid for as h and railing. Massive pylons or posts which are to be excepted
from hand rail ing payment shall be so noted on the plans.
Payment for pneu matically appl red mortar will be made on the
basis of the actual number o:I square feet placed and acee pted. The
payment for pne u matical ly ippl red mortar shal I incl ude eompenst ion
for all eqn ipment, tools, mater ia ls, labor and i nc i denials necessa ry to
complete the work and shall include metal rei n fo rcemen t u n less othe rwise provided.
Section 5
REINFORCEMENT
2.5.1 MATERIAL
fA J
Bor Reinforcement
Bar reinforcement for concrete in sizes up to and including No. 18

shall conform to the requ irements of the Specificatione for Deformed
Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, AASHO M 31 (ASTM
A 615)
Rail-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement AASHO M 42
with
following modifications :
(1) ) The use of cold twisted bars is not permitted.

(2) Steel :for :ill bars shall be made by the open-hearth, electric furnace or basic oxygen process, unless otherwise called for in
the special provisions or on the plans.
IBI
Wire ond Wire Mesh

W i re sh all conform to the Spec ificition for Cold-Drawn Stecl Wi ie
fo r C o ia c rete Rei n for cemen t, of thp AA SH O M 32 I A ST M A P2 .I .
Wire mesh, when us eel as i-einforcemenf in concrete shal l con foi m

to the Spec i fixation for Weldel Steel W i re Fabric fo r Cone rete Rein-
to rement of the A AS HO 1\1 55 I A STM A 185 I . The ty Jie of mesh

shall be approved by the Engineer.
I C I Bor Mot Reinforcement
Bar mat rein fo rcement for concrete sh:ill conform to the Specification fr Fab r i cated Steel Par or Ron Mats for Concrete Re in Iorcement
of the AA S H O M 54 I ASTM A 184
IDJ
Structurol Shopes
Stru ctu rat shapes u sed as rei nf orcement in concrete shall conform
to the requ i resents for structu rat steel as prov i led in th e.e speci fica-
2.5.2 ORDER LISTS

Defore order in g mate r ial, all order lists and ben ding diagrams
shall be furnished by the Contractor for the approval of the Engineer,
and no mate i ins shal l be ordered until such lists and ben d i rig d ia grams
have been app roved. The approval of rder l ists a nd ben d i rip d iagrams
by the Engineer shall in no way relieve the Contractor of responsibility
for the eorrcctn ess of s uch li sts an d cli agiams. A ny expen se i net d cut
to thc revi s ion of naatei ml fu rn ish ed i n accord an ee with such lists and
dia g rams to make it comply with the dest gn drawings shall be borne by
the Contractor.
2.5.3 PROTECTION OF MATERIAL
2.5.4 FABRICATION
Bar re i n Io rccment shall be bent to the shapes shown on the pl:in s.
All bare shall be bent cold, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. No bars partially Embedded in concrete shall be field bent except as
shown on .the plans or specifically permitted by the E ngineor.
The radi i of bend meas ured on the inside o1 the bar for standard
hooks sh.all be not ten than the fo11w ing :
B:ir Size
6, 7 oi P
9, 10 or 11
14 or 18
Min imum Radii
3 bar
4 bar
( br diameters
Special flrication is required for- bends exceeding 90 degrees :for

@ 14 and @ 18 sizes and grades having a specified yield point of 50,000
2. 5.4
CONSTRUCTION
Bends for stirrups and ties shall have radi i on the inside of the bar
not less than one bar d iameter. I3ends :for all other bars shall have rad i i
on the inside of the bar n ot low than the values tabu lated in the p reced in g
parag mph s.
Bar re in Iore owe tit shall be sh ipped in stiiiidard bundles, tagged
and marked in accordance with the Code of Stan dird Practice of the
Concrete Re in Iorcement Steel Institu te.
2.5.5 PLACING AND FASTENING

All steel re in to re e ment shall be accurately pl aced in th c positions
shown on the plans and firmly held during the placing and setting of
con c rete. When placed in the work it shall be free from d irt, detri oriental rust, loose scale, paint, il or other foreign mate rial. B mrs shall
be tiPd at all i ntersection s except where spacing is less than 1 foot in
each d irection, in which case alternate inte rsecti ons shall be tied.
Distances from the forms shall be maintained by means of stays,

blocks, ties, hangers, or other approved su pports. B locks for hold ing
reinf orcement from contact with the forms shal l be precast mortar
blocks of approved shape and d imens ions or approved metal chairs.
Metal chairs which are in contact with the exterior surface of the concrete shall be gul van ized . Layers of bars shall be separated by piecast
mortar blocks or by other eg u ally su itable devices. The use o:I pebbles,
pieces of broken stone or brick, metal pipe and wooden blocks shal l n ot
be permitted. The in inimu in spacing of bars shall be as specified in
Article 1.5.6 I A . Reinforcement in any member shall be placed and then
inspected and approved by the Engineer before the placing of concrete
begins. Concrete placed in violation of th is prov is ion may be rejected
and remov al requ i red.
If fabric reinforcement is shipped in rolls, it shall be str:tightened
into flat sheets before being placed.
Du ndled bars shall be tied together at not more than six feet centers.
2.5.6 SPLICING
All reinforcement shall be turn ished in the :fu ll lengths ind icited
on the plans. Splicing of bars, except where shown on the plans, will
not be permitted without the written approval of the Engineer. Spl ices
shall be staggered as :far as possible.
Unless otherwise shown on the plans, bars shall be spl iced in accordance with Article 1.5.6 IC ) . In lapped splices, the bars shall be placed in
contact and wired together in such a manner as to ma in tain a clearance
of not less than the minimum clear distance to other bars and the mini
mum distance to the sui face o:I the concrete specified in Article 1.5.6 (B) .
2.5.7 LAPPING
Sheets of mesh or bar mat reinforcement shall overlap each other
suffic iently to maintain a u n iform stren gth and sha!l be securely fastened at the en de and ed ges. The ed ge I ap sh all not be less than one
mesh in width.
2.5.8 SUBSTITUTIONS
Subst itu tion of d ifferent size bars will be permitted on ly with
specific authorization by the Engineer. The sub9titu ted bars ehall have
an area equ ivalent to the des i gn area, or larger.
2.5.9 MEASUREMENT
Steel rein to rce ment incorporated in the concrete masonry will be
measu red in pou rids based on the total computed weight :for the sizes
and lengths of bars, mesh or mats shown on the plans or au thor i zcd.
The we i ght of mesh wi 11 be computed I rom the theoretical weight

of pla in w i re. I f the we i g ht per- sq u are :foot i s given on the plan, that
weight shall be used.
The we ight of plain bars or bar mat or of deformed bars wh ich do
not comply with AASHO M 31 (ASTM A 615) will be computed from
the theoretical weight of plain roti nd or square bars of the same nominal
size as shown in the following table :
The weight of reinf orcement u sod in raili ngs shall not be included
when rat l in ps are paid f r on a I i near foot bas is. The we ight of reinforcement in precast p iles and other items w hero the reinforcement is included
in the contract price foi the item shall not be incl uded.
N o allowance wil I be made for e lips, vv'i re, separators, \vi re chairs,
and other material used in fasten mg the re in to rcement in place. I:I

bars are en bstituted u pon the conti actor"s req uec I and as a resu lt more
steel is u sed than spec ified, only the amount specified shall be incl uded.
When laps are made No r spl ices, other than those shown on the
plans, for the convenience of the Contractor, the extra steel shall not
be included.
2.5.10 PAYMENT
Payment for reinf orcemen t as determined under measurement shall
be made at the contract price per pound. Payment shall i nclude the cost of
fu rnish ing, fabricating and placing of the rei n forcement.
CO N STRU G TI O N
2.6.1
Section 6
ASHLAR MASONRY
2.6. J DESCRIPTION
Ashlar masonry shal I const st of first-class cut
stone
masonry
laid in
regular courses and shall incl u de all vork in which, as d istingu ished from
rubble ma so n ry, the ind ividual stories are dressed o r tooled to exact
d imens ions.
2.6.2 MATERIALS
fAl Ashlor Stone
Stone for ashlar masonry shall be of the kind specified on the plans
or in the contract. The stone shall be tough, dense, sound and durable,
resistant to weathering action, reasonably fine grained, uniform in
color, and free from seams, cracks, pyrite inclusions, or othe r structural
defects. Preferably, stone shall be from a quarry, the prod uct of wh ich
is known to be of satisfactory quality. Stone shall be of s uch character
that it can be wrought to such lines and surfaces, whether curved or
plane, as may be requ ired. Any stone having defects which have been
repaired with cement or other materi a Is shall be rej ected.
Each b idder shall submit with his bid a 6-inch cubical block of the
stone he proposes to furnish and shall designate the quarry from which
it is obtained. Th Quality o:I the stone furnished shall be at least equal
to that of the sample. The sample shall be squared an d dressed on
three sides ; one side shall be smooth-finished, one s ide finefin ished, and
one side shal l be given the finish ind icated on the plans for exposed
surfaces of face stone. The remaining sides shall be left with quarry
face.
When permitted by the Engineer, bidders may submit bids, accompanied by samples as specified above, on kinds of stone other than that
specified.
The stone shall be kept free from di rt, oil or any other injurious
material which may prevent the proper adhesion of the moItar or
detract from the appearance of the exposed surfaces.
IBI
Menem
Mortar for laying the stone and pointing shall be composed of one
part of portland cement and three parts of sand unless otherwise provided. The sand shall conform to the requirements of Article 2.4.2 (C) .
2.6.3 SIZE OF STON E
The individual stones shall be large and well proportioned. They
shal I not be less than 12 nor more than 30 inches in thickness. The thicknesses of course, if varied, shall diminish regularly from bottom to top of
wall. The size of ring stones in arches shall be as shown on the plans.
2.6.4 SURFACE FINISHES OF STONE

For the purpose of this specification the surface finishes of stone
are defined as follows :
Smoot h-/in/sFed . Having a surface in which the variations from
the pitch line do not exceed li6 inch.
Fix e -jinis h e d . Having a surface in which the variations f rom the
pitch line do not exceed /i inch.
loop h-/ti/sh rd. Having a surface in which the variati one from
the pitch line do not exceed 't inch.
Scoh b led : Having a surface in which the variations from the
pitch line do n ot exceed inch.
Re ck-Jac cd . Having an irregu la r projectin g face wi th out indications of tool marks. The proJ ecti on s beyond the pitch I ine shall not
exceed 3 inches and no part of the face shall recede back of the pitch
line.
2.6.5 DRESSING STOH E

Stones shall be dressed to exact sizes and shapes before being laid
and shall be cut to lie on thei r natural beds with top an d bottom truly
parallel. H ollosv beds will not be permitted. The bottom bed shall be
the full size of the stone and no s tone shall have an ove rhanging top.
In rock-face construction the :f ace side of any stone shall not present
an undercut contou r adjacent to its bottom :irris giving a top-heavy,
unstable appearance when laiil.
Bede of face stone shall be fine-fin ished for a depth of not less than
12 inches.
Vertical joints of face stone shall be fine-finished and f ul I to the
square for a depth of not less than 9 inches.
Exposed surfaces of the face stone shall be given the surface finish
ind icated on the plans, with edges p i tched to true lines and exact batter.
Chisel drafts 1/_ i nches wide shall be cu t at :+II exterior corners. Face
stone form in g the start ing or nos ing of piers shall be rou gh finished unless
otherw i se specified.
Holes for stone hooks shall not be pe ran itted to show in exposed
surfaces.
2.6.6 STRETCHERS
Stretchers sh:it I have a w id th of bed of not less than 1'l_ ti rues their
thickness. They shall have a length of led not less than twice nor more
than 3_ ti rues thei r th i ckness, and not less than 3 feet.
2.6.7 HEADERS
Hoade n shall be placed in each course and shall have a ivid th of not
less than 1/'_ times their th ickncss. In walls hav in g a th ickness of 4 feet
GON8TRUCTION
26.7
297
or less, the headers shall extend entirely through the wall. In walls o:I
greater th redness, the length of headers shal I be not less than 2'_' ti rues
their th icknes s when the course is 18 inches or less in heigh t, and not less
than 4 feet in courses of greater he ight. Headers shall bond with the core
or backing not less than 12 inches. Headers shall hold in the heart of the
wall the same size sh own in the face and shall be spaced not further apart
than 8 feet center to center. There shall be at least one header to every
two stretchers.
2.d.8 CORES AND BACKING

Cores and backing shall consist either of roughly bedded and jointed
headers and stretchers, as specified above, or of Class B or C concrete, as
may be specified.
When stone is used for cores or backing, at least _' of the stone sh all
be of the same size and character as the face stone, and with parallel ends.
No course shall be less than 8 inches thick.
Concrete used for cores and backing shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 2.4.
The headers and stretchers in walls having a th ick ness of 3 feet or
less shall have a width or length equal to the full thickness of the wa 11.
No backing will be allowed.
2.6.9 MIXING MORTAR

The mortar shall be hand or mach ine mixed, as may be requ ired by
the Engineer. In the preparat ion of h and-mixed mortar, the sand and
cement shall be thoroughly mixed together in a clean, tight mortar box
until the mixture is of u n iform color, ai'ter which clean water shall be
added in such Quantity as to form a stiff plastic mass. Mach ine-mixed
mortar shall be prepared in an approved mixer and shall be mixed not less
than 1_ minutes. Mort:ir shall be used within 45 min utes afte r mixing.
Retempering of mortar will not be permitted.

2.6. J O LAYING STONE
fA J
General
Stone mason ry shall not be const ructed in freezing weather or

when the stone contains frost, except by iV'ritten permission of the
Engineer and en bject to such conditions as he may require.
IBI
Fcice Stone
Stone shall not be dropped upon, or slid over, the wall, nor will
hammering, roll in g or turn in g of stones on the wall be allowed. They
shall be caref u lI y set without jarring the stone at ready laid and they
shall be handled with a lewis or other appliance which will not cause
disfi g urement.
Each stone shall be cleaned and thoroughly saturated with water
before being set and the bed which is to receive it shall be cle.tried and
well moistened. All stones shall be well bedded in f reshly made mortar
and settled in place wi th a su itable wooden maul before the setting of
the mortar. Whenever possible, the face joints shall be properly pointed
298
before the mortar sets. Joints which cannot be so pointed shall be prepared for pointing by raking them out to a depth of 2 inches before the
mortar has set. The face surf'aces of stones shall not be smeared with
the mortar forced out of the joints or that used in pointing. No pinn ing u p of stones wi th spalls will be perm itted and no spalls will be
permitted in beds.
Joints and beds shall be not tess than ?s inch nor more than '/: inch
in thick ness and the I h redness of the jo int or bed shall be uniform
throu ghout.
The stones in any one course shall be placed so as to form bonds of

not less than 12 inches with the stones of adjoin ing courses. Headers
shall be placed over stretchers arid, in general, the headers of each
course shall eQ ually d wide the spaces between the headers of ad jo in in g
courses, but no header shal I be placed os ei a joint and no joint shall be
made over a header.
IC J
Stone Backing ond Cores

Stone backing shall be laid iii the .same manner as specified above
for face stone, with headers interlocking with I ace headers when the
th redness of the well wi 11 perm it. Backing shall be laid to break joints
with the face stone. Stone cores shi1l be laid in I u 11 mortar beds so as
to bond not ten than 12 i nches w ith face and backing stone and w ith
each othei . Ped joint s in cores an1 bieking shall not exceed 1 inch and
vertical joints shall not exceed 4 inches in th redness.
IDI
Concrete Cores ond Backing
The operati one involved in the handling and placing of concrete

used in core8 and back in p shal l conform to the requ moments specified in
Section 2.4. However, the pu ddlin g and compacting of concrete adj acent
to the :ish1ar masonry facing shall be done in a manner that w i 11 insure
the fi lling of all spaces :iround the stones and secure full contact and
efficient bond w ith all stone sur faces.
2.6.11 LEVELING COURSES

Stone cores and backing shall be carried up to the approximate level
of the face course before the succeeding course is started.
The constructi on jot nts produced in
concrete
cores or backing by
the intern ttent plac nig of concrete shall be located, in general, not less
than 6 inches below the top bed of any course of masonry.
2.. J 2 RESETTING
In case any stone is moved or the joint broken, the stone shall be
taken up, the mortar thoroughly cleaned from bed and jo ruts, and the
stone reset in fresh mortar.
2.5.J 3 DOWELS AND CRAMPS

Where required, coping stone, stone in the wings of abutments and
stone in piers shall be secured with wrought-iron cramps or dowels as
indicated on the plans.
CONSTRUCTION
299
Dowel holes shal I be dri fled through each stone before the stone is
placed and, after it is in place, such dowel holes shall be extended by
drill ing into the u nderlyin g con rse not less than 6 inches.
Cramps shall be of the shapes and dimensions shown on the plans
or approved by the Engineer. They shall be inset in the stone so as to be
flush with the surfaces.
Cramps and dowels shall be set in lead, care being taken to completely
fill the surrounding spaces with the molten metal.
2.6.J 4 COPINGS
Stones for copings of wall, pier and abutment bridge eeats shall
be carefu fly selected and fully d i mens toned stones. On piers, not more
th an two stones shall be used to make up the entire width of coping. The
copings of abutment bridge seats shall be of sufficient width to extend at
least 4 inches under the backwal 1. Each step forming the coping of a
wing wall shall be formed by a single stone which shall overlap the stone
form in g the step immediately below it at least 12 inches.
Tops of copin gs shall be given a bevel cut at least 2 inches wide,
and beds, bevel cuts and tops shall be fine-finished. The vertical joints
shall be smooth-finished and the copings shall be laid with joints not
more than 'Zi inch in thickness. The under sides of projecting copings,
preferably, shall have a drip bead.
Koi nts in copings shal l be located so as to provide not less than a 12

inch bond with the stones of the u nder course and so that no joint will
come directly under the su perst ructure masonry plates.
2.6.J 5 ARCHES
The nu mber of courses and the depth of voussoirs shall be as shown
on the plans. Von ssoirs shall be placed in the order ind icated, shall be
full size throughout, dressed true to template, and sh all have bond not
less than the thickness of the stone. Beds and j oints shall be finefin ished and mortar joints shall not exceed "/i inch in th ickness. Exposed
surfaces of the intrados and arch ring shall be given the surface finish
i nd icated on the plans.
Backing may consist of Class B concrete or of large stones shaped
to fit the arch, bonded to the spandre 1s, and laid in full beds of mortar.
The extrados and interior faces of the spandrel walls shall be given a
finishing coat of 1: 2'm cement mortar which shall be trowelled smooth
to receive the waterproofing.
Arch centering, waterproofing, drainage and filling shall be as
specified for concrete arches.
2.6.16 POINTING
Pointing shall not be done in freezing weather nor when the stone
contains frost.
Joints not pointed at the time the stone is laid shal l be thoroughly
wet with clean water and filled with mortar. The mortar shal I be well
driven into the joints and finished with an approved pointing tool. The
wall shall be kept wet while pointing is being done and

weather the pointed masonry shall be protected from the
wet for a period of at least three days after completion.
After the pointing is completed and the mortar set,
be thoroughly cleaned and left in a neat and workmanlike
in hot or dry
sun and kept
the wall shall
cond it ion.
2.6. 17 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The qu antity of stone mason ry to be paid Ior under this item shall
be the n umber of cu bic yards measured in the completed work and the
I inn it i n g d i me net on s sh:ill not exceed those shown upon the plans or fixed
by the Engineer. The contract price shall include all labor, tools, materials and other expense incidental to the satisfactory comp letion of the
work.
Section 7
MORTAR RUBBLE MASONRY
2.7.1 DESCRIPTION
Morta r rubble masonry, as here spec ified, shall include the classes
commonly know n as courted, random and random ringe work and shall
consist of rou ghly squ a red an cl dressed stone I:iid in cement mortar.
2.7.2 MATERIALS
I AJ
Rubble Stone
Stone for mortar rubble or dry rubble masonry
shal l
be
of
ap-
proved q ii alit y-, so und and du rablc, and free from seq regations, seams,
c i icks, and ther structu rat tlef ccts or impe rfect ions ten d ing to destroy
i ts ns is tance to the ve cath er. I I shall be free from ro unded, worn, or
weathc red en rfaccs. All xv fathered stone shal I be rejected.
The stno shall be kept I ice f rom d i rt, oil, or any other in jurious
material wh ieh may prev ent the proper adhesion of the mortar.
I BI
Mortor
Th e mo i ti r used shall conform as regards materi all, proportions

an d in ix i rig to the moitar specified in Article 2.6.2 ( B .
2.7.3 SIZE
2.7.4 HEADERS
II eaders shall hold i n the heart of the wall the same s ize shown in
the face and sha 11 extend not less than 12 inches into the core or backing.
2.7.4
OONSTRUGTION
They shall occupy not less than "- of the face area of the wall and shall be
evenly d i stribu ted. Headers in walls 2 feet or less in thickness shal I extend
entirely through the wall.
2.7.5 SHAPING STONE

The stones shall be rough Iy squared on joints,
beds
and
I:ices.
Selected stone, roughly sq uared and pi tched to line, shall be used at all
angles and ends of walls. If specified, all corners or angles in extei-ior
surfaces shall be finished with a chisel draft.
All shaping or dressing of stone shall be done before the stone is
laid in the wall, and no dressing or hammering wh ich vv'ill I oosen the
stone will be permitted after it is placec'.
2.7.6 LAYING STONE

Stone masonry shall not be constructed in freezing weather or when
the stone contains fro9t, except by written permi scion of the Engineer and
subject to such cond it ions as he may requ ire.
The mason ry shall be laid to 1 ine and in courses roughly leveled up.
The bottom or fou ndation courses shall be composed of large, selected
stones and all courses shall be laid with bearing beds paral lel to the natural
bed of the material.
Each stone shall be cleaned and thoroughly sat urated with water
befor. being set and the bed which is to receive it shall be clean and
well mo istened. A 11 stones shall be well bed ded in freshly made mortar.
The mortar Joints shall be Iu 11 and the stones caref u fly settled in place
before the mortar has set. No spalls will be permitted in the beds.
Joints and beds shall have an average thickness of not more than 1 inch .
Whenever possible the face joints shall be properly pointed before
the mortar becomes set. Points wh ich cannot be so po intcd shall be
prepared for pointing by raking them out to a depth of 2 inches before
the mortar has set. The face surfaces of stones shall not be smeared
with the mortar forced out of the joints or that used in pointing.
The vertical joints in each course shall break with those in ad joining
courses at least 6 inches. In rio case shall a vertical joint be so located
as.to occur directly above or below a header.
In case any stone is moved or the j oint broken, the stone shall be
taken u p, the mortar thorough ly cleaned from bed and joints, and the
stone reset in :fresh mortar.
2.7.7 COPINGS, BRIDGE SEATS AND BACKWALLS

Copings, bridge seats and backwalls shall be of the materials shown
on the plans and when not otherwise specified shall be of Class A concrete
which shall conform to the requ irements of Section 2.4.
Concrete copings shall be made in sections extending the Iull wid th
of the wall, not less than 12 inches in thickness, and from 5 to 10 feet
long. The sections may be cast in place or precast and set in place in full
mortar beds.
2.7.8 ARCHES
The number of courses and the depth of vouseoire ehall be as shown
on the plans. Voussoi r9 shall be placed in the order indicated, shall be
full size throughout and 9hall have bond not less than their thickness.
Bede shall be roughly pointed to bring them to radial planes. Radial jointe
shall be in planee parallel to the transverse axi9 of the arch and, when
measured at the intrados, shall not exceed >i inch in thickness. Joints
perpendicular to the arch axis shall not exceed 1 inch in th ickneee when
measured at the intrados. The intradoe face shall be dressed sufhciently
to permit the stone to rest properly upon the centering. Exposed faces of
the arch ring shall be rock-faced with edges pitched to true lines.
The work ehall be carried up symmetrically about the crown, the
stone being laid in full mortar beds and the Joints grouted where necessary. Pinning by the use of stone spalls will not be permitted.
Backing may consist of Claes B concrete or o:I large stones shaped
to fit the arch, bonded to the spandrels, and laid in full beds of mortar.
The extrados and interior faces of the spandrel walls shall be given a
finished coat of 1 :Z4 cement mortar which shall be trowelled smooth to
receive the waterproofin g.
Arch centering, waterproofing, draining and filling shall be as
specified for concrete archee.
2.7'.9 POINTING
Pointing shall not be done in freezing weather or when the stone
contains frost.
Join ts not pointed at the time the stone is laid shall be thoroughly
wet with clean water and filled with mortar. The mortar shall be well
driven into the joints and finished with an approved pointing tool. The
wall ehall be kept wet while pointing is being done and in hot or dry
weather the pointed masonry shall be protected from the sun and kept
wet for a period of at least three days after completion.
After the pointing is completed and the mortar set, the wall shall be
thoroughly cleaned and left in a neat and workmanlike condition.
2.7.J 0 MEASUREMEHT AND PAYMENT

The quantity of stone masonry to be paid for under this item shall
be the number of cubic yards measured in the completed work and the
Jimiting dimensions shall not exceed thoee shown upon the plans or fixed
by the eng ineer. The contract price shall include all labor, tools, materials
and other items incidental to the satisfactory completion of the work.
Concrete used in connection with rubble masonry shal I be paid for
as in the case of other concrete construction.
2.8.1
CON STRUCT I ON
Section 8
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
2.8. J DESCRIPTION
D ry rubble masonry as here specified shall include the classes commonly
known as coursed,
random
and
random
range
work and
shall
consist of roughly squared and d ressed stone laid without mortar.
2.8.2 MATERIALS
Stone for mortar rubble or dry rubble masonry shall be of approved quality, sound and durable, and free from segregations, seams,
cracks, and other structural defects or imperfections tending to destroy
its res istance to the weather. It shall be :free from rounded, worn, or
weathered surfaces. All weathered stone shall be rejected.
2.8.3 SIZE OF STONE

The stones shall conform in size to the requ irements specified in
Section 2.7.
2.8.4 HEADERS
Headers shall conform to the requirements specified in Section 2.7.
2.8.5 SHAPING STONE

The stones shall be roughly squared on joints, beds and laces.
Selected stone, roughly squared and pitched to line, shall be used at all
angle s- and ends of walls.
2.8.6 LAYING STONE

The masonry shall be laid to I me and in courses roughly leveled up.
The bottom or foundation courses shall be composed of large, selected

stones :ind al I courses shall be laid with bearing beds parallel to the
natural bed of the material. Face joints shall not exceed 1 inch in width.
In laying dry rubble masonry, care shall be taken that each stone
takes a firm bearing at not less than three separate points upon the
underlying course. Open joints, both Irout and rear, shall be ch in ked
with spalIs fitted to take firm bearing upon the ir top and bottom sur
faces, for the purpose of securing firm bearing throughout the length
of the stone.
When requ ired by the terms of the contract, the open joints on the
rear surfaces of abu tments or retain ing walls shall be slushed thoroughly with mortar to prevent seepage of water through the )oints.

Copings, bridge seats and backwalls, when used i n connect ion with
dry rubble masonry, shall conform to the requirements specified in Section
2.7.
HIGHWAY BEIIJUES
oo

The quantity of stone mason ry to be paid for under this item shall
be the nu mber of cubic yards measured in the completed work and the
limiti rig dimensions shall not exceed . those shown upon the plans or fixed
by the Engineer. The contract price shall include all labor, tools, materials
and other expense incidental to the satisfactory completion of the work.
Concrete used in connection with rubble masonry shall be paid for as
in the case of other concrete construction.
Section 9
BRICK MASONRY
2.9.J DESCRIPTION
Brick mason ry shall consist of brick laid in cement mortar and
shall inclu de such construction with bu ilding brick or ornamental brick
as may be speci fied. Brick pavements are not included under this
designation.
2.9.2 MATERIALS
lA J
Brick
Brick for masonry construction shall conform to the Specification

for Bu ild ing Brick (made from clay or shale) for the AASHO M 114.
The grade of brick to be furnished shall be as specified in the special
prov is ions.
The brick shall have a fine-grained, uniform, and dense structure,
free from lumps of lime, laminations, cracks, checks, soluble salts, or
other defects wh ich may in any way impair their strength, durability,
appearance, or usef ulness for the purpose intended. Bricks shall emit
a clear, metallic ring when struck with a hammer.
I BJ Mortor
The mortar used shall conform, as regards materials, proportions

and mixing, to the mortar 9pecified in Article 2.6.2 B) .
2.9.3 CONSTRUCTION
The brick shall be laid in such manner as will thoroughly bond
them into the mortar by means of the shove-joint method ; buttered
or plastered joints will not be permitted. All brick must be thoroughly
saturated with water before being laid. The arrangement of headers
and stretchers shal I be such as will thoroughly bond the mass and, unless otherwise spec ified, brick work shall be of alternate headers and
stretchers with consecutive courses breaking ioints. Other types of
bonding, as for ornamental work, shall be as specified on the plans.
All joints shall be completely filled with mortar. They shall not be
less than /i inch and not more than '/: inch in thickness and the thick-
ness shall be uniform throughout. All joints shall be finished properly as

the work progresses and on exposed faces they shall be neatly struck,
using the weather joint.
ONSTRU&TION
No spalls or bats sh all be used except for shaping around irregular
open ings or when u nave idab le to finish out a course, in wh ich case full
bricks shall be placed at the corners, the bats being placed in the interior
of the course.
Piers and walls may be bu ilt of solid brick work, or may consist of
a brick shell backed with concrete or other su itable material as specified
on the plans. None b ut expert brick layers shall be employed on the
work and all details of the construction shall be in accordance with the
most approved practice and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

The tops of retaining walls, abutment wing walls and st milarly
exposed brick work sh:ill be provided, in general, with either a stone
or concrete coping. The u ndei-s ide of the coping shal I have a batter or drip
bead, at least 1 inch beJ ond the face of the brick work wall. The coping
u pon an abutment backwall will commonly have no projection beyond its
bridge seat face. When concrete is used it shall be of Class A quality. For
thin cop ings, mortar of the same proportions as used for laying the brick
may be used to produce p recast sections not less than 3 feet nor more than
5 feet in length. No coping shall be less than 4 inches thick.
Copings of piers and abutment bridge seats shall be of Ashlar stone
work or of Class A concrete and shall conform to the requ irements for
Ashlar Masonry or Concrete Masonry as the plan may ind icate. When
not shown upon the plans, concrete shall be used.

The qu antity of brick work to be paid for under th is item shall be
the number of cubic yards of brick masonry actually placed in the
structure i n accordance with the plans or as mod ified by written i nstructions from the Engineer. This price shall inclu de all labor, materials
and other expense inc idental to the satisfactory completion of the work.
Fil ling material for the interior of the wall, when not of brick, and
concrete or mortar copings, shall be paid :for on the basis of the number
of c ubic yards actually placed.
Section 10
STEEL STRUCTURES
FABRICATION
2.10. 1 TYPE OF FABRICATION

These specifications apply to riveted, bolted, and welded construction.
2. J 0.2 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP

Workmanship and fini9h shall be equal to the best general practice in
modern bridge shons.
HI GHWAY B RIDGE 5
2.10.B
2.10.3 MATERIALS
IAl Strufurol Steel
(J )
Genero I
Steel shall be furnished according to the following specifications. Unless otherwise specified, structural carbon steel and
structural rivet steel shall be furnished.
(2I
St ructu re I Steel
I o I Cci rbon Stee I

Unless otherwise specified, structural carbon steel for iiveted, bolted or welded construction shall conform to :
Structural Steel, AASHO M183 (ASTM A36) .
IbI
Eyeb n rs
Steel for eyebars shall be of: a weldable grade. These

grades include structural steel conforming to :
Structural Steel, AASHO M18S (ASTM A36)
High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel, of a weld-
able quality, AASHO M161 (ASTM A242)

HighStrength Low Alloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel, AASHO M188 (AS'TM A441)
High- Strength Low-Alloy Structu rat Steel with
50,000 psi Minimum Yield Point to 4 In. Th ick, AASHO
M222 (ASTM A 588 with Supplementary Requirement 51
o1 AASHO M222 mandatory.)
13 )
Hig h St ren gth Low Al toy 5t ructu r o I Stee I
High strength low alloy structural steel shall conform to :

High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel, AASHO M161
(ASTM A242)
Hi gh-Strength Structural Steel, AASHO M187 (ASTM
A 440)
High-Strength Low Alloy Structural I\Manganese Vanadrum Steel, AASHO M188 (ASTM A441)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels
of Structural Q u at ity, AA SHO M223 (ASTM A572)
High Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50,000
psi Minimum Yield Point to 4 In. Thick, AASH O M222
/ ASTM A588J
( 4 ) Hig h Strength Low Alloy Sfrucfur o I Steel for Wet ding
High strength low alloy structural steel for welding 9hall
conform to :
High-Strength Low Alloy Structural MangaRl9e Vanadrum Steel, AASHO M188 IASTM A441 )
High lstrength Low Alloy Structural Steel, AASHO M161
(ASTD\I A242) of a weldable quality.
High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels o:I
Structural Q ualitj', Gi-ades 42, 45, and 50, AASHO M223
(ASTM A572 with Su pplementary Requirement 52 of
AASHO M223 mandatory)
CONSTRUC TION
2.10.3
High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50,000 psi
Minimum Yield Point to 4 In. Thick, AASHO M222 (ASTM
A 588 with Supplementary Requirement S1 of AASHO M222
mandatory)
(5)
Hig h Strengfh Sfrucfu ro I Sfeel for Riveted or Boiled Construction
High strength structural steel for riveted or bolted construe-
tion shall conform to :
High-Strength Structural Steel, AASHO M187 (ASTM
A 440)
High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel, AA SHO M161
(ASTM A242)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels
of Structural Quality, AASHO M223 (ASTM A572)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50,000
psi Minimum Yield Point to 4 In. Thick, AASHO M222 (ASTM

A 588)
High-Strength Low Alloy 5tructural Manganese Vanadium Steel, AASHO M188 (ASTM A441)
High -Yield-Strength, Quenched ond Tempered Alloy Steel Plote
High yield strength, quenched and tempered alloy steel plate
shall conform to :
High-Yield-Strength,
Quenched and Tempered Alloy
Steel Plate, su itable for welding, ASTM A 514
High-Strength Alloy Steel Plates, Quenched and Tempered
for pressure vessels, ASTM A517
Quenched and tempered alloy steel structural shapes and
seamless mechanical tubing, meeting all of the mechanical and
chemical requirements of AS 14/A517 steel, except that the
specified maximum tensile strength may be 140,000 psi for
structural shapes and 145,000 psi for seamless mechanical tub-
ing, shall be considered as A514/A517 steel.

Sfructurol Rivef Steel
Structural rivet steel 9ha11 conform to :

Steel Structural Rivets AASHO M 228, Grade 1 (ASTM
A502, gr:ide 1) .
1 8 I High Strength Sfructu rot Rivet Steel
High strength structural rivet steel shall conform to :

Steel Structu ral Rivets AASHO M 228, Grade 2 (ASTM
A502, grade 2) .
(9)
High Sfrength
Bolts
Bolts, nuts and circular washers shall conform to :

High Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints, including
Suitable Nuts and Plain Hardened Washers, AASHO M164
(ASTM A325) . Bolts manufactured to AASHO M164 requirements are identified by marking on the top of the head with
308
HI GHWAY B RIDGE 5
three radial lines and the symbol A325, and nuts are marked
on one face with three similar circumf:erentia1 markings, 120

degrees apart, or alternatively, wi th C, 2, D, 2H or DH. Bolt
and nut dimension9 shall conform to the dimensions shown in
Table 2.10.3A, and to the requirements for Heavy Hexagon
Structural Bolts and for Heavy Semi-Finished Hexagon Nute
given in AN SI Stan dard B18.2.1 and B18.2.2, except as allowed in the following paragraph.
Subject to the approval o:I the Eng ineer, Sign strength
steel lock-pin and collar fasteners may be used as an alternate
for high strength bolts or rivets as shown on the plans. The
shank and head of the high strength steel lock-pin and collar
f ft9tener9 shall meet the chemical composition and mechanical
property requii ements of AASHO M 164 (ASTM A325)
Each fastener shall provide a solid shank body of sufficient
diameter to provide tensile and shear strength equivalent to
or greater than the bolt or rivet specified. shall have a cold
foi ged head on one end, of type and dimensions as approved
by the Err gineer, a shank length suitable for- material thickness hastened, locking grooves, breakneck groove and pull
grooves (all annular grooves) on the opposite end. Each
fastener shall provide a steel locking collar, of pl-Oper siZ
for shank diameter used, which, by means of' sri itable installation tools, i.s cold sw ged into the locking grooves forming a
head for the grooved end of the :f astener after the pull groove
section has been removed. The steel locking collar shall be a
standard product of an established manu facturer of lockpin
and collar fasteners, :is approved by the Engineer.
Circular washers shall be flat and smooth and their nominal di mension9 shall conform to the dimensions given in
Table 2.10.3B, except that for lock-pin and collar fasteners, flat
washers need not be used.
Beveled washers for American Standard beams and channels shall be square or rectangular, shall taper in th icknese, and
eha11 conform to the dlmen9ions given in Table 2.10.3B.
Where necessary, washers may be clipped on one side to
a point not closer than 7 of the bolt diameter from the center
of the washer.
( 10 )
Copper Beoring Steels
When copper bearing steel is specified, the steel shall contain

not less than 0.2 per cent of copper.
( \
Welded
Stud 5 heor Con nectors
(a) Shear connector stu de shall conform to the requirements

of Cold Finished-Carbon Steel Bars and Shaf ting, AASHO M 169
(ASTM A 108) , cold-drawn bars, grades 1015, 1018, Oi 1020, t2lthCl
semi- or fully-killed. If: flux retaining caps are u9ed, the steel for
the caps shall be of a low carbon grade su itable for welding and
shall comply with Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Strip, ASTM A 109.
CON STRU CTION
2.10.3
Bolt Dimene tone, In Inches
Nut Dimens ions, In Inches
Heavr Hexagon St ruct u ref Bolts
Heavz Semi-Fi nished Hexagon Nuta
Width Across
Thread
y]gj
lUei8
Width Across
!ength
Height
TABLE 2.10 .8B

TYASHERDIMENST ONS
Sq ua re or Rectan gut a r Beveled
Ci rcular Washers
Washers for A men can

Sta n da rd Beams and C h an new
Th ick ness
Over 2 to
2D /
D +'$
.097
.122
.177
. l77
.136
. 177
.136
.136
.136
.136
.177
.177
.177
.177
.l86
.l78
.178
.l77
.28
.28
.34
I:6
l:6
1:6
1 :6
Dimensio us in inches
May be ex cee6ed by /j in .
9 in. nom i n at
/j i n. nom i nal
(b) Tensile properties as determined by tests of bar stock

after drawing or of finished studs ehall conform to the following
requ irements:
Tensile Strength
Yield Strength *
Elongation
Reduction of area
As determined bz a 0.2 9o
off8et method.
(min.)
(min.)
(min.)
(min. )
60,000
Ii0,000
20 in in 2 inches
50i
(c) Tensile properties shall be determined in accordance with

the applicable sections of A STM A 370, Mechanical Testing of Steel
Products. Tensile tests of finished stu ds shall be made on studs
welded to test plates using a test fixture similar to that shown in
Figure 2.10.23B. If fracture occurs outside of the middle half of

the gage length, the test shall be repeated.
(d) Finished studs shall be of uniform quality and condition,
free from injurious laps, fins, seams, cracks, twists, bends or other
injurious defects. Finish shall be as produced by cold drawing, cold
rolling or machining.
(e) The manufacturer shall certify that the studs as delivered
are i n accordance with the material requirements of this section.
Certified copies of in-plant quality control test reports shall be
furn isired to the Engineer upon request.
(I) The Engineer may select, at the Contractor's expense,
studs of: each type and size used under the contract, as necessary :for
checking the requ irements of this section.
1 2 ) Uni I led Tubulo r Steel Piles
Unfilled T lib ular Steel Piles shall con form to the i eqn moments
of Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles ASTM Designation A2b2,
Grade 2, with Chemical Requ i cements meeting ASTM Desimation
A53, Grade B.
IBJ
Steel Forgings ond Steel Shofting
Corbon Steel Forgings

5teel forgings shall conform to the Specifications for Carbon
Steel Forgings for General Ind ustrial Use, AASHO M 102 (ASTM
235I . Class C 1 forgings shall be turn ished unless otherwise
specified.
(2)
Cold Finished Corbon Steel Sho ffing
Cold finished carbon steel shafting shall conform to the
9 cifixations for Gold Finished Carbon Steel Bars and Shaft in g,

AASHO M 169 (ASTM A 108) . Grade Designation 1016-1030,
inclu9i ve, shall be f u rn ished unless otherwise specified.
1 3 ) Alloy Steel Forgi ngs
Alloy steel :forgings shall conform to the Speci fications for

Alloy Steel Forgings for General Industrial Use, ASTM A 237.
Class A forging shall be furn ished unless otherwise specified.
Steel Costings
( \ )
Eteel Costings
for
Highwoy
Bridges
Steel castings for use in highway bridge components shall

conform to Standard Specification I:or Steel Castings for Highway
Bridges, AASHO M 192 (ASTM A 486)
or
Mild-to-Medium-
Strength CarbonSteel Castings for General Applications AASHO

M 103 (ASTM A 27 . The class 70 or grade 7036 of steel, respectively, shall be used unless otherw ise spccified.
CONSTRUCTION
2.10.3
1 2 I Chrom rum Al I o'y-Steel Costings
Chromium alloy steel castings shall conform to the Specifica-
tion for Corrosion-Resistant Iron-Chromi um and Iron-Chromi um
Nickel Alloy Castings for General Appl ication, AASHO M
163
(ASTM A 296) . Grade CA 15 shall be furnished unlese otherwise

specified.
Iron Cosfings
III Generol
Iron castings shall be gray iron castings conforming to the
Specification for Gray Iron Castings, AASHO M 105, Class No. 30
unless otherwise specified.
( 2)
Workmonship
ond Finish
Iron ca9tings shall be true to pattern in form and dimensions,

free from pouring fau lts, sponginess, crack9, blow holes, and other
defects in positions affecting their strength and value for the service intended.
Castings shall be boldly billeted at angles and the arrives shall
be sharp and perfect.
(3)
Cleo ning
All castings must be sandblasted or otherwise effectively

cleaned of scale and sand so as to present a smooth, clean, and uniform surface.
I El
Ductile Iron Costings

( II Generol
Ductile iron castings shall conform to the Specification >
- for
Ductile Iron Hastings, ASI'M A 53G, Grade 60-4018 unless otherwise specified. In addition to the specified test coupons, test speci
mens from parts integral with the castings, such as risers, shall be
tested for castings weighing more than 1000 pounds to determine
that the requ ired quality is obtained in the castings in the
finished condition.
( 2)
Workm on ship ond
finish
Iron castings shall be true to pattern in form and dimensions,

free from pour in g faults, spong iness, cracks, blow holes, and
other defects in positions, affecting their strength and value for the
service intended.
Castings shall be boldly filleted at angles and the arrises shall
be sharp and perfect.

13 J
Cleoning
All castings must be sandblasted or otherwise

effectively
cleaned of scale and sand so as to present a smooth, clean, and
u niform surface.
IFI Molleoble Costings

( J I Generol
Malleable castings shall conform to the Specification for Malleable Iron Hastings, AASHO M 106 (ASTM A 47) ; Grade No.
3501 8 shall be furnished unless otherwise specified.
(2)
Work monship ond Finish
Malleable castings shall be true to pattern in form and dimensions, free from pouring faults, s;onginess, cracks, blow holes, and
other defects in positions affecting their strength and value for the
service intended.
The castings shall be boldly filleted at angles and the arrises

shall be sharp and perfect. The surfaces shall have a workmanlike
finish.
13 J
Cleoning
All castings must be sandblasted or otherwise effectively
cleaned of scale and sand so as to present a smooth, clean, and
uniform surface.
IGJ
Bronze Costings ond Copper-Alloy Plotes

( J )
Bronze Cosfings
BPOnze castin gs 9hall conform to Standard Specifications for

Bronze Castings for Bridges and Turntables, AASHO M 107
I ASTM B 22) Alloys A or B.
1 2 I Cop per-Al I oy Plci tes
Gopper alloy plates shall conform to Standard Specifications
for Rolled Copper-.4l toy Bearing and Expansion Plates and Sheets
for Bridge and other Structural Uses, AASHO M 108 (ASTM
B 100) .
IHI
Sheet Leod
Sheet lead shall conform to the requirements for Common Desilverized Lead of the Specihcation for Pig Lead, AASHO M 112 (ASTM
B 29) .
Il J
Sheet
Zinc
Sheet zinc shall conform to the requ irements for Type II o:I the
Specifications for Rolled Zinc, AASHO M 113 (ASTM B 69) .
I JJ
Golvonizing
When galvan izing is shown on the Jlans or specified in the special

provisions ferrous metal products shall be galvanized in accordance
with the Specifications for Zinc (Hot-Galvanized) Coatings on Products
Fabricated from Rolled, Pressed, and Forged Steel Shapes, Plates, Bars
and Strip, AASH O M 111 (ASTM A 123 .
210.3
IKJ
CONSTRUCTION
Convos ond Red Leod for Bedding Mosonry Plotes ond Equivolenf
Bearing Areos
The canvas shall conform to the Standard 5pecifications for
Numbered Cotton Duck and Army Duck, AASHO I\I 166 (ASTM D
230) , and to the weight specified. The red lead paint shall conform to
the specifications for paint for metals, Article 2.14.2.
ILI Preformed Fobric Pods
The pre:formed fabric pads shall be composed of multiple layers of 8ounce cotton duck impregnated and bound with high-quality natural rubber
or of equivalent and equally suitable materials compressed into resilient pads
of uni:form thickness. The number of plies shall be such as to produce
the specified thickness, after compression and vu lcan izing. The finished
pads shall withstand compression loads perpendicular to the plane of the
laminations of not less than 10,000 pounds per square inch without
detrimental reduction in thickness or extrusion.
2.10.4
STORAGE OF MATERIALS
Structural material, either plain or fabricated, shall be stored at the

bridge shop above the ground upon platfo rme, skids, or other supports. It
shall be kept fi-ee from dirt, grease and other foreign matter, and shall be
protected as far as practicable from corrosion.
2. J 0.5
IA J
STRAIGHTENING MATERIAL AND CURVING ROLLED BEAMS AND

WELDED GIRDERS
Sfroightening
Moteriol
Rolled material, before being laid off or worked, must be str:tight.

If sti-aightcni ng is necessary, it shall be done by methods that will not
inj u re the metal. Heat straighten ing of A STM AS 14/A517 steel shall
be done only under- rigidly controlled pi oced u res, each :ipplication subject to the approval of the En gineer. In no case shall the maximum
temperatu re of the stcel exceed 1125F. Sharp kinks and bends shall be
cause for reJ ection of the material.
IBJ Curving Rolled Beoms ond Welded Girders
( J ) lv\o ferio Is
Steels that ai e manufactured to a yield point greater than

50,000 psi shill noI be heat curved.
(2)
Type of Heo ting
Beams and girde1"s mtly be curved by either continuous or Vtype heating as approved by the E ngineer. For the continuous method,
a strip along the edge of the to; and bottom flange shall be hPated
s imu ltaneous ly ; the strip shall be of sufficient width and
temperature to obtain the required curvature. For the V-type heating,
the top and bottom flanges shall be heated in truncated triang It lar or
wedgeshaped areas having their base along the flange edge and
spaced at regular intervals along each flange ; the
HI GHWAY
B RI l9tifi IS
spacing and temperature shall be as required to obtain the required

curvature, and heating shall progress along the top and bottom
flinge at approximately the same rate.
For the Vtype heating, the apex of the tru ncated triangular
at ea applied to the inside flange sur:face shall terminate just before
the junclure of the web and the flange is- reached. When the
radius of curvature is 1000 feet or more, the apex of the truncated
triangular heating pattern applied to the outside flange surface
sh:ill extend to the juncture of the flange and web. When the
radiu s of curvature is less than 1000 feet, the apex of the truncated
triangular heating pattern applied to the outside flange surface
shall extend past the v'eb for a distance equ:il to '/s of the flange or
3 inches, whichever is less. The truncated ti iangular pattern shall
have an included angle of approximately 15 to 30 degrees, but the
base of the triangle shall not exceed 10 inches. \'ariations in the
patterns prescribed above may be made with the approval of the
Eng ineer.
For both types of heating, the flange edges to be heated are
those that will be on the inside of the horizontal curve alter cool
ing. Heating both inside and outside flange surfaces is only mandatory when the flange thickness is 1?i inches or greater, in which
case, the two sur:faces shall be heated concurrently. The maximum
tcmperatu re shall be as prescribed below.
1 3I
Te in p erci t tire
The heat-curving operation shall be conducted in such a

manner that the temperature of the steel does not exceed 1150 F
as measured by temperature indicating crayons or other suitable
means. The girder shall not be artificially cooled until after
naturally cooling to 600
method of artificial cooling is subject to the approval of the Engineer.
( 4 I Posifion for Heoting
The girder may be heat-curved with the web in either a vertical or a hor izontal position. When curved in the vertical position,
the girder must be braced or supported in such a manner that the
tendency of the girder to dePect laterally during the heatcurving
process will not cause the girder to overturn.
When curved in the horizontal position, the gir6er must be
su pported near its ends and at intermediate points, if required, to
obtain a uniform curvature ; the bending stress in the flanges due
to the dead weight of the girder must not exceed the usual allowable design stress. When the girder is positioned horizontally for
heating, intermediate safety .catch blocks must be maintained at
the midlength of the girder within 2 inches of the flanges at all
CONSTRUCTION
times during the heating pi ocess to guard against a sudden sag
due to plastic flange buckling.
( 5 ) Seq ue nce of Opero tions
The girder shall be heat-cui ved in the fabrication shop before

it is painted. The heat curving operation may be conducted either
before or after all the required welding of ti-ansverse intermediate
stiffeners is completed. However, unless provisions are made for
girder shrinkage, connection plates and bearing stiffeners shall be
located and attached after heat curving. ID longitud inal stiffeners
are required, they shall be heat-curved or oxygen-cut separately
and then welded to the curved girder. When cover plates are to be
attached to rolled beams, they may be attached before heat curving
i:I the total th icknPss of one flange and cover plate is less than
2''z inches and the radius o:I curvature is greater than 1000 :feet.
For other rolled beams with cover plates, the beams must be heat
curved before the cover plates are attached ; cover plates must be
either heat curved on oxygen-cut separately and then welded to the

curved beam.
1 6 I Co in ber
Girders shall be cambered before heat curving. Camber for
rolled beams may be obtained by heatcambering methods approved
by the Engineer. For plate girders, the web shall be cut to the
prescribed camber with su itable allowance for shrinkage due to
cutting, vv elding, and heat curving." However, subject to the
approval of the Engineer, moderate deviations from specified
camber may be corrected by a carefully supervised application of
heat.
1 7I
Meosuremenf
of Curvoture
o nd Co in ber
Horizontal curvature and vertical camber shall not be meinsured :for final acceptance before all welding and heating operations
are completed and the flanges have cooled to a uniform temperature. Horizontal curvature shall be checked with the girdei in the
vertical position by measuring off-sets from a string line or wire
attached to both flanges or by using other suitable means ; camber

shall be checked by adequate means.
2.I 0.G FINISH

Portions of the work exposed to view shall be finished neatly. Shearing, Paine cutting and chipping shall be done carefully and accurately.
* The heat-c ui v i ny p recess in av ten d to change th e vcrtie.it camber p resent bet ore heati n g.
'Fh i s efF:eel shall be most p re n nun ced when th e top anl bottom flan lies a re of unequal wid the on
a give n Iranve rse cross section .
HIGHWAY BRIDGE S
2.10.7
2.10.7 RIVET AND BOLT HOLES

lAJ Holes for Rivets, High Strength Boils ond Unfinished Bolts *
All holes for rivets or bolts shall be either punched or drilled.
Material forming parts of a member composed of not more than five

thicknesses of metal may be punched >i inch larger than the nominal
diameter of the rivets or bolts whenever the thickness of the material ie
not greater than ?i inch for structural steel, /8 iRch for high-strength
steel or , inch for quenched and temperecl alloy steel, unless subpunchin g
and reaming is required under Article 2.10.10.
When there are more than five th icknesse9 OP When any of: the main
material is thicker than 'i inch l'or structural steel, /s inch for highstrength steel, or /e inch for quenched and tempered alloy steel, all holt29
shall either be subdrilled or drilled fu 11 s ize.
When requ ired u nder Article 2.10. 10, all hole9 shall be either subpunched or su bdrilled I subd rifled if thickness limitation governs)
*is inch smaller and, after assembling, reamed /is inch larger or drilled
:ful1 size to in inch larger than the nominal diameter of the rivets or
bolts.
When permitted by Aitic1e 1.7.5, enlarged or slotted holes are
billowed with hi gh sticngth bolts.
IBJ Holes for Ribbed Bolfs, Turned Bolts or other Approved Beoring Type
Bolts
All holes :f or ribbed bolts, turned bolts or other approved bearing-
type bolts shall be su bpu nched or subdrilled /is inch smaller than the
nominal diameter of the bolt and reamed assembled or to a steel template or, after assembl ing, dri fled from the solid at the option of the
Fabr icator. In any case the finished holes shall prov ide a driving fit as
specified on the plans or in the special provisions.
2.10.8 PUNCHED HOLES

The d iameter of the die shall not exceed the diameter of the punch by
more than Ze inch. If any holes must be enlarged to admit the rivets or
bolts, such holes shall be reamed. Holes must be clean cut without torn or
ragged edges. Poor matching of holes will be cause for rejection.
2.10.9 REAMED OR DRILLED HOLES

Reamed or drilled holes shall be cylindrical, perpendicular to the member and shall comply with the requ memento of Article 2. 10.7 as to 9ize.
Where practicable, reamers shall be directed by mechanical means. Burn
on the outside s urfaces shall be removed. Poor matching of holes will be
cause for rejection. Reaming and drilling shall be done with twist drills.
If required by the Eng i neer, assembled parts shall be taken apart for removal of bu rrs caused by drilling. Connecting parts requ iring reamed or
drilled holes shall be assembled and securely held while being reamed or
drilled an d shall be match marked before d isassemblin g.
See Art. 2.10.19 for bolte ructu ded in designation U n fi n ished Bolts.
2. 10. 10
CONSTRUCTION
317
2.J O. J O SUBPUNCHING AND READING OF FIELD CONNECTIONS

Unless otherwise specified in the special provisions or on the plans,
holes in all field connections and field splices of main members of trusses,
arches, continuo us beam spans, bents, towers (each face) , plate girders
and rigid frames shall be en bpunched (or su bd riIled if su bdrilli ng is re-
qu ired according to Article 2.10.7) and subsequentl y reamed wh ile assembled or to a steel template, as required by Article 2.10.14. All ho]ee for
floor beam and stri nger field end connections shall be subpu nched and
reamed to a steel template or reamed while assembled. Reaming or drilling :fu 11 size of field connection holes through a steel template shall be done
after the template ha9 been located with utmost care as to position and
angle and firmly bolted in place. Templates used for reaming matching
members, or the opposite faces of a single member, shall be exact duplicates. Templates used for connections on like parts or members shal I be
so accu rately located that the parts or members are duplicates and require
no match-marking.
For any connec tion, in lieti of su bp unch ing and rearing or subcl ril Iin and rea in ink , the M:th neater may, at hic option, drill holes f iI 11
size with all th rednesses of niatoriil asscrub led in Jroper port tion.
If add it ional sub-punching arid teaming is requ ired, it shall be specified in the special provisions or on the plans.
2. J O.1 1 ACCURACY OF PUNCHED AND DRILLED HOLES

All holes pu nched full size, subpu nched, or subdrilled shall be so ac-
curately punched that after assembling (before any reaming is done) a
cylindrical pin *8 inch smaller in diameter than the nominal size of the
punched hole may be entered perpend icu far to the face of the member,
without drifting, in at least 75 per cent o:I the contiguous holes in the
same plane. If the requirement is not f u lfilJed, the bad ly punched pieces
will be rejected. II any hole will not pass a pin /i inch smaller i n diameter
than the nominal size of the punched hole, th is will be cause for rejection.
2.1 0.J 2 ACCURACY OF REAMED AND DRILLED HOLES

When holes are reamed or drilled, 85 per cent of the holes in any
contiguous group shall, after roaming or drill ing, show no offset greater
than *3e inch between adjacent thicknesses of metal.
All steel templates shall have hardened steel bushings in holes accurately d i mens toned from the center l mcs of the connection ae inscribed
on the template. The center lines shall be used in locating accurately the
template from the milled or scribed ends of the members.
2.1 0.J 3 FITTING FOR RIVETING AND BOLTING

Surfaces of metal in contact shall be cleaned before assembling. The
parts of a member shall be assembled, wet I pinned, and firmly drawn together with bolts before reaming or riveting is commenced. Assembled
pieces shal I be taken apart, if necessary, for the removal of burrs and
shavings produced by the rearing operation. The member shall be free
from twists, bends, and other deformation.
318
Preparatory to the shop riveting of I:ull-sized punched material, the
rivet holes, if necessary, shall be spear-reamed for the admission of the

rivets. The reamed holes shall not be more than 1s inch larger than the
nominal diameter of the rivets.
End connection angles, stiffener angles, and similar parts shall be
carefully adjusted to correct position and bolted, clamped, or otherwise
firmly held in place until riveted.
Parts not completely riveted in the shop shall be secured by bolts, in
so I:ar as practicable, to prevent damage in shipment and handling.
2.10.14 SHOP ASSEMBLING

The field connections of main members of trusses, arches, continuous
beam spans, bents, towers ( each face) , plate girders and risid :frames shall
be assembled in the shop with milled ends of compression members in full
bearing, and then shall have their sub-size holes reamed to specified size
while the connections are assembled. Assembly shall be Full Truss or
Girder Assembly unless Progressive Truss or Girder Assembly, Full Chord
Assembly, Progressive Chord Assembly, or Special Complete Structure
Assembly is specified in the special provisions or on the plans.
IAJ Full Truss or Girder Assembly
Full Truss or Girder Assembly shall consist of assembling all member9 of each truss, arch rib, bent, tower face, continuous beam line, plate
girder or rigid frame at one time.
( BI
Progressive Truss or Girder Assembly
Progressive Truss or Girder Assembly shall consist o:I assembling

initially :for each trust, arch rib, bent, tower face, continuous beam line,
plate girder, or rigid frame at least three contigu ous shop sections or all
members in at least three contiguous panels but not less than the number of panels associated with three contiguous chord len Bths (i.e.,
length between field splices) and not less than 1150 feet in the case of
9tructures longer than 150 feet. At least one shop section or panel or as
many panels as are ssoc iated with a chord length shall be added at the
advancing end of the assembly before any member is removed from the
rearward end, so that the assembled portion of the structure is never less
than that specified above.
I C I Full Chord Assembly
Full Chord Assembly shall consist o:I assembling, with geometric
angles at the joints, the full length of each chord of each truss or open
spandrel arch, or each log of o:ich bent or tower, then reaming their
field connection holes while the members are a9sembled anl reaming
the web member connection s to steel templates set at geometric knot
cambered ) angular relation to the chord lines.
Field connection holes in web members shall be reamed to steel templates. At least one end of cach web member shall be milled or shall be
9cribed normal to the longitudinal :ixis of the member and the tem-
CON ST RUCTION
2. 10.14
319
plates at both ends of the member shall be accurately located from one
of the milled ends or scribed lines.
ID J Progressive Chord Assembly
Progressive Chord Assembly shall convict of aesembl ing contiguous
chord members in the manner spec ifiod for Full Chord Assembly and in
the number and length specified for Progressive Truss or Girder

Assembly.
I EA
Special Complete Structure Assembly
Special Complete Structure Assembly shall consist of assembling

the entire structu re, including the floor system. (This procedure is ordinarily needed only for complicated structures such as those having
curved girders, or extreme skew in combination with severe grade or
camber.)
Each assembly, inclu ding camber, alignment, accuracy of holes and
fit of milled joints, shall be approved by the Engineer before reaming ie
commenced.
A camber diagram shall be furnished the Engineer by the Fabricator showing the camber at each panel point of each truse, arch rib,
cont in uoue beam l me, plate girder or rigid frame. When the shop assembly is Full Truss or Girder Assembly or Special Complete Structure
Assembly, the camber d iagram shall show the camber measured in assembly. When any of the other methods of shop assembly is used, the
camber d iagram shall show calculated camber.
2.10.15 DRIFTING OF HOLES

The drifting done d uririg assembling shall be only such as to bring the
parts into position, and not sufficient to enlarge the holes or distort the
metal. If any holes must be en largcd to admit the rivets, they shall be
reamed.
2.10.16 MATCH-MARKING
Connecting parts assembled in the shop for the purpose of reaming
holes in field connections shall be match-marked, and a diagram showing
such marks shall be furnished the Engineer.
2.10.J 7 RIVETS
The Size of rivets c:illed for on the plans shall be the size before heating. Rivet heads shall be of standard shape, unless otherwise specified,
and of uniform size for the same diameter of rivet. They shall be full,
neatly made, concentric with the rivet holes, and in full contact with the
surfaces of the member.
?.10.18 FIELD RIVETS

Sufficient field rivets shall be :furnished to rivet the entire structure
with an ample surplus to replace all rivets burned, lost or cut out.
2.10.19 BOLTS AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS

The specifications of this article do not pertain to the use of high
strength bolts. Bolted connections fabricated with high strength bolts
shall conform to Article 2.10.20.
I Al
Generol
Bolts shall be unfin ished, turned or ribbed bolts conforming to the

reQ u irements for Grade A Bolts of Specification for Low-Carbon Steel
Externally and Internally Threaded lstandard Fasteners, ASTM A 307.
Bolted connections shall be used only as indicated by the plans or special
provisions. Bolts shall have single self-locking nuts or double nuts unless otherwise shown on the plans or in the special provie ions. Beveled
washers shall be used where bearing faces have a slope of more than
1 :20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.
Except as otherwise provided in this article, construction shall
conform to applicable specificati ons for riveted structures.

IBI
Unfinished Bolts
Unfinished bolts shall be furnished unless other types are specified.
I CJ Turned Boils
The s u rface of the body of turned bolts shall meet the ANSI
rori ghness rating value of 126. Heads and nuts shall be hexagonal with
standard dimensions for bolts of the nominal size specified or the next
larger nominal size. Diameter of threads shall be equal to the body of

the bolt or the nominal diameter of the bolt specified. Holes for turned
bolts shall be carefully reamed with bolts furnished to provide for a
light driving fit. Threads shall be entirely outside of: the holes. A
washer shall be provided under the nut.
I D1
Ribbed Bolts
The body of ribbed bolts shall be of an approved form with

continuous longitudinal ribs. The diameter of the body measured on a
circle through the points of the ribs shaJl b /8 inch greater than the
nominal diameter specified for the bolts.
Ribbed bolts shall be in rnished with round heads conforming to

AN SI B 18.5 un less othe rwise specified. Nuts shall be hexagonal,
either recessed or with a washer of su itable thicknes9. Ribbed bolts
shal I make a driving fit with the holes. The hardness of the ribs ehall
be such that the ribs do not mash down enough to pemit the bolts to
turn in the holes during tightening. If for any reason the bolt twists
before drawing tight, the hole shall be carefu lly reamei and an oversized bolt used as a replacement.
2.10.20 CDNNECTIONS USING HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS

\ Al
Generol
This article covers the assembly of structural joints using AASHO
M 164 (ASTM A 325) high strength carbon steel bolts, or equivalent
CONSTRUCTION
fasteners, tightened to a high tension. The bolts are used in holes conforming to the requ irements of Articles 2.10.7, 2.10.8, and 2.10.9.
I BJ
Bolts, Nuts ond Washers

Bolts, nuts and washers shall conform to the requirements of
Article 2.10.3. ( A) 9.
I CJ
Bolted Ports
The slope of surfaces of bolted parts in contact with the bolt head
and nut shall not exceed 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the
bolt axis. Bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and
shall not be separated by gaskets or any other interposed compreesible
material.
When assembled, all joint sur:faces, including those adjacent to the
bolt heads, nuts or washers, shall be free of scale, except tight mill
ecale, and shall also be free of dirt, loose scale, burrs, other foreign
material and other defects that would prevent solid seating of the parts.
Contact surfaces within friction-type joints shall be free of oil,
paint, lacquer or rust inh ibitor, except that hotdip galvan wing will be
permitted, provided that contact surfaces are scored by wire brushing
oi blasting af ter galvan izin g and prior to assembly. The wire brushing
ti eatment shall be light application of manual or power brushing that
marks or scores the surface but removes relatively little of the zinc
coating. The blasting treatment shall be a light brush-off treatment
which will Jiroduce a dull gray appearance. However, neither treatment
should be severe enough to produce any break or discontin It ity in the
zinc su rf ace.
When specified on the plans galvanized high strength structural
bolts shall be f u rn ished and installed in con1'ormance with ASTM
A 32571A, in which a special lubricant is required for the ntits and
additional test requ irements are specified for a Still size assembled Joint.
IDI Instollofion
( ) Bolt Tension
Each fastener shall be tightened to provide, when all fasteners
in the joint are tight, at least the minimum bolt tension 9hown in
Table 2.10.20A for the size of fastener ueed.
Threaded bolts shall be tightened with properly calibrated
wrenches or by the turn-of-nut method. If required because of
bolt entering and wrench operation clearances, tightening by either
procedure may be done by turning the bolt while the nut is prevented from rotating. Impact wrenches, if used, shall be of adequate capacity and sufficiently supplied with air to perform the
required tightening of each bolt in approximately ten seconds.

(2)
Woshers
All fasteners shall have a hardened wa9her under the element

(nut or bolt head) turned in tightening.
BOLT TENSION
Minimum Bolt Tension ( 1)
Bolt Size, in inches
'I
8
in pounds
AASHO M 164
(ASTM A 325) Bolts

12,050
19,200
28,400
39,250
51,500
56,450
71,700
85,450
104,000
( 1) Equal to the p roof load ( length measurement method ) given in AASHO II i 64 ( ASTh1
A 326 ) .
Where an outer face or the bolted part9 has a slope o:I more
than 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis, a smooth
beveled waeher shall be used to compensate :for the lack of
parallelism.
(3I
Colibrofed Wrench Tightening
When calibrated wrenches are used to provide the bolt tension
specified in paragraph (D) 11) above, thir setting 9hall be such as
to induce a bolt tension 5 o to 10 o in excess of this value. These

wrenches shall be calibrated at least once each working day by
tightening, in a device capable of indicating actual bolt ten9ion, not
lS9 than three typical bolts of each diameter from the bolte to be
installed. Power wrenches shall be adjusted to stall or cut-out at
the selected tension. If manual torque wrenches are used the torque
indication corresponding to the calibrating tension ehall be noted
and used in the installation of all bolts of the tested lot. Nuts shall
be turned in the tightening direction when torque is measured.
When using calibrated wrenches to install several bolts in a single
joint, the wrench shall be returned to touch up bolts previou9ly
tightened which may have been loosened by the tightening of subsequent bolts, until all are tightened to the prescribed amount.
(d)
Tu rn-of-Nut Tig htenin g
When the turn-of-nut method is used to provide the bolt tension specified in paragraph ( D) 11) , there shall first be enough bolts
brought to a snug tight condition to insure that the parts of the
jo int are brought into full contact with each other. Snug tight is
defined as the tightness atttained by a few impacts of an impact
2.10.20
C ON ST RUC T I ON
wrench or the full effort of a man using an ordinary spu d wrench.

Following this initial operation, bolts shall be placed in any re
maining holes in the connection and brought to snug tightness. All
bolts in the joint shall then be tightened additionally by the appl icable amount of nut rotation specified in Table 2.10.20B with
tightening progressing systematically from the most rigid part of
the joint to its free edges. Lluring th is operation there shall be no
rotation of the part not turned by the wrench.
NUT ROTATIO N "' "' FROM SN UG TIGHT CO NDITION
Disposition of Outer Faces of Bolted Parts

Both faces normal to bolt axis, or one
face normal to axis and other face
sloped ( 3) (bevel washer not used)
Bolt length ( 4) not ex-
needing 8 diameters
or 8 inches
Bolt length (4 ) exceeding
8 diameters or 8 inches
Both faces sloped (3) from
normal to bolt axis (bevel

washers not used)
For all lengths of
bolts
( 2 ) Fo r coarse thread heavv hexagon struc tural bolte of all sizee and lengths an d heavy
hexagon sew i-fi n ished nute.
( 2 ) Nut rotation is rotation relative to bolt regardless of the element ( nut o r bolt ) being
turned. T'oJerance on rotation
) over an d nothing under.
( 3 ) Slope 1 :20 maximum.
( 4 ) Bolt length ie measured f rom undera ide of head to extreme end of bolt.
IS )
Lock-Pin o nd Collor Fosteners

The in9tallation of: lock-pin and collar fasteners shall be by
methods and procedures approved by the Eng ineer.
I EA
Inspection
( 1 ) The Engineer shall determine that the requirements of para

graphs (2) and (3) following, are met in the work. When the calibrated
wrench method of tighten ing is used, the Engineer shall have full opportun ity to witness the calibration tests prescribed in paragraph
D)
(3) , above.
(2) The Engineer shall observe the installation and tightening of
bolts to determine that the selected tightening procedure is properly
used and shall determine that all bolts are tightened.
(3) The following inspection shall be used unlese a more extensive
or different inspection procedure is specified.
(a) Either the Engineer or the Contractor in the presence of

the Engineer, at the Engineers option, shall use an inspection
wrench which may be either a torque wrench or a power wrench
that can be accurately adj usted in accordance with the requirements
of paragraph (D) (3) , above.
(b) Three bolts of the same grade, size, and condition as

those under inspection shall be placed individually in a calibration
device capable of indicating bolt tension. There shall be a washer
under the part turned in tightening each bolt.
(c) When the insp ectiri g wrench is a torque wrench, each bolt
specified in paragraph (E) (3) (b) shall be tightened in the calibration device by any convenient means to the minimum ten9ion
specified for its size in paragraph (D ( 1) . The /spec t/ep wrcnrh
then shall be applied to the tightened bolt and the torque necessary
to turn the nut or head 5 degrees ( approximately 1 inch at 12 inch
radi us) in tighten ing direction shall be determined. The average
torque measured in the tests of three bolts shall be taken as the
)oh ins p ecting torque to be used in the manner specified in paragraph (E) (3) (e) .
(d) When the itispecttnp creac/i ie a power wrench it shall
be adjusted so that it v'ill tighten each bolt specified in paragraph
(E) (3) (b) to a tension at least 5 but not more than 10 per cent
greater than the minimu in tension specified for its size in para
graph (D) (1 ) . This setting of wrench shall be taken as the Joh
inspec t/ep torqur to be used in the manner specified in paragraph
(E) (3) (e ) .
(e) Bolts, represented by the sample prescribed in paragraph

(E) (3) (b) , wh ich have been tightened in the structure shall be
inspected by applying, in the tightening direction, the /spcrtinp
wrench and its /ob irisp ectin9 for que Lo 10 percent of the bolts,
but not less than two bolts, selected at random in each connection.
If no nut or bolt head is turned by thi9 application of the yob
inspecting torque , the connection shall be accepted as properly
tightened. If any nut or bolt head is turned by the application of
the )o b inspect/np torque, this torque shall be applied to all bolts in
the connection, and all bolts whose nut or head is turned by th )ob
/napectnp torpuc shall be tightened and reinspected, or alternatively, the Fabricator or Erector, at his option, may retighten all of
the bolts in the connection and then resubmit the connection for the
specified inspection.
(4) The procedures for inspecting and testing the lock-pin and
collar I:asteners and their installation to assure that the required preload tension is provided shall be as approved by the Engineer.
2.10.21 RIVETING
Rivets shall be heated un iformly to a light cherry red color and shall
be driven while hot. Any rivet whose point is heated more than the remainder shall not be driven. When a rivet is ready for driving, it shall be
Length may be an y length representative of bolts used in the structure.
2.10.21
CONSTRUCTION
free from slag, scale and other adhering matter. Any rivet which, In the
opinion of the Engineer, is scaled excessively, will be rejected.
All rivets that are loose, burned, badly formed, or otherwise de:fective
shall be removed and replaced with sati9f actory rivets. Any rivet whose
head is defective in size or whose head is driven off center will be con
sidered defective and shall be removed. Stitch rivets that are loosened
by driving of adjacent rivets shall be removed and replaced w ith satisfactory rivets. Gaulk ing, recuppin g or double gunning of rivet head9 will not
be permitted.
Shop rivets shall be driven by direct-acting rivet machine9 when
practicable.
Approved beveled rivet sets shall be used for forming rivet heads on
sloping surfaces. \Vhen the use of a direct-acting rivet machine is not
practicable, pneu matic hammers of approved size shall be used. Pneumatic
bucking tools will be required when, in the opinion of the Engineer, the
size and length of the rivets warrant their use.
R1VClt9 may be driven cold provided their diameter is not over /g inch.
2.10.22 PLATE CUT EDGES

IAl Edge Ploning
Sheared edges of plate more than 'isinch in thickness and carrying
calculated stress shall be planed to :i depth of i-inch. Re-entrant
corners shall be billeted to a minimum radius of ii-inch before cutting.
IBJ
Visuol
Inspection
ond
Repoir of
Plote
Cut Edges
The follow in g prov is i ons shall apply to permissible repair-s to

d iscon tinu ities discox ered by visuil inspection of the plate-cut edges
before fabricIion, welding or during routine examination of welded
Joints by radiography oi- ultrasonic inspection in plates of all steels
covered by these Specificitions, in thicknesses up to and including
4 inches maximum. These principally include dis-continu ities res ulting
from gas pockets or blow holes and shrinkage cavities which are manifested as laminations or pipe characteri zed by ii distinct separation
Of the metal which is parallel to the plane of the plate. To a lesser
extent, these include d iscont in u ities resulting from entrapped slag or
i ef raclory, or deoxi dation products, which are manifested as deposits
of foreign material in the steel, but only in the case where these
deposits are parellel to the plane of the plate. Multiple discontinti itics
shall be consider ed cont in uous when located in the same plane within
five percent of the plate thickness and separated by a distance less than
the length of the smaller of two adjicent d iscontinu ities.
The corrective procedu red described in Table 2. 10.22 (B ) shall not
.ipply to d i scontin u ities in rolled plate surfaces, which d iscont in u ities
may be cor-rected by the f abi icator in accordance with the provisions
of AASH O M 1G0 (ASTM AO .
These prov isrons are not applicable to material stressed in tension
in lh o
if i met i rin .
The limits of all internal discontinu ities required to be explored,

which are not explored to their fu ll depth by other means, shall be
determined by u l trason ie inspection.
Plates containing discontinuities of the types shown in Figure
2.10.22B and as described in the following Table 2.10.22 (BI may be
corrected by measures listed hereunder.
The length of the discontin uity is the visible long dimension on
thP platecut edge and the depth is the distance that the discontinuity
extends into the plate from the cut edge.
In making any repairs, the amount of metal removed shall be the

minimu in necessary to remove the discontinuity or to determine that
the permiss ible limit is not exceeded. Plate edges may be at any angle
with respect to the rolling direction, but the directions of discontinui
ties shall be considered with respect to the directions of the plate edges.
All repairs of the discontinuities made by welding shall conform to
applicable provis ion s of AWS D1.1-72 as modified by these specifica
tions.
Edges of plates shall be inspected and requ ired i-epairs completed
as early as feasible in the fabrication sequence so as to allow maximum
opportunity for the f abricator to incorpoi-ate repaired plates in the
least critical areas.
TABLE -.10.22 (B)

Desciiption of Discontinuity
Any discontinuity 1 in length or less
Any d iscontinu ity over 1 in length
Repair Required
None-need not be explored

None-depth should be ex
and , maximum depth.
plored.
Any di scontinuity over 1 in length
Remove-need not weld.
with depth over' ) but not greater
than ,'.
Any discontinuity over 1 in length
\vith depth over j but not greater
than 1.
Completely remove and weld.
Aggregate length of welding
not over 20'/r of plate edge

length being repaired.
Any discontinuity over 1 in length

with depth greater than 1.
Applicable
provisions,
as
:found in F OO1' NO T E 5 be-
FO OT NO TE S FO R F' ICi. 2. 10.2 2 D

( 1 ) \Vh Ie such a d is Pentium ty, as ( A ) , ( B ) , oi- ( C ) , is leterm in eel v isu:it I y pr in r to completi rig the Jot nt, the st zc an it sh ape of: the d isconti nutty shall be determ i ned by ult rason ie i n sp cction. Th e area of th e cms cc ntinuity s hall be determ i n en as the area of total I oss of back refl cc tie n
when tested in :iccordnn cc with th o j roce1ures of A STM A435.
2.10.22
C O N S'I'RU C TION
F i gu rg
2.IO. 2 2 B
( 2 ) For a cccpta nc o of Tvpe ( A ) , ( B ) , an d ( D ) Ii scont i nu it res th c aiea of the clisco n ti nutty

( or the agg reate area of in ultip Ie discontinuities ) shall not exceel 4 /o of p late area ( lonBth
wiclth ) excoit th at if the width of the it is conti nu ity, o r the appregate w ilth of discon tinu ities
on any transv'erse section, as measured n orpen d icul ar to the plate length, exceeds 20 "/o of the
apte w php, p h
b
ce
a'notc
$
isccnti
ob p tte width ,'area ofd n ontihuit
3.6 9 of plate area. ) The disconti nu ity on the cut ed ge of the plate shall be goupe1 out to a
ilepth o:I 1 beyond i ts intersection of the surf:ice by ch trip my, at r carbon-a re gougi ng or grind my
and blocked off by wcIIing: with the manual shieIde1 metal-:irc p recess i n layers not to excoel /s
in th i ckness.
( 3 ) If a d isccnti nu its, ( D ) , not ex ceed in;;: the a Hew able area in ( 2 ) , is d is cow ro1 afte r the
joint has been completest an d is determ tried to be 1 o r more away f rom the face of the weI d as
measured on the rIate surf ace, no repair o:I the chsccrift nu ity is requ ired. If th e cliscon ti nu itr
( D ) , is less than 1 :iway Irom th c face of the wcI d, it shall be gouged on I to p IisIan cc of 1
Irom the fusion zone of the weId by chipp ing, air carbo n-are gouging or q rin cling an I blocked off
by welding with the manual shielded metal-arc jrocess for at least 4 layers not to exceed js
th redness per I:iyer. The subme rg cd arc or othe r process may be used for the rem a i n in layo re.
(4] If the ares of the discontinuity (A), (D), or (D) cxcccds the sflowablc in (2), (he
nJatc or sub comp orient shall be rejected an1 repIaced, or repai red at the cI isc retion of the
Engineer.
( 6 ) The as:g rei:ia te lenvth ct well rcp air shall not exceed 20 /o ct the len h o:I th c il ate cut
cd ge without apn roval of the EnJr neer.
( ) All rep at re shal I be i n uccord ance with AASHO 2. 10.28 . Gouging of th o iliscon finn it '
may be done from e ither plate surface or edge.
( 7 ) For th sccnIi nu ities o:I Tvnc ( C) , if the actual net cross section:it a rem which wont it
remain after removal of the d i see nti nuity would be 98 9 or gro:itcr, of the net area of the iilate
based on nom in at dimensions, it shall be un necessary to re nai r by weld ing. Such cor rccti ons shall
be haired to the plate-cut surface with a slope not ex needing 1 in 10.
( 8 ) Per cl is con t inut ti es of Top e ( C ) , if the actual net c ross section at a rea wh ich wouIl
remain after removal of the d isconti nuitJ- ivoulil be less th an 9 8', of the net area of the nI:itc
base1 on nominal dimcns ions, the :irea may be ren a i red by wel1in g with the aq i rovnl of the
Engineer.
(9) FOF distOntinuiies of Tyres (A) und (B). nH repsir we!ds iu A6l4/ASl7 stee] shaN be
macle with I ovv h yd rojen elect rodes not ex ceed irig jj in liamete r. All reia i r weI ds in A 5 1 4 /
A 5 17 steel shall be i nspected n ct less than 4 8 hours a:I ter' they :ire com p leted an d the butt wcI d
shaIl not be in:i1o u ntil at te r the repai r weld has been ajprovel bv the Eng i n eer.
( 10 ) For drecent inu ities o:I type ( C ) , in A514/A5 17 steel , no weld in8 renairs shall be
rerm itted.
2.10.23 WELDS
I Al
Generol
Weldi rig of steel sti tictures, when ah thorized in accordance with

Ihe Ji ovi sion of Division I, shall conform to Speci fixations for Welded
IIihvay and Railway fridges of the Amei ican Welding Society AWIS
D1.172, when using structural steel of AA SHO M183 IASTM A36) ,
high sti en gth low :illoy stru ctu rat steel of AASHO M161 I ASTM A242)
of a weldable quality, AASHO M188 (ASTM A441) , AASHO M223
I AST I\I A 572 with Supplement:try Requ irement 52 of AASHO M223

mandatory ) Gi ades 42, 45 and 50 and AASHO M222 (ASTM A 588
with Supplementary Requ ii ement SI of AASHO M222 mand:itory)
ii nless these I AASHO) Specifications conflict with the AWS Specifications, in wh ich case these (AASHO) Specific:it ions will govern. Weld
ing procedures shall be qii alified in accordance with Art. 9. 2.? of D1.172
except .is othei-wise provided in this Aiticle. Refei ence to A 514 steel
in AWS D1.1-72 shall be applicable to A 517 steel.
Weld ing pi ocedu re s for AST3I AS 14/A 517 steel shall be submitted
for appi-oval and the proced ures qualified prior to the start of production weld ing.
No lempoi-ary or permanent welds, if not shown on the plans or
permitte1 in the Specifications, shall be made without specific written
an thoi-izition by the Engi neer.
I BJ
Filler
Metol
All electrodes for manu:it shielded met:it-arc weldlng shall conform to the lowhydrogen classification i equ moments of the latest edition of the American Welding Societys Fi fler I\fetal Specification AWS
AS.1 or AWS AS.5 and be capable of producing weld metal having an

impact strength of at least 20 f t-lls ( Gharpy V-Notch) at 0 F. All bare
electrodes and flux used in combination for submerged arc welding,
the electrode and g:is shielding used in combination for gas metal-at-c
welding, or the electrode and shielding medium used in combination for
flux cored-arc welding of steels shall conform to the requirements in
the latest edition of the American Welding Society AWlS AS.17, AS.18
or AS.20 capable of producing weld metal having a minimum impact
strength of 20 it-lbs (Gharpy V-b'otch at 0 F, or shall be capable of
prodiicin g low alloy weld metal having the mechanical properties listed
in paragraphs 4.12 and 4. 16 of AWS DI. 1-72.
Low alloy weld proper ties shall be determined from a multiple pass
weld mide in accordance v ith the requi cements of thc latest edition of
the applicable Specification (AWS AT. 1'7, AT.18, or AS.20) or the
welding procedure specification. Each user shall demonstrate that each
combination of electrode and fltix or electrode and shielding medium
will produce weld metal having the above mech an ical properties until
the appl icable AWS Filler Metal Spec ification is issued ; at that time
the AWS Filler Metal Specification will control. The test assembly f oi
Grades F100 and F110 shall be made using ASTM AS 14/_4517 steel.
The Engineer may accept evidence of i ecord of a combination that has
2.10.23
C O N STRU CT I ON
been satisfactorily tested in lieti of the test requ ired provided the same
welding procedu re is used.
Electrodes eonfo rming to AWS AS. 1 shall be purchased in heilTlCliCal ly sealed containers or shall be d i-ied :for at least two hours between 450 and 500 F bef oi o they are used. El ectrodes cont ormi ng to
AWS AS. 5 shall be pu i-chsed in hermetically sealed containers or shall
be di ied one hou r 15 minutes at a temperatu re of 800 F' 25 F before

being used. All e1eetrodes for It se in welding A 514 / A 517 steel having a
strength lower than that of the E 100 clssi fixation shall be dried :f or
1 hour 15 minutes at a temperalu re of 800 F 25
before
being
freed. E leCti-odes shall be died prior to tise if the hermetical ly sealed

conta iner shov's evidence of damage. Immediately after remos'al :f rom
h ermet ical ly sealed conta inei-s or from di-ying ovens, electi-o des shall be
stoi ed in ovens held at a temperatu re o:I at least 250 F. E70XX electrodes that arc not used within :fou i- hours, E 80XX within two hours,
E 90XX wi thin one hour, and E 100XX and E 110X within onehalf hour
:ifter i-emoval from hermelically sealed containers or removal from a
cloying or storage oven shall be
redried before
ii se. E lectrodes
which
have been wet shill not be used. Electi-odes shall be redried no more
than one time.
Flux used f or submerged arc welding shall be non-hygroscopic, dry
and free of contamination ft ore dirt, mill scale, or other foreign material. All flux shall be pu rchased in moisture-proof packages capable o:I
beinp stored under normal cond iti ons for at least six months without
such storage affect in g its v\ eld ing ch aracter istics or vv eld properties.
Fltix from packages damaged in transit or handling shall be discarded
or shall be diied before use at a mi manure temperature of 250 F :f oi
one hour. Flux shall be placed in the d i spens ing system immediately
u pon opening a package. ID flux is used from an open package or an
open hopper that has been inoper ative for :four hours or more, the top
one inch shall be discarded. Fltix that has been wet shall not be used.
Flux fused in weld irig shall not be reused.
( 1) E lectrodes, and flux electrodes combinations.
/\ /\ 5H O Design:it ion ( AS"PM

Dos ign:then )
Wclting Pt ocess ( 2 ) ( 3 ) (4)

Shic1del Metal- A r c
Subme rge1 Arc
Gas Metal -A re
AWS A6. 18
E70 S -ID , 2,3, G
FI ux Coro1 Arc
A .
AWS A 5. 1 or A 5.ii
E7 0 IG , 18 or 2 8
AWS A6 . 17
I'G 1 , 1C2, FG3
o r F64-EXXX
or E70U-1
WS AS. 1 or AS.5
E701fi, 18 or 28
AWS AS. 17
F71, F72, F73
or I? 4-E X X X
AWS A6. 18
705-113, 2,3, G
or E70U-1
AWS 5.20
E70T- 1. 5 o i Ii
AWS A 6 . 5
E 11018-M
Grade F110
Grade E110 S
Ct ade E110T
(1) In iolnts involving bssc ruetn]s o[ di de:ent yicli points ur struth, nHcr mts]
0.05 percent vznudium.
(2) Electrodes and Fluxelecti-ode combinations for unpainted applications. For exposed bare u npainted applications of
A 588 steel requ iring depos iled weld metal with atmospheric corrosion resistance and coloring characteristics similar to that of
the base metal, the filler metal shall conform to the requirements
listed in T:ible 4. 14 of AWS D1. 172.
In multiplepass welds, the underlyin g layers may be deposited

with one of the filler metals specified in the table for 2.10.23 ( R ) ( 1)
prov ided the last three layers for shielded metal-arc, gas metal-arc,
or fluxcored arc welding or the last two layers for submerged-arc
w.eld ing are depos ited with one of the filler metals specified in the
above table.
This procedure may also be used where the weld is made from
one side on a backing strip which will be removed, providing the
same number of layers are deposited against the backing strip
with a filler metal specified in the I:ible above.
After removing run-off tabs, the exposed weld metal of the

underlying layei s shall be removeil by gouging to a minimum
depth o1 -inch from the edge of the base material and replaced
by welding with one of the filler metals specified in the table above.
The weld shall be ground flush with the edge of the material.
Preheot ond lnterposs Temperofure
With the exclusion of E lectroslag and E lectrogas welding, preheat

and interpass temperatures shall be as follows :
C ON 5TRUC T I ON
I\I INI MUM PREHEAT
AND
INTEn
A sS TEMPERATURE '
\Velding Process
Shielded Metal-Arc Welding
Thickness of
Thickest Point
at Point of
Welding-Inches
with Low Hydrogen Electrodes ;

Submerged Arc Welding with
Submerged A re
Arc Welding
Flux
Carbon or Alloy sien wire.

Neutia1 Flux ; Gas Metal-Aic
Welding; or Flux Cored
AASHO M188
(ASTM A36) ;
AASHO M161
(AS'TM A242) ,
AASHO M188
(ASTM A441) ;
AASHO M22? ;
AASHO M222
ASTM
A614/517
welding with
Carbon Steel
Wire, Alloy
ASTM
A514/517
Welding shal I not be lone w hen the ambient temJerature is lower th:in 0 F. When th o bile
in otal is below the temio ritu re I is ted to r th c vv-eIcl in j J re cess bet nq us el :in I the th icIn ess of
in:rtcrial being wet ded , it sh all b c p r cheated ( excent as othe rivi se n roviIecl ) i n nich man ne r that
the en rface of th o ;a rts on vvh i ch vwI d metal is be i n I ep os itc'1 are at o r alirv'e the sp eei fioI
in in imum rem j oratu re Ior :i ilista n ce eg ua1 to th c th i ck n ess of the ja rt be i up wcI Ie1, 6 ut not
less th an 3 i n ches , both latera JIy an I i n cdv an ce of the weld i up. P reh eat an cl i ntcin:i.ss temi o natures run st be sufli ci ent to p revent crack to rmation . Temper:itu re abov e th c in in inn u in s hxv n
may be requi ro1 Kor h ighly res tra i ne it welds. For- Ali 14/A5l7 steel the mlx imum p rohopt :tnI
inter;ass tom jeraf ure shall n ct exceed 4 0 0 F to i' th i ck ne s see u i to UJ in. i net us iv o, a n I 4 6 0 fi
for reate r th i ck n es see. Heat in put whe n wet d mg ASI 4/A 51'? steel s hal I not ex :oc1 II: o steel
p roluce rs r-ccomm e n cI a tie n . T he use of str i rigor beads to avoi1 eve rh calm v is r ego mm en Jel.
Wei d ink s hall be c:irricI ccnt i n unit sI y to com pleti on or to :i io in I th:it w ill i n s u re I reeI inn I rom
crack my before the j o int is allowed to cool below th c in in inn nan sj ocified reheat :incI i n te r;:iss
tern p e ratu re.
ID I Quolificotion of Welders, Welding Operofors ond Tockers

All welders, welding operators and tankers shall be qual ified in
accordance with the requ irements of AWS D1.172. If a fab mating
shop prejualifies its welders, welding operators and backers according
to the standard q It al ification proced u re of the American Welding Society and certifies to the Engineer that the welder, welding operator or
tacker has been preqtialified within twelve months pi-ev ious to the
beginning of work on the subject structu re, the Engineer may consider him qual ified. The certificate shall state that the welder, weld ing
operator or tacker has been doing satisfactory welding of the reqti ired
type within the three month period previou s to the subject work. A ceitification shall be submitted f oi- each v elder, weld in g operator or
tacker, anrl for each project, stating the name of the welder, welding
operator or tacker, the name and title of the person who conducted
the examination, the kind of specimens, the position of welds, the
resu Its of the tests and the date of the examination. Such a certification of prequalification may also be accepted as proof that a welder,
welding operator and tacker on held welding is qtial ified, iI the con
tractor who submits it is properly staff e1 and equipped to conduct such
an examination or if the examining and testing is done by a recognized
agency which is staffed and PQi11() ed f oi such purpose.
In addition, evidence must be presented, sati sf actory to the Engineer, that each welder, welding operator and tacker has hatl at least
three months satisfactory exper ience welding A 514 / AS 17 steel. In
lieu of such expei ience, each welder, welding operator and tacker shall
be instructed in welding AS 14/A517 steel. The instruction course shall
meet the approval of the Engineer as adequ:ite to result in a working
knowledge of the procedures for v'elding AS 14/ AS 17 steel.
IEJ
Procedure
Quolif!cotion
Procedu re qiial ification of groove welds shall be in accordance with

AWS D1.1-72, except for the f ollowin g modifications for groove welds in
AS 14/A 517 steel :
(1) A procedure qualification is required :
(a) with a plate thickness equal to the thickest material to be
welded on the structure.
whenever there is an increase in plate thickness or whenever there is a decrease in plate thickness of I-inch or
more. Thickness is a procedure variable.
whenever the number and location of passes is changed,
except a pi oportional reduction in the number of passes is
permissible without requalificti on whenever the thick
ness reduction is less than linch and the heat input toes
not exceed the manufacturers recommendati on for the
heat input of the thickness of material being weldecl.
(d) whenever the heat input is changed by more than 10 "
whenever the arc v oltage is chang'od by more thiin 7 c
whenever the speed of travel is changed by more than
10 o
whenever the interpass temperature is changed by more
than 25 F.
(2 ) Reporting of the procedure qualification shall include specific
values for all variables listed in (1) above and for those in
cluded in the AWS D1. 1-72 procedure qualification.
P roced u re qual ification of fillet welds shall be in accordance with
AWS DI.1-72 and in addition for fillet welding of A 514 / A517 sleet
ovei Iinch in th ickness with weld metal having minimum specified
21023
GON STRUCT I ON
tensile strength of over 90,000 ps i, the q u ml i fixation test of T-.join ts shall

be in ccoidance with Figure 2. 10.23A.
All qual ideation tests of groove woId,s shall be r:idioi-aphically

tested for son ndness. Red i oyi-aph ie testing shall apply only to the
portion of the wold between the d t ee.ii d sti ips as ind icated in the
applicable figu res of section 5 of AWS DI.1-72, except thtt i min imum
of Iinches of effective wold length shall be tested.
I FI
Inspection of Welds
( I )
Cenero I
Inspection of welds in ill steel other than AS 14/A 517 may

begin immed i atoly after they are completed. \Velds in A 514/A517
steel shall be inspected not less than 48 hours after they ai e
completed.
(2)
R odiogr o p h ic Testing
All tension splices ind all splices subject to reversal

of stress, except that on girder and beam webs, only
'?, of the web depth, bey in n i ng at the point or points
of maxi mum tension, and 25 percent of the remainder
of the web depth need b radioE*tQhed.
25 'c of each compress i on and shear splice, except thit

for splices in bu ilt-up membei-s requ ii-ing less than
four feet of groove weld in compi-ess ion, only one
,Joint, con nesting the thickest components in each
splice, need be rad iographed. Maximum spacing of
the ridiographs shall be four times the length of the
rad iogrphs. Altei natively, 25 c of the compression
and sheii splices selected by the Engineei-, shall be
radiographed. When and if It nacceptable defects we
found in more than 10 of the radiogi aphs of the
compress i on and sheir splices o:I a member, all com
pression and shear splices of that and succeed ing
members shall be i-a d i opraphed until the acc u mulated
reJ ection level :falls to 10 'c or less, at which time the
rad iograph i ng shall reveit to the US < level specified
above.
PROCEDURE QUALFICATION
FILLET WELDED TEE JOINT TEST
FDR A 5I47A5I7 STEEL IN FLANSES OVER I THICK AND WITH MINIMUM
SPECIFIED TENSILE STREWTH OF DEPOSITED \ ELD METAL OVER 9 O,OOo psi.

NI ANUAL, AUTO M ATIC AND SEI\4IAUTONI ATIC
FILLET HELD KEYHOLE W" AND TEST
inch
7 pe rlq Skelton -Flge

Ty 0+sign 9+ctli-wb
NOTES
LOW AT UTC RN 0IAT 9TA0 E OP
TEST ILEIJSTRATINO NANNER OF BEFO
FI GUR E 2. IO. 3 A
2.10.23
CON STRUCTION
(c) Should a rdiograph indicate rejectable defects, the :ireas
on each side of the defect shall be radiographed to determine the extent of the defective work.
(d) Detective welds shall be rac1iogr:iphed after repair.
( e) The inspector shall view the making of the radiographs,
examine and interpret the radiographs rind the techni
cians i-eports, approve satisfactory welds, disapprove or
re.ject u nsatisf actory welds, approve sati sf actory methods
proposed my the contractor for i epaii ing di sapproved
welds and inspect the preparat ion and reweld ing of disappi oved welds. The in spector shall recoi d the location
and findings of all radiographic inspections, together with
descriptions of any repairs made.
of any repairs made.
( 3 ) /\/\ci (j rief ic Per rt ie I e Tesf i n(j
(a 4 For- A 514 / A 517 steel, fillet welds and all other welds ex
cept the butt welds radi ographed in accordance with sub-
paragraph
2) above, shall be 100 %c magnetic particle
tested. Defective welds shall be retested after repair.
(b) The inspector shall view the making of the magnetic
particle inspections, examine and interpret the magnetic
particle p:itterns, approve satisfactory welds, disapprove
or reject tinsatisf actoi y welds, approve satisfactory methods pi oposed by the Contractor for repairing disapproved
welds, and inspect the preparation and rexveld i rig of disappi-oved welds. The inspector shall recoi-d the locations
of inspected areas and defects found by magnetic particle
inspection, together with a description of any repairs
made.
l Gl Stud Sheor Connectors

(1) ) Stud shear connecto rs shall be of a design suitable for
electric end welding and shall be end welded to steel beams, girders
or plates with au tomatically timed stud welding eQu ipment connected
to a su i t- able power source. The type, size of diameter, and length of
stud shall be as specified by the plans, specifications or special
provisions.
(See Figui e 2. 10.23B for allowable tolerances or
dimensions) . A maximum variation of one inch ft-ore the location
shown will be accepted provided the adjacent studs are not closer than
2z inches center to center, and clearances specified in Article 1.7.98
are maintained. Adequate provision shall be made in the fabrication
of structu ral members to compensate for loss of camber due to welding
of the shear connectors.
(2) ID two or more stud welding guns are to be operated from the
same power source, they shall be inte rlocked so that only one gu n can
operate at a time and so that the power source has fully recovered from
making one weld before another weld is started. The power source 9hall
be adequate for the size of stud being wet ded.
(3) Stu ds shall not be painted or galvan ized. The studs shall be
free from excessive rust, scale, rust pits and oil at the time of welding
as determined by the Engineer. The beam surface to which the studs are
welded shall be free from excessive mill scale, rust, d irt, paint, grease
or any other material wh ich might impair the quality of the weld. When
necessary to obtain satisfactory welds, the areas on the beam, girder
or plate to which the studs are to be welded shal I be wire-brushed,
peened, prick-punched or ground free of scale or ruet.
(4 ) Welding shill not be done when the ambient temperature is
below 0F, or when the surface is wet or exposed to rain or snow.
15 ) When the tempcratu re of the base metal is below 0F, preheating will be required in accordance wi th AWS Spec ification9 and two
studs in each 100 studs welded shall lie bent 45 in addition to the first
two bent as specified in paragraph IG ( 13) . Preheating must be to
70F and temperature of the preheated base metal shall be maintained
between 32F and 70F d uring the weld in g operation.
(6) While in operation the welding gun shall be held in position
without movement until the weld metal has sol idified.
(7) An arc sh ield Iferru Ie) of heat-resistant ceramic or other
material shall be furnished with each stud. The material shall not be
detrimental to the welds or cause excessive slag and shall have sufficient
strength so as not to crumble or break due to thermal or structural
shock before the weld is completed.
Ferrules furnished with shop welded studs shall be removed in the
shop prior to delivery, and ferrules furnished with field welded studs
shall be removed be:fore placing concrete slabs.
(8) Flux for welding shall be :f urnished with each stud, either
attached to the end of the stud or combined with the arc shield for
automatic application in the welding operation.
(9) Only qualified studs shall be used. A stud to be qualified shall
have passed the tests prescribed in Paragraph (12) of this article. The
arc shield used in production shall be the same as used in the qualification tests. Qualification of the studs, prior to use under the contract,
shall be at the expense of the manufacturer.
( 10) The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer :for approval, before installation, information on the studs to be furnished as follows :
(a) The name of the manufacturer.
(b) A detailed description of the stud and arc shield.
(c) A certification from the manufacturer that the stud is
qualified as specified in paragraph (12) .
(d) A notarized copy o:I the qu ali fication test report ae certified by the testing laboratory.
( 11 ) The studs, after welding, shall be free :from any defect or
substance which would interfere with their :function as shear connectors.
( 12) Stud Weldabil ity Qualification Procedure
(at Purpose
The purpose o:I this procedure is to prescribe weldabil ity
tests that will qualify a shear connector stud for welding under
shop or field cond it ions. The tests may be performed by a
university, independent laboratory or other testing agency
2. 10.2?
C O N STRIJ CTI ON
satisfactory to the Engineer. The agency performing the

tests shall submit to the manufacturer 0f the stud a certified
report giving procedures and results for all tests including

the information listed under subparagraph (h) .
(b) Duration of )ualification
A type and size of etud with arc shield, once qualified, is
considered qual ified until the manufacturer makes any change
in the base of the stud, the flux or the arc shield which affects
the welding characteristics.
(c) Preparation of Specimens
(1) Test specimens shall be prepared by welding representative studs to the center of square specimen plates, i to
i inch thick, of structural 9tll, AASHO M183 (ASTM A 36) .
At the option o:I the manufacturer studs may be welded to a

large plate and the specimen plates cut to a size suitable for
test equipment used.
(2) Studs shall be welded with power source, welding gun
and control equipment as recommended by the manufacturer.
Welding voltage, current and time (see subparagraph (d) )

shall be measured by suitable instrumentation and recorded for
e:ich specimen. Lift and plunge shall be at the optimum setting
as recommended by the manti facturer.
(ii) Nu mber of Test Spec i mans
( 1 ) Th irty (30) test speci mens shall be welded consecutively wi th optimum time held constant, b ut current 10 %
above optimum. Optimum current and time shall be the midpoint of the range normally recommended by the man ufacturer
for production welding.
(2) Th irty (30 ) test specimens shall be welded consecutively with time held constant at optim um but with current
10 below optimum.
( e ) Qua I ific ation Tests
( 1) Tpns ilc testsTen 110) of the spec imens welded
in accord an ce with su bparagraph (d ( 1) and ten (10) o:I the

specimens wcld=qd in accordance v'ith subparagraph (d) (2)
shall be subj ectcd to a tensile test in a fixture similar to that
shown in Figu re 2.10.23C. A stu d shall be consider-ed as
q ualified for tensile tests if a!l test specimens have a minimum
tensile strength of 60,000 psi.
(2) Bend testsTwenty (20 ) of the speciir:ene welded
in accord a nce with subparagra(ih (d) (1) and twenty (20)
spec imens welded in accordance with subparagraph (d) (2)
shall be placed in a bend testing device shown in Figure
2. 10.23D and bent alternately 30 degrees in opposite directions
u ntil failure occurs. A stud shall be considered qualified for
bend tests, if, on all test specimens, fracture occurs in the
stud or in the plate, but not in the weld.
II) Relests
If a failure occurs in any of the tensile or bend test
H IGHW AY B RID GE S
groups, that group may be retcsted. If failure repeats, the stud

shall fail to qualify.
(g) C)ualification
For a manufacturers studs and arc shields to be qualified, each group of thirty (30) studs shall, by test9 or retest,
meet the requirements prescribed in subparagraph (e) ( 1)
and k eJ (2) .
(h) Report of Tests
The laboratory report shall include the following :
( 1) Drawings which
show shapes and d i men stone
with tolerances of studs, arc shields and flux.
(2) A complete description of materials used in the

studs and arc 9hields, inclui(ing the quantity and analysis
of the flux.
STUD SHEAR
CONNECTOR
DIMENSIONS AND
TOLERANCES
STANDARD DIMENSIONS INCHES
64
M in.
FIGURE 2. I0. 23B

( 1 ) 4 Length is standard. Other len8the msy be obtained by Special order.
( 2 ) Finished studs shall be of un iform quality and condition, Iree Irom injurious tape, fins,
seams, creeks. twists, bends. or other injurious defects. Finish shall be as p reduced by cold
draw'ing, cold roll ing, or machining. Heads of shear connector or anchor atuds are subiect to
cracks or burste, which are names for the same thing. Cracks and bursts designate an abrupt
i nterruption of the periphe ry of the head of the stud by radisl separation o:I the metal. Such
i n terrm ption s do not adversely affect the structur aI strength , corrosion rests tan ce or other function at requirements o:I shear connector or anchor studs. A stud with crack a or burats deeier
than one-half the distance from the periphery of the head of the shank may be cause for rejection.
2.10.23
CONSTRUCTION
TEN SILE TEST

FI X TURE
FI CURE
2. IO. 23C
BEND TEST FIX TURE AND FAILURES
FIGURE 2. I0. 23D
(3) A certification that the studs and arc shields

described in the report are qualified in accordance with
paragraph (12) (g) of thie article.
(13) The first two studs v'elded on each beam or girder, after
being allowed to cool, shall be bent 45 O by striking the stud with a
hammer. I:I failure occurs in the weld of either stud, the procedure
shall be corrected and two successive studs successfully welded and
tested before any more studs are welded to the beam or girder. The
Engineer shall be promptly informed of any changes in the welding procedure at any time during construction.
( 14) Studs on which a full 360 O weld is not obtained may, at the
option of the contractor, be repaired by adding a i'a fillet weld in place
of the lack o:I weld, usinp the shielded metal-arc process with lowhydrogen welding electrodes.
(15) ID the reduction in the height of studs as they are welded
becomes less than normal, welding shall be stopped immediately and

not resumed until the cause has been corrected.
( 16) Be:fore welding a new stud where a defective one has been
removed, the area shall be ground smooth and flush, or in the case of a
pullout of metal, the pocket shall be filled with weld metal using the
shielded metal-arc process with low-hydrogen welding electrodes and
then ground flush. In compression areas of flanges, a new stud may be
welded adjacent to the defective area in lieu of repair and replacement
on existing weld area. (See paragraph (G) ( 1) of this article.)
(17) Inspection Requirements
a \ After the studs have been welded to the beams a visual
in spPction shall be made and each sttid shall be given a light blow
with a hammer. Any tu d which does not have a complete end weld,
any stu d which does not emit a ringing sound when given a light
blow with a hammer, :iny stud that has been repaired by welding
or any stud which has less than normal reduction in height due to
weld in g, shall be struck with a hammei and bent 15 from the
correCt axis of instaJliti on, and in the case of a defective or repaired weld the stud shall be bent 15 in the direction that will
place that defective portion of the weld in the greatest tension.
Stu ds that crack either in the weld or in the shank shall be replaced.
Stud s which are to be replaced for the above reasons or be
cau se they have been otherwise rendered unacceptable may be
manually welded with a f u 11 360 'i fillet weld for ' studs and
with a Ali II 360 , fillet weld for'?s and 1 stu de as specified
ii nder G 114 / and G 16) above.
(b) The Engineer, at his option, may select additional studs
to be subjected to the bend test specified above.
(c) The studs tested that show no sign of I:ailure shall be left
in the bent position.
(d) If during the progiess of the work, inspection and testing indicate in the judgment of the Engineer that the shear connectors being obtained are not satisfactory, the Contractor will be
2.1 0.23
GONSTRUOTION
required at his expense to make such changes in welding procedure,
welding equ ipment and type of shear connector as necessary .to
secure satisfactory results.
( e) At the option of the Engineer, the Contractor may be

requi red at any time to submit studs o:I the types used under the
contract for check qual ification by the Engineer in accordance with
the procedures of 2.10.23G. In the event such studs are required

for checking their qual ification, payment will be made to the
contractor for the studs so furnished.
2.10.24 OXYGEN CUTTING
Mill wale and extraneous matei ial shal l be removed from the torch
side of AS 14/A517 steel plates along' the lines to be flame cut, when
necessai y to obv itte exe cs swe notched.
All oxygen cutti m shall be in accord an ce with AWS II 1.172, except
thit occas ional notches or gouges in edges of A514 /A517 steel shall not be
repai red by wet d mg except under the lol lowing conditions :
n 1 Cutting defects not more than "i i: inch deep in plate edges
ivh ich will form the Eaces of a groove weld Joint and wh ich w ill
su bseq uentl y be comp letely fused with the weld may be repaired by
welding. Nonmetall ie sti in gers or pipes opening to these edges shall
be removed to a depth of ' inch below the surface by grinding or
ch ipping and the gouge rep i red by weld in g. Laminati on s opening
to these edges shall be i cmoved to a depth of '_ inch below the
st rf ace by grinding and chippiing and the gouge repai red by weld i up.
(b C utti n g defects not more than "i: inch deep in plate edges
vvh ich \v iil form a fillet-w eld ed cornei- .joint shall be i epai red by weldin g only on the pai 1 of the edge ivh ich will become the baying
s ii i-face for the j oint rind the Fusion zone of the fillet weld. The part
of the defect outside the toe of the completed fillet weld shall be
removed by machining or grind in g, and faired with the su rface of
the cut on a bevel of 1 to G or less.
Oxygen en t ed gPs of AASHO M 187 ASTM A 440) steel '\ inch or

gi eater in th ickness ' shall be removed to a depth of at least /s inch by
* /\AS HO M lti I ( A STM A2 42 ) steel not at n rovet :f o r wel1ccI constru ction requ i res th is
Ireatm enI of cx ypen cut elpes in all thick rics ses an1 w ith bend tests, as ap il i cable , con Ierm my
to \A SHO I\I IC 1 ( A 5TM A2 42 ) for the th i ck ness tf material un dc r cons i de ration.
machi n ing or grindi ng except that machine flame cut edges may be used
without such removal if the edges are softened after cutting : I a) by
heating the cut edge un iformly and progress ively to a i-ed heat, visible in
ord in:try shop light ( 1,150 to 1,250 F) to a depth of at least ?i inch ; or
I b) by means of a post heating torch attached to and followin g the cutting torch with the tips, gas pressure, speed of travel, and the distance of
the post heating torch from the kerf i-egulated to the thickness of the
steel. Bend test speci menu US inches wide and of the full thickness of the
material or with th ickness reduced to '?i inch in accordance with Para
graph 6.?. 5 of ASTM A6 and having edges flame cut and flame softened
in accordance with this Article shall meet the bend test requirements
specified in AASHO M 187 I ASTM A440) for the thickness of material

under consider at ion.
Oxygen cut su i faces of members carrying calculated stress shall have
their corner-s rounded to ii, inch rad iris by grinding after cutting.
2.10.25 FACING OF BEARING SURFACES

The surface finish of bearing and base plates and other bearing
surfaces that are to come in contact with each other or with concrete shall
meet the AN SI surface roughness i equ irements as defined in ANSI
B46.1 , Su rf ace Roughness, Waviness and Lay, Part I :
Steel slabs
He:ivy plates in contact in shoes to be welded .
I\I illed ends of compression members, milled or ground
ends o( stiffeners and fillers
Bridge rollers and rockers .
Pins and ping holes

Sliding bearings
ANSI
ANSI
2,000
1,000
ANSI
500
ANSI
ANSI
ANSI
250
125
15
2.10.26 ABUTTING JOINTS

Abutting joints in compression members and girder flanges, and in
tension members where so specified on the drawings, shall be faced and
brought to an even bearing. Where joints are not faced, the opening shall
not exceed Vi inch.
2.10.27 END CONNECTION ANGLES

Floorbeams, stringers and girde rs having end connection angles shall
be bu ilt to exact length shown on the plans measured between the heels of
the connection angles, with a perm issible tolerance of plus 0 inch to minus
is inch. Where conti nu ity is to be requ ired, end connections shall be faced.
The th ickness of the connection angles shall not be less than /b inch, nor
less than that shown on the detail drawings, after facing.
2.10.28
CONSTRUCTION
2.I 0.28 LACING BARS

The ends of lacing bars shall be neatly rounded unless another form
is required.
2.10.29 FINISHED MEMBERS

Finished members shall be true to I me and free from twists, bends and
open joints.
2.10.30 WEB PLATES

In girders having no cover plates and not to be encased in concrete,
the top edge of the web plate shall not extend above the backs of the
flange angles and shall not be more than 'be inch below at any point. Any
portion of the plate projecting beyond the angles shall be chipped flush
with the backs of the angles. Web plates of girders having cover plates
may be 'e inch less in width than the distance back to back of flange angles.
Splices of webs in gi rders without cover plates shall be sealed on top
with red lead paste prior to painting.
At web splices, the clearance between the ends of the web plates shall
not exceed /8 inch. The cleara.nce at the top and bottom ends of the web
splice plates shal l not exceed '/i inch.
2.J J 0.3J BENT PLATES

Unwelded, cold-bent, load-carrying, rolled-steel plates shall con:form
to the following :
(a) They shall be so taken from the stock plates that the bend
line will be at right angles to the d irection of rolling, except that cold
bent ribs for orth otropic deck bridges may be bent in the direction
o1 roll ing if permitted by the Engineer.
(b) Bending shall be such that no cracking of the plate occurs.
Minimum bend radii, measured to the concave face of the metal, are
shown in thP following table :
THICKNES 5 IN INCHES
All grades of structural

steel in this
specification
41
NOTE : Low all or steel i n thicknesses ove r ' mav require hot benli rig: to r small radii.
Allowance for sprin gback of A 514 and A 517 steels should be
about 3 times that for structural carbon steel. For brake press
forming, the lowei- die span should be at least 16 times the plate
thickness. Multiple hits are advisable.
ID a shorter i-adius is essential, the plates shall be bent hot at a
temperature not greater than 1200 F, except for A514/A517 steel.

If AS 14/A517 steel plates to be bent ai e heated to a temperature
greater than 1125 F, they must be requenched and tempered in accordance with the producing mills practice. Hot bent plates shall
conform to requirement ( a) above.
t c) Before bending, the corners of the plate shall be rounded to
a i-adius of /ii, inch throughout the portion of the plate at which the
bending is to occur.
2.J 0.32 FIT OF STIFFENERS

End stiffeners of girders and stiffeners intended as supports for concentrated loads shall have full bearing (either milled, ground or, on weldable steel in compression areas of: flanges, welded as shown on the plans or
specified) on the flanges to which they transmit load or :rom which they
receive load. Stiffeners not intended to support concentrated loads shall,
unlt2SS 9hown or specified otherwise, fit sufficiently tight to exclude water
after being painted. Fillers under stiffeners shall fit within ii inch at each
end.
2.10.33
EYEBARS
Pin holes may be Pame cut at least two inches smaller in diameter
than the finished pin diameter. All e5'ebars that are to be placed side by
side in the structure shall be securely hastened together in the order that
they will be placed on the pin and bored at both ends while so clamped.
Eyebars shall be packed and match marked for shipment and erection. All
identify in g marks shall be stamped with steel stencils on the edge of one
head of each member after fabrication is completed so as to be visible when
the bars are nested in place on the structure. The eyebars shall be straight
and free from twists and the pin holes shall be accurately located on the
centerline of the bar. The inclination of any bar to the plane of: the truss
shall not exceed is inch to a foot.
The edges of eyebars that lie between the transverse centerline of
their pin holes shall be cut simultaneously with two mechanically operated
torches abreast of each other, guided by a substantial template, in such a
manner as to prevent distortion of the platee.
2. J 0.34
ANNEALING AND STRESS RELIEVING
Sti uctural members which are indicated in the contract to be

annealed or normalized shall have fin ishel machining,
boring
and
stiaighten ing done subsequent to heat treatment. Normal izing and
on meah ng I full annealing shall be s specified in ASTM E44. The tempeiitu i es shall be maintained u nif orml y throu ghout the furnace during
the heating and cooling so that the temperatui e at no two points on the
membei is'ill differ by more than 100 F at any one time.
an4 shall be strew relieved only with the approval of the Engineer.
2. 10.34
CON STRU CTION
A record of each furnace charge shall identify the pieces in the

charge and show the temperatu res and schedule actually used. Proper
instruments including recording pyrometers, shall be provided for deter-
mining at any time the temperatures of members in the furnace. The

records of the treatment operation shal l be available to and meet the
approval of the En gineer. The holding temperature for stress reli evin g
A514/ A 517 steel shall not exceed 1125 F.
Members, such as bridge shoes, pedestals, or other parts which are
bu ilt up by welding sections of plate together shall be stress relieved in
accordance with the procedure of paragraph 3.9 of AWS D1.1-72 when
reju ired by the plans, speci fixations or special provisions governing the
contract.
2.J 0.35 PINS AND ROLLERS

Pins and rollers shall be accurately turned to the dimensions shown
on thP drawings and shall be straight, smooth, and free from flaws. Pins
and rollers more than 9 inches in diameter shall be :forged and annealed.
Pins and rollers 9 inches or less in diameter may be either forged and
annealed or cold -finished carbon-steel shaf ting.
In pins larger than 9 inches in d iametei-, a hole not less than 2 inches
in diameter shall be bored full length along the axis after the forging has
been allowed to cool to a temperatu re below the critical range, under suita ble conditions to prevent in jury by too rapid cooling, and before being
annealed.
2.10.36 BORING PIN HOLES

Pin holes shall be bored true to the specified diameter, smooth and
straight, at right angles with the axis of the member and parallel with
each other u nless otherwise requ ired. The final surface shall be produced
by a finishing cut.
The distance outside to outside of end holes in tension members and
inside to inside of end holes in compression members shall not vary :frOm
that specified more than /se inch. Boring of holes in built-up members
shall be done after the riveting is completed.
2.10.37 PIN CLEARANCES

The diameter of the pin hole shall not exceed that of the pin by more
than'o inch for pins 5 inches or less in d iameter, or by '?ae inch for larger
2.J 0.38 THREADS FOR BOLTS AND PINS

Thi eads foi- all bolts and pins for structural steel construction shall
conform to the Unified Standard Series UNC ANSI B 1.1, Glass 2A
for external threads and Class 2B for internal threads, except that pin
ends having a diameter of 1/g inches or more shall be threaded 6 threads
to the inch.
2.10.39
PILOT AND DRIVING NUTS
Two pilot nuts and two driving nuts :for each size of pin shall be :furnished, unless otherwise specified.
2.10.TO
NOTICE OF BEGINNING OF WORK
The Contractor shall give the Engineer ample notice of the beginning
of work at the mill or in the shop, so that inspection may be provided. The
term mill means any rolling mill or :foundry where material for the
work is to be manufactured. No material shall be manufactured, or work
done in the shop, before the Engineer has been so notified.
2.10.4 J
FACILITIES FOR INSPECTION
The Contractor shall furnish facilities :for the inspecti on of material
and workman',hip in the mill and shop, and the inspectors snall be aiiowed
free access tc the nece9sary parts of the works.
2.10.42
INSECTORS AUTHORITY
Inspectors shall have the authority to reject any material or work

which does not meet the requirements of these specifications. In case of
dispute the Contractor may appeal to the Engineer, whOSI decision 9hall be
final.
2.J 0.43
WORKING DRAWINGS AND IDENTIFICATION
OF STEEL DURING FABRICATION
fA J Working Drawings
The Contractor shall submit copies of the detailed shop drawings to
the Engineer for approval. Any work done prior to the approval of
these plans shall be at the contractor's risk. When material must be
ordered in advance, specific approval of such an action shall be obtained
by the Contractor prior to placing the order. Shop drawings for eteel
structures shall give full detailed dimensions and sizes of component
part9 O:I the structure and details of all miscellaneous parts, such as
pins, nuts, bolts, rivets, drains, etc.
The Contractor shall expre9sly understand that the Engineers
approval of the working drawings submitted by the Contractor covers
the requirements for strength and detail, and the Engineer a9sumes
no responsibility for errors in d imensions.
IBI Idenfificotion of Steels During Fobricotion
(1) Identification by Contractor

The Engineer shall be furnished with complete certified mill
test reports showing chemical analysis and physical tests for each
heat of steel, for all members unless excepted by the Engineer.
Each piece of steel to be fabricated shall be properly identified :for

the Engineer.
CONSTRUCTION
Shop drawings shall spec ifically identify each piece that is to be
made of steel which is to be other than AASH O M 183 ( ASTM
A36) stPel. Pieces made of different grades of steel shall not be
given the s:true assemb ling or erecting mark, even though they are
of i dentical d i mens ions and detail .
The contractors system of assembly -marking ind ividual piecee,
i eq u ired to be made o1 steel other than AASHO M 183 I ASTM

.436) steel, and the issuance of cutting instructions to the shop
I generally by crossreferencing of the assembly-marks shown on
the shop drawings w ith the correspond ing item covered on the
mill purchase order) shall be such as to maintain identity of the
mill test report n umber.
The Contractor may turni sh from stock, material that he can
identi:fy by heat number and mill test report.
Any excess material placed in stock for later use shall be
marked w ith the mill test report number and shall be marked with
its AA SHO M 160 IASTM Ati specification identi fixation color
code (see Table 2.10.43) if any, when separated from the Iullsize
piece furnished by the supplier.
(2 )
Identification of Steels During Fabrication.
During fabrication, up to the point of: assembling membF9,

each piece of steel, other than AA SHO M 183 (ASTM A36) steel,
shall show cleai ly and legibly its spec ification i dentification color
code shown in Table 2.10.43.
Individually marked pieces of steel wh ich are used in :furnished size, or reduced from turn ished size only by end or edge
trim, that d oes not d isturb the heat n u mber or color code or leave
any usable piece, may be used without further color coding provided that the heat number o r color code remains legible.
Pieces of steel, other than AASHO M 183 (ASTM A36 ) steel,
v'hich are to be cut to smaller size pieces shall, before cutting, be
legibly marked with the AASHO M 160 (ASTM A6) specification
identification color code.
Individ u al pieces of steel, other than AASHO M 183 (ASTM
A36) steel, wh ich are fu rnished in tagged l if ts or bundles shall be
marked with the AASHO M 160 ASTM A6) spec ification identi fication color code immed iately upon being removed from the
bundle or lift.
Pieces of steel, other th:in AA SHO M 183 (ASTM A36) steel,
which prior to assembling into members, will be subject to fabri

cating operations such as blast clean ing, galvanizing, heating for
forming, or painting ivh ich might obliterate paint color code
marking, shall be marked for grade by steel d ie stamping or by a
substantial tag fii mly attached.
The foI lowinp identi ficat ion color code shall be used to identify
material requ ired to meet the individual specifications listed in
Table 2.10.43.
348
TABLE 2.10.[3
IDEN TIFICATION COLOR CODE S
AASHO M161
AASHO M187
(A 242)
(A 440)
AASHO M223
A 514
A 517
( A 1572)
AAS HO M188
AA SHO M222
(A 441)
(A 588)
Blue
Brown
Yellow
Red
Red and Blue
Grade 42 Green
Grade 45 Green
Grade 6t1 Green
Grade 55 Green
Grade 60
Grade 65
and White
and Black
and Yellow
and Brown
Green and Gray

Green and Blue
Blue and Yellow
Other steels, except AASHO M 183 (ASTM A36) steel, not

covered above, nor included in the AASHO M 160 (ASTM A6)
Specification, shall have an individual color code which shall be
established and on record for the Engineer.
(3) Certification of Identification.
Upon request, the Contractor shall furnish an affidavit certifying that throughout the fabrication operation he has maintained
the identification of steel in accordance with this specification.

2.10.44 WEIGHING OF MEMBERS
In case it is specified that any part o:I the material is to be paid :for by
actual we ight, finished work shall be weighed in the presence of the In

spector, if practicable. In such case, the Contractor shall supply satisfactory scales and shall perform all work involved in handling and weighing
the various parts.
2.10.45 FULL SIZE TESTS

When full size tests of fabricated 9tructural members or eyebars are
required by the contract, the plans or specifications shall state the number
and naturP of the tests, the resu Its to be attained and the measurements of
strength, deformation or other per:formance that are to be made. The
Contractor shall provide suitable facilities, material, supervision and labor
necessary :for making and recording the tests. The members tested in
accord ance with the contract shall be paid for in accordance with Article
2.10.G4. The cost of testi ng inclu ding equ ipment, handling, supervision,
labor and incidentals for making the tests 9hall be included in the contract
price for the f abrication or fabrication and erection of structural steel,
whichever in the appl icable item in the contract, unless otherwise specified.
2.10.46 MARKING AND SHIPPING

Each member shall be painted or marked with an erection mark for
identification and an erection diagram shall be furnished with erection
marks shown thereon.
2. 10.46
CONSTRUCTION
The Contractor shall :furnish to the Engineer as many copies of

material orders, shipping statements and erection diagrams as the Engineer may di rect. The weights of the indis'idual members shall be shown
on the statements. Members weighing more than 3 tons shall have the
weights marked thereon. Structural members sha!l be loaded cn trucks or
cars in such a man ner th at they in ay be transJo rted and u reloaded at the ir
destination without being excessively stressed, deformed or otherwise

damaged.
Bolts and rivets of one length and diameter and loose nu ts or washers
of each size shall be packed separately. Pins, small parts and packages of
bolts, rivets, washers and nuts shall be sh ipped in boxes, crates, kegs or
barrels, but the gross weight of any package shall not exCeed 300 lbs. A
list and description of the contained material shall be plainly marked on
the outside of each shipping container.
2.IO.47
PAINTING
U nless otherwise shown on the plans or specified, all iron and steel
surfaces shall be cleaned :ind painted in accordance with Section 2.14
PAINTING METAL STRUC i URE S.
ERECTION
2.10.48
IA J
ORTHOTROPIC-DECK BRIDGES
Protection of Deck Plote After Sond Blasting
ID sand blasting to a v hite metal, or on eg u iva lent method, is used

to prepare the deck plate to receive a wearing su rface, a protective
eoating shall be applied to the J1ate i mined iatoly after clean ing.
IBI Dimensionol Toleronce Limits
Dimensioniil tolerance
limits for
orthotropic-deck
brid ge
members
Shall be applied to each completed but unloaded member ind shall be as

spec ified in the AWS Specification refer red to in Article 2. 10.23 (A)
except as su pcrseded hereinafter. The d eviati on from det:tiled flatness,
straightness, or eh rvatu re at any Jioint shall be the perpendic ular
distance from that point to a tempted edge having the detailed straightnes or curvatu i e and which is in contact with the element at two
other points. The ter-in element as u sed herein, refers to individual
panels, sti ffeners, flanges, or other pieces. The templet edge may have
any length not exceeding the greatest d imension of the element being
examined and, for any panel, not exceed ing 1.5 times the least dimension of the panel ; it may be placed anywhere v ithin the boundaries of
the element. The deviation shall be measu red between adjacent points
of contact of the tempted edge with Ihe clement ; the clistance between
these ad jacent points of contact shall be used in the formulas to estab
lish the tolerance limits for the segment being measured ivhenex er
this distance is less than the appl icable dimen sion of the element specified for the formula.
2.10.48
HI GHWAY BRIDGE S
( 1 )
Flotness of Po nets
The term panel as used in this article means a cleai- area of

steel plate s urface bounded by stiffeners, webs, flanges, or plate
edges and n ot lii rther subd ivided by any such elements. The pro-
visions of th is article apply to all panels in the bridge ; for plates

stiffened on one side only such as orthotropic deck plates or flanges
of box girdei s, this includes the total clear width on the side
ivitho u I stiffeners as v ell as the panels between stiffeners on the
side with stiffenei s.
The maximum deviation from detailed Patness or cu mature
of a panel shall not exceed the greater of :
, i
h o
44T
in h
where
II -the least d imens ion in inches along the boundary of the panel
and
T the minimum thickness in inches of the plate comprising the
j:inel
(2)
5tro ig hfness of
Longitudi no I Stiffeners Sub|ect
fo Co lculoted
Com p re ssive Sfress, Inc I uding Orf h ofropic- Deck Ribs
The maximum deviation from cletailed straightness or curvature in any direction perpendicular to its length of a longitud inal
stiffener subject to calculated compressive stress, including each
orthotropic-deck rib, shall not exceed :
L
480
where
L= the length of the stiff enei- or rib between cross members, webs,
1 3 I Stroig htness of Tro n sverse Web Stiffeners o nd Of her 5fiReners
not Subject fo Co lculofed Com pressive Stress
The maximum deviation from detailed straightness or curvature in :iny di i cction perpendicu lai to its length of a transverse
web stiffener or other stiffener not s ubject to calculated compressive sti ess shall not exceed :
L
240
L the length of the stiff encr between cross members, webs, or
GONSTRUGTION
2. 10.49
2.10.49
ERECTION OF STRUCTURE
If the su bstructu re and superstructure are bu ilt under separate contracts, the Department will provide the masonry, constructed to correct
lines and elevations and properly finished, and will establish the lines and
elevations required for setting the steel.
The Contractor shall erect the metalwork, remove the temporary constr uct ion, and do all work requ i red to complete the bridge or bridges as
covered by the agreement, including the removal of the old structure or
structures, if stipu lated, all i ri accordance with the plans and these
specifications.
2. J 0.50 PLANS
If the fabrication and erection of the superstructure are done under
separate contracts, the Department will furnish detail plans :for the brid8e
or bridges to be erected, inclu ding shop detail9, camber d iagrams, erection
d iagrams, list of field rivets and bolts, and copy of shipping statements
showing a list of parts and their weights.

2. I O.5 I PLANT
The Con tractor shall provide the falsework and all tools, machinery
and appliances, incl ud ing drift pins and fitting-up bolts, necessary for the
exped it ions handling of the work.
2. 10.52 DELIVERY OF MATERIALS

If the contract is for erection only, the Contractor shall receive the
materials entering into the finished structure free of charge at the place
designated and loaded or unloaded as specified. The Contractor shall unload

promptly upon delivery any material delivered to the place designated,
which he is required to unload. Otherwise, he shall be responsible for
demurrage charges.
2.J 0.53 HANDLING AND STORING MATERIALS

Material to be stored shall be placed on skids above the ground. It
shall be kept clean and properly drained. Girders and beams shall be
placed upright and shored. Long members, such as columns and chords,
shall be supported on skids placed near enough together to prevent injury
from deflection. If the contract is for erection only, the Contractor ehall
check the material turned over to him against the shipping lists and report
promptly in writing any sh ortage or in jury discovered. He shall be respon-
sible for the loss of any material while in his care, or for any damage
caused to it after being received by him.
2. J 0.54
FALSEWORK
The falsework shall be properly designed and su betantially constructed and maintained for the loads which will come upon it. The Con-
tractor, if requ ired, shall prepare and submit to the Engineer for approval,
plans for falsework or for changes in an existing structure necessary for
maintain in g traffic. Approval of the contractor's plans shall not be considered as relieving the Contractor of any responeibility.
2.J 0.55 METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

Before starting the work of erection, the Contractor shall inform the
Engineer fully as to the method of erection he proposes to :fo1low, and the
amount and character of equipment he proposes to use, which shall be subject to the approval of the Err gineer. The approval of the Engineer shall
not be considered as relieving the Contractor of the responsibility for the
safety of his method or equipment or from carrying out the work in full
accordance with the plans and specifications. No work shall be done until
such approval by the Engineer has been obtained.
2.10.56 BEARINGS AND ANCHORAGES

Bridge bearings shall be set level, in exact position, and mu9t have full
and even bearing on the masonry.
Elastomeric bearing pads, if used, shall set directly on the concrete
masonry.
Cast iron or steel, or rolled steel bearings shall be bedded on the

masonry with altern ate layers of i ed lead and canvas, or a single thickness
of sheet lead or preformed fabric bearing pad.
The Contractor shall drill holes for anchor bolts and set them in portland cement grout, or pre-set them as shown on the plans or as specified.
Location of anchors an d setting of rockers or rollers shall take into
account any variation from mean temperature at time of setting and
anticipated lengthening of bottom chord or bottom flange due to dead load
after setting, the intention being that, as near as practicable, at mean
temperature an1 under dead load the rockers an d rollers sh all set vertical
and anchor bol ts at expans ion bearings will center their slots. Care shall
be taken that fu 11 and free movement of the su perstructure at the movable
bearings is not restricted by- improper setting or adjustment of bearings
or anchor bolt and nuts.
Bridge bearings shall not be placed on masonry bearing areas which
are irregular or improperly formed.
2. J 0.57 STRAIGHTENING BENT MATERIAL AND CAMBERING

AJ
Stroighfening Bent Moteriol
The strai ghten ing of plates, angles, other shapes and built-up
members, when permitted by the Engineer, shall be done by methods
(hat will not produ cc fracture or other injury. Distoned members shall
be straightened by mechan ical means or, if approved by the Engineer,
by the car-Cful pl anned and super-vised applic:ition of a limited amount
of local ized heat, except that heat strat ghten ing of AS 14/A517 steel
members shall be done only under rigidly controlled procedures, each
CONSTRUCTION
application subject to the approval of the Engineer. In no case shall
the maximum temperature of the AS 14/A517 steel exceed 1125F, nor
shall the temperaf u re exceed S50F at the weld metal or within G inches
of weld metal. Heat shall not be applied directly on weld metal. In

all other steels, the temperatu re of the heated area shall not exceed
1200 F (a duM red) as controMed by ternperat ure indicating crayons,
liquids or bimef al thermometers.
Parts to be heat straightened shall be substantial ly free of stress

and f iom exteina1 forces, except stresses resu lting from mechanical
means used in con,j unction with the application of heat.
Follow in g the straighten ing of a bend or buckle, the surface of the
metal shall be caref u lly inspected for evidence of fracture.
IB J
Combering
Correction of errors in camber in welded beams and girders of

A 514 / A517 material shal I be done only- under rigidly controlled pro
cedu res, each appl ication subject to approval of the Engineer.
2.10.58
ASSEMBLING STEEL
The parts shall be accurately assembled as shown on the plans and any
match-marks shall be followed. The material shall be cared u lly handled so
that no parts will be bent, broken or otherwise damaged. Hammering
which will inj ure or distort the members shall not be done. Bearing surfaces and surfaces to be in permanent contact shall be cleaned before the
members are assembled. Unless erected by the cantilever method, truss
spans shal l be erected on blocking so as to give the trusscs proper camber.
The blocking shal I be left in place until the tension chord splices are ful ly
riveted or bolted and all other trims connections pinned and bolted. Rivets
or permanent bolts in splices of butt joints of compression members :ind
rivets or permanent bolts in rat lings shall not be driven or tightened until
the span has been swu rig. Splices and field con nections shall have one half
of the holes filled with bolts and cylind rical erection pins (half bolts and
half pins) before riveting or bolting with high-strength bolts. Splices and
connections carryi n g traffic during erection shall have three-f ourths of
the holes so filled.
Fittingup bolts shall be of the same nominal d iameter as the rivets
or high-strength bolts, and cy lindr ical erection pins shall be '/sz inch larger.
2.10.59 RIVETING
Pneumatic hammers shall be used for field riveting, except when the
use o:I hand tools is permitted by the Engineer. Rivets larger than /8 inch
in diameter shall not be driven by hand. Cupfaced dollies, fitting the head
closely to insure good bearing, shall be used. Connections shall be accurately and securely fitted up bet:ore the rivets are driven. Drifting shall be
only such as to draw the parts into position and not sufficient to enlarge
the holes or distort the metal. Unfair holes shall be reamed or drilled.
HIGHWAY BRIDGE 5
2.10.59
Rivets shall be heated uniformly to a light cherry red color and shall be
driven while hot. They shall not be overheated or burned. Rivet heads
shall be full and symmetrical, concentric with the shank, and shall have
:full bearing all around. They shall not be smaller than the heads of the
shop rivets. Rivets shall be tight and shall grip the connected parts securely together. baulking or recu pping will not be permitted. In removing rivets, the surrounding metal shall not be injured ; if necessary, they
shall be drilled out.
2. J 0.60 PIN CONNECTIONS

Pilot and driving nuts shall be used in driving pins. They shall be
:furn ished by the Contractor without charge. Pins shall be so driven that
the members will take full bearing on them. Pin nuts shall be screwed up
tight and the threads burred at the :face of the nut with a pointed tool.
2.J 0.1 MISFITS

The correction of minor misfits involving harmless amounts of reaming, cutting and chipping will be considered a legitimate part of the erection. However, any error in the shop fabrication or deformation resulting
from handling and transportation which prevents the proper assembling
and fitting up of parts by the moderate use o:I drift pins or by a moderate
amount of reaming and slight chipping or cutting, shall be reported imme-
diately to the inspector and his approval o:I the method of correction
obtained. The correction shall be made in his pre9ence. If the contract

provides for complete fabrication and erection, the Contractor shall be
respon9ible for all misfits, errors and injuries and shall make the necessary corrections and replacements. If the contract is for erection only, the
inspector, with the cooperation of the Contractor, shall keep a correct record of labor and materials used and the Contractor shall render within 30
days an itemized bill for the approval of the Engineer.
2.10.62 REMOVAL OF OLD STRUCTURE AND FALSEWORK

If stipulated in the agreement, the Contractor shall dismantle the old
structure which, unless otherwise provided, shall be the property of the
Department, and shall store the material in the immediate vicinity of the
bridge site as the Engineer may direct. ID: the old structure is to be re-
erected, it shall be dismantled without unnecessary damage and the parts

match-marked and carefully stockpiled.
Upon complct ion of the erection and before final acceptance, th.e Contractor shall remove all falsework, excavated or useless materials, rubbish
and temporary bu ild ings, replace or renew any fences damaged and restore
in an acceptable manner all property, both public and private, which may
have been damaged during the prosecution of this work, and shall leave
the bridge site and adjacent highway in a neat and presentable condition
satisfactory to the Engineer. All excavated material or falsework placed
21062
CON ST RU C TION
in the stream channel during construction shall be removed by the Con-
tractor before final acceptance.
2.J 0.63 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

The weight of the metal work to be paid for under the item of structural steel shall be computed on the following basis :
aj
Unit weights, pounds per cubic foot

Aluminum, cast or wrought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bronze, cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copper-alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copper sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron, cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron, mallable
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
173.0
586.0
1536.0
UP.0
446.0
470.0
Iron, wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.0
Lead, sheet
Steel, rolled, cast, copper bearing,
and stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.0
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450.0
(b) The weights of rolled shapes shall be computed on the basis
of their nominal xv eights per foot as shown on the drawings, or listed

in the hand books.
The we ights of plates shall be computed on the basis of the
nominal weight for their width and thickness as shown on the drawings, plus an estimated overrun computed as one-half the Permis9ible Variation in Thickness and Weight as tabulated in Specification,
General Requ irements for Delivery of Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes,
Steel Piling and Bars for Structural Use, AASHO M 160 (ASTM
A 6) .
(c) The weight of castings shall be computed from the dimen-
sions shown on the approved shop drawings, deducting for open holes.
To this weight shall be added 5 per cent allowance :for fillets and overrun. Scale weights may be subs-tituted for computed weights in the
case of castings or of small complex parts for which accurate computations of weight would be difficult.
(d) The w eight of temporary erection bolts, shop and field paint,
boxes, crates and other containers used for shipping, and material9
used for supporting members during transportation and erection,
shall not be included.
(e) In computing pay weight on the basis of computed net
weight the following stipulations in addition to those in paragraphs a,
b, c an d d above shall apply.
The weight shall be computed on the basis of the net finished
dimensions of the parts as shown on the approved shop drawing,
deducting for copes, cuts, clips and all open holes, except rivet and bolt
holes.
2.10. 63
The weight of all rivet heads, both field and shop, shall be in-
cluded on the basis of the following weights :

Diameter of Rivet
Weights per 100
Inches
heads, pounds
4
%g
The weight of heads, nuts, single washers and threaded stick-
through of all high tensile strength shop bolts shall be included on the
basis of the following weights :
Diameter of Bolt
Weight per 100
Inches
Bolts, pounds
The weight of weld metal shall

theoretical volu me from d imensions
(I) In computing pay weight
weight, the following etipu lations in
a, b, c and d above shall apply.
be computed on the ba9is of the

of the welds.
on the basis of computed grow
addition to those of paragraph9
The weight shall be figured on the basis of rectangular dimensions for all plates, and ordered over-all lengths for all structural
shapes ; except that (A) v'hen parts can be economically cut in multiples from material of larger dimensions, the computed weight shall
be that of the material from which the parts are cut, and (B) all
material shall be ordered to produce as little waste ae practicable

when cut and finished by modern shop methods.
No deductions from the computed weight of rolled steel shall be

made for copes, cli ps, sheared edges, punch ings, borings, milling or
planning ; or from the computed weight of castings to allow for drillings or borings. The weight of shop rivets shal l be computed on the
basis of reasonable average lengths, in accordance with the :following
table :
Diameter of Rivets, In. .

Weight per 100 Rivets, Lbs. . 20
$
30
50
100
1
150
IQ
250
l
326
2.10.43
CONSTRUOTION
The weight of field rivets shall be computed on the baei9 of the

field rivet shipping list.
The weight of weld metal shall be computed on the basis of the
theoretical volume of the dimensions of the welds. To this weight

ehall be added 50 per cent allowance for overrun.
(g) In comput in g pay wei ght on the basis of ecale we ights, the
pay quantity of structural steel will be the shop scale weight of the
fabricated members, wh ich shall be weighed on satisfactory scales in
the presence of the inspector. ID the shop paint has been applied to
the completed member when weighed, 0.4 of 1 per cent of the weight
of the member shall be deducted from the scale weights to compensate
for weight of shop paint. The weight of field rivets shall be based on
the approved sh ipping list. No payment will be made for any weight
in excess of 1/z per cent above the computed net weight of the whole
item.
2.J 0.64 BASIS OF PAYMENT

The contract price for tab ndation and erection of structu rat steel
ehall include all labor, materials, transportation, and shop and field painting necessary :for the proper completion ot the work in accordance with the
contract. The contract price for fabrication without erection shall include
all labor and materi ale necessary for the proper completion of the work in
accordance with the contract.
Under contracts contain ing an item for structural steel, all metal
parts other than metal reinforcement for concrete, such as anchor bolts
and nuts, sh oes, rockers, i ollers, bearing arid slab plates, pins an d nuts,
expansion dams, roadway dra in s and scu ;pers, weld metal, bolts embedded
in concrete, ci adles and brackets, nailing and railing posts, blast plates and
water stops, shall be paid for as structural steel unless otherwise
stipulated.
Payment will be made on a pound-price or a lump 9um basis as requ ired by the terms of the contract, bu t unless stipulated otherwise, it shall
be on a pound-price basis.
The payment in poundprice contracts shall be based on the computed
net weight of metal in the fabricated and erected 9tructurlS Unless it is
provided that payment shall be based on computed gross weight or scale
weight.
For members comprising both carbon 9teel and other special steel or
material, when separate un it prices are provided for same, the weight o:I
each class of steel in each such member shall be separately computed, and
paid :for at the contract unit price therefor.
Full-size members which are tested in accordance with the specifications, when such tests are required by the contract, shall be paid :for at
the same rate as for comparable members for the structure. Members
which fail to meet the contract requ i rement9, and mClmbers rejected as a
result of tests, shall not be paid for by the purchaser.
Section \J
BRONZE OR COPPER-ALLOY BEARING

AND EXPANSION PLATES
2.1 J .1 GENERAL
Plates shall be of the kind of metal specified in the special provisions
or as shown on the plans.
2. J 1.2 MATERIALS
IAl Bronze Bearing ond Expansion Plotes
Bronze bearing and expansion plates shall conform to the Specifica-
tion for Bronze Hastings for Bridges and Tu rntables, AASHO M 107
(ASTM B 22) . Alloy B shall be furnished unless otherwise specified.

IBJ Rolled Copper-Alloy Bearings ond Expansion Plotes
Rolled copper-alloy bearing and expansion plates shall conform to

the Speci fication for Rolled Copper-A lloy Bearing and Expansion Plates
and Sheets for Bridge and Other structural Uses, AASHO M 108
(ASTM B 100) . Alloy No. 1shall be :furnished unless otherwise specified.

ICl Metol Powder Wintered Bearings ond Expansion Joinfs IOil impregnated I
Metal powder wintered bearings and expansion plates shall con-
form to the specifications for such material of the ASTM B 438, Grade
1, Type II or Grade 2, Type I.
2.J 1.3 BRONZE PLATES

Plates shall be cast according to details shown on the plans. Sliding
surfaces shall be planed parallel to the movement of the spans and polished
unless detailed otherwise.
2.1 1.4 COPPER-ALLOY PLATES

Plates shall be :fu rn ished according to details shown on the plans.
Finishing of the rolled plates will not be fQU i red provided they have a
plane, true and smooth surface.
2.11.5 PLACING
Bearing plates shall be accurately set in correct position as shown
on the plans and shall have a u niform bearing over the whole area.
Provision shall be made to keep the plates in correct position as the concrete is being placed.
2.1 J .6 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The weight to be paid for shall be the inspectors certified shop
scale weight of the plates as placed in the structure, un less otherwise
provided. If specified in the contract or permitted by the Engineer, computed wei ghts, obtained as herein described, may be made the basis of
payment.
Payment shall be made at the contract price per pound. Payment shall
incl ude the furnishing of material and all labor and incidental work that
is required.
2.12.1
GONST RUCTION
Section J 2
STEEL GRID FLOORING
2.J 2.1 GENERAL

Steel grid flooring shall be of the open type, or the concrete filled
type as specified in the special provisions or as shown on the plans.
The floor shal l meet the requ irements for the design of steel grid
floors Article 1.3.6. Before fab r mat i on or construction is und ertaken the
Contractor shall submit complete shop and assembly details to the Engineer :for approval.
2.J 2.2 MATERIALS

IA I Steel
All s teel shal' conform to th e Spec i fits ti on for Structu rat Stt?el Of
the AAS HO I\I 1?3 ( ASTM A 36 ) , AAS HO M 161 I ASTM A 242 ) of a

weldable g rade or AA SHO M188 I ASTM A441 1 . U nless the material
is galvanized it shall have a copper content of 0.2 percent.
IBI
Protective
Treotment
I Shop Coot I
Open type floors, p ref era bly, shall be ga Ivan ized in acco rdance wi th
the Spec i fi cat ion for Zinc ( Hot-Galvan ized ) Coati n gs on Pt-oducts Fab-
ricated from Rol led, Pressed and Forged Steel Shapes, P1ites, Ban, and
Strip, AASHO M 111 I ASTM A 123) .
In l ieu of galvanizing, the floor may be painted if specified in the
special prov is ions. The pa int shall be appl ied accord ing to the Specifications for Painti rig Metal Structu res, except that d i ppin g w ill be
permitted. The paint shall be as specified for metal s tr uctu res unless
paint of other type is requ ired by the special provisions.
I CJ
Concrete
All concrete in filled steel grid iloors shall conform to the speeifica-
tion for co ne rete, Section 2.4. The concrete an d the siz Of
il@gregatc
shall be as spec ified for Class Y concrete.

I DI
Skid Resistonce
The upper edpes of all members f o rmi rig the wearing surface Of
an open type grid floori rig should be fabricated or treated to give the
maximum skid rms istanee,
2.J 2.3 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Where the main e Cements are normal to center line of roadway, the
u nits gen e ra fly shall be of Such length as to extend over the f u 11 width
of the roadway for roadways up to 40 feet, but in every ewe the un i ts
shall extend over at least th ree panels. Where j oi nts are requ i red, the
ends of the main floor members shall be welded
at the joints
over ther r
full crosssectional area, or othe rw i se connected to provide f ul I cont in uity.

Where the main elements are parallel to center line of roadway,
the secti one sh it I exten d over not less than th ree ptne1s, and the ends
of abutting un its shall be welded over their f u 11 crowsectional area, or
otherwise connected to p rovide full continu ity in w co rdance with the
2.J 2.4 PROVISION FOR CAMBER

Unless otherwise provided on the plans, provision for camber shall
be made as follows :
Steel units so rigid that they will not read ily follow the camber
required shall be cambered in the shop. To provide a bearing surface
parallel to the crown of the roadway the stringers shall be can ted or
provided with shop-welded beveled bearing bars. ID beveled bars are
used they shall be placed along the center I ine of the Stringer flange,
in wh ich case the design span length shal I be governed by the width of
the bearing bar instead of by the width of the stringer flange.
Lori gitu di n al stri ngers shall be mill cambered or provided with
bearing strips so that the completed floor after deadload deflection

shall conform to the longitu dinal camber shown on the plans.
2.1 2.5 FIELD ASSEMBLY

Areas of considerable size shall be assembled before the floor is
welded to its supports. The main elements shall be made continuous
and sections shall be connected together along their edges by welding,
bolting or riveting. The con nections shall meet with the approval of the
Engineer. The rivets may be cold driven.
2.J 2.6 CONNECTION TO SUPPORTS

The floor shall be connected to its steel supports by wold ing. Be
fore any welding is done the floor shall either be loaded to make a tight
joint with full bearing or it shall be clamped down. The location, length.
and size of the welds shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, but
in no case shall they be less than the manufacturers stand ards.
The ends of all the main steel members of the slab shall be securely
fastened together at the side?s of the roadway for the f ull length of the
span by means of steel plates or angles welded to the ends of the main
members, o r by thoroughly encasing the ends with concrete.
2. J 2.7 WELDING
All shop and field weld ing shall be done in accordance wi th the current
Specification s of the American Welding Society for Welding Highway and
Railway B ridges unless these I AA SH O ) Speci fixation s conflict with the
AWS Specificat ions, in which case these ( AAS HO) Specifications shall
govern.
Surfaces to be welded shall be free from paint, grease, loose scale,
rust and other material that will prevent a proper weld. A th i n coating
of linseed oil, with out pigment, need not be removed. Any clinkers or
slag caused by flame cutting or other causes shall be removed before
welding.
2.12.8 REPAIRING DAMAGED GALVANIZED COATINGS

All galvanizing that has been chipped off or damaged in handling
or transporting, or in welding or riveting, shall be repaired by field
2.12.8
CONSTRUCTION
galvanizing by the appl icat ion of a paste composed of approved zinc

powder and fl ux wi th a mi ni run in amount of wate r. The places to be
coated shall be thorough ly cleaned, includ mg removal of slap on welds,
be:fore the pas te is applied. The surface to be coated shall first be heated
with a torch to a su ffic ten I temperature so that all me tall ics in the paste
are melted when appl red to the heated s u rface. Extreme care shall be
taken to see that the galvan ized s urfaces are n ot damaged by the torch.
The flux in the pa.ste will cause a black substance to appear on the surface of th e coatecl parts, and th i s black s u bstance shall be removed by
wipin g off wi th waste or by the q u ick; app I icati on of cold water.
2. J 2.9 CONCRETE FILLER

Floor types with bottom flanges not in contact with each other shall be
provided wi th bottom forms of metal or wood to retain the c one rete filler
without excess we leakage.
If metal form strips are used they shall fit ti ghtly on the bottom
flanges of the floor members and be placed in short len gths so :is to
extend only about 1 inch onto the edge of each s u pport, bu t in a 11 cases
the forms shall be s uch as w i 11 resu lt in adeq u ate bearing of slab on
the support.
The concrete shall be mixed, placed and cured in accordance with
the requ iremen is of Section 2.4. The concrete shall be thorough ly compacted by vi brati ng the steel grid floor. The v i brati n g device and the
manner of operating it shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
2.1 2.10 PAINTING

Floor in g furn ished without galvanizing, but wi th a shop coat of
paint shall be given two field coats of pa int in acco rdanc e with the requ ire-
ments of Section 2.14.

If a structural steel plate is used on the bottom of a filled type floor,
the bottom surface of the plate shall be painted one shop coat and two field
coats of paint.
2.1 2. J J MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Payment :for steel grid floor, open or concrete filled type, shall include the furn ish ing of all ma ter ia ls, eq u ipment, tools, and labor neces-
sary :for the sat1.s factory completion of the work. Payment wi 11 be made
on the basis of the number of square feet of steel grid floor complete in
place, unless otherwise spec i fied.
Section 13
RAILINGS
2.13.1 GENERAL
Railings for bri dges sha Il include all work constructed above the top
of sidewalk, top of cu rb rriore than six inches wide or, if a sidewalk or

curb is not used, above the top of the roadway. Rail ings for wingwal ls or
H IGHW A Y
8G2
II 1t119tiL i:5
retain ing walls shall include all work above the top of wall, or if used, top
of cu rb or top of s i deivalk. The item shall incl ude the fu rn ishing of all
material, equ ipment, tools, supplies and labor' necessary for the proper
construction of the raili n g as shown on the plans or as provided in the
special provisions. Payment w ill be as shown on the plans or in the special
prov isions.
2.1 3.2 MATERIALS

All materials shall conform to the reQu irements of the applicable
AA SH O Material Spec i ficati ons, the plans or the special prov i sion s.
2. J 3.3 LINE AND GRADE

The line and g rade of the railing shall be true to that shown on the
plans, and shall not f ollov,' any unevennes s in the su pers tructu re. Unless
otherwise specified or shown on the plans, the handrail and cut bs on
bridges, whether supe relevated or not, shall be vertical.
METAL RAILING
2.1 3.4 CONSTRUCTION
Fabr ication and erection shall be done in accordance with the requ mements of Section 2.10. In the case of welded rat l in gs, all exposed
joints shall be fin ished by grinding or filing after weld in g to give a neat
appearing j ob.
Metal rail i rigs shall be carefully ad j us ted prior to fixing i n place to
insure pi-oper matching at abutting joints, correct alignment and camber

thro ughout their length. Holes for field connection s shall be drilled wi th
the railing in place in the .s tructu re at proper grade and al i gn ment. Weld
ing may be su bst itu ted for ri\'ets in field con nect ion s with the approval of
the Engineer.
2.1 3.5 PAINTING

Unless otherwise spec ified, metal railing shall be given one
coat of paint, and three coats of paint after erection. Painting
conform to the requi rements of Section 2. 14.
shop
shall
CONCRETE RAILING
2.1 3.6 GENERAL
In no case shall concrete rail ings be placed until the centering or

falsework for the span has been released, rendering
supporting.
the
span
sell
2.J 3.7 MATERIALS

Except as mod ified herein, materials shall conform to the requ irements of Sections 2.4 and 2.5.
2. 13.8
C ON STRU C'TI ON
2. J 3.8 RAILINGS CAST-IN-PLACE
2.I I 3.9 PRECAST RAILS
2.1 3.J 0 SURFACE FINISH

24.
2.1 3.1 1 EXPANSION
JOINTS
Expiin s i on .jo i nts sha I I be so e iist i u etcd .is to perm i I f reedom of

movement. After a 11 other work i s c cm p let ed, all loose or th in shells of
mortar I i kely to spa 11 under- movement sh.ill bc carefu lly removed from all
expansion jor rite by means of a sharp ch isct.
STONE AND BRICK RAILING

2.1 3.1 2 GENERAL
Unless otherwise sJiec ified, the mate ria1s used in masonry or brick
rail in gs and parapets shall conform to, and the work shall be done in
acco rda n ee v.'i th, the requ i i ements of these spec i ficatio n s
for
the
par-
ticular class of work involved. The woi k shall be lone in acco rdance with
the detailed plans, the woi kmanship shall be first class in ever ' Jiirticu far,
and the fin ished construct ion sh all le neat in appea rance and true to line
an d grade.
WOOD RAILING
2.1 3.J 3 GENERAL
Wood railings shall be cont trusted according to the requ irements of
Sections 2.20 and 2.21.
2. J 3. 14 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Section
PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES
2. 1 4. 1 GENERAL
2. J 4.2 MATERIAL
IAJ
Shop Coot
I Prime Coot J
The shop or prime coat of paint for metal shall be a red lead paint
and shall conform to the Specification for- Red Lead
Ready-Mixed
Paint M 72.
Red lead plgment in the dry (orm or as a paste in oil shall conform
to ASTM D 83. The 97 grade shall be specified for dry pigment.
2.14.2
CON ST RU C TI O N
In mixing for paint, raw linseed oil ( ASTM D234) may be

replaced w ith boiled linseed oil ( ASTM D260) to the extent of 50 %
of the total oil content.
The pa int, pre f erabl;, shall be factory in ixed.
As en alte rnative
the pi gment shi1l be I u rnished in the form of red lead paste .

\ BI
First Field Coot

When the fin i shed coat of par nt i s speci fied to be al u in i n u in, b1ick
or graph ite paint, or colored green, brown or dark gray, the first field
coat shall be a red lead par nt as specified for the shop coat, I inted 1ig ht
broWn as reQu i rel, with lamp lilaek i n an amount not to exceed '/ po und
per gallon of l i nseed or l.
When the fin ished coat is to be wh ite or g ray, a fi rst field coat
c onto rant n g to thi' Spec ificat i on to r Wh ite and T in ted Ready-M ixed
Paint ( Lead and Zinc Base) , AASHO M 70 may be used in lieu of red
lead paint. The paint shall be tinted as d irected by the E ngineer.
ICI
Second Field Coot I Finish Cool J

The par nt to be used for the secon 1 field coat sh all be as requ ired
by the speci a I prov is ions or as noted on the plans. I I shall conform to
one of the follow in g A ASH O spec i ficat ions :
( 1) Fol rage Green B ridge Paint, M 67.
( 2) B lack B ridge Pa int, M 68.
(3) Al u minum Paint ( Paste-M ixing Veh icle) , M 69.
( 4 ) Wh i te and T in ted Ready-M ixed Paint ( Lea d a rid Z inc
Base ) , M 70.
15) Red Lead ( D ry- and Pastein-O il ) and Paint Made Therefrom, M 71.
16 ) Red Lead Ready-Mixed Pa int, M 72.
If red lead is used to r the seconcl field coat it shall be tinted with
lampb lack as directed by the Enginee r.
2.14.3 NUMBER OF COATS AND COLOR

All steel shall be par nted one shop or pin me coat, and w i th not less
than two field coats, is speci fied in At-ticle 2.14.2. The color shall be as
specified or determined by I.he Engineer. The coats shall be

different in color to permit detccti on of i ncomp lote appl icatien.
sufficientl)'
2.14.4 MIXING OF PAINT

Paint shall be f act0ry mixed except as provided in this section. All
paint shall also be field mixcd before app ly ing in order to keep the p ig
ments in uniform sus pens to n.
2.14.5 WEATHER CONDITIONS

Paint shall not be appl red when the air temperature is below 40 F
or when the air is misty, or when, in the opinion of the Engineer, conditions are otherwise unsatisfactory for the work, It shall not be applied
unon damn or fro9tt2d
Material painted under cover in damp or cold weather shall remain

under cover until dry or u nti l weather conditions permit its expos ure in
the open. Painting shall not be done when the metal is hot enough to
cause the paint to bl ister and produce a porous paint film.
2.J 4.6 APPLICATION

fAl Generol
Painting shall be done in a neat and workmanlike manner. Paint
may be applied with hand brushes or by spraying except that aluminum
paint preferably shall be applied by spraying. By either method the
coating of paint applied shall be smoothly and un iformly spread so that
no excess paint will collect at any point. If work done by spraying is

not satisfactory to the Engineer, hand brushing will be required.
i B I Brushing
When brushes are used, the paint shall be so man ipulated under
the brush as to produce a smooth, un if or in, even coating in close contact
with the metal or with previously applied paint, and shall be worked
into all corners and crevices.
ICJ
Spraying
Power spraying equ ipment shall apply the paint in a fine, even
spray without the addition of any thinner. In cool weather, the paint
may be warmed to red uce the v i scosity for use. Such warming shall be
accompl ished by heating the paint containers in water or by placing
them on steam radiators.

Paint when appl red with spray equipment shall be immediately
followed by brush ing when necessary to secure uniform coverage and
to e I inn in ate wrinkling, bl istering and ai rholes.
IDJ lnoccessible Surfoces
On all surfaces which are inaccessible I:or paint brushes, the paint
shall be applied by spraying or applied with sheepskin daubers, to insure
thorough covering.
2.J J 4.7 REMOVAL OF PAINT
If the painting is unsatisf actory to the Engineer, the paint shall be
removed and the metal thoroughly cleaned and repainted.
2. J 4.8 THINNING PAINT

Paint as deli vered in
contai ners when thoroughly mixed
is ready
for use. If it is necessary in cool weather to thin the paint in order

that it shall spread more f reely, th is shall be done only by heating in hot
water or on steam radiators, and liqu id shall not be added nor removed
unless permitted by the Engineer.
2.14.9
CONSTRUCTION
2.14.9 PAINTING GALVANIZED SURFACES

Galvan ized s u rfaces wh ieh aie req u ired tr be pa in tod shal l be
trcated as Vol low s :
For the purpose of conditioning the surface of galvan ized sur-
faces for ;ainting, the par nting shall be deferred as long as possible
in order th:it the surface may weather.
Before pa i n tin g galvan i zed su rfaces they shall be trea ted as fol low.s
In 1 gallon of soft water dissolve 2 ounces each of copper
chloride, copper nitrate, and real cmmon iac, then add 2 ounces of
commerci a l mu r iat ie ac id. Th is should be done in an earthen or
glass vessel, never in tin or other metal receptacle. Apply the solu-
tion with a wi cfc flat bru sh to I h e gtilvan ized su rface, after which it
will assume a dark, almost black, color, which on drying becomes a

grayish film.
2.14.IO CLEANING OF SURFACES

IA J
Generol
Surfaces of metal to be pa in ted shall be thoroughly cleaned, re-
mov i rig ru st, loose mi 11 scale, d irt, or l or grease and
other foreign
su bstan ces. Un ie.ss clean m g is to be done by blast clean ing, all weld
areas, before clei n mg is begu n, shall be neutral ized with a proper
chem ical, after which it shall be the roughly rinsed with water
Th ree methods of clean in g are ;rovided herein . Any of these
method s may be used u nless otherwise spec ified.
Method A Hond Cleaning
The rem va1 of rust, scale and dirt shall be done by the use of
metal brushes, sci-ape re, ch reels, hammers or other effective means. Oi I
and grease shall be i emoved by the use of a suitable effective solvent.
Bristle or wood fiber brushes shall be used for removing loose d ust.
IB J
IC J
Method B Blost Cleoning

All steel shall be cleaned by ci ther the centr i f ugal wheel or the ai r
blast method. The blast clean ing shall remove all mi 11 scale and other
substances down to the bare metal. Special atten tion shall be given to
the clean ing of corners and reentr:int angles. Before painting, ail
metallic shot and prit or sand shall be removed from the su rfaces. The
cleaning shall be approved by the Engineer pi-ior to painting. The material shall be par uted before rust forms.
Blast clean ing should be performed with SAE No. 5-330 shot or
smaller, SAE No. G-25 grit or smaller, or dry sand passing through a
16 mesh screen, U.S. sieve series.
IDI Method C Flome Cleaning
Unless otherwise provided in the su pplemental spec ificati ons, all
metal, except the inside surfaces of boxed members and other surfaces
which will be i nacccssible to the flame cleaning operation after the
368
member is assembled, shall be Paine Cleaned in accordance with the

Vol low ing ope rations :
11I O il, grease and similar adherent matter shall be removed
by washing with a su itable solvent. Excess solvent shall be wiped
from the work before proceeding with su bsequent operat ions.
(2) The surfaces to be painted sha 11 be cleaned and dehydrated
( freed of occlu d ed moistu re) by the passage of oxyacetylene flames
ivh ich have an oxygen to acetylene ratio of at least one. The inner
cones of these flames shall have a ratio of length to port diameter of
at least 8 and shall be not more than 0. 15 inch center to center. The
oxyacety lene flames shall be traversed over the surfaces of the steel
i n such manner an d at such speed that the surfaces are dehydrated ;
and d irt, rust, loose scale, scale in the form of blisters or scabs, and
st milar fore ign matter are breed by the rapid, intense heating by
the flames. The flames shall not be traversed so slowly that loose
scale or other foreign matter is fused to the surface of the steel.
The nu mber, arran ge ment and manipulation of the flames shall be
such that al I parts of the surfaces to be painted are adequately
cleaned and dehydrated.
(3) Pt-omptly after the applic at ion of the flames, the surfaces
of the steel shall be wire brushed, hand scraped whe rever necessary,
and then swept a nd dusted to remove all free material an d foreign
particles. Compressed at r shall not be used for this operati on.
(4) Paint shal I be applied promptly at ter the steel has been
cleaned an d wh il e the temperature of the steel is .stil1 above that of
the su rrou n d i ng atmosph ere, so that there w ill be no recon densati on
of moisture on the cleaned surfaces.
IE I Surfaces lnoccessible After Assembly
Unless therw i se provided, the inside surfaces of boxed members
and other su rfaces which wi II be inaccessib le to the flame clean in g

oper at ion tfter the member i s assemb led shall be cleaned by Method A,
Hand Clean in g. If Paine cleaning of such su rfaces is reQ u 1 id, it shall
be so stated in the special provisions and the following will apply :
The inside su i faces of boxed members and other surfaces
svh ich will be inaccessible to the flame cleaning operation after the
member is assembled, shall be clean ed as specified in paragraphs
I D ) 11I and I D ) ( 2 ) and wi re bru shed but not pai uted before the
member i s boxed or a ssembl ed. After aJ 1 Iabri cat i on of the

member is completed, its inside surfaces shall be hon d v'ire brushed
or hand scraped wherever necessa ry in order to remove dirt and
othe r foreign su bstanc es wh i ch way h:tve acc u mu lated after the
s u i faces were on ginal ly clea it eel. The outer de su rf aces of the mem
bers shall their be cleaned and dehydrated, wit e brushed, and hand
scraped whe reve i neces sary. All surf wcs shill then be swept an1
d U Sted to re mov c ii ee materii1 and for eign parti c1es and the mem
be r completel y painted.
2. 14.11
CONSTRUCTION
2.14.1 J SHOP PAINTING

Unless oth ervvi se spec i fled, steel v o rk shall be
pi ven
one
coat
of
approved paint after i I has been accepted by the in spector and before it
is sh ipped from the plant.
Surfaces n ot i n contact but inaccessible afte r assembly or erect ion
shall be pa i n ted th reo coats. The shop contac I su rf aces sh all n ot be
painted. Field contact s urfaces shal l rece we a shop cost of pa int, except
contact en rfaces of h Uh streng th bol ted, friction type joints, and ma in
spt ices for chords of tru rics and large girder spl ices involv ing run ltiple
th i ckn ess e s of material vv here a shop Coat of par nt won Id make erection
d ifficu It. F ield contact ski rf aces n ot painted w i th the shop coat shall be
given a coat of approved lacq uer o r other p roteet we coating if i t is
expected that there will be a pro longed per rod of exposu re before erection.
Su rfaces wh ich w ill be in cntact vv ith cone rete shall n ot be painted.
Structural steo I wh ich is t u be welded shall not be painted before
weld i rig is complete. I I i t is to be welded on I y in the tab ricati n g shop
and s u bseq u e ntly erected by bolting, i I shall rece we one coat of par nt after
shop weld ing is fin i shed. Steel xvh ich is to be field welded shall be given
one coat of boil ed l in seed oil or other approved protective coating at ter
shop weld i n g an d shop fabricat i on i s completed.
Su rfaces of i ron an d steel castings, ei ther milled or fin ished, shall
be given one coat of par nt.
With the except i on of abu It i rig joints and base plates, mach incmi shed su rf aces shall be coated as soon as practi cable after be i rig accepted, wi th a hot mixtu re of whi te 1ea1 and tillow or othc r approved
coating, before removal f rom the sh op.
Erection man:s for the field ident i fic at ion of members a nd we ight
marks sh al I be pa i nted upon su rface areas piev iou sly pa in ted w ith the
shop coa t. Material shall not be loaded for sh ipment u ntil it i s thor
oughly d ry, and in any case not less than 24 hours after the paint has
been applied.
2.1 4.1 2 FIELD PAINTING
When the erection work is complete, i nclu d ing a 11 rivcti rig, weld i rig,
boltih g and strat ghten i rig of bent metal, all :id hen n g ru st, wale, d i rt,
grease or other to reign material shall be rcmov ed as spec ifi ed u nder
Article 2. 14.10.
As soon as th e i nspector hac exim i nol and approved all field rivets
and bol ts, the heads of s uch rivets and bolts, a ll welds and any surfaces
from wh ieh the shop or first coat of par nt has beco me worn off or has
oth e rwi se become d e feet i ve, shal I be cleaned and thorou phly covered wi th
one coat of sh op -cost paint.
Contact s urf aces to be riveted or bol ted and su if aces wh ich w ill be in
contact w i th concrete shall not be painted. Surfaces v'h ich wil I be inic
cess ible at ter erection shall be painted with such field coats as are cal led
for on plan s or authorized . When the pa int appl red f or retouch ing the
shop coat has thoroii gh ly dried and the field clean ing has been sa tis
factori ly comp letcd, such field coats as are called for on the plans or are
authorized shall be applied. In no case shall a succeed ing coat be applied
until the previous coat has dried throughout the ful l thickness of the paint
film. All small cracks and cavities which vv e re not sealed in a waterti ght
manner by the first field coat shall be filled with a pasty mixtu re of red lead
and linseed oil before the second coat is applied.
The follow in Ja rovis ion shall apply to the appl ication of both field
co:its. To seen re i maxi mu in coati rig on edges of plates or shapes, rivet
hearts :ind othe r pirts su b jected to special wear and attack, the edges
shtll firt be striped with a ton g i tit d i n at motion anl the rivet heads
w ith i rotary motin of the bi ush, followed immediately by the general
pa inti n g of the whole en rfaec, i nclu ding the edges and rivet heads.
If, in the opinion o:I the E n g ineer, traffic produces an objectionable
amount of dust, the Contractor shall, at his own expense, allay the dust
for the ri eeessiiy d istance on each s ide of the bridge and ttke any other
precau tion s n oe cs sii y to prevent du st :ind d i i I from coming in contact
with I resh ly Jn intod s ii rf :ices or wi th su i faces before the p:t int is applied.
The app tic a ti on of the secon d field coat shall be def e i red until adjoining concro te v'oi-k has been p1iccl and fin i shed. If concreti ng operati one
have ditmagod the par nt, the .su rd:in ,shl1 be reel em ed and repai nted.
The Contractor shall protect pedestrian, v eh icular and other traffic
upon or u n c1eineath the bridge, and a lso all porti one of the bridge super
structu re and sti bstru ctu re, agiins I damage or disfigu rement by spatters,
splashes and smirchPs of p:t int or paint m u t u -ials.
Section J 5PROTECTION OF EMBANKMENTS AND

SLOPES
2. 1 5.J GENERAL
This work consists o:I I:urn ishing and placing a protective covering
of erosion resistant material for riprap as slope oi- pier foundation
protection. The work shall be done in reasonably close conformity to
the plans and specifications.
The areas to receive riprap or slope protection of any kind shall be
dressed smooth to the slopes or shapes called for- on the plans and shall
be free from stumps, organic in:itter or waste material. Generally, a
toe trench should be provided in which to key the bottom course of riprap.
A filter blanket should be provided where it is anticipated that there may
be migration of fines through the riprap. These items should be shown
on the plans or called for in the pro.ject specifications.
All material, regardless of type or kind, shall be placed
close to the lines called for on the plans.
reasonably
MATERIAL
2.15.2 MATERIALS
All stone, regardless of use, shall be clean (free from organic
matter) durable, angular with f iactured faces, nearly rectangular in
shape w ith a breadth or thickness at least one-third its length and have a
gradation dependent upon maximum size as determined by the Engineer.
CONSTRUCTION
Project plans or specifications will state the size and quality requirements of stone to be used for the various classes of work. Sizes shown
in the follow in g table are recognized by these specifications.
MINIMUM PERCENTAGE LARGER THAN
Classes
Filter
ROCk
Size
8 Ton
4 Ton
2 Ton
8
Ton
4
Ton
60
95
50
95
2
Ton
0
5tl
1
Ton
_'
Ton
)
Ton
Light
Facing
50
95
0
btl
95
0
6Il
9
50
76 Lb.
90
150
90
90
No.
2
0
60
95
0
90
1 Ton
/z Ton
/ Ton
200 Lb.
5 Lb.
No. 4
No. 200
No.
1
The table above sets out minimum requ moments for the large stone
per class. It is understood that the Contractor will furnish miiterial well
graded w ith smaller stones to the extent that :i homogeneou s blanket of
riprap will result with all i nterstices reason:ib1y well filled with rock.
Quality requ i rements for rock to be furnished under these specifications
shall be checked prior to use by the stipulated tests and at :ippropriatP
times throughout the life of the project as determined by the Engineer.
CONSTRUCTION
2.J 5.3
LOOSE RIPRAP FOR SLOPES
Stone for riprap shall be placed on the prepared or natural slope in

a manner which will produce a reasonably well graded mass of stone
with the minimum practicable percentage of voids, and shall be constructed to the lines, grades, and th rednesses shown on the drawin g,
or as di reeled. Riprap protection sh:ill be placed to its full course thickness at one operati on and in s uch a manner as to avoid d replacing the
underlying in aterial. Placing of riprap protection in layers or by dumping
into chutes or by similar methods likely to ci use segregation will not be
permitted. The larger stone shall be well di stributed and the entire mass
of stones shall be roughly graded to conf oi m to approximate gradation
specified in Article 2.15.2. All material going into riprap protection
shall be so placed and di stribu ted that there will be no large accumulations or areas composed largely of either the l:irper or smaller sizes of
stone. It is the intent of the speci fixations to produce a fairly compact
riprap protection in which all sizes of material are placed in their proper
proportions. Hand placing or rearrang in g of individual stone by mechanical equ ipment may be required to the extent necessary to secure the
results specified above. A tolerance of plus or minus 8 inches from Ihe
th icknesse s shown on the drawing will be allowed in the fin ished surl'ace
of the riprap protection, except that either extreme of such tolerance
shall not be conti nuous over an area greater than 200 square feet. The
tolerance limit will be determined on the basis of the average su rf ace
elevation within two square feet. The desired distribution of the various
sizes of stone throughout the mass may be ob tained, at the option of
the Contractor, either by selective loading at the q uai ry, or controlled
dumping of successive loads during placing, or by :i combination of these
methods. Unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer,
the riprap
protection shall be placed in conjunction with the construction of the
embankment v'ith only sufficient lag in construction of the riprap protec-
tion as may be necessary to prevent mixture of embankment and riprap

material.
2. J 5.4
MORTAR RIPRAP FOR SLOPES
Stone l'or this purpose shall, as far as practicable, be selected as to

size and shape in order to secui e :fairly large, flatsurfaced stone wh ich
will lay up with a true and even surface and a minimum of voids. These
stones shall be placed first and roughly arranged in close contact, the
largest stones being placed near the base of the slope. The spaces
between the larger stones shall be filled with stones of su itable size,
leaving the surface smooth, reasonably tight and conforming to the
contou i requ ired. In general, the stone shall be laid with a degree of
care that will insure for plane su i faces a maximum variation from a
true plane o:I not more than 1c inches in 4 feet. Warped and curved
en rf aces shall have the same general degree of accu racy as specified
above for plane surfaces.
As each of the larger stones is placed, it shall bc surrounded by
fresh mortar and adjacent stones shall be shoved into contact. After
the larger stones are in place all o:I the spaces or openings between
them shall be filled with mortar and the smaller stones then placed by
shoviri g them into position, forcing excess mortar to the surl'ace and
in su ring that Pach stone . is carefully and firmly bedded laterally.
After the work has been completed as above described, all excess
mortar for ced u p shall bP spread unifoi-rely to completely fill all surface
voids. All s u rf ace joints shall then be roughly pointed up either with
flush joints or with shallow, smooth raked joints.
Weep holes shall be provided through the riprap cover as shown on
the plans or as d irected by the E ngineer.
Mortar shall const st of one part cement complying with Article
2.4.2 (A) (1 ) and three parts sand complying with Article 2.4.2
thorou ghly mixed with water to have a thick creamy consistency.
shall not be placed in f t-eez ing weather. During hot, dry weather the
work shall be protected from the sun an d kept moist for a minimu in of
throe d:t s after pliicement.
Rock shall be kept wet du ring placing of the mortar.
GONSTRUOTION
2.1 5.5
STONE RIPRAP FOR FOUNDATION PROTECTION
Stone shall be placed as nearly as is practical to the locations

areas called for on the plans.
and
When placed under water free dumping will not be permitted iv ithout
written permi ssion
of the Engineer.
Placement shall
methods u sing bottom dump buckets, or wire

through the water to the point of placement.
2.15 .
rope
be
by controlled
baskets
lowered
CONCRETE RIPRAP IN BAGS
In general this type material shall be used only where it can be
pl aced in the dry.
Concrete for riprap in bags shall be Class C concrete complying

with Article 2.4.5.
Heavy but-lap bags 10 oz. about 19'/_ x 36 inside seams are pre
f eri ed. ID sacks of larger sizes are used the ends shall be holded to
secuie close contact with adjacent bags and to contain approximately
? en. ft. of concrete.
The bags shall be seen rely tied or holded over and immedi ately
placed in the work. ID bags ai e holded the fold shall be placed underneath
the bag for headers as d against the previou sly placed bag for stretchers.
Each course shall be thoi-oughly tamped into place so that close contact
with underlying and adjacent bags is obtained. No more than ton i'
horizont:it courses sh:ill be laid above concrete not yet having its initial
set. At the start of each day's work, previously placed sacks shall be
moistened and dusted heavily with cement.
Weep holes shall be provided throu gh the riprap cover as shown on
the plans oi as dii ected by the Engineer.
2.J 5.7
CONCRETE SLAB RIPRAP
(a) GeneralConciete sltb ri prap may be either cast-in-place slabs

or precast slabs manufactured on the job or at a regular masonry unit
man uf acturing plant. If rei nforcement is requ ired, it shall be furn ished
and placed as shown on the plans. All blocks shall be of the limiting
d i mansions shown on the plins.
b) I\1:inn:lectureCast-in-place slabs or precast slabs in:inufactured
on the j ob shall be made of Class A concrete complying with the
requ i cements of Section 2.4 except that the minimum compress we
sti ongth of the concrete shall be 1,800 pounds pei sq uaie inch . All edges
shall be tooled and the exposed su rf aces shall be a wood float 8nc1 fiber
brush fini.sh.
E ithei- convention al aggregate complying vv ith Article 2.4.2 (C) (1)

and 2.4.2 I D ) ( 1) or light weight aggregate comply in g with ASTM C330
may be used in man uf actu i-e of the blocks.
e ) PM aciiigA trench of the d i mensi on s shown on the plans or as
given by the Engineer shall be dug at the toe of the slope and the slope
shall be dressed to the lines and grades given by the Engineer. Excess
materiil removed in dressing slopes shall be used in filling low areas and
:iny excess not reQu ii ed for this purpose shall be spread on ad jacent
highway s lopes as dii ected by the E ngineer. Filled areas shall be com
p:icted. If it is necessary to import material for filling depress ions and
low spots to bring sJ opes to lines and grades, importation of such water-rat
only will be paid for as exti-a work. Placing imported material will be
considered a part of the work of di-essing the slopes. The riprap shall
be placPd in blocks of the d imen sions shown on the plans. Unless other
wise specified, blocks shall be laid in horizontal courses and successive

courses shall break joints with preceding courses. joint details shall be as
shown on the plans, bu I if not shown, horizontal .joints and joints up
the slope in either type constiti ction shall be /i, filled with 1 to 3 grout
and raked "/i
Weep holes shall be provided through the riprap cover as shown
on the plans or as di rected by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall maintain the riprap protection as may be necessary to prevent mixture of embankment and riprap material. The Contractor shall maintain the ripi-ap protection until accepted and
any
material d isplaced by any cause, shall be replaced at no additional cost
to the State, to the lines and grades shown on the drawing.
FILTER MATERIAL
2.15.8 FILTER OR BEDDING MATERIAL

Pit or quarry run material of the size specified and complying
Article 2.15.2 will be acceptable.
with
Stone shall be placed as nearly as is practical to the locations and

areas called for on the plans.
When placed under water, ft ee du mping will not be permitted
without written permiss ion of the Engineer. Placement shall be by
controlled methods using bottom dump buckets, or wire rope baskets
lowered through the water to the point of placement.
MEASUREMENT
2.15.9 MEASUREMENT
(a) Loose Riprap for Slopes. Loose riprap for slopes may be
measured for payment on either a squat-e yard, cubic yard or weight
basis as specified. If measured on a squ:me yard basis, the quantity
measured will be that actually placed to the limiting di mensions shown
on the plans or as the plan dimensions may be revised by the Engineer.
2. 15.9
CONSTRUCTION
(b) Mortar Riprap for Slopes. Mortar riprap for slopes will be
measured for payment on a sjuare yard basis. The quantity measured
will be that actually placed to the limiting dimensions shown on the
plans or as the plan dimensions may be revised by the Engineer.
c) Stone Riprap for Foundation Protection. Unless otherwise
Specified, stone riprap will be measured for payment on a weight (ton)
basis. Weighing shall be done in the presence o1 on inspector in the
hauling vehicles either at the quarry or at or near the point of placement
as may be directed by the Engineer. The quantity measured for payment
will be that actually placed in accordance with instructions given by the
Engineer.
(d) Concrete Riprap in Bags. Unless otherwise specified concrete
riprap in bags will be measured for payment on a volume (cubic yard)
basis. The quantity measured will be that actually placed to the limiting
dimensions shown on the plans or as the plan dimensions may be revised
by the Engineei-.
(e) Concrete Slab Riprap. Preparation of Slopes will be measured
for payment on a square yard unit. The quantity measured will be that
:ictually prepared for coverage by riprap as required by plan dimensions
or as plan dimensions may be revised by the Engineer. Excavated area
for toe trenches or curbs, if required, will be included in these limiting
dimensions.
Concrete Slab Riprap will be measured for payment on a square
yard unit. The quantity measured will be that actually placed within the
limiting dimensions called for on the plans or as plan dimensions may
be revised by the Engineer. Curbing, if required, will be included in
these limiting dimensions.
(I) Filter oi- Bedding Material. Filter or bedding material will be
measured for payment on a cubic yard, square yard, or vve1ht basis as
called for in the project specifications. The quantity measured will be
that actu:illy placed to the limiting dimensions shown on the plans or as
the plan dimensions may be revised by the E ngineer. Measurements on
a square yard basis shall be measured parallel to the finished surface.
PAYMENT
2.J 5.JO PAYMENT
(a) Loose Riprap for SlopesLoose riprap for slopes measured in
accord:once with Article 2.15.9 (a) will be paid for at the price bid per
square yard, per cubic yard or per ton as set forth in the project
specifications.
(b) Mortar Ripi-ap for SlopesMortar riprap for slopes measured
in accordance with Article 2.15.9 (b) will be paid for at the price bid
per square yard.
let Stone Riprap for Foundation ProtectionStone riprap for foundation protection measured in accordance vv'ith Article 2.15.9 (c) will be
paid for at the price bid per ton unle.ss otherwise specified.
(d) Concrete Riprap in BagsConcrete riprap in bags measured in

accordance with Article 2.15.9 (d) will be paid for at the price bid per
cubic yai-d unless otherwise specified.
fe) Concrete Slab RiprapPayment for preparation o1 sl opes will
be made tit the un it price bid per squre yard thereto r, which price and
payment shall be fit 11 compensation for Hi rn ish in g and placing at l matensile incl u d ing labor, tools, eg u ipment, :tnd i ncidentals necess ary to
comp fete preparation of the are:i to be cover ed, including excavation
:tnd backfill of toe trenches and curbs if i eqn ired. Dorrow material, if
reqtii red, ivi 11 be paid for as exti-a work as set Sorth in Article 2.15.7 (c) .
Ptyment for- concrete slab riprap \\ i]l be at the unit price bid per
sJu:iie yard therefor, wh ich price and payment shall be in 11 compensation
for Iu rnish in g all male r ial s, incl nding libor, eqti ipment, tools and inc i den tale necessa ry to complete the work.
(f FiltPr oi Bedding MaterialFilter or bedding material me ash red
in :iccordance v ith Article 2. TO. 9 if) will be paid for on the cubic yard,
sqtii re yt id or weight bas is as called for in the project speci fixations.
I g GeneralPayment for riprap o1 the various classes at the unit

pi ices bid will inclu de full and complete compensation for all labor,
materi at s, equ ipment, or other i nc idental expense in connection with
prep:iiation of su bpr:tde, excavating and backfill ing toe tr enche
- where
requ ired, f u i n ishing and placing the stone, st abs, grout, mortar, reinforcing steel, if requ ired, and all other work and incidental material
requ ii-eel to complete the work in accoi-dance with the plan s and specifica
tions.
Secfion i 6
CONCRETE CRIBBING
2.16.1 GENERAL
The ccanst ruct ion of cone i etc cribbin g shall cons i st of the l'urn ish ing
.iii cI i n st al I at ion f re i n forcecl coiiciete ci-ib members and the plac in g of
the i ia t i to r fi I I in g in a tc i ia!s. The crib members shall be cast in thP proporticn s and in cn foi ma ri cc with the penei'a l reju i cements set forth for
proj.Est con ci-ete bean n piles. Dovve Is, where used shal I be of wrou ghtiron or galva n ized s tee I not less th:in 1 inch in d iameter and of the requ ired
length.
' isi rips f r dowels sh a 11 be of galv an ized steel or ii-on pi pe not less
th an 1 ' i i nche's i n rl i a meter.
The I c'ta i 1s of thi' c ri b mcm be re and the i r at-iin gement sha 11 be as
5 1 II\\'li d ii the plaia s. If s;ec i fic dola i ls foi rat ii No rcemen t a re not shown
on the plans, or i f the Contractor is permitted to purchase the crib
member .s f r in in.in It Iac t u re i-s , he shal l su bin it detai led specific a tions and
plans for the approval of the Engineer, and such plans must be approved
bet or' rl r I i veiy of I he matoi i.il i s beu n.
A 11 m mbc re sha 11 be' f t-ee from Iepress ions and spi fled, patched,
or pl.i.s ts'i ed s ii i fac s or edgPs, or .i ny' other defcets vv'h i ch mi v i mpai i-
CONSTRU GTION
2.161
the ir stieiigth or du rabil ity. Crackcd or otherv'i se defective members will
be rejected.
2.16.2 CONSTRUCTION
The fou n elation or bed for the cribb i n g shall be firm and shall be
approved by the Engineer before any of the crib work is placed. In
ge ne i-a l, tran sve no concrete will me mbPi s shal l be up sed to support the
lower cri bbing cou i se. Crib members sh all be ca rofully handled and
erecte1 i n su eh ma nne r a s to avo id any- in j u ry due to -shock or impact.
Each mcmbor shall be sec ii icd by a pp rov nd interlocking details or by

mean s of dowels pass m g through galvan ized cas in gs. Any members
wh ich become cracked or otherwise inj ured during erection shall be
completely rcnevvcc1 and rep laced.
The filling for the interior of the crib shall progress simul taneous ly
with the erection of the cr ibbing, and shall be of approved material placed
in layers not to exceed 12 inches in thickness and tamped or consolidated
to the satisfaction o:I the Engineer.

Concrete cribbing w ill be paid for at the contract p rice per cubic
foot for concrete cribbing complete in place. Th is price shall include all
materials, eq u ipment, tools, and labor inc idental to the satisf actory erection of the cri bbi n g, inclu ding necessa ry excavation. The volume to be
paid for will be the actual net vol u me of the concrete in the crib members
as shown on the plans. The fil ling for the interior of the crib will be paid
for at the contract pr ice per c ubic yard for ci-ib filling in place.
Section 17WATERPROOFING
2. J 7.1 GENERAL
When specified on the plans or i n the special provisions, su rf aces
shal I be wate rJn oofed as specified herein.
2. J 7.2 MATERIALS
I AJ
Mortor
Mortar for the prte't we ecu i se sh all conform to the prov is ions of
Article 2. 6.2 (B) .
I BJ
Asphol t
Waterproofing asphalt shall conform to the Specification for Asphalt for Dampproofing and Waterproofing, AASHO M 115 (ASTM
D 449) . NOTE : Type A is for use below ground and Type B for use
above ground. Unless otherwise specified, Type B shall be used.
Primer for use with asphalt in waterproofing shall conform to the
Specification for Primer for Use With Asphalt in Dampproofin g and
Waterproofing, AASHO M 116.
I CJ
Pifch
Waterproofing pitch shall conform to the Specification for CoalTar
Pitch for Roofing, Dampproofing and Waterproofin g, AASHO M 118
(ASTM D450) . Type B pitch shall be turn i shed unless otherwise
specified.
Primer for use with coaltar pitch in dampproofing and waterproofing shall conform to the Specification for Creosote for Priming
Coat with Coal-Tai Pitch in Dampproofing and Waterproofing, AASHO
M 121 (ASTM D 43) .
I D I Fn bric
'The fabric shall conform to the Speci fixation for Woven Cotton
Fabrics Saturated with Bituminous Substances for Use in Waterproofing, AASH O M 117 (ASTM D 173) .
I EJ
Tor for Absorptive
Treatment
Tar for abso rpt i ve t reatmPnt shall be a l i q u id water-gas tar wh ich

con fo rms t o the fol I ii'i n g iQ It l lIT1 Al IS '
Specific gravity, 25/25 C 77/7T F)

Specific viscosity at 40 C 1104 F.)
(Engler) , not more than
'I'otal distillate, per cent by weight, to 300
C t 572 F) , not more th:in
Bitumen (soluble in carbon disulphide) , not
1.030 to 1.100
less than, per cent
Water, not more than, per cent

I F J Tor Seol Coot
Tar seal coat shall conform to the Specification for Tar for Use in
Road Construction, AASHO M 52, Grade RTGB-5.
I G I Joint Fillers
F i I Je r for u se in horizontal jot nts in wate rproofi n g xv'ork sh at I be a
s tra igh t refi ned o il i sphal I conform m g to the follow in g reQu i remcnts :
Flash point : Not less than 232 C (450 F) .
Softening point : 48.9 C (120 F) to 54.4 G 1130 F) .
Penetration : at 0 C 32 F) , 200 grams, 1 in mute, not l9S
than 15.
At 25 C (77 F) , 100 grams, 5 seconds, 50 to 60.
At 46 C ( 115 F) , 50 grams, 5 seconds, not more than 300.
Loss on heating : At 163 C (325 F) , 50 grams, 5 hours, not
more than 0.5 per cent.
Ductility : at 25 C 177 F) , 5 centimeters per minute, not
less than 85.
Tom a I b itumen I sol u ble in ca rbon d is ulph ideJ : Not less th an
99.5 percent.
Fi ller for use in vertical j oints in w ate rproofi rig work shall be an
asphalt conform i up to the requ i ie ments spec i fled above for horizon tal
2. 17.2
CONSTRUCTION
379
jo int fil ter, to xvh ich h as been added 20 per cc nt, by we ight, of asbestos
fiber. The i nco rpo ra I i on of the asbestos fi ber w ith the asphalt shall be
done at the factory of the man uf actu rer to insure a un iform distribu tion of the fiber th rou gho u t the mix.
IHJ
inspection
ond
Del ivery
All waterp roofin g materials shal l be tested before sh ipment. Unless otherwise ordered by the Engineer, they shall be tested at the place
of manu factu re, and, when so test eel, a copy of the test rent I ts shall
be sent to the Engineer by the chemist or inspection bureau which has

been des i gnated to make the tests, an d each package shall have affixed
to it a label, seal, or other mark of i d ent i ficat i on , showi rig that it ha9
been tested and found acceptabl e, and identify in g the package with
the laboratory tests.
Factory inspection is preferred, but, in lieu thereof, the Engineer
may order that represe n talive samples, properly id entified, be sent to
him for test prior to shipment of the material s. After delivery of the
materials, representative check samples shall be ta1:en which shall
determine the acceptability of the mater ials.
Al I materi all shall be delivered on the work in original conta ine re,
plainly marked w ith the manufacturers brand or label.
2.17.3 STORAGE OF FABRIC

The fabric shall be stored in a dry, pi-otected place. The rolls sha 11
not be stored on end.
2.1 7.4 PREPARATION OF SURFACE
All concrete su rfaces which are to be water proofed shall be reasonably
smooth, and free from proj ections or holes wh ich migh I ca use pri nctu re
of the me mbi-ane. The su rf ace shall be dry, so as to prevent the formation

of steam when the hot asphalt or tar is applied, an d, immediately before
the appl icition of the xvaterp roofing, the surface shall be thoroughly
cleaned of due I and loose materials.
No waterproofing shall be done in wet v'eather, nor when the
temperature is below 35 F, withou I special authorization :from the
Engineer. Should the surface of the concrete become temporarily damp,
i I shall be covered with a 2-inch layei of hot sand, wh ich shall be allow ed
to remain in place from one to two hou re, or long enough to produce a
warm an Cl s urfaCe-dried condition, after which the sand shall be swept
track, uneovei ing su fficient s urface for- beginn ing work, and the ope i-ation
repeated as the work prog resses.
2. J 7.5 APPLICATION GENERAL

Asphalt shall be heated to a temperature between 300 and 350 F,
and tar for hot application shall be heated to a temperature between 200
and 250 F, with frequent stirring to avoid local overheating. The heating
kettles shall be equ ipped w ith thermometers.
In all cases, the waterproofin g shall begin at th P low point of the
su rface to be vv aterproof ed, so that water wi 11 ru n over an d not against
or alongr the laps.

The first sti-ip of fabric shill be of ha lf wid th ; the second shall be
fu 11 w idth, lapped the Iu ll wid th of the first sheet ; an d the th ird and
each su acceding strip shall be fu 11 iv idth and lapped so that there wil l
be tv o I iyers of fibri c at all poi nts wi th laps not less than 2 inches wi de.
All end l ape sh all be at least 12 inches.
Beginning at the low point of the su rface to be iv .tterproofed, a
coating of primer shall be applied and allowed to dry before the first
coat of asphalt is appl red. The waterpioofing shull then be a;pI ied as
follows :
Begin n ing at the low point of the surface to be waterp roofed, a
section abou 1 20 inches w ide and the f u 11 length of the su rface shall be
mopped with the hot asphsI t or tar, and there shal l be rol led into it,
immed iately follow in g the mopping, the first strip of fabric, or half
width, v'h ich shal I be carefu fly pressed into p]ace so as to eliminate all
air bu bbles and obtain c lose conformity with the surface. Th is strip and
an adjacent section of the s urfaee of a width equal to sl ightly more than
half of the width of the fabric bet rig used shal I then be mopped with hot
asphalt or tar, and a fu ll width of the fabric shall be rod led into this,
completeI y covering the hrst strip, and pressed into place as before. Th is
secon d strip and an adjacent section of the concrete surface shall then be
mopped with hot asphalt or tar and the thi rd strip of fabric sh ingled
on so a9 to lap the first strip not less than 2 inches. This process shall be
continued until the entire surface is covered, each strip of: fabric lapping
at least 2 inches over the last strip but one. The entire surface shall then
be given a final mopping of hot asphalt or tar.
The completed wate rproofi ng shall be a firmly bonded
membrane
composed of two layers of fabric and three mopp ings of asphalt or tar,
together wi th a coating of primer. Under no circu instances shall one
layer of: fab ric touch another layer at any point or touch the surface,
as there in u st be at least th ree complete moppings of as phal I or tar.
In at l cases the mopping on concrete shall cover the .surface so that
no gray spots appear, and on cloth it shall be sufficiently heavy to completely conceal the weave. O n horizontal surfaces not less than 12 gallons
of asphalt or tar shall be used for each 100 sq u are feet of fin ished work,
and on vertical su rf aces not less than 15 gallons shall be used. The work
shall be so re pu lated that, at the close of a days work, all cloth that is laid
shal I have received the final mopping of asphalt or tar. Spec ial ca re shall
be'.aken at all laps to see that they a re th oroughly sealed down.
2.17.6 APPLICATION DETAILS

At the ed ges of the membrane and at any points where it is punctured
by such appu rtenances as drains or pipes, su itable provisions s hal l be made
to prevent water from gettin g between the waterp roofing and the waterproofed s urface.
All flash ing at curbs and against girders, spand rel walls, etc., shall
CONSTRUGTION
2.17.6
be done with separate sheets lapping the main membrane not less than
12 inches. Flashing shall be closely sealed either w ith a metal counterflashing or by embedding the upper edges of the flash ing in a groove
poured full of joint filler.
Points wh ich are es se nti ally open j oints but which are not den gned
to provide for exp ans ion shal I first be caulked with oakum and lead
wool and then filled with hot joint filler.

E x pans ion joints, both horizontal and vertical, shall be provided
wi th sheet coppPr or lead in U or V form in accord ance w ith the
details. A Pte r the membrane has been placed, the joint shall be filled with
hot j oint filler. The membrane shall be carried continuously across all
expan sion jo ints.
At the end s of the structure the membrane shall be carried well
d own on the ab utme nts and su itable provision made for all movement.
2. J 7.7 DAMAGE
PATCHING
Care shall be taken to prevent injury to the finished membrane by'

the passage over it of men or wheelbarrows, or by throw in g any material on it. Any damage which may occur shall be repaired by patch ing.
Patches shall exten d at least 12 inches beyond the outermost damaged
portion and the second ply shall extend at least 3 i nches beyond the first.
2.17.8 PROTECTION
COURSE
Over the waterproofin g membrane, constructed as specified above,

there shal I be constructed a protection course w'hich, unless other-wise
specified or shown on the plans, shall be a 2-inch course of mortar mixed
in the proportion of one part portland cement and two parts sand. This
mortar course shall be rei nf orced midway between its top and bottom
surfaces with wi re netting of 6-inch mesh and No. 12 gauge, or its
eq u ivalent. The top s urfaee shall be tro\voted to a smooth, hard finish and,
v.'here requ i red, true to grade.
The con str u ction of the protection course shall follow the vs aterproofing so closely that the latter will not be exposed without protection
for more than 24 hours.
Section 18
2. J 8.1 GENERAL
DA MPPROOFING
2.18.2
llltiH W A Y OlllLl Ci ES
2. J 8.2 MATERIALS
The material u sed for dampproofin g shall be tar or asphalt as requ ired
by the speci at prov is ions.
Tar for absorptive treat.ment (or primer) , tar seal coat, and asphalt
for primer and seal coat shal l conform to the requ me ments of Article
2.17.2.
2.J 8.3 PREPARATION OF SURFACE

The su rfice to v'h ich the dampp roofin g coating i s to
be
applied
shall le cleined of all loose and forei gn material and dirt and shal.l be
dry. When necessary the Engineer may requ ire the surface to be scrubbed
with water and a stiff bru sh, af ter which the surface shall be allowed to dry
before appi mation of the primer.
2.J 8.4 APPLICATION

Cone re te, brick or other surfaces which are to be protected by
dampp roofin g shall be thoroughly c lean before the primer is applied.
They shal l then be bru sh or spi ay painted with two or more coats I as
indicated on the plans or in the special prov is ions ) of tar or asphalt
for absorpti ve treatment. Below ground not less than two coats shall
be applied, using '/s gallon for each sq u are yard of surface. On the wellprimed surface one appl ication of tar or asphal t seal coat shall be appl red
by brush, u sing !fi i ga Hon per square yard.
Care shall be taken to confine all paints to the a rea?> to be waterproofed and to prevent d isfigu remcnt of any other parts of the structu re
by dripping or spread ing of the tar or asphalt.
2.J 8.5 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Paymen t for d a mpproofing shal I include the cost of fu rn ish ing all
equ ipment, materials and labor necessary for the sat isfacto ry completion
of the v ork.
Payment will be made on the basis of the n u mber of square yards of
dampproofin g comp fete in place.
Section 19
NAME PLATES
2.19.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

When speci fled, the Contractor for the superstructure shall furnish
and i nstal l name plates of such form, d imens ions, material and des ign
as may be shown on the plans. Unless
otherwise
p rov i dcd, the contract
price for the s u perst ructu re shal I incl ud e the cost of such name plates.
No permanent plates or markers other than those shown on the
plans or approved by the Engineer wi 11 be permitted on any structure.
GONSTRUGTION
220.1
Section 20TIMBER STRUCTURES

2.20.1 MATERIALS
IA J Lumber ond Timber
ISolid sown or glued lominoted J
Sawn lumber and timber sham conform to the Speci ficati ons for
Structu rat Timber, Lu mber and Piling, AASH O M 168.

Structural glued lam mated timber shall conform to U.S. Commercial
Standard GS 253-63 for Structural Glued Laminated Timber . The term
structural glued laminated timber, as employed in GS 253-63, is an
engineered, stress-rated product of a timber lami n at ing plant, comprising assemblies of su itably selected and prepared wood lam inat ions
securely bonded together with adhesives. The grain of all laminations is
approximately parallel longi i ud inally. The separate law ination s may
not exceed 2 inches in net thickness. They may be comprised of pieces
end joined to :form any lenpth, of pieces placed or glued edge to edge to
make wide r ones, or of pieces bent to curved form during gluing.
For the various Qtr uctural pu rposes, appropriate grades, or thPir
equ ivalcnt, shall be selected in accordance with the design requ irements
for strew-grades g iven in Section 1.10.
Structural lumber and timber, sol id sawn or glued laminated, shall

not be u sed in exposed permanent structu res without pressure preserva
tive treatment. Temporary str uctu res or lumber and timber with adequate hear tw ood requ moments ( see AASHO M 168) need not requ i re
preseivatively treated In mber and timber.
IBI
Structurol
Shopes
Rods, plates and shapes shall be of structu ral steel or
wrought-
i ron, as specified, con forming to the requ irements of Article 2. 10.3.

Eyebar s shall conform to the reQu irements of Article 2. 10.3 (AT ( 2 ) (b .
Castings sh all be cast steel or grayi ron, as specified, conforming
to the rPq u i cements of Article 2.10.3 I D 3
I DI
Hnrdwcire
Machine bolts, d riftbolts and dowels may be either wrough I-iron

or mcdi um steel. Washers may be cist iion ogee or maJleabl e iron castings, or they may be cut from medium steel or wrought-iron plate, as
speci fied.
Machine bolts shall have square heads and nuts, unless otherw we
spec i fied. Nails shall be cut or rou nd wire o1 standard form. Spikes
shall be cu I or wire spikes, or boat spikes, as specified.
Nails, sp ikes, bolts, dowels, washers and lag screws shall bc black
or galvan ized, as spec ified.
Unless othe rw i se spec i fied all h ardiv re for treated timber bri dges,
except malleab le iron connectors, shall be galvan ized or cad miu in

plated.
2.20.1
H I GH WAY BRI DGE S

IE I Point for Timber Structures
Paint :for timber structures, except as otherwise provided herein,

shall conform to the Specification for Wh ite and Tinted Ready-Mixed
Paint Lead and Zinc Base) , AASHO M 70. The paint as specified is
intended for use in covering previously painted surfaces. When it is

applied to unpainted timber, turpentine and linseed oil shall be added
as required by the character of the surface in an amount not to exceed
one pint each per gallon of the paint as specified. The paint shall be
either white or tinted as directed by the Engineer.
If aJ It min um or black paint is spec ified the first or prime coat
sh all be a s specified above. The paint for add it ional coats shall be as
follows :
A I u in in u in Po i n I
Aluminum paint shall conform to the Specification for Alumi-
Paint, AASHO M 69.

BI ock Po int
( o)
Com position
Max iiriuiii
Jiei cent
Pi Intent
L iJ u id ( ci rite i n in g at least 80 pe r
cent I i nsee d oi I )
Min imum
per cent
68
Water
Coa ise part ie les ari d sk ins ( tota I ies idu e ieta tried o n N o. '32
sie v e based on p i gment)
Weight per
9.0 lbs.
( b)
(c)
ga llon,
not
I ess
than
Pigment
Veh icle
Th o l i q u i r1 i n sew ipaste paint shal I be e nti rely I in seed oi I ;

i n ready -in i xed pa i nt i t shal l con to i n not few than 80 per cen I
of li n end oil, the ba lance to lie combined d rier arid th in tier.
CON STRU CTION
2.20.1
(d I
Reo dy - Mixed
Po in t
U ia less oth crw we :iu thorized by the Engineer the pain I
shall be reiidy mixed ( factory -in ixed ) .
( e ) lv\et!n ods of An olysis
Paint shall be analy zed in accordance with methods given

in Federal Specifications Nos. TT-P141 a and TT P27.
I FJ Timber
Connectors
( \ ) Genero I
Connectors i'or treated timber structures, except those of'

malleable i ron, shall be galvan ized in accordance w ith AASH O
M 111 ( ASTM A 1234 and shall be of the type specified in Article
2.20.2. I See Table 2.20. 1 for Typical Dimensions of T imber Con
nectors) .
(2)
5pl it Ring Con nectors
Split rings of 2?_ inch inside diameter, 4-inch inside diameter

and 6-inch inside d iameter shall be manu factu red from hot rolled,
low-carbon steel conform ing to the Standard Specifications for
Carbon Steel Blooms, Billets, and Slab for Forgings, AASHO M 162
(ASTM A273) , Grade 1015. Each ring ehall form a clo9ed true
circle with the pri ncipal axis of the cross section of the ring metal
parallel to the geometric axis of the ring. Except for the 6 ring
(which is rectangular in cross section) the metal section shall be
beveled from the central portion toward the edges to a thickness
less than the mid section. It shall be cut through in one place in
its circumference to form a tongue and slot.
Connector grooves in timber shall be cut concentric with the
bolt hole, shall conform to the cross-sectional shape of the rings
and shall pros'i de a snug fit. Ins ide groove diameter shall be larger
than nominal ring d iameter in order that the ring will expand
slightly during in.s tal lation.
(3)
Tooth - Rin g Co n n ectors
Toothedring timber connectors shall be stamped cold from

U.S. 5tandard 16gage hot rolled sheet steel conforming to the
Standard Specifications for Carbon Steel Blooms, Billets, and Slabs
for Feni n gs, AA SHO M 162 I ASTM A 273) , Grade 1015, and shall
be bent cold to form a circular, corru gated, sharp-toothed band and
220.1
circle and sh all be parallel to the axis of the ring. The central band
shall be welded to f u fly develop the stren gth of the band. All sizes, 2
inch, 2's-inch, 3?s inch and 4-inch d iameters, shall have an overall
depth of .fi4 inch and a depth of fillet of .25 i nch.
(J I
Sheo r - Pl ofe Con necfors
Pres,s cd S'tcc/ +J? . Pressed steel shear-plates of 2""s-inch

d i:imcter sh a JI be manu factu red I rom in il d steel conforming to the
Standard Specihcations for Carbon Steel Blooms, Billets, and Slabs
for Forgi rigs, AA SHO M 162 I ASTM A 273 ) , Grade 1015. Each
plate shall be a tru e ci rc]e with a flange around the edge, extending
at right angles to the face of the plate and extend ing from one
face only,
the plate portion having
central bolt hole
and tvv o
smaI I pe rforati ons on opposite sides of the hole and midway from
the center and circu reference.
Mall e.ah Ie. I rn T ijp:. Malleable iron shear-plates of 4inch
diameter shall be man u factured accord ing ter AA SHO M 106
I ASTM A 47) , Grade No. 35019, for real leable i ron cast in ps.
Each casting shal I cons is t of a pe rfo rated rou nd plate with a flange
arou nd the edge extending at righ I angles to th o face of the plate
and projeeti n g from one face only, the plate portion having a cen tral bolt hole reamed to s ize with an integral h u b consent ric to the
bolt hole and extend ing from the same face as the flange.
15I
Spike-Grid
Con nectors
Spikegrid ti mber connecto re shall be man u faetured accord

ing to AASH O M 106 (A STM A 47) , Grade No. 35018, for malleable i ron ca st i nps. They shall cons ist of four rows of opposin g
spikes form ing a 4'Z-inch sq u are grid with 16 teeth wh ich are held
in place by fi llets. Fi I lets for the flat grid in crow sect ion shal I be
diamond shaped. Fil lets for the single curve grids shall be increased i n depth to aI low for c u rvatu re :in il .shal1 mai n tain a th redness between the sloping faces of the fillets equal to the width of
the fi llet.
C i rcu far grids of 3' 'i d iameter shall consist of 8 oppos ing
spikes eg u ml l y spaced around the ou ter ct re u reference and held in
place by con rice I in g fil lets a roun d the outer d iameter an d rad rat
fi llets p roject in g to a ee n tral c i rcu far fil let wh ich forms a boI t h ole
open ing of Ui. Fi llets in cross section sha 11 be d iamond shaped
except that the inner c irc u lar fil let may be flattened on one side to
prov ide for man u facturer ident ificat i on.
2.20.2 TIMBER CONNECTORS

Timber connectors shall be one of the following types, as specified
on the plans ; the split rin g, the toothed ring, the shear plate or the
spike grid. The spl i I ring and the shear plate shall be installed in precut gi-ooves of d imension s as given herein or as recommended by the
manufacturer. The toothed ring and the spike grid shall be forced
into the contact surfaces of the timbers joined by means of pressure
TY P I CAL DI M ENS I OF' S OF T I M B ER CONN E CTOR S

SPL)T RINGS
'
h'
a (
h n
In s i de d iamete r
Dpth
TOO THED R I N GS
Toothed rin g :
Dh k ess of metal
::
th of fillet ( in in i in nan )
Bolt hole :
Dia mets r
. 94 1. 23
1.59
.99
SHEA R PLA T ES
4
P resscd
D iameter of pI ate
o b
oIe
Th ick ness of
a
Dep th or fla nge
.
.
0. 4 2
L igh I
.
.
0. 35
M all cab I e M all cab Ie
.
0.6 2
4
. 4
.
0. 6 2
'
Hole d ia mete r i n s I ra ps or s hapes
ror 6oi
4.03
0.94
0. 4 5
0. 2 5
3.49
dianneter
097
QOgn4, Wrought iron, W ini-
0:22
9.69
3.4 9
Thickness
Square plate:
Length of s ide
T h i ck ness
2.58
CONSTRUCTION
2202
eqn ipment. All con nectors of this type at a joint shall be embed dcd
simu ltaneou sly and un iformly.
Fabricati on of all structures using connectors sha II be done prior
to treatment. When prefabricated fi ore templates or shop deta its, bolt
holes shall not be more than ir inch from requ i red placement. Bolt holes
shall be Zn i nch larger than bolt diameter. Bolt holes shall be bored perpendicu lar to the face of the timber.
T imber after jab r ication shall be stored in a manner wh ich will
prevent changes in the di men sions of the members before ass e mbly.
D imens ions of material and details

meet with the approval of the Engineer.
not
otherw ise
specified shall
2.20.3 STORAGE OF MATERIAL

Lumber an d timber stored on the s ite shall be kept in orderly pi les
or stacks. Un treated materi al shall bc open -stacked on suppo rts at least
12 inChes above t he ground s u rface to avoi d absorption of grouii cl moistu re

and permit at r ci rcu lation and it shal l be so stacked and stripped as to
permit l'ree ci rcu lation of air between the ti ers and courses. II v ill be
advisable in particular cases for the Engineer to requ me protection from
the iveath e i by' a s u itable covering.
On gl ued laminated stru ctu rat membei-s that are not to be prese rvativel y treated, an approved end sealer shall be applied after end
trimming of each completed member.
2.20.4 WORKMANSHIP
Won:man ship shall be fiist class
throughout.
N one
bu I competent
bridge ca rpente re shall be employed in d all framing shall be true and

exact. U n less oth e rw i se speci fled, nails an d spikcs shall be d ri v en v'i th
ju st en fhcien I force to set the heads flu sh v'ith the su rf ace of the vv cod.
lJeep h a miner in:iiks in wood su rf ace s shall be con ordered evi dcnee of
poor iv or kmansh i p an d su ffi cien I cause for removal of th e woi km an
can st rig them. The vv orkmansh ip on all metal parts shall conform to
the req u ii ement of Article 2.10.2.
2.20.5 TREATED TIMBER
IAJ Hondling
T rete cl timber shall be carefu lly handled xvi th out sudden d mop-
ping, break ing of ou ter fibers, br u is i rig or pen etrat i n g the s u rface with
tools. It shall be hand led w ith rope slings. Cant hooks, peaveys, pi kes
or hooks sh at I not be u sed.
IBI Froming ond Boring
Al I cu tting, f ramiri g, an d boring of treited timbers shall be done

before treatment in so far as is p rac I icable. When t i cated timbers .ire
to be placed in waters i nf ested by marine borers, u ntreited cuts, borings or other joint
avoided.
fram ings
below
h igh
water
e1evat on
sha 11 be
220.6
ICI
Cuts ond Abrasions

All cii ts in I routed piles or t imbers, and all a bras ions, after having
been caref u fly trimmed, shall be covered v i th 2 appl nations of a mixture of 60 per cent creosote oil an d 40 per cent roofing pitch or bru sh
coated xvith at l eist two appl matrons of hot creosote oi I and covered
with hot roofin g p itch .
For field t reatment of other prese rva t i vos see A WPA Standard
M 4-62 entitled Standard for the Care of Pressure Treated Wood

Products.
ID I Boil Holes
All bolt holes bored after t reat me nt shtl1 be t rented iv ith creosote
oil by mean s of an app roved press ure bolt hole
treate r.
Any
unfilled
holes, after be in g treated with creosote o il, shal I be plugged w ith

c reosote d pl ugs.
IE J
Temporory
Atfochment
Whenever, with the approval of the E nginqer, forms or temporary

braces are attached to treated ti mber with nails or spikes, the holes
shal I be fi lled by dri ving ga wan ized nails or spikes flush wi th the s u r-
face or pl u gg ing holes as req u i red for bolt holes.

2.20.6 UNTREATED TIMBER
In structu res of u ntreated t i mber th e
fol lowi ng
su rfaces
shal l be
thorou ghly eoa ted with two coats of hot creosote oil before assembl ing :
end s, tops an d al l contact s u i faces f sil ls, c:ips, floor beams ind stri n gers ,
and all ends, joi rite, and contact su rfiees of brac ng a rid truss members.
The back faces of bu lkheads and al I other ti mber wh ich is to be i n contact
wi th eirth, metal r other timber shall be s inn i la rly treated.
Bolts passing th rough nonresin ous wood shall preferab l y be gal
van ized.
2.20.7 TREATMENT OF PILE HEADS
I AJ
Generol
Pi Ie heads, after cutting to receive the caps, and prior to placing
the caps sh all be treated to prevent deCay.
Immed iatel y a fter making final cut-off on treated timber fou n elation
piles, the cut are:i shall be given two liberal appl ieat ions of preservative
f ollow'ed by a heavy application of coal-tar pitch, or other approved
sealer. 'Treated timber pi les wh ich w ill have the cutoff exposed in the
structure shall be further protected by one of the follow ing methods, as
spec i fled on the plans. If not otherw i so specified, Method B shall be used.
IB J
Method A Zinc Covering
The sawed surface shall be covered w ith th ree appl ications of a

mixture ct 60 per cent creosote oil and 40 per cent roofin g pitch or
thorough ly brush coated with three appl matrons of ht creosite oil and
covered with hot roofing pi tch. Before pl pci ng the cup, a sh eet of 12
gauge (.028-inch) zinc shall be placed on each pile head. The sheet
2.20.7
CON ST RUCTION
391
zinc shall be of suffic rent size to project :it least 4 inches outside of the
pi le, and it shall be bent down, neatly Inmined and secu rely fastened
to the faces of the pile, with large headed galvan ized roohng nails.
IC I Method B Fobric Covering
The head s of all piles shall be covered with alternate layers of hot
pi tch and loosely woven f abri c s imilar to membrane wate rproofi ng,
using fou r a ppl mation s of pitch and three layers of fabric. The cover
shall measure at least 6 inches more in dimens ion than the diameter of
the pile and shall be neatly holded down over the pi lo ind secu i ed by
large headed p a Ivan ized nails or by binding or serv ing w ith not less
than seven complete turns of galvan ized w i re securely held in place by
largeheaded galvan ized nails and staples. The edges of the fabric
projecting below the wire wrapping shal I be trimmed to present a
workmanlike appearance.
The heads of untreated p iles shall be g iven one of the follow inp
treatments, as may be specified or directed by the Engineer :
( 1) The sawed surface shal I be tho rou ghly brush coated w ith
two applications of hot creosote oil.
(2) The sawed surface shall be heavily coated w ith red lead
paint, after which it shall be covered w ith cotton duck, of at least 8
ou nce weight, which shall lie folded down over the sides of the pile
and firmly secured thereto with large-headed roofin g n.t i ts. The edges
of the luck shall be trimmed to give a iv or kmanl ike appearance. The
rluck shall then be wate rproofed by being thoroughly satu rated und
coated wi th one or more appl matt ons of red lead
2.2O.8 HOLES FOR BOLTS, DOWELS, RODS AND LAG SCREWS

Holes for round drift-bolts and dowels sha 11 be bored with a bi I
'lie inch less in d iameter than the bolt or dowel to bP u sed. The d iameter
of holes for square drift-bolts or dowels shall be eq u al to the least d imension of the bolt or dowel.
Holes for michine bolts shall be bored with a bit the same d iamete i
as the bolt, except as othe rw i se provided in Article 2.20. 2.
Holes for rods shall be bored with a bit 'lii. inch greater in diameterthan the rod.
Holes f or lag screws shall be bored with a bit not larger than the
body of the screw at the base of the thread.
2.20.9 BOLTS AND WASHERS

A washer, of the size and type specified, shall be u sed u nder i 11
bolt heads and nuts which wou ld otherw we come in contact with wood.
The n u ts of all bolts shall be effectually locked after they have been
finally tightened.
2.20.10 COUNTERSINKING
All recesses in tre:ited timber, formed for countersi nking shall be
painted with hot creosote oil. Recesses likely to collect injurious mater rats
shall be filled with hot pitch.
Hf GHWAY
BRIDGE 5
2.20.11
2.20. J J FRAMING
Al I I u mber and timber shall be accurately cut and framed to a close
fit in such mxnne r that the joints will have even bearing over the entire
contact su rfaces. I\tort ises shal l be true to size for their ful I depth and
tenons shal l fit sn ugly. No shimming will be permitted in making joints,
nor will open joints be accepted.
2.20.12 PILE BENTS

The piles shall be d riven as indicated on the plans, with a variation
of the portion above the grou nd of not more than 'ii inch per foot from
the vertical or batter ind icated, or so that the cap may be placed in its
proper loc a tion w ithout inducing excess we stresses in the piles. Excessive
manipu lation o:I the piles will not be permitted and the Contractor will be
requ i red to red rive or use other satisfactory methods to av'oid such
man ipu lations. N o sh twining on tops of p iles will be permitted.
The piles for any one bent shall be caref u fly selected as to size, to
avoid und u e bend ing or d i stort i on of the sway bracing. However, care
sha 11 be exerc ised in the d istri bu t i on of piles of varying sizes to secure
u n iform stren gth and rigid i ty in the bents of any given st ructu re.
C tit-offs sha II be accurately made to insure perfect bearing between
the cap and piles.
2.20.1 3 FRAMED BENTS

I Al
Mud bills
Untreated timber u sed for mu d sil Is shal l be of heart cedar, heart

cypress, red w'ood, or other d urable timber. M nd sills shall be firmly
and even ly bedded to solid bearing and tamped in place.
IBJ
Concrete Pedesfols
Concrete pedestals for the support of framed bents shall be careful ly fin ished so that the s i 11s or posts wil l take even bearing on them.
Dowels of not less than 'i-inch d iameter and projecting at least 6 inches
above the tops of the pedes tale, shall be set in them when they are cast,
ter anchoring the st lls er pot ts.
Si lls shal I have tru e and even bean ng on in ud st I Is, p il es or pedes
tals. They shal I be drift-bolted to mud st lls or piles with bolts of not
less th an '?;-inch diameter and extend ing into the mud sills or piles at
least 6 inches. When possible, all earth shall be removed from contact
with sills so that there will be free air circulation around them.
Posts shall be fastened to pedestals with dowels of not less than /iinch d iameter, extending at least 6 inches into the posts.
Posts shall be fastened to sills by one of the following methods, as
indicated on the plans :
GONSTRUGTION
2. 20.13
(1) By dowels of not less than "/i-inch diameter, extending at

lea-I 6 inches into posts and sills.
(2) By drift-bolts of not less than /i-inch diameter driven
diagonally through the base of the post and extending at least
9 inches into the sill.
IE J
Design ond Consfruc f ion
Where l'ramed structures will be subjected to earthq u ake, wind,

tractive or centrifugal loads, the connections between members thereof
shall be so designed and constructed as to resist the forces resulting
therefrom. (See Article 1.2.1 )
2.20.14 CAPS
Timber caps shall be placed, with ends aligned, in a manner to
secure an even and uniform bearing over the tops of the su pporting
posts or piles. All caps shall be secured by drift-bolts of not less than /iinch diameter, extending at least 9 inches into the posts or piles. The
drift-bolts shall be approximately in the center of the post or pile. (See
Article 2.20.13 (E) ) .
2.20.1 5 BRACING
The ends of bracing shall be bolted through the pile, post or cap
with a bolt of not less than /s-inch diameter. Intermediate intersections
shall be bolted, or spiked with wire or boat spikes, as ind icated on the
plans. In all cases spikes shall be used in addition to bolts.
2.20.1 STRINGERS
Stringers shall be sized at bearings and shall be placed in position
so that knots near edges will be in the top portions of the stringers.
Outside stringers may have butt joints with the ends cut on a
taper, but interior stringers shall be lapped to take bearing over the
full width of the floor beam or cap at each end. The lapped ends of untreated stringer9 shall be separated at least '/_ inch for the circulation
of air and shall be securely i'astened by drift-bolting where specified.
When stringers are two panels in length the joints shall be staggered.
Cross-bridging between stringers shall be neatly and accurately
framed and securely toe-nailed with at least two nails in each end. All
cross-bridging members shall have full bearing at each end against the
sides of stringers. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, crossbridging shall be placed at the center of each span.
2.20.J 7 PLANK FLOORS

Plank shall be of the grade requ ired as specified in Article 2.20. 1 (A) .
Unless other w ise spec ified, they shall be surfaced four sides (S 4 S) .
Single plank floors shall consist of a single thickness of plank supported by stri n gers or joints. The planks shall be laid heart side down,
with '/i-inch openings between them for seasoned material and with tight
joints for unseasoncd material. Each plank shall be securely spiked to
HIGHWAY
BRIDGE 5
2.20.17
each joist. The planks shall be carefully graded as to th ickriess and so

laid that no two adjacent planks shall vary in thickness by more than 7ic
inch.
Two-ply ti mber floors shall consist of two layers of flooring supported on stringers or joints. The top course may be laid either diagonal
or parallel to the centerl ine of roadway, as specified and each floor piece
shall be securely fastened to the lower course. Joints shall be staggered at
least 3 feet. If the top flooring is placed parallel to the centerline of the
roadway, special care shall be taken to securely fasten the ends of the
flooring. At each end of the bridge these members shall be beveled.
2.20. J 8 LAMINATED OR STRIP FLOORS

The strips shal I be of the grade required as specified in Article
2.20. 1 ( A) . The strips shall be placed on edge, at righ I angles to the
center li ne of roadway. Each strip shall be spiked to the preceding strip
at each end and at approximately 18-inch intervals with the spikes driven
alternatel y near the top and bottom edges. The spikes shall be of sufficient
length to pass through two strips and at least half-way through the third
strip.
If timber supports are used every other strip shall be toe-nailed to

every other support. The size of the spikes shall be as shown on the
plans. When specified on the plans, the strips shall be securely attached
to steel supports by the use of approved galvan ized metal clips. Care
shall be taken to have each strip x'ertical and tight against the preceding one, and bean rig even I y on all the supports.
2.20. J 9 COMPOSITE WOOD-CONCRETE DECKS

I AJ
Slob Spons
Where the tensile strength of wood and the compressive strength
of concrete are to be used compost tely, the joining of the two materials
shal I be such as to res wet all horizontal shear at that plane, and provi sion shall be made to prevent separation of the materials.
The horizontal shear may be resisted by metal devices set into and
projecting above the top of the la minated strips, or by fabricating the
upper edge of the strips in a serrated manner.
Separation of the materials may be resisted by nails driven at an
angle in the upper edge of the str ips, or by certain su itable devices, or
by grooves or other working of up stand ing strips.
I B J T Beoms
Spans consisting of concrete slabs placed on wood stringers may
be des igned as T beams when the two materials are su itably joined
so as to res ist horizontal shear at their j uncture and the materials are
bonded permanently together.
A horizontal shear Joint may be made using metal (devices or by a
serrated working oi the tops of the stringers.
CONSTRUCTION
395
Separation of the concrete from the stringers may be prevented by

drix'in g nat 1s in the top of the str in ge re at an angle, or by other su itable
metal devices, or by grooving the sides of the str in gers near the top,
or other workin g of the wood, and then forming the concrete into the
pattern worked in the wood.
2.20.20 WHEEL GUARDS AND RAILING

Wheel guards and railing shall be accurately framed in accordance
with the plans and erected true to line and grade.
Unless otherw we specified, wheel guards, rails and rail posts shrill
be surfaced four sides I S 4 SI .
Wheel guai-ds shall be laid in sections not less than 12 feet long.
2.20.21 TRUSSES
Trusses, when completed, shall show no irregu larities of
Chords shall be str aight and true from end to end in horizontal
line.
pro-
jection and, in ve rtical proj ection, shall show a smooth curve throu gh panel
points conform ing to the correct camber. All bearing surfaces shall fit
accurately. Un even or rough cuts at the points of bearing shall be cau se
for rejection of the piece con ta ini n g the defect.
2.20.22 TRUSS HOUSINGS

The carpen ti y on truss hous ings sha ll be equal in all respects to the
best house carpentry. The finished appearance of the housing is considered of primary importance and special care shall be taken to secure a
high quality of workman sh ip and finish on th is por tion of the structure.
Workmen vv earing shoes with caulks w ill not be perm itted on the roof.
2.20.23 ERECTION OF HOUSING AND RAILINGS

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, housing and railings
shall be bu ilt af tei the removal of the Tal sework and the adj ustment of
the trusses to correct ali gnment and camber.
2.20.24 PAINTING
Rails an d rail posts (f u ntreated timber, shi 11 be painted with three
coats of paint.
Parts of the structu re, other th:in rails and rat l posts, which are to
be painted, shall be de si gn ated on the plans or in the special provis ions.
Metal parts, except h ardware, shall be given one coat of shop paint
and, after erection, two coat.s of field paint as specified in Section 2.14.

Payment for timber structures shall include the furnishing of materials, preservative treatment, equ ipment, tools and labor necessary for
the erection and painting of the work in a satisfactory manner.
Lu mber and timber, unless otherwise spec ified, shall be paid for at
the contract price per 1,000 feet board-measure I M.B.M) for material
22025
remain ing in the fin ished structure, i ncluding the cost of at l hardware.
Computations of the amount of In mber and timber in the structure shall
be based on nominal sizes and the shortest com mercial length wh ich cou ld
be used. No other allowance for waste will be made.
Metal parts, other than hardware, shall be paid for at the contract
price per pound, the weight being computed in the same manner as specified for steel structures, Article 2. 10.63.
Secfion 21 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS FOR TIMBER

2.2 J .1 GENERAL
The kind of preservative treatment requ ired shall be as specified in
the special provisions or as noted on the plans.
The preservatives specified herein are n ot intended to be used interchangeably, but the kind of preservative to be used shall be adopted for
its suitability to the cond it ions of exposure to wh ich it will be subjected.
Some of the cond it ions to be considered are : effect of marine borers,
effect of termites, action of expos ure to water and leach ing of the
preservative, effect of contact with the grou nd, painting requ irements and
cleanliness requ i resents. Experience records :for the particular exposure
intended shal l be given consideration in selecting the treatment to be used.
2.21.2 MATERIALS
Piling shall conform to the reqti irements of AASHO M 168. Timber
and lumber shall conf oi m to the requ memento of AASHO M1G8. Only
wood species for which treatment requ i rements are listed in AASHO
M 133 may be specified. All v'ood species so listed are not equally
treatable and therefore all species are not equally acceptable under severe
exposure cond itions. Care shouIi be exercised to select those species in
AASHO M 133 wh ich are acceptable for the intended application.
Timber preservatives and treatment method shall conform to AA SHO
M 133. The type of preservative fu rnished shall be in accordance with
that specified in the special provisions or as noted on the plans. When
selecting a preservative and a preservative retention, it shou Id be noted
that AASH O M 133 dest gnates the preservatives and retentions recommended for Coastal Waters and in marine structures and further that
timber for use in ground or water contact has req u ireinents that differ
from ti mbers for use not in ground or water contact. In some instances
there is a range of retentions offered wh ich provides for d ifferent degrees
of exposure based on climate or degree of insect infestation. Unless the
higher retentions are epecified, not lese than the minimum retention is
requ ired.
Timbers expected to be painted should be treated with water-borne
salts or pe ntachlorophenol carried in a volatile organic solvent.
2.21.3 IDENTIFICATION AND INSPECTION

Each piece of treated timber shall bear a legible brand, mark or tag
indicating the name of the Greater and the specification symbol or specifi-
CO N STRU C'I'I ON
cation requirements to which the treatment contorms. The Engineer shall

be provided adequate lac ilities and free access to the n ecessary parts of
the treating plant for inspecti on of material and workman sh ip to deter-
mine that the contract requirements are met. The Engineer reserves the
right to retest all materials after delivery to the job site and to reject all
materials which do not meet the requ irements of the conti-act ; provi ded
that, at the job site re in spection, conformance within five percent of
contract requ me ments shall be acceptable. Rein spection at the job site
may include assay to deterred ne retention of preservatives and extracti on
and analysis of preset-vative to determine its quality.
Section 22TIMBER CR IBBING

2.22.1 MATERIAL
\ Al Timber
T imber used for cribbing shall conform to the requ i i ements of
Section 2.20, and un less otherwise specified shall be the same as for
caps, posts, sills, etc. If treated ti mber is used, al I hardv are shall be
galvanized or cadmium plated.
IB I Logs
Logs used for cribbing shall conform in quality to the requirements
specified for timber piles in AASHO M 168.
2.22.2 PREPARATION
When timber or logs are to be treated, all framing sha II be completed before treatment .ind all surfaces cleaned of di rt and grease.
All timber and log framing shall be done in a ivo rkmanlike manner
and true to line and angle.
2.22.3 DIMENSIONS
IA I Timber
When cribs are constr ucted of sawed timber, no ti mber shall be
less than 8 inches in least d imen st on. The face timber in the base tier
shall be not less than 10 inches in least dimension.
I BI Logs
When cribs are constructed of logs, no face log shall have a d iameter
at the small end of less than 10 inches and tie logs shall be not less
than 8 inches in d iameter at the small end. The lace log in the ba.se
tier shall be not less than 12 i nches in diameter :it the small end.
All logs for cribbi n shal l be selccted Ii om the logs ava i l aule w i th
as small an amou nt of I aj e i its possible. The length cf logs u sed shall
be
u ;n I he tapei-.
2.22.4
2.22.4 CONSTRUCTION
I Al
Foundotion
The foundation or bed for the ct-ibb i n g shill be excavated to exact
grade and shall be approvetl as to bearing tjuality by the Engineer

before any of the crib work is placed.
I BI Mud Sills
When mu d st lls are u scd, they Shal I be set at right angles to the
face of the cribbing and firmly and evenly bedded in the fou nd at ion
materi a 1.
Mud sil 1s sh:il l be not let s t h a n 12 by 12 inch cs in squared c ros
section a l d true us ion s and not loss than I feet in length. They shall be
spaced not more than 4 feet apai t.
Log or t i mber mii d s i lls sha 11 be leveled to fit the first tier re st i n g;
upon them. In no case shal I thei e be less tha n 100 eqn a i e i riches of
flat contact su if ace betv een the face log and each mud sil 1.
Fou ndation material shall be I h oi-o u ghly tamped a t-ound all mud
sills.
ICI
Fcice Lo9s or Timbers

The logs or timbers in the base tier and in alte rni te tiers above
the base shall be as lon g as p ract icabl e an d pref e ri bly, shall extend the
I ull len g th of the 1ace. In i ntcimod i a tc t tors th cy may h tve a length of

not less than 8 Acct, a rran ged to break joints. Cr:b faces shall be laid
sol id or wi th spacers as i nd icated on the plans.
All framed su rfaces shi1l receive a heavy coat of appi oved preservat we at the time of assemblin g.
Care shall be exerc ised in the e Section of all cribs to prod uce a
true face as shown on the plans and all timbers or logs in faces shall be
horizontal.
IDI
Ties
The length of ties shall be s uffic ie nt to develop the i eq u ired anchor
age against overturn mg, and i n no case shal l the length of ti c extend-
ing into the fill be less than twoth itd .s of the height of fi 11 above the tie
in juest ion.
Ties sh all be anchored to the face iv'alls by tram ing, ei ther dove
tailed or by su flic ie n I proj ection beyond the face of the en b to form the
proper anchorage. T res shall be anchored at the fill end to cross pieces
fastened to them at right angles by driftbolts or other su itable means.
Ties shall be spaced not more than 8 feet center to center in any
horizontal tier and shall be staggered with the next md jacent tier of
ties. Tiers of ties shall be not more than 3 feet apart vertically.
IE J
Fastening
F?nch en ccessivc tier of I ops or timbers shall be d rift-bolted to the
one u ; on \vh ich it rests by drifts not less than "i inches in diameter
:ind of s tifhcicn t. Jength to extend through 2 tiers and not less than 4
inch os i n to the th ird tier.
GON 5T RUCTION
2.224
Driftbolts shall be staggered and not more than 8 feet center to

center in each tier.
All end joints and splices shall be half-lapped for 10 inches and
drifted at the centei .
Before as sembl in g, all framed joints in contact shall be heavily
coated wi th an approved prcserv at we.
2.22.5 FILLING
Fill in g inside and around cribs shall be
of the
material
specified
and shall be placed in a careful manner so as to avoid distortion of the

crib. Filli ng shall be placed in even horizontal layers and compacted
to reduce the void s to i min imum.
Payment for the con struct ion of cribbing shall include the furnishing of all materiils, eq u ipment, tools and labor
necessary for
the
exca-
vation, c rib erect ion, .ind filling, complete i n place, in accordance with
the plans and these spec ifications. Payment for timber and logs shall
include the cost of drift-bolts and othei in iscellaneous hardwai e.
E' xcavation for ci ibb in g shall be par d f oi at the contract price per
cubic yard for mater-ml actually removed except that in no case shall this
be computed to include water ial moi e than 1 foot outside of vertical planes
through the ext.re me ne:it lines of the fin ished crib or its supports. The
contract price for excavation shall include a yardage of back-fill e Qu ivalent
to that excavited between the neat l ines and the pay lines.
T imber shall be paid for at the contract price per 1,000 feet board
measure (MBM ) for material rema i n i ng in the fin ished str uctu re.
Logs shall be paid for at the contract price per linear foot, f oi each
size speci fied, for material re ma in ing in the fin ished structure.
Bill ing mate rial shall be paid f oi at the contract price per cubic
yarcl for the actu al volu me placed.
Section 23 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF

CORRUGATED METAL AND STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPES,
PIPE-ARCHES AND ARCHES

2.23.1 GENERAL
This item shall consist of furnishing corrugated metal or structural
plate pipe, pipe-arches and arches conforming to these specifications and

of the sizes and dimensions required on the plans, and installing such
structures at the places designated on the plans or by the Engineer, and
in conformity with the lines and grades established by the Engineer. Pipe
ehall be either circular or elongated as specified or shown on the plane.
The thickness of plates or sheets shall be as determined in Art. 1.8.2,
Division I, and the radius of curvature shall be as shown on the plans.
Each plate or sheet shall be curved to one or more circular arcs.
The plates at longitudinal and circumferen tial seams of structural

platee shal l be connected by bolts. Joints shall be staggered so that not
more than three plates come together at any one point.
FORMING AND PUNCHING OF CORRUGATED STRUCTURAL

PLATES AND SHEETS FOR PIPE
fAJ Structural Plote Pipe
Plates shall be formed to provide lap joints. The bolt holee shall be
so punched that all plates having like dimensions, curvature, and the
same nu mber of bolts per foot of seam shall be interchangeable. Each
plate shall be curved to the proper radi us so that the cross-sectional
dimensions of the fin ished structure will be as indicated on the drawings or as specified.
Unless otherwise specified, bolt holes along those edges of the plates
that form longitu dinal seams in the fin ished structure shall be in two
rov's. Bolt holes aton g those edges of the plates that form circu referential seams in the fin ished structu re shall provide for a bolt spacing of
not more than 12 inches. The min imum distance from center of hole to
edge of the plate shal l be not less than 1i times the d iameter of the
bolt. The diameter of the bolt holPs in the longitudinal seams shall not
exceed the diameter of the bolt by more than one-eighth ( ) inch.
Plates for form ing skewed or sloped ends shall be cut so as to give
the angle of skew or slope spec i fled. Bumed edges shall be Iree from
oxide and bu rrs and shal I present a workmanl ike fin i sh. Legible identification nu merals shall be placed on each plate to designate its proper
position in the finished structure.
I BJ Corrugated Metol Pipe
Punching and forming of sheets shal l conform to AASHO M 36.
fCJ Elo ngotion
If elongated structu ral plate or corrugated metal pipe is specified or
cal led for on the plans, the plates or pipes shall be formed so that the
finished pipe is elf Optical in shape with the vertical d iameter approximately five (5) per cent greater than the nominal diameter of the pipe.
Pipe-arches shall not be elongated. Elongated pipes shall be installed
with the longer axis vertical.
2.23.3
ASSEMBLY
Corrugated metal pipe, and structural plate pipe shall be assembled

i n accordance with the manufacturers instructions. All pipe shall be
unloaded and handled with reasonable care. Pipe or plates shall not be
rolled or dragged over gravel or rock and shall be prevented from striking
rock or other hard objects during placement in trench or on bedding.
Corrugated metal pipe shall be placed on the bed starting at downstream end with the inside circumferential laps pointing downstream and
with the longitudinal laps at the side or quarter points.
Bituminous coated pipe and paved invert Pipe shall be installed in a
CONSTRUC TION
similar manner to corrugated metal pipe with special care in handling to
avoid damage to coatings. Paved invert pipe shall be installed with the
invert pavement placed and cent'red on the bottom.
The pipe sections shall be joined by coupling bande of like material.

Onepiece or two-piece bands may be used. Coupling bands for annular
and helical corrugated metal pipe shall provide circumferential and longitudinal strength to preserve the Culvert alignment, prevent 9eparation of
the pipe sections, and prevent infiltration of sidefill material.
Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches and arches shall be installed in
accordance with the plans and detailed erection instructions.
2.23.4 BEDDING
When, in the opinion of the Engineer, the natural soil does not provide a suitable bedding, a bedding blanket conforming to Fi Bure 2.23A,
shall be pros'ided. Bedding shall be unit:orm for the full length of the pipe.
2.23.5 PIPE FOUNDATION

The foundation material under the pipe shall be investigated for its
ability to support the load. ID rock strata or boulders are closer than 12
inches under the pipe, the rock or boulders shall be removed and replaced
with suitable ganular material as shown in Figure 2.23B. Where, in the
opinion of the Engineer, the natural foundation soil is such as to require

stabilization, such material shall be replaced by a layer of suitable granular material as shown in Figure 2.23C. Where an unsuitable material
Ipeat, muck, etc.) is encountered at or below invert elevation during excavation, the necessary subsur:face exploration and analysis shall be made
and corrective treatment shall be as directed by the Engineer.
2.23.6 SIDEFILL
Sidefill material within one pipe diameter of the sides of pipe and
not less than one foot over the pipe shall be fine readily compactible soil
or granular fill material. Sidefill beyond these limits may be regular embankment fill. Job-excavated soil used as backfill shall not contain stones
retained on a 3-inch ring, frozen lumps, chunks of highly plastic clay, or

other objectionable material. Sidefill material shall be noncorrosive.
Sidefill material shall be placed as shown in Figure 2.23D, in layers
not exceeding 6 inches in compacted thickness at near optimum moisture

content by engineer-approved equipment to the density required for superimposed embankment fill. Other approved compacting equipment may be
used for sidefill more than 3 feet from sides of pipe. The sidefill shall be
placed and compacted with care under the haunches of the pipe and shall
be brought up evenly and simultaneously on both sides of the pipe to not
less than 1 foot above the top :for the full length of the pipe. Fill above this
elevation may be material for embankment fill. The width of trench shall
be kept to the minimu in width required for placing pipe, placing adequate
bedding and sidefill, and safe working conditions. Ponding or jetting of
sidefill will not be permitted except upon written permi9sion by the
2.23.7
BRACING
Temporary bracing shall be installed and ehall remain in place as

required to protect workmen during construction.
2.23.8
CAMBER
The invert grade of the pipe shall be cambered, when requ ired, by an
amount sufficient to prevent the development of a sag or back 91Ope in
the flow line as the foundation under the pipe settles under the weight
of embankment. The amount of camber shall be based on consideration
of the flow-line gradient, height of fill, compressive characteristics of the
supporting soil, and depth of supporting soil stratum to rock.
2.23.9
ARCH SUBSTRUCTURES AND HEADWALLS
Subetructures and h eadwalls shall be designed in accordance with the

requirements o:I Division I.
Each side of each arch shall rest in a groove formed into the masonry
or shall rest on a galvanized angle or channel securely anchored to or embedded in the substructure. Where the span of the arch is greater than
fifteen ( 15) feet or the skew angle is more than twenty (20) degrees, a
metal bearing surface, having a width at least equal to the depth of the
corrugation, shall be provided for all archee.
Metal bearings may be either rolled structural or cold formed galvanized angles or channels, not less than three-sixteenths (pa) inch in
thickness with the horizontal leg securely anchored to the substructure on
a maximum of twenty-four (24) inch centers. When the metal bearing is

not embedded in a groove in the substructure, one vertical leg should be
punched to allow bolting to the bottom row of plates.
Where an invert slab is provided which is not integral with the
arch footing, the invert slab shall be continuously reinforced.
When backfill ing arches before headwalls are placed, the first
in:iterial shall be placed midway between the ends of the arch, forming
as narrow a ramp as possible until the top of Ihe arch is reached. The
ramp shall be bu ilt evenly from both sides and the backfill ing material
shall be thoroughly compacted as it is placed. After the two ramps have
been bu ilt to depth specified to the top of the arch, the remainder of
the backfill shall be deposited from the top of the arch both ways :from
the center to the ends, and as evenly as possible on both sides o:I the
arch.
I:I the h eadwalls are built before the arch is back filled, the Billing
material shall first be placed adjacent to one headwall, until the top of
the arch is reached, after which the fill shall be dumped from the top
of the arch toward the other headwa]l, v'ith care being taken to deposit
the material evenly on both sides o:I the arch.
In multiple i nstallations the procedure above specified shall be fol
lowed, but extreme care shall be used to bring the backfill up evenly on
each side of each arch so that unequal pressure will be avoided.
2.23.9
GONSTRUGTION
fzi Jenrr znvrr/nx'
c jr esi D/wt rnrvnr/nr
D j >e,e z
""""
In all caees the filling material shall be thoroughly but not excessively
tamped. Puddling the backfill will not be permitted.
2.23.10 COVER OVER PIPE DURING CONSTRUCTION

All pipe shall be protected by sufficient cover be:fore permitting heavy
construction equipment to pass over them during construction.
2.23.1 J WORKMANSHIP AND INSPECTION

In ad d ition to compliance with the details o:I construction, the completed structure shall show careful fin ished workmanship in all particulars.
Structures on which the speller coating has been bruised or broken either
in the shop or in shipping, or which shows defective workmanship, 9hall
be rejected unless repaired to the sat is:faction of the Engineer. The following defects are specified as constituting poor workmanship and the pres-
ence of any or all of them in any individual culvert plate or in general in

any shipment shall constitute sufficient cause for rejection unless repaired :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Uneven laps.
Elliptical shaping (unless specified) .
Variation from specified alignment.

Ragged edges.
Loose, unevenly lined or spaced bolte.
Illegible brand.
Bruised, scaled, or broken speller coating.
Dents or bends in the metal itself.
2.23.12 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

Corrugated metal and structural plate pipe, pipe-arches or arches shall
be measu red in linear feet, installed in place, completed, and accepted. The
nu mber of linear feet shall be the average of the top and bottom centerl ine lengths for pipe, the bottom centerline length for pipearches, and the
average of springing line lengths for arches.
2.23.13 BASIS OF PAYMENT

The footages, determined as herein given shall be paid for at the contract unit prices per linear foot bid for corrugated metal and structural
plate pipe, pipe-arch or arches of the several sizes, as the case may be,
which prices and payments shall constitute full compensation for furnishing, handl ing, erecting, and installing the pipe, pipe-arches or arches and
for all materials, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to com
plete this item, but for arches shall not constitute payment for concrete or
masonry headwalls and foundations, or for excavation.
Section 24WEARING SURFACES

2.24.1 DESCRIPTION
Separate wearing surfaces, when required, shall conform to details
shown on the plans, and construction shall conform to that specified on the
plans or in the special provisions.
GON STRU CTION
2. 24.2
40C
,
2.24.2 ORTHOTROPIC DECK BRIDGES

I Al
Moteriol
The Engineer shall specify or approve the wearing-surface mate

rials. The material shall be of u nif oi in quality and void of foreign
matter.
I BI
Placement
Ciref u1 and competent workmen shall be used in preparing and

placing the wearing surfice. The vv eat in g surface preferably shall be
placed in two courses to assure a smooth rid ing surface. The Engineer
shall speci fy or approve the methods of clean ing and prepar ing the
deck, applying the bond a nd tack coats, grading the aggreg:ite,
measur ing the proportion s, mixing the in redients, iegtilating the
temperatti res, placing and compacting the mateiia1, and selecting suitable atmospheric cond it ions for the v ork.
Prior to placement, the surface of the deck shall be thoroughly
cleaned Io ensure the complete removal of all mill scale, iirt, debris,
oil, grease, salt, and moi sture. Air, x\ a ter vapor, and other gases shall
not be enti-aJi pel in or under the vvei in g sri rf:ice.
ICJ
Inspection
Section 25
ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS
2.25.1 DESCRIPTION
Elastomeric bearings as herein specified shall include plain bearings
(consisting of elastomer only) and laminated bearings (consisting of
layere of elas tower restrained at their interfaces by bonded laminates.) .
2.25.2 MATERIALS
The elastomer portion of the elastomeric compound shall be 100 *
virgin natural polyisoprene (natural rubber) meeting the requirements of
Table A or 100 o virgin chloroprene (neoprene) meeting the requirements of Table B, as specified by the Engineer. Compounds of: nominal
hardness between the values shown may be used and the test requirements
interpolated. When test specimens are cut from the finished product a
10 o variation in Physical Properties will be allowed.
TABEA
ASTM
Standard
50
Physical Properties
Hardness ASTM D2240
Tensi Ie strength, min. psi
ASTM D 412
Ultimate elongation, min. 9
60
'70
Duro
Duro
Duro
2500
450
2500
400
2500
300
+ 10
+ 10
+ 10
25
25
25
Heat Resistance
D573
70 hr.
@ 158 F
Change in du rometer hardness,

max. points
Change in tensile strength, max.
Change in ultimate elongation, max.
2Q
25
25
Compression Set
D395
Method B
22 hours @ 158 F, max. to
D1149
25 pphm ozone in air by volume,

20 c strain 100 F 2 F, 48 hours
mounting procedure D518, Procedure A
No
No
No
Cracks Crack9 Clacks
Adhesion
D429,B
Bond made during vulcan izat ion,

lbs. per inch
40
40
40
Low Temperature Test
ASTM
D746
Pt-ocedure B
B i ittleness at 40F
No
No
No
Failu re Failure Failure
407
CONSTRUCTION
TABLE B
ASTM
Standard
50
Duro
50 5
60
Duro
60 5
70
Duro
705
2500
400
2500
350
2500
300
Change in durometer hardneS9,

max. points
+ 15
+ 15
+ 15
Change in tensile strength, max. 9o
15
15
15
Physical Properties
Hardness ASTM D2240
Tensile strength, min. psi
A STM D 412
Ultimate elongation, min. Jo

Heat Resistance
D573
70 hr.
@212 F
Change in ultimate elongation, max. Jo
40
40
40
Compressive Set
D395
Method B
22 hours @ 212 F, max. Jo
Ozone
D1149
100 pphm ozone in air by volume,
No
20 to Strain 100 F 2 F, 100 hour9
Cracks
No
No
Cracks Cracks
mounting procedure D518, Procedure A

Adhesion
D429,B
Bond made during vulcanization

lbs. per inch
40
40
40
Low Temperature Test
ASTM
D746
Procedu re B
B rittleness at 40F
Duro
No
No
No
Failure Failure Failure
Lami nates shall be rolled mild steel sheets confoi ming to AASHO
M188 (ASTM A36) or A 245, Grade C or D unless otherwise specified by
the Engineer.
2.25.3 MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS

Plain bearings may be molded individually, cut from previously
molded strips or slabs or extruded and cut to length. Cut edges shall be
tlt loitst as smooth as AN SI 250 finish. Unless otherwise shown on the
plans, all components of a laminated bearing shall be molded together into
an integral unit, and all edges of the nonelastic laminations shall be

covered by a minimum of Y8 of elastomer except at laminate restraining
devices and around holes that will be entirely closed on the finished
structure.
2.25.4 TOLERANCES
Tolerances, relative dimensions, finishes and appearance, flash, and
rubber-to-metal bonding, shall meet the requirements below as defined in
the Rubber Handbook, 2nd Edition, published by the Rubber Manufacturers Association, Inc., 444 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N.Y.
Symbol Requirement
A3
Commercial dimensional tolerances, Table III, Page 15
F3
Commercial Finish, Table V, Page 20.
T.063
Tear trim tolerance no hand trimming required, Table VI, Page
B2
Class 2, Method B, Minimum bond destructive value Table VII,
Grade 2
Bond destructive value at 40 lbs. per inch width, Table VI II,

Page 25.
23.
Page 25.
2.25.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE

Whenever practical, the mechanical properties of th finished bearing
shall be verified by laboratory test.
The following values shall be met under laboratory testing conditions
of full size bearings :
(a) Compressive strain of any layer of an ela9tomeric bearing shall not

exceed 7 % at 800 psi average unit pressure, or at the design dead
load plus live load pressure i:I so indicated on the plans.
(b) The shear resistance of' the bearing shall not exceed 30 psi for 50
durometer, 40 psi for 60 durometer or 50 psi for 70 durometer,
TABLE A compounds ; nor 50 psi for 50 durometer, 75 psi for 60
d urometer or 110 psi for 70 d urometer TABLE B compounds at
25o strain of the total effective rubber thickness after an extended fourday ambient temperature of 20 F.
2.26.1
C O N ST RU G TI O N
Section 2d CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNEL USING STEEL

TUNNEL LINER PLATES
2.26. J SCOPE
These spec ificati ons
are intended to
cox'er the
i n stallati on of tunnel
liner plates in tunnels constructed by conventional tunnel methods.

For the purposes of these specifications, tunnels excavated by full face,
heading and bench, or multiple drift p roced u res are considered conven
tional methods. Liner plates used with any construction procedu re utilizing a full or partial shield, a tunneling machine, or other piece of
eqn ipment which will exert a force upon the liner plates for the purpose
o:I propelling, steering, or stabilizing the equipment are considered special
cases and are not covered by these specifications.
2.26.2 DES CRIPTION

This item shall consist of fu rni.h in g cold formed steel tunnel liner
plates conforming to these specifications and of the sizes and dimensions
i eqn ired on the plans, and install ing s uch plates at the locations desig
nated on the plans by the E n gineer, and in conformity with the lines
and grades established by the E ngineer. The completed liner shall consist
of a series of steel liner plates assembled with staggered 1ongitudin:it
joints. Liner plates shall be fabricated to fit the cross section of the
tunnel. Liner plates herein de-scribed wrist meet the Sectional Properties
thickness, area, and moment of inertiaas listed in Article 1.13.9.

All plates shall be con nected by bolts on both longitu dinal and
c ircumferenti at seams or joints and shall be so fabricated as to permit
complete erection from the inside of the tunnel.
Grout holes 2 inches or l:irger in diameter shall be provided as
shown on the plans to permit grouting as the erection of tunnel liner
plates progresses.
2.26.3 FORMING AND PUNCHING OF LINER PLATES

All plates shall be formed to provide circumf erenti al flanged joints.
Longitudinal j oints may be flanped or of the offset lap seam type. All
plates shall be punched for bolting on both longitudinal and circum-
ferential seams or joints. Bolt spacing in circumf ei ential flanges shall

be in accordance with the manufacturer's standard spacing and shall be
a mu ltiple o:I the plate length so that plates having the same curvature
shall be interchan geablo and will permit staggering of the longitudinal
seams. Bolt spacing at flanged ton gitud inal seams shall be in accordance
with the manufacturer's stan dard spacing. For lapped ton gitu dinal seams,
bolt size and spacing shall be in accoi dance with the manufacturers
standard hut not less than that required to meet the longitud inal seam
strength requ irements nd Article 1.13.4.
2.26.4 INSTALLATION
All linei- plates :for the full length of a specified tunnel shall be of
one type only, either the flanged or the lapped seam type of construction.
Liner plates shall be assembled in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions.
Goated plates shall be handled in such a manner as to prevent
bru ising, scaling, or breaking of the coating. Any plates that are damaged during handling or placing, shall be replaced by the Contractor at
his expense, except that small areas with minor damage may be repaired
by the Contractor as directed by the Engineei .
When and as designated by the Engineer, voids occuring between
the liner plato and the tunnel wall shall be f orce-grouted. The grout shall
be forced through the grouting holes in the plates with such pressure
that all v oids will be completely filled.
FuI I compensation for back packing or grouting shall be considered
as included in thP contract price paid :f or tunnel and no separate payment
will be made therefor.
2.26.5 MEASUREMENT
The length of tunnel to be paid for will be the length measured on
the tunnel liner plate invert.
2.26.6 PAYMENT
Payment for the footage of each size of tunnel as
determined under
measu rement shall be at the contract un it prices per lineal foot bid for
the various sizes, which payment shall include full compensation for
in rnishing all labor, materials, tools, eq u ipment and
incidentals to
complete th is item, including removal and d isposal of material resulting
from the excavation of the bore and forcegrouting voids.
App. A
411
APPENDIX A
LOADINC H 15-44
TABLE OF MAX I MU M MOMENTS, 5HEARS A ND REACTION 5.UI MPLE
SPA NS, ONE LA NE
Spans in feet ; moments in thousands of foot-pou nds ; ehears and

reactions in thousands of pounds.
These values are subject to spec ihcati on reduction for loading of
multiple lanes.
Impact not included.
endend
reaction ( a)
Spxu
J0.0(b}
240(b)
44
46
48
50
3&.0(b]
24.0(b)
Moment
Moment
reaction ( a )
2893()
304 3(b)
319.2(b)
334.2(b)
...
.......
6
...
b)
8.
o lb)
66 0!b
14
.
)
b)
24
b
8
.
.
9 8
1 10
. . . . I , 097.3
170
180
190
2.307.8
2,551.5
2.80 7.3
2 00 , ,
3,07 $.0
d7.9
603
65.1
7T.1
pCon cen Irated load Is cons ide red placed at the en piort. Loade used a re those st in ulated
for sh .
I b ) Ma inn nan value determined bv Sten dard T ruck Loading. Otherw ise the Standard Lane
Loediug Boverns.
App. A
LOADING H 20-44
TABLE OF MAX IMU M MOM ENTS, S HEARS A ND REACTIONS.HM PLE
SPANS, ONE LANE
Spans in feet ; moments in thousands of foot-pounds ; shears and

reactions in thousands of pounds.
These values are subject to spec ificati on reduction for load ing of
multiple lanes.
En d shear
Moment
endewd
reecWon (e)
Span
42
Moment
66.9tbJ
39.4
40.1
41 4
12
48.0(b)
ti6.0(b)
32.0(b)
32.0 (b)
4 3.3
620 b)
80:0(b)
320 !b)
32.0(b)
44.6
9 6.0 ( b )
32.0 I b )
36
18
b
b
4 b!
.4 b
62
64
66
70
586.5
675."
645.5
6
7:0
95
. . 1, 14 9.5
,4
!20
4S.8
46.5
47.1
.
.
2.
428
6
2 6
2
b)
()
150
160
2,475.0
2,76b.0
0 !
i8o
34ozo
246b(b
190
74.0
77.2
80.4
3/743:0
90.0
96.4
36
( a ) Con cert I rated tea d is co n s idered nlaced at the sup nort. Lea de u sed a re those str pulated
for sheen
(b) Maximum va!ue detennined by Stenderd Truck Loading. Otherwise the Stenderd Lane
Loedins governs.
App. A
LOADING HS J 5-44
TABLE OF MAX I vi v u Mon rNTS, 5HEART A ND REACTIONS. SI M PLE
SPA NS, ONE LA NE
Spans in feet ; moments in thou sands of foot pou nds ; shears and
react ion s in thousan d s of pou n ds.
These val ues are su bject to spec i fication reducti on for load i rig of
multiple I anes.
En
Moment
d ..d
reaction (a)
6.0(b]
3640(b)
24.0(b)
7 2.O(b)
24.0(b)
390 7(b)
44
4444
470 9.(6)
6.
. (b)
4 . b)
)
4:(B)
24.
4.
2 .
2 4.
b)
b)
44.?(b)
0(
4
)
46.6(b)
14
5. b
.
b6
b
. b)
b)
. (b
166.6(b
2
2
.
.
2 0
b
b)
38.3(
2577(b)
2?0 9( b]
302(b)
3S:6(b)
91.5
40
)
d a
o s
S
b
La
a d
. (
HS
).
4i4
LOADING HS 20-44
ABLE
F MA
MU M M M LN S
SP NS,
EARS AND CLEARANCE.
M PLE
LANE
Spans in feet ; moments in thou san de of f oot-pou nd s ; shears and

react ion s in th ou sin de of poun ds.
These val ucs a t-e subject to spec i fixation reduction for loading of
run ltiple lanes.
Impact not incl u ded.
E
a n I end
reaction (a I
Moment
b)
(b)
. (b)
44
663.6(b]
59. I ( b )
59. 6 ( b )
735.l(b)
60)
60 b ( b )
(?0..)(b)
.8(
b)
6 :$b)
62 !
624b)
14
63. (b)
b
144 0(b)
36 0 (
110.O(b)
4L6(t)
39.1 (b)
l'2.t(b)
40.4( b)
. b)
. ( )
. (b)
4 . b)
7(b)
4 (b)
4
.
22 .
4 4
64
4b
. ( )
6 .
b)
(b)
b
)
b).8 (b
6 .
6(b
2,476.1
.
b)
2bb
b
4 . b)
2.
96.4
40
Standbrd LaneLoa
g$
.:., '
ned by Standard Truck Loadi rig. ( O nc HS truck ) . Otherwise the
App. B
APPENDIX B
TRUCK TRAIN AND EQUIVALENT LOADINGS I955 SPECIFICATIONS
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS
H - 20 -35 LOADING
H - IS - 5 5
LOAOIN G
TON THUGE
H - I O - 35 LOAD I NG
TRUCK TRAIN LOADINC
H - 20 - 35 LOA DING
H - 15 - 35 LOADING
H - 10 - 35
LOAD I NG
EQUI VALEN T
LANE
W I OTH
LOAD I NG
10 F EE T
HI GH WAY B RIDGE S
App. C
APPENDIX C
FORMULAS FOR STEEL COLUMNS *
The perm iss ible average u n it stress for steel colu runs shall be :
(A )
P == load parallel to the axis of the member in lbs.

A = gross cross-sectional area of column in sq. in.
f = yield point or yield strength ( See. Article 1.7.1 )
9
:factor of safety based on yield point or yield strength
1.80 for carbon steel (A36) , low alloy steel (A 572 with 45,000 and 65,000
yield points) , and high yield strength quenched & tempered steel (A1514/
A 517 with 90,000 yield strength ) .
1.82 for low alloy steel (A242, A440, A441, A 672 and A 588 with 50,000
yield point) and high yield strength quenched & tempered steel (Afi14/
A517 wi th 100,000 yield strength) .
1.84 for low alloy steel (A 242, A440, A441 and A588 with 46,000 yield
point and A 572 with 55,000 and 60,000 yield points) .
1.87 for low alloy steel (A242, A440, A441, A572, and A588 with 42,000
yield points) .
d istancc I rom neutral axi s to the extreme fibei in compression.
iad iu s of gyiat to n in the pl ano of bend i n g.
L
L
ofleet i v c len gth nd Ihe colu run
7 "/o of the total length of a col umn having riveted encl conncctins.
87. /r of the tot a I length of a col umn h av Ing p in ned en d con nect ions.
E = in od u I u s of eI as tic ity of steel
= 2!l,0(J0,000 lbs. pe r sq. i n.
\V hen e, an d e.. I ie on the sariie side of the colu run ax is, o is
posi tive ; when on opposite si des, is negative.

e;
ecce nf r ie ity of ap p l red load at the end of col u run having th e gieater comp ute1 moment, i n inches.
e. = ccccntiic ity at opposite en d.
For values of equal
col rim n sh:ill be i n ves tipated f o r th e c:tee of a ln colu in n con cc n I ri cally load ed, h a v ing a g reater
App. C
the peim i ssi blc f . shal I be deterred ned from the formula :
For 1 w i th values of L cater than determi nod by formula B,

the perm is.sible I, shall be determ tried by the formula :
When the values of end moments are not computed but cons idered
negli g i ble in amou nt, shall be assu med equal to + 1.
shall be assumed eg u al to + 1 for a member subject to bend ing
stresses in duced by the components of externally appl ied loads acting
perpend icu la r to its axis. For this case the general formu la becomes :
(E)
d = deflect ion due to the transve rse com pone n ts of exte r na 11 y applied loads,
in inches.
I = moment of inertia of section about an axis pei pend i cular to the plane of
bending, in ( inches )
M = women t due to the transverse com ponents of ex te rn ally appl red load, in
inch pounds.
The val ue of 0.25 in the above for run Ias p rov ides for' inheren t
and un k nown eccen tric ity.
GRAPHS
Permissible un it stresses, in accorclance with the formulas A and B

given above, may be obtained from the following graphs. Graphs are provided for carbon, low alloy, and high y ield strength, quenched and
tempered steels, and for values of a = + 1,0, and 1.

Straight line in terpolation
between
a = -+ I and 0, and between
a= 0 and 1, may be used for intermediate values of a .
App. C
419
420
HltiH WAY
J3 HIl3ti i I:
421
111(iT1 W A Y 13 HIDiE 5
App. G
App. C
424
HIGHWAY
BRIDGE S
App. C
426
HI GHWAY BRIDGE S
App. C
427
App. C
430
HIGH\VAX BRIDGES
App. C
431
App. C
4O
60
App. D
APPENDIX D
POSITION AND DIRECTION OF NEUTRAL AXIS *
When the plane of bending does not lie on a principal axi s of
colu run section or when the point of appl i eat i on of the resultant
does not li e with in the kern area of the g:ross trans f or med section,
pos it ion and d i rection of the neutral ax i s may be determined by
following formula :
the
load
the
the
M,
A
P load par a llel to the ax is ct the colu run in po un de
A transfo rmed a rea o f cracked section in square inches
M,= M, I
M,
,
I,'=: I,
M,
( I..)
I,
M,
M,
X,, Y ,,
moment of externa I to ices about cen tr oid at Y ax is

moment of extern at forces about cen Ii'oida1 X ax is
coo rd i n ates ref ei red to axes ;ass in g thro ugh the centro id of the
I,
mome nt of i ne i tia of c racked Ira n sfor me d sec tion about the centroid aI
trio me nt of i ne i-tia of c iacked t iansfo rmed section about the cen t roi da l
X ax is
section
Y axi s
I., = p roducf of i nertia of cracked ti-ansformec1 secti on about centro i dat

axes, X an d Y
In solv ing the above formula it is necessary to assume a value for

either X, or Y,,.
FORMULAS FOR STRESSES

With the position and di rection of
the
neutral
axis determined,
the maximum un it strew in the concrete shall be comp uted with the
formula :
M',
I,
X,
in which
cli sta rice I rom the neutia1 ax is to the extieme fibe r in compress ion
measured pa rallel to the centioida1 Y ax is
X = d istanee from the neutral ax is to the extreme fibei in compress ion

measured paral let to the centroida l X axis
Article by Da v i d M . icod a 11, P ubl ie Ito Is. V ct. 2 5, N o . 4. Iu n e 19 4 8 .
INDEX
A
Article
Page
Ab utments :
Backfill
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.8 ...................................249
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7 ..................................... 62
Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7D . . . . . . . . . . . . fi3
Overturning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7A ..................................... 52
Pile bent
. . .
. . . . .. .. . . .
. 1.10.8 ............................... 230
Plain concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7A . . . . . .
. . . fi2
Rein:forcement cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.6B ..................................... 61
S cour protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2C ........................................ 2
Stone masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7A ..................................... 62
T'emperature reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7B ..................................... 53
Wing walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7C ......................................53
A dmixtures for concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2B ................................... 264
Aggregates :
Care and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 ................................... 266

Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2D . . . . . . . . . . . . 26fi
Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2C ................................... 264
Heating in col d weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.21 ................................ 280
Rubble or cyclopean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2D . . . . . . . . . . . . 26fi
Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.6 ................................ 267
Weighing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.8. ................................. 268
Air-entiained concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.5, 2.4.6 . . . . . . . . 266, 267
Alkali exposed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.17. ................................. 278
Allowable loads :
Columns, concrete .
. . .. .
. . . . . . . . 1.fi.9 .................................. 67
Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 .................................. 41
Shear connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.100 ................................... 162
Unrei nforced piers and pedestals . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1.fi.9R................................... 68
Allowable stresses :
Bearing on masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.8 ................................... 125
Bearing type connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6 , ....................................... 121
Bond, concrete
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.1C ..................................... 57
Bridge seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.8.................................12
Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7. ................................. 126
Cast i ron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6 ................................ 124
Cast steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6................................ 124
Columns, concrete .
.... . ..
....
.
. . . . 1.5.9 ..................................... 67
Columns, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1, App. C . . .
. . 111, 416
Compression reinforcement . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.7 ..................................... 64
Concrete
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 ..................................... 56
Copper-alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7 ................................... 125
Ductile iron castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6 ................................... 124
Elastomeric bearing pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12.2................................... 238
Existing bridges . . . . . .
.. . . ... ..
. . . . 1.11.fi ............................... 235
Expansion rockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4 ................................ 117
Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.a ................................ 121
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3
.
. 115
Friction type connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.5................................... 121
Malleable castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6 ................................... 124
Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4 ................................... 117
Piestressed concrete
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.I. . .................................97
Rein to rcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi. lD . . . . . . . . . .
fi7
INDEX
Allowable stresses, contd.
Article
Page
Reinforcement, compression . .
... .
. . . . 1.fi.7
......64
Retaining walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 ..................................... 40
Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4 .................................. 117

Hound timber piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4B ..................................... 41
Steel piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4C...................................... 43
Steel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 ................................. 111
Substructures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 . .
40
Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.1 .................................. 207
Weld metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2 .................................. 116

Anchorage :
Expansion bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.60. .................................138
Fixed bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.49 ................................... 138
Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.EA....................................139
Anchorage
Zones
.. . . .
. ....
. . 1.6.15 ................................. 106
Anchor bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.56....................................139

Anchor bolts, erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.fi6 ...................................352
Angles :
Effective area in tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.14 .................................. 127
End connections of floorbeams and stringers . . 1.7.61, 2,10.27 . , , , . , , J41, 342

Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69B . . . , ....................................... 143
Minimum size for bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .................................. 131

Outstanding leg, xv'idth . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.lS, 1.7.69B, 1.7.88 . . . . 128, 143, 15G
Outstanding leg of bearing stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.73B .
.
. 150
Ou tstan ding legs of tranverse stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.71 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Placement of vertical leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.24, 1.7.76 . . . . . . . . 132, 1fi1
Shell
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.GI .................................. 141
Size of fastener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.35 ...................................134

Thickness o:I metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.10, 1.7.G9, 1.7.88 . . . . 128, 148, 1fi6
Angles of repose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 .

.
.
41
Annealing and stress relieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.84 .................................. 344
Appl mation of loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8 .
.
.
19
Approach embankment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi0
Apron plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.60 ...................................140
Aiches :
Ashlar masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6. TO ............................................. 299
Mortar iubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.8 ...................................802
Placement of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.10D . . . . . . . . . . . . 27a
V oussoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.G. TO .................................. 299

Arches, concrete . . .
. .
. .. .
. .. .. .
. 1.5.10 .................................... 71
Aichespipe
(See Pipe-structural Plate)
Archesribbed steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.90 .
Arches, structural plate

Assembly .......................................................................................... 2.23.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Backfill ................................................................................... 2.23.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Beai'ings ...................................................................................... 2.23.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Bracing ....................................................................................... 2.23.7. . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Cover ................................................................................................... 1.9.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2tlfi
Headwalls ................................................................................... 2.23.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Inspection ....................................................................................... 2.23.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Measurement ............................................................................. 2.28.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Multiple
. .... . .. . . . . . . . . . .
.1.9.6, 2.23.9. . . . . . . . 207, 4112
Payment ......................................................................................... 2.23.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Rise to span ratio ................................................................... 1.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Substructures ............................................................................. 2.23.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Ashlar
masonry
Article
Page
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29fi
Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1fi .
.
299
Copings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.14.................................. 299
Cores and backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.8 .................................. 297
Dowels and cramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.13................................ 298
Dressing stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.fi . . . . . . . . . . . . 29G

Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29ti
Laying stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.G.10..................................297

Level in g courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.11 ......................................298
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29fi
Measu rement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1'7 .................................. 300

Mixi rig mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . 2.G. 9 ...................................... 297
Pointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.G. 16 .................................. 299
Resetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.12 .................................. 298

Size of stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29fi
Stretchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.6 ................................... 296

Surface finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4 ................................... 296
l3ack-fill
.
. . .. .
.
. . 2.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
B:ir reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.fi.TA . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Batter piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6E ..................................... 47
Bearin gs :
Anch orage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.49, 1.7.Al, 1.7.fib . . . . . . . . 138, 139
Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi0, 1.7.51, 1.7.52, 2.4.23G . . . . 188, 139, 282
Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.49. 2.4.23G .
188, 282
Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi4 .
.
139
Inclined ......................................................................................................... 1.7.63 . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.64
.
1311
Masonry plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.o8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Masonry, allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.8 . .
12fi
Pedestals and shoes ............................................................................ 1.7.56 . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Sole plates ................................................................................................ 1.7.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Rearing area :
Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.5 .............................. 4.21

Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4 ................................ 117
Bearing devices, concrete structures . . 1.5.13, 1.6.20, 2.4.23G . . . . . 7fi , 108, 282
hearing piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 .................................. 41
(Sec i/so Piles )
Bearing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.GC . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi 6
Capping, timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi7
Caps, driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3B . . . . . . . . . . . . 2o2
Cast-in-place concrete piles .
.. .... ..
. . 2.3.1 .....................................268
Collars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi8
Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.10, 2.8.11, 2.3.18
267, 2fi9
Defective piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2154
Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 2.3.16 ................................ 259
Haminers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 2.3.4B, C . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Loading tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.tiA ....................................256
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.18, 2.8.19, 2.3.20 . . . . . . . . 2fi9, 262
Metb ods of driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 ................................... 258
Order list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi i
Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.17 . . . . , . . . . . . . 2fi9
Pointing, timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 D . . . . , . . . . . . . 2fi 3
Precast concrete piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2a7
I'reparat ion for di'iving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi2
INDEX
Bearing piles, contd.
Article
Page
spurie
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s.so. .
. . . . . . ss8
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi2
Storage anil handling
.
. .
. 2.?.9, 2. .14.
256, 2d8
Test piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 fi
Timber pile formulas ..................... ......?.3.(iB............ 2?,
l3earin g plates :
(Se c nl.s o Beaiings )
Allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6, 1.7.7 . . . . . . . . 124, 12fi
Bronze or copper-nlloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2.11 ............................... 868
Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 10.fi6 ................................ 852
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . ?fi8
Placement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 11.fi . . . . . . . . . . . . 8fi8
Surface
finish
..
. .. .
. . . . . . 2.10. 25 .......................... 842
Bearing stiffeners :
Plate girders, design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.78 ............................... 149

Rolled beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.ii6 . . . . . . . , ........... 142
Rearing type connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi .......................... 121
(we ii/so G onnecti ons)
Bearing value :
Found ation soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 ................................. 40
Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 ................................. 41
Bedding Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. to.8. .........................374
Bending moments, standard load ing . . . . . . . . . . . Appen dix A .......................... 411
Bents :
Caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.SD, 2.20. 1 4. . . . . . . . . 4ti , .J93
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.11 ................................. 72
lr:inned
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20. 18 ................................... 392
Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.8 ............................... 230
Bents and towers, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.91 .
19
Bent plates
. .
....
.
.
. 2.10.Al . . . . . . . . . . . . 34?
Blast clcani n g, metal surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 14.10G ......................... 367
Blast plates and protection
. .. .
. 1.1.18 . . .
8
(Sec ttlso Anchor bolts)
(See ri/.s o Fasteners)
Connections
.
.
. 2.10.19, 2.10.2d . .
32tl
Hi gh strength , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.8A . . . . . . . . . . . . 30ti
Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6
Pipe-structural plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ilo
Tinny ber stiucf ures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.4, 2.20.9 . . . . . , . . 2?0, 391
Weight
. .
.
.
.
. 2.10.U3 . . .
355
Bond :
Allowable stresses
Slabs
Spiead Foofings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6E .
Box girders :
Load distribution
. . 1.3.1, 1.7.108 .
(See u /so Concrete box girders and composite box girders, steel)
I3racing :
Bents and towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi4 . . . .
Columns, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.9A . . . . . .
1fi9
67
Double system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .............................. 131

Eccentric connections
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.18 ............................. 128
F astener s, minimurii numlier . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .
UI
Limiting length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.11 . . . . . . .
12f
'-'
' nf anele ... .......................1.7.21. .......... 131
Bracing, contd.
Article
Page
Minimum size of fillet weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2G ............................ 132
Outstanding legs of angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1ii ................................ 128
Pile and framed berits
Portal, sw-ay
Steel box girders

Timber structures .
Tubular steel piers
Brick masonry
2.9. . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Consti-uction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.3. ............................ 304
Materials . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.2. ........................ 304
Measurement ard payment . . .
.
. .2.9.5. .
. . 30ii
Bridge locations
..
Bridge seats, allowable
7.
. . 125
p at s :
Bronze or copper-alloy bearing and pa s
125
Allowable stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . 1.7.7.
358
Materials
.
. . .2.10.3G, 2.11.2. .
Measurement and payment . .
.
. . 2.11.6. . . . . . . . . . . 3ii8
Bronze plates :
Allowable stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12$
Sliding expansion bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.ii1. ........................... 138
Bundled bars
.
. 2.5.ii . . .
293
Prestreesing steel
.
. 1.G.IGC ............................. 107
Reinforcing steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.61 . .
64
buoyancy .
. ....
.
. 1.2.18. . . . . . . . .
27
Piles . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4F . . . .
. . 4Ii
Buttresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8D .
54
Butt w'elds, at lowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2, 1.7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . llli
(See iilso \Velding)
Ilutt-welded splices
[Sec Splices)
Camber :
Plate girders
Steel gritl
Ti usses, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.79 .
Trus.ses, timbei
.
. . . 1.10.9F
Cantilever slabs :
. ..............1ii2
...................233
Design . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2H, 1.7.102. . . . . . . . . 3ii, 16Ii
Railing loadings
Canvas, for beldirig masonry plates
Caps, tent .................................
13 2H
2 103K
.....L4.6D.
Caps; timber lients ......................................................................... 2.20.14 .

Castings, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6, 2.10.3C, D. E, F
Storage
..
..
......... 46
testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2A 15) ........................ 263

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . 26u
Centrifui:al" foi-ces
. .
.1.2.21: '28
Channel changes . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 ..................................... I
Channel, Jr reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1.2. ........................... 247
INDEX
Article
Page
Cleaning metal surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.10 ........................... 367

Clea rances :
Depressed roadway : ' . : : ' ' : " : : $1$1$6 10
Navi gation at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.7A ................................... 3
Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.15 . . . . . , . . . . . ,
9
Underpasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.17 ................................. 10
Vehicular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.7B ...................................4
Vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.7, 1.1.15, 1.1.17 . .
. . 3, 9, 10
Clearing and grubbing, compensation for . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 ..........................247
Coefficients :
Concrete
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 . . . . . .
.
lb
Structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 . .
.
111
Coefficient of :friction, bents and towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.95 .............................. 160
Cofferdams and cribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.6 .......................... 248
Columns, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9 .................................67
Allowable load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.9B, C, D. E, F . . . . . . . 68, 69, 70
Bendjing about two axes
70
Bending moment
70
Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9A ..................................... 67
Bundled reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6I . . . . . . . . . . .

Combined stresses . . . . .
... . ..
. 1.5.9F . . . . . . .
Degiee of restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 . . . . . . . .
Lateral ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9D .
.. ..
Least lateral dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.9A . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
70
58
67
Long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.9C, D . . . . . . . 68, 69
Min imum rcin forcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.o.9A .................................... 67

Minimum size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.9F . . . . . . . .
, 70
Modular ratio n.
. .
. 1.5.2, 1.fi.iIF . . . . . . . . . . 58, 70
Moment of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 . . . . . . . . fi 8

Placement of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.10C .................................... 274
Reinforcement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6......................................61
Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9C, D . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69

Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9A, C . . . . . . . . . . 67, 68
Tied . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.9A, D . . . . . . . . . . 67, 69
Tie spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9D......................................69

Unsup ported length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9A .......................................67
Columns, steel :
(S'ee n/so Compression members)

Bents and towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.91 . .
159
Limpit ing length ......................................................................................... 1.7.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Splices .......................................................................................................... 1.7.19. . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Columns, Timber
Combined stresses :
..
.. .. . ..
. 1.10.2, 1.10.7 . . . . . . . 209, 230
Columns, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.9F......................................70
Fastener's
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.5 .................................. 121
Steel members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 i ..........................................128
Composite box girders, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.102 to 1.7.109 ........................ 16 5-170

Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.109 . . . . . . . , ...................... 170
Bottom flange plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.106 ................................... 167

IJiaphragms
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.107 .............................. 170
Distribution of loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7. 103 .................................. 166

Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.109 .................................170
. . . . . . 170
ge tb w b welds
L
$ 08 .
$ ':b
t"""" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .7 . 1
Article
Page
Compost te I-girders, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.96 to 1.7.1111 . . . . . . . . 10-16ii
Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.99 ............................... 161
Creep effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.96
.................................................................................................................................................................... 160
Deflection
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1.7.101
................................................................................................................................................................... 165
Depth ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1.7.10. . . .
. 12ti
Effective flange width
.
1.7.98.
161
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1011
................................................................................................................................................................... 162
Horizontal shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 1.7100
.................................................................................................................................................................... 162
Modulai- ratio. n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. t .il6.
lGtl
heai- onnectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.97, 1J 00 . . .
. 161, 2
Composite structures, ju estressed cone-ete . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.14 .
10fi
Composite xv-ool-concrete members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1i
. 38
Compression choi-cfs :
Lateral bracin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .
TU
Ti'usses . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7G
.................................................................................................................................................................... 151
Com pression membei-s :
F"asteners . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.37
.................................................................................................................................................................. 1315
Limiting length
1.7.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12fi
Pitch of fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.86 . .
lii
Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1iI
.................................................................................................................................................................... 128
Thickness of metal
.
.
.
1.7.88.
1511
Concrete :
(See ritso Concrete structui-es)
Ahi as ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Admixtures for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2B . . . . . . . . . . . . 2G4

Ag(;regates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2G, D . . . . . . . . 264, 2Gii
Air content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.fi ......
267
An'-entrainei . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.ii
................................................................................................................................................................... 266
Alkali exposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.17 . .
278
Allowable stresses
. 1.i.1 .
iiG
Gement content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.6.
....................................................................................................................................................................267
Class
. 1.6.1, 2.4.Ii . . . . . . . . . ii6, 26G
Cold sv'eather Jlacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.21
280
Composition
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.6
............................................................................................................................................................................... 267
Gompiessive strength
Gon struction ,joints
. 1.5.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.14 .
iiG
27ti
Cribbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . 37i

Gyclopean
.
.
.
2.4.15
277
. 280
Delvery
.......................
..........249H.
...................................................... 271
Exposettosea
water
...................
.....24.16.
........................................................ 277
Kascu'ork
278
.................................2418.
F:nshing
..............................24.14.
........................................................ 282
Handling anl placing

98
Lightv'eiyht
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2. ...................... 262
Measurement and payment . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.34. . . .
290
Mixing
Mixing
Modular ratio, n"

.
, .1.ii.2.
ii8
Placement by pumping . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27s
Pneumatic placing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27?

Precast piles . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . 1.4.GG . . . .
47
441
Concrete, contil.
Article
Sec 1 6, 2 4 33
Page
9G, 287
concrete)
lieinfoi-cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.5 .............................. 291
(See use Reinforcement)
fiomoval of falsexvorl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.20 .............................. 279
Retempcring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.01 .......................... 271
2 4 15
247.
antl testing
27'i
Stoi age of cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26ii

Sti ength
. . . .. . ..
..1.5.1. .. .
56
GO
Thermal stresses ................................................................................... 1.6.4
Time of hauling and placing mixed concrete . . . . . . . . 2.4.9F"
270
Unlorivatei- yilacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\\ earing surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 .............................. 12
Concrete At-ches
.
.
. 1.Ii.10 .
71
Conci-etc Rents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.11 .................................72
Coiici ete lox girclers :
13eal load tlistribution . . . . .
. 1.3.1 .
29
Iliaphi-agms
.
.
. 1.5.12G .............................74
Effective flange xvidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1..12A
73
flange $unioi-cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 B . . . . . . . . . . . .
$
F' lexu e stien$cs
1ii12C .
. . 73
I.ix'e loarl ilisti-ibution

. 1.3.TB . . . . . . . .
30
Miniivium ieinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1,G.12F'.
74
Placement of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.10G .............................. 274
Shear
74
Shrinkage reinforcement
74
Temperatui-e reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.GH . . . . . . . . . . . . 'i3

Welt roinforcement .
.
. 1.5.8, 1.ii.12D . . . . . . . . . . 65, 74
\Vheel loal listt-ibution . .
. .... . . ....
. 1.3.TB .
30
Concrete ct-ibbing
. Sec. 2.IG. ............................376
Concrete desi;;n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.Ii . . . .
Gfi
Concrete flooring, wheel load distribution . . .
. . . .1.3.TB .
.
80
Concrete masonry
.
. . . Sec. 2.4 ............................. 262
Concrete piles:
(Sc Piles)
Concrete slabs :
(See Slabs)
Concrete structures :
Arches
.
.
.
. 1.5.10 . .
71
Bearin gs . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . i5
Bents . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 'i2
"xse C n$rete box girders)
Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.G.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . iiG
Columns
1 ii II
G7
(,5e fso, Columns, concrete)
152
ii8
Deflection
154
..
Expansion
145
..
Footings
Moment of inertia
.
. .
.
.1.ii.2.
ii8
Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.il, 1.5.2. . . . . . . . . . 54, 58
"i=> eoiienre of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 ............................... 12
Concrete Structures, contd.

Article
Placement of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.10
Prestressed
..
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.6 . .
( S'ce i/so Prestressed concrete)
Page
.. 271
96
Slabs :
(See Slabs)
Span length
T-beams
26
60
Concrete T-beamp s :
Construction .joints
.
a
d d's pbution
D: sh' at
iiaph
.. .
.
'
. 1.5.aE . . . . . . . . . . .
12
'
G1
2s
.. .'. .. .'. . ,. . . . . . . .. .'... . .'. .. . . . us!or ::! i :i . ! . ! i . st
Effective flange v idth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15.6A . . . . . . . . .

G0
Isolated beams
.... . ..... ..
. ..
. 1.5.EC ................................. 60
Live load distribution . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 ................................. 29
Negative moment reinforcement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.6G ....................................63
Placement of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.10C ............................... 274

Shear
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.IEB .................................. 60
Shear keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6E .................................. 61
Web reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6C, 1.6.8A . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65
Wheel load distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connections :
. . . 1.3.1 .................................29
Bearing type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7. 5 ................................ 121

Bolted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.19, 2.10.20 ................................. 320
Eccentrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.18 ............................... 128
Edge distance of fastener s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.38 .................................. 135
Eyebars
Fillet s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.46, 1.7.47 . . . . . . . . 137, 138
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.82 .................................. 152
Forked ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.48 ............................... 138
F"nation type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7. a ................................. 121

Hangers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.40 ................................. 186
I>ocati on o:I pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.41 .................................. 137
Pin connected tension r.aembers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.40 . . . . .
.
13f
Minimum number of fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.20 ................................. 130
Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.41 to 1.7.44 ............................... 137

Pin plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , 1.7.48 ............................... 187
Steel members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19 ............................... 128
5trength of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.20 ................................. 130
Sumj ect top stiess reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.5 ............................... 121

Subpunching and rearing field connections. . . . . . . . 2.10.10 ...............................317
To tensile members by welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3 .
TU
Upset ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.45
18
7
Welded :
(See Welding)
Con nectors :
Stud shear connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3A . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
Timber connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.IF .

. . . . . 885
Timber structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.IF, 2.20.2. . . . . . . . 385, 886
Construction joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27G
Continuous steel structures :
Al lowable increase in stress .......................................................... 1.7.1 .

Composite girders ..................................................................... 1.7.99 .
INDEX
443
Continuous steel structures, contd.

Article
Page
Depth ratio
1710
Span length
Contraction. steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.16 .................................. 128
Contraction j oints, retaining walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8F . . . . . . . . .
Copings :
54
Ashlar masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6. 14 .................................... 299
Brick masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.4 .................................. 305

Dry rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.7 .................................. 308
Mortar rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.7 ............................... 301
Copper-alloy plates :
b
pan on beai-ings
::
: : ' $$77o7 .. . : . 128
S!$ding
Copper bearing steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30ti
Copper sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.23 F.............................. 282
Corrugated metal and structural plate 9ipes and pipe arches

Sec. 1.8 and 2.23
. . . . . 200, 399
Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.3 .................................. 400

Bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.4 .................................. 401
Bracing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.7................................ 402
Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.8 .................................. 402

Chemical and mechanical requirements . .
. . 1.8.3 ................................. 204
Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.8, 2.23. 10 . . . . . . . . 206, 403
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.2 ...................................200

Forming and punching
.. ..
.
. . . . 2.23.2 ................................. 400
Foundations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.5 .................................. 401
Headwalls ................................................................................................... 2.23.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Inspection ........................................................................................................2.23.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Materials . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.1 , , . . .
2011
Measurement ..................................................................................................2.23. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Minimum gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.1, 1.8.2, 1.8.4 . . . . .
. 200, 2115
Multiple
Payment
structures ............................................................................... 1.8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 20fi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.13
....
404
Rivets and bolts

1.8.6 206
.
Sidefill
.......................................................................................................... 2.23.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Sloped ends-skewed .............................................................................. 1.8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Substructure ....................................................................................................... 2.23.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4112
Workmanship ........................................................................................ 2.28.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Counterforts :
Concrete arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.10B......................................72
Retaining wiills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8D ..................................... 54
Counters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7f . . . . . . . . . . . . lb I
Countersinki ng, timber structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2G. 10 ..................................... 391

Countersinking, fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.15 ...................................121
Cover plates :
Built-up compression members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16G

Plate girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69 ............................... 148
Rolled beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.67 ......................................142
Cover plates, per:fora ted :
Effective area ........................................................................................1.7.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Fasteners............................................................................................................. 1.7.88 . . .
. 163
Radius of gyration ..............................................................................1.7.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Th ickness of metal ..............................................................................1.7.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . UG
Creep effect, composite girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Cribbing, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.TG . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
444
Article
Page
Ci-oss frames :
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .............................. 131
Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21, 1.7.55 . . . . . . . . 131, 140
Culverts:
2410B
handling and
Dead loads
Distribution reinforcement
loads
Distribution of
1 3 2E
Genet-at features of design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.1.

115
Location and length
1 22B
Shear in
..
37
Ii0
..
.. 14
opening
114
2
Curbs
.
.
.1.1.8. .................... 5
Depressed roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.16C .
lfl
Height . .
. . 1.1.8, 1.1.15, 1.1.16, 1.1.17. . . . . . . . . ii, 9, 10
Loading
.
.1.2.HB.
21
Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1iiC............................ 10
. 1.1.17C. ....................... 12
1.1.15, 1.1.16, 1.1.17 . . . . . . . . . , 9, 10
Underpasses
Width
Cycles, fatigue design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3.

TU
Cyclopean concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1ii .......................... 277
D
ilampproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.18. ...................... 381
Dead loads .
.
. .
.
. 1.2.2........................12
Deck ti-usses :
(See Trusses)
Deflection :
i3omposite girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.101 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16ii
Concrete structures, modular ratio n
Elastomeric bearing pads ..................................... 1.7.50.
Fixed bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.49 ........................... 138

17 12
126
Steel structures
II IG
10
Depresseil
Depth ratio, steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1fl . .

12$
Details of design, structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.9 to 1.7.56 . . . . . . . . 12$-140
Diaphragms :
74
Concrete box g;irders
61
Concrete T-beams
17 21
131
Design, steel structures
1726
132
Minimum size of hllet
Spacing, steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.21, 1.7.59, 1.7.107. . . . 131, 140, 170
Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.78 . .
1$2
Distribution reinforcement, slabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2E .......................... 35
Distribution of loads:
Cantilever slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2H . .
35
Com posite xvood-concrete members . . . . . . . . .
Compost te box girders, steel
Concrete slabs
. 1.8.ii .......................... 38
16
17103.
Exterior stringers ani beams

.
.1.3.1 .
29
Floor beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 ................................. 29
ltttlr! stringers and beams . . . . . . . . .
. .1.3.TB . . . .
'30
Longitudinal beams
.
.1.3.1. .
30
Multi-beam precast concrete bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2. ............................32
44ii
Distt-ibution of loads, contd.
Article
Pagc
Slabs supported on 4 sides . . . . . .
. . . . . 1.3.21 .
3G
Steel griJ flooring . .
. . . 1.3.ti. .............................. 39
Through earth fills .
.
..
.1.3.3.
37
Timher flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 ................................. 37
1 4 6G. 1.ii.6E
Dowels, cmledment
.
Z 6.13
In-ainage :
14 7D
ii3
Abutments
1 48G
54
Retaining
Rigitl frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1fl .................................. 27
Roaclxx-ay
,1.1.10. . . .
8
Spanlrel fills, conci-ete arches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.1IlF .
72
Steel box gii-ders
.
. I.7.1flil . , ......................... 170
In wing nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3il . . . . . . . . . . . . 34fi
Dry' rubble masonry
. . .
.. .Sec. 2.8. ......................... 303
E
12
37
27
52
Alutments
Culx'erts
Retaining: walls .
Earthtjuake stt esses
Edge beams, longitudinal
Effective width :
148A
1220
..
13 2D
T"langes, box girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.12A .

composite girders
..
..
60
Flanges, wooi-concrete T-beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.SA .......................... 38

Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. 1.3.2 ......................... 32
Elastomeric bearing pads
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12.2 ....................... 238
blanufacturing requirements . . . . .
. .2.25.3. ..................... 408
hf aterials
.
.2.25.2.
405
Quality assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2G.ii ........................ 408
Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2ii.4 ....................... 408
loading
20
End blocks
Erection :
Assembling steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.li8 ......................... 353
Basis of payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.64 ....................... 357

Bearings and anchorages
. . .2.10.ii6. . . . .
3ii2
Dehveryof materials
Fa!sework
Handling and storing materials

.
.2.10.ii3.
3ii1
Methods and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.ii5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ii2
lifethod of measurement ....................................................... 2.10.63 .

2 10.61
Pin
Plans
Removal of old
and
354
4W
INDEX
@rticle
Erection, contd.
Page
Straightening bent material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.57
. 352
Structural plate pipes, pipe-arches, and arches . . . . . 2.23.3. ........................... 400
Structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.49 to 2.10.64 . . . , ......... 351-357
Excavation :
Classification . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.11 .
250
Foundation and substructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 2.1.1 . . . , . , ............... 247
Inspection
Measurement and
.2.1.12. .
250
Preparation for driving

2 33A
252
Existing bridges, rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . Sec. 1.11 .............................. 234
Expansion :
Concrete structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.$.4 ............................ 60
Steel, coefhcient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 .

111
Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.16. ............................ 128
Expansion bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.50, 1.7. 1, 1.7.ii2 . . . . . . . . 138, 139
Defection provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.50. ........................... 138
nollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4, 1.7.52, 2.10.3ii . . . . 117, 139, 34ii
Stirling . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.50, 1.7.ii1 .............................. 138
Expansion joints:
Concrete railings
.
.2.13.11 ............................ 363
Retaining walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1.4.8F . . . .
54
Spandi-el walls
.
. 1.ii.10C .
72
Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.60, 2.4.23D . . . . . . . . 140, 281
Expansion plates
.
. Sec. 2.11
358
Allowable stresses . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7 ................................ 125
Bi-onze or copper-alloy
.
. 2.11.2 .
38
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ii8
Packing
Timber trusses
. . 1.7.47 .
F"abricatiori , stiuctural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.1 to 2.10.47 . . . . . . . . 30ti-349

Fabric pads, pi-eformed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.111.3L .............................. 313
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.18 .
278
Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.20 ............................... 279

Steel structures . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 2.10.ii4 . . . . . . . . . . 3G1
F"asteners :
Allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.5 .
. 121
BlastJilates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.13 ............................... 8
Built-up members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.83 ......................... 153
Countersunk rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.5 .
121
Elgc distance . . . . . . .
.
. . 1.7.38. ........................... 135
1 7.61
Eni connections of floorbeams and stringers
141
Effective bear-ing area
Encl ilistance . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13G
Fatigue design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3 .
TU
Gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.36, 1.7.37 . . . . . . . . 184, 13ii
INDEX
447
Fasteners, cont'd.
Article
Page
Lacing bars
.
..
. ..
. . 1.7.83
.
163
Long rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.89 .
.
136
Number in connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19, 1.7.20, 1.7.21 ......................128-13 1
Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.36, 1.7.37 . . . . . . . . 134, US
Pitch in compression members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.86 .
155
Riveted flange angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69 ...................................143
Size
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.8fi
. .
134
Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.37 .
135
Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.36 .................................. 134
Stitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.37 .
.
. 136
Through filler plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19 ...................................128
W eight, pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.63 .................................. 855
Fatigue, composite girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.100 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1G2
pat
e design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ . 1.7$3 . . . .
ie.d coat, meta structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.2, .14. 2 . . . . . . . . 36 , 369"
T"ield connections, subpunchin g and reaming . . . . . . . . . 2.10.10 ................................ 317
Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19 .
.
128
Fillets, concrete
..
. ..... . . . .
. 1.5.3 . .
. 69
'illet \vells, allowable stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . TU
(See o/so Welding)
Filter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.8...................................374
I"inishing concrete surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.24 to 2.4.3 1 . . . . . . . . 282-28fi
me stops, timbei structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10. 1 .................................. 234
Flame cleaning, metal sur:faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.10D . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Ii7
Flanges, plate girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69 .
.
143
Flange angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69 ................................ 143
Elangc plates, built-up compression members . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15G
Flange splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19 ................................... 128
F'1ange width :
Composite girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.98 ..................................... 161
Box girders, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.12A ..................................... 73
T-beams, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.SA
.
GO
T-beams, v ood-concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.SA.........................................38
Floor system :
Floorbeams
(See Floorbeams)
Sidewalk brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.64 ................................... 141

Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1.7.57 to 1.7.64
.
140-141
Stringers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi7 ............................... 140
Floorbeams :
Bending moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1C ..................................... 32
End
. .
.. . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . 1.7.62 . .
141
End connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.61 ................................... 141
End shear and reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.IA .
.
29
Floor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.68 ................................... 140
Load distribution
.....
.. . .. .. .
. . . . 1.3.1 .................................. 29
Timbei- trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9B ...................................232
Floors :
Composite wood-concrete desks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.111 ...................................... 394
Concrete
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2
.
.
32
Laminated or strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.18 .................................. 394
Plank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . ?98
Steel grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.6 ..................................... 39
Footings :
Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7A .
.
.
a2
1 4 6B
5G
446
Article
Page
Footings, contcl.
.
1ii1
..
Bond stress
Critical sections
146E
..
Culverts . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 1.4.6A ................................. 50
Depth
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6A , , . . .
ii0
Design . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6E .
50
Distribution of pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6C ................................ 50
Elevation of
. . . ........... . 4
Preparation of
424
Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6P .
52
Retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8B ................................53
1 4 6F .
Slabs
E . . . . . . . . . . . . SU
Spread
Stepped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6D .
5fl
Stress transfer, columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6G . . . . . . . . . . .
G2
Forgings and shafting, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.SB .
Forkel end truss member ......................................................1.7.48 .
Forms:
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.19 . . , ......................... 278
Removal
2 4 20
2711
value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2. . .
40
F' oundation,
Foundation seals
248
Framed bents
Friction losses, prestressing steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.7A . . . . . . . . . . . . S9
Friction piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4C, D, F, G . . . . . . . 43, 44, 4Ii
(3eafsoP!!es)
Frctontype connectors........ .,...... . .......171. ............ 121

(Sec nlso Connections)
Galvanizing :
Painting galvanized surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.14.9. .........................367
Repairing damaged galvanized coatings

Structural steel
Girders Conci ete :
Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.12 ................................ 73
Composite, prestressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.G.14 .
10ii
T-beam
. . 1.ii.ii
60
Steel :
Composite, box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.102 to 1.7.109 . . . . . . . . 16ii-170

Composite, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.96 to 1.7.101 . . . . . . . . 160-1f5
Hybi-id
. 1.'?.110 to 1.7.113 , .................. 170-173
I-beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 1.7.65 to 1.7.67.
142
Plate
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.68 to 1.7.74 ......................143-150
GlueJ laminated timber
I IOIR
2O7
[See nlso Timber
Group loading, piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4Ci
45
Group loalings . . . . , . . . .
. .1.2.22.
28
Gusset plates . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.84 , . . . , . . . . . . . 1ii4

Stiffening required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21, 1.7.84. . . . . . . . 131, 11i4
Thickness of metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.13, 1.7.84 . . . . . . . . 127. 1G4
Half-thi-ough truss spans
I See Trusses)
INDEX
Article
Hammers :
Gr:ivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.4B . . . . . . . . . . . . 2$3

Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2a8
Han d cleaning, metal surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.10 B ..................................36 7

Headers :
A shlai' masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.'7 .................................. 296

Mortar rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.4 . .
800
Heat Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.114 ................................ 173
High strength bolts :

($'ec n/so Fasteners)
Bolt and nut dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2.10.3A .
. .
309
Bolted parts
. .. . .
..... ... .. .
. 2.10.20C .................................. 321
Rolt tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.20D

321
Calibrated wrench tightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.20D .................................. 321
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.20E ...................................323
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.20D .................................. 321
Materi:its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3A . . . . . . . . . . . . 3t16
Turn-of-nut tightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.20D .................................. 321
\Vasher dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2.10.3B

309
H gh strength glow alloy structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3A ............................... 306
Highway loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ..................................... 14
H loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.SB
. .
HS loadings . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
. . . 1.2.FC . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load Factors
Prestressed
Concrete
lfi
IG
. . . 1.6.5..................................... 97
Reinforced
Concrete
.
.
. . . . 1.fi.1'?
. 79
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . 17G
Load Factor Design
Concrete
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7fi
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7. 117 .................................. 174

Load lane width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fig. 1.2.6A
.
TO
Minimum loading
.. .
.....
. . . . . . 1.2.i5F . . . . . . .
18
Position of live load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ...................................... 18
Traffic lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ......................................18
High-tensile-strength prestressing reinforcement . . . . . 2.4.33J ................................ 289
H loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.SB . . . . . . . . . . . . lfi
IIoles :
Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.11, 2.10.12 ............................... 817
Bolt holes
.
. .
. .. .
. . . . 2.10.7, 8 & 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Bolts; timber members
.. . .
..
. . . . 2.20.8
..
891
Dri:fting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.1o . . . . , . . . . . . . 3111
Punched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 31G
Reamed or drilled
. 2.10.9
31G
Rivet holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.7, 8 & 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Ii
Subpuneh irig and rearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.10 . . . . . . , ...................... 317
Hooks, capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1.6.8E . . . . . . . . . . . . GG

HS loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.FC................................. 16
Hydraulic studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2C .
2
Hydrologic studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2B ................................. 2
Ice pressure,
Impact
Impact, composite wood-concrete members. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.SB . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insiiection of structural steel. mill and shop . .
27
22
3P
. 2.10.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . 84G
Article
Page
Inspectors au thority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 10.42 ..................................... 46

Interior stringers, load distribution . . .
. . . . . . . . 1.3.1.
. ........ 29
Intermediate stiffeners, transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.71
........ 146
J
Jetting bearing piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4G
Joints :
nearing type
(See Connections)
Brick masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.8 ...............................304
Contraction, retaining walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8F
. 54
Expansion and fixed in concrete structures . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.23.............................281
Expansion type
( See Expansion joints)
Friction type
(See Connections)
I\Iortar rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.6, 2.7.8 . . . . . . . 301, 302
Structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.26 ........................... 342
Timber members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9A .............................. 231
Joint fillers :
Premolded expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.23C
Refined oil-asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.2G
Keys, shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6E, 1.6.14A . . . . . . . . . 61, 10fi
J>:tcing bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.83, 2.111.28 . . . . . . . . 163, 348

Laminated timber, allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.1B ................................... 207
Lane loading :
Continuous span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7, 1.2.8C . . . . . .

. 18, 19
Maximum stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1.2.8D .....................................19
Moments, shears . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7, App. A , . . . . . . . . 18, 411
Position of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ................................... 18
Lane loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ................................ 14
Lanes, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ..................................... 18
Lateral bracing :
Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .......................... 131
I\I inimum size o1 hllet welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.26 .............................. 132
Timber trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9E , .......................................... 232
Lead, sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3H .............................. 312
Leads, pile driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 2.3.4E ........................... 264
I.we load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8 ..................................... 14
( Sec n/so Highway loadings and Loadings)
.4pplication of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8 ..................................... 19

Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.SD . . . . . .
. IG
Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.uE ..................................... 18
H loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.fiR . . . . .
lfi
HS loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.bC .
16
Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.12 ..................................... 22
Interior stringers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.lB .
.
.
30
Lane loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . 14, 18
INDEX
Live loail, contd.
Article
Minimum
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.OF . . .
Page
18
Outside roadway stringers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.TB . .
..
30
Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 ................................. 18

Sidewalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.11A .
.
.
20
Slab desk gn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2C ............................... 84
Load capacity rating
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Sec. 1.11
. 234
Load length, fatigue design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.3 . . . . . . . . llo
Loading combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.22 ................................ 28
Loading tests, pile . . . .
Loadings :
Application
Buoyancy
...
... . . ..
..
. 1.4.2 .................................... 40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1.2.8 ..................................... 19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.18.....................................27
Centrifugal forceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.21 . . .
28
Curb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.HB . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Combination railing . .
. ..
. .
. . . . . 1.2.11C
Combinations ................................................................................................... 1.2.22 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuous spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8D . . . . . . . . . . . .
De:id loads .
. . .
..
.. .. ...
. . 1.2.2 . .
Drift ...................................................................................................................... 1.2.17 . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
28
19
12
27
Earth pressure
1.2.19 .. . . . 27
Earthquake
stresses ..........................................................................1.2.20 . . . . . . . . . . . 27
.....
Electric railway .............................................................................. 1.2.10
20
Ice
Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.12
2.17 . load
. . . ................................................................................................................
..
Live
1.2.3 . . .
(ice nIs o Highway loading and Live load)
Longitudinal forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
, . . .1. 22
. 14
. 1.2.13.................................. 23
Overload provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 .
14
Pedesfrian r:tiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.11C

21
Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1.2.HC .................................. 21
Reduction in intensity . . . .
. . . ....
. . . 1.2.9 .
.
.
20
Sidewalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.11A .
.
20
Stream current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.17 .
27
Thermal forces . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.10 . . .
2G
Timber structures . .. .... . . .
.
1.10.1
207
Traffic waiting .. .............. .. ..... .. l.2.l1C. ............ 21
upiiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.2.ic . . . . . . . . . . z6
Win4
Loads
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.14 ..................................... 24
. .. .
..
. .. ... .
. Sec. 1.2
Cantilever slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.2H .

Distribution
of
.......
12
3fi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.3 .................................... 29
(See also Di stribution of loads)
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 .................................... 12

Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.9A . . .
1i4
Spread Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6E . . .
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Loop bars .
TO
beams, load distribution .

.
. 1.?.1
29
forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.18 ..................................... 23
stiffeners, plate girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.72...................................148
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7 .
151
Lumber
(See Timber)
Magnetic particle inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.28F
Main members, limiting length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.11 . . . . . . . . .
383
12f
<n.11 oaln e castinfrs. allow able stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.G R ....................................124
Article
Page
Masonry, bearing-allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.8. . . . . .

125
Masonry bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 1.7.$4
139
Masonry cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2A . . . . . . . . . . . . 2G2
Masonry plates, thickness . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.53 .............................. 139
Materials :
Angles of repose
.
. .
. 1.4.3 .
41
Pin nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.44................................. 137
Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19 .............................. 128
Structural steel
.
.
.
.2.10.3 .
80G
Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.
.. 12
d
s agb highly . ........ . .
. .1.3.2J. .. ..
37
a.
Columns, concrete; bending & axial loads,
.
. 1.5.9F .
70
Composite I-girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.96 ..............................160
Concret
steel
.1.5.2
58
Concretewooil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1.3.SG . . . . . .
38
135C
38
SteelWood
Moment of
152
?8
Mortar:
Ashlar masonry
. . 2.6.2B, 2.6.0. . . . . . . . 295, 297
Measurement and
2434. ....... 250
Pneumatically applied . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.32
285
Mortar rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3OO

Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 2.7.8. ........................ 302
Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.7.4 ......................... 300
Laying stone . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .2.7.6
301
Materials
...
. 2.7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . 30G
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.10.
302
Pointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.9 .............................. 302
Mud sills
1 10 8C 2 20.13A, 2.22.4B . . . . 231, 392, 398
Multi-beam precast concrete bridges .
Name plates
.2.19.1.
:I82
Natural cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2A ........................ 262
Orthotropic Deck Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.139. .............................. 19G

Overload permit
. . 1.11.1 .............................. 234
Overload provision
... .
.1.2.4 . .
14
Ovei4:urning, abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 1.4.7A . . .

li2
Overturning forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.14C .
2G
Oxygen Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 2.10.24. ................................ 341
Pa!t fO2 Timber structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.IE, 2.20.24 . . . . . . . . 384, 35
Patnting metal structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.14 .................................. 364

Application
2.141
36fi
Cleaning of
21410
367
Pield pa
aiin
ntting
Galvanized
Materials
21412
2.14.il .
365
. 3G7
Painting metal structures, contd.

Article
Page
My ixing of paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.14.4 . . . . . . . , . . . . 3Gii
h umber of coats and color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.I
3Gii
Removal of paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.14.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Shop painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3G5
Thinning paint
3Gfi
.2.14.8.
Weiither conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.$ . . . . . . . . . . . . 36G
Parapets, transverse force distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.11C ........................... 21

Pedestals, allowable load
Perforated cover plates
(See iifeo Cover plates, perforated)
159B
17 11
..
..
fi8
Pier nose . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.9B ,

Piers :
Abrasion
Allowable
1 4 9A
..
Concrete. moment of inertia .

Footings
(8ea Footngs)
Loading
Orientation
ii8
1217
113
.
..
Reinforcement cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.6B .
Scour protection
Skewed
Spacing . . . . . .
2
. 1.1.3 . .
. ..
58
Tubular steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.TU .

iiG
Type . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 . . . ,
.2
Unreinforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.9B .
8
Pile bents
.
. 1.10.8, 2.20.12 . .
230, 392
Pile driving methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . 2fi3
Piles :
(See mtce Bearing piles and Sheet piles)
Allowable loads
Batter
14.4G.
Bearing value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 ................................. 41

Bond (in seals)
.
.1.ii.1C. . . . .
Ii7
Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1.4.liF
47
Capacity of ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1.4.4D .
.
44
Capacity of pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4B, C . . . . . . . . . . 41, 43
Caps
14.SI
48
14 iiH
48
Cast-in-place
Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.D .
4G
Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4C .............................. 43
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4E, 1.4.iiG . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47
Concrete hlled pipe , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4C . . . . .
43
1.4.fiI
48
Corestoppers
49
146D
.. 46
Cover in cap
1 4.4B
41
II.esigned as
41, 4ii, 46
E, 14 5G.
Design load
Embedment in cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.D .
Group loading
Load carrying
Loading tests
144G
. 1.4.4C,
46
48
.. 4B
43, 44
41
48
due to backfill
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2
40
Piles, contd.
Article
Page
Point bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 1.4.4C............................. 43

Precast concrete . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.iiG ............................. 47
Preservative treatment
. 2.21.2.......................... 396
Reinforcement cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6B
61
Scabs
.1.4.51. ........................... 48
1 4.51
48
Spadng ......... ....................L4 5D, 1.4.6G
46, 50
Tapered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.SG .
47
Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 1.4.51
. .. .. .
48
Spread footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 1.4.6E .
50
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4E, 1.4.51 . . . . . . . . . . 45, 48
(See else Steel piles)
Thickness
metal
1.4.11
Timber
(See also Timber piles)
48
4
Tip reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4C, E . . . . . . . . . 43, 45

1.4.SC
47
Trestle
Untreated timber
1.4.SB .
46
4ii
Pilot nuts
.
. 2.10.39. ...........................346
Pin nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.44 .............................. 137
Allowable stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4 .
117
Boring holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Ii
Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.37 . . , ........................ 345

L74
117
Effective bearing area
E'.rection
Length
Location of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,7.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Manufacture ........................................................................................ 2.10.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Pelestals and shoes ........................................................................... 1.7.56 . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Pilot and driving nuts
.
.2.TG.3S . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Pin plates ................................................................................................ 1.7.43
137
Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .................................................................. 1.7.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Size, eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4G . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Pipe, Corrugated metal
(Sec ilso Coxrugnted metal and Structui-at plate pipes and Pipe-arches)
Pipe, structural plate
(See iitso Corrugated metal and Structui-at plate nipes and Pipe-arches)
Bolts
.
.
.
.
. 1.8.5 .
205
Reinforcing skewed ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.7 .......................... 207
Thickness of metal . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.1........................... 200
Pipe-arches
(See also Corrugated metal and Structural plate pipes and Pipe-arches)
Plank floors . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.17 .......................... 393
Plate arches
(Sei Arches, sti-uctural plate)
Plate cut edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .2.10.2?'. . , . . . . . . . . . 32ii
Plate girders
(See cilso Steel structures)
Bearing stiffenei-s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.73 ............................. 149
Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.74 .
. . 1$0
Cover plates
Design
1.7.69.
143
INDEX
Plate girders, cont'd.
Article
Page
Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69
... 143
Longitudinal stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.72 ................................... 148
l'ransverse stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.71, 2.10.32 . . . . . . . 146, 344
\\'el plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.10, 2.10.80 . . . . . . . . 144, 343
Plug welds, allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2 .
. .. lfi
Pneumatic placing of concrete
.
. 2.4.11
... 276
Pointing stone joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.16, 2.7.9 . . . . . . . . 299, 802
Portal bracing :
Trusses, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.81 ................................... 152

Tlusses, timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9E ................................... 232
Portland blast-furnace slag cement. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 2.4.2A .
.
262
Portland cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2A ................................... 262
Post tensioning ducts, diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.16B ................................... 107
Post-tensioned members
(See Prestressed concrete)
Posts, framed bents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20. 13D ................................... 392
Precast concrete bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.2 . . . . . . .
82
Precast concrete piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6G ............................ 47
Manufacture
.. . ..
..
.
.
. . 2.3.1'3 .............................. 267
Storage and handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.14 ................................... 258
st
r
. . . . . . . . . . . 2s 13.9 ............................... 363
,: we It a in nts : ' '
Identifica ti on rind inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21.8 ................................ 396
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21.2 ............................... 396
Prestressed concrete
....
..
.. .
.. .. . Sec. 1.6... .
..
95
Allov able stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6...................................... 97

Anch orage zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.16 ...................................... 106
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.4. ................................ 97

Bonded memberssteel stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.9C .............................. 102
Composite structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.14 .

..
106
Concrete strength, maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6
97
Crack ing load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.10B ................................. 102
Critical section, shotir
. .
... .... .
. 1.6.13. ............................ 104
Design theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.8 . . .

Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.8.
Grouting of bonded steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.83I .
.
..
9G
I()1
289
High tensile strength steel

..... .... .
. . 2.4.33J.
289
Jacking equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.33C ..................................... 287
Load factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.5
.
97
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.34 .....................................290
Not:ition ....................................................................................... 1.6.2

Placement and type of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.33D
Post-tensioning method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.33 H ....................................289
Prestressing steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6A . . .

(Sec oIs o Presfressing steel)
Pretensioning method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.33G . . . . . . . . . .

Reinforcement, non-prestressed ............................................................ 1.6.11 . .
Reinforcement, prestressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.33J . . . . . . . . . .
Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.II. 13 . . . . . . . . . .
Shrinkage, composite structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.14E
.
Steam curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.33E . . . . . . . . . .
98
. . 288
102
. . 289
. . 104
106
. . 288
Stirrups, cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.16A . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Strength at stress transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.lti .
.
108
Testing prestressing reinforcement and iinchorages . 2.4.33K . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Transportation and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.38F . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

TH +im n tr' sf ren irth ............................................................................................. 1.6.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Pi-estressed concrete, contd.

Article
Page
Unbonded memberssteel stress
1.G.9C .
102
Wet reinforcement, spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.13 ..............................104
\\'heel loatl distribution
.
. . 1.3.TB .
30
Prestressing steel :
Bunlling
.
. . . . 1.G.16C ............................. 107
Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.TG . . . . . . . . . . . . 10G
Emtedment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.18. . . . . . , ........... 107
F' nation losses
1 6.7A
Loss of prestress
Overstressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6A . . . . .
98
Percentage, maximum and minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.111 .
Post-tensioning ducts, diameter
102
. . . . . . 1.G.1GB ..............................107
SJiacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.16 . . . . . . . . . . . , 106

Stress transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.19 . . . .
. , 108
Temporary stress
Ultimate stress
Procedure justification
97
1 6.6
Qualification of welding oJierators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.23D .
Radiographic inspection, butt-v-elded splices . 1.7.3, 2.111.23E, F . .
Railinits:
iIt;, 332, 333
Combination . . . . .
.
. . 1.1.9, 1.2.HC . . . .
ii, 21
Co11ciete
. . . 2.13.II to 2.13.1 .
. . . . 362-36?,
ExJiansion joints . . . . . . . .
. . 2.13.11
.................... 363
Materials
. 2.13.2 ...............................362
Metal j . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13.4 .
362
Peilestrian
.
1.1.9, 1.2.11C . . .
ii, 21
Precast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13.9
..363
Stone aricl brick
. 2.13.12 . . . . . , ................. 364
Timber structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.20 . .
39ii
Trafhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.9, 1.2.HC . . . . . . . . . . . G, 21
\Vood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.10H, 2.13.13 . . . . . . . . 234, 364
Reactions, standard ! ading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . App. A . . . . . . . . . , . . 411
Reactions, end, position of loads . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 1.3.TA .
29
Rei lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3K, 2.14.2 . . . . . . . . 313, 3G4
.iteinforcement:
(Sec rifso Reinforcing steel )
1.5.10D .
Arches, concrete
Bai mats
, . . .2.5.TC.
. . 2912
oncrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.56.
6!
Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.61, 1.ii.SC, D . . . . . . . ti4, 68, f9
Concrete piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.SG ................................. 47

Construction
Counterforts
#OWjp SSlOR
........ ........... .. . .. ...... . 7..
Distribution, slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2E . . . . . . . . . . . .
3ii
Plungesbox
74
Fahhcaton
......................
girders
........... ..2.6.4. ....... 212
La Jiping, xvire mesh or bar mat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . -7 . . . - . . - - . - . .
INDEX
Reinforcement, contd.
Article
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.9
Minimum, columns
1.6.9A
Page
... 294
Negative
Negative, T-beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15.GG .......................................... 53
Order lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 .................................. 292

Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2i)4
Pile tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4C . .
. . .
4?
Placing and :fastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.fi.15................................... 293
Prestrcssed members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.G, 1.6.10, 1.6.11 . . . . . . . . . 97, 1112
Pt otection of material
. .. . ..
. ..
. .2.5.3. ................................. 292
Retaining walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8
53
Shrinkage
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15.GH . .
63
Slabs supported on 4 sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.21
.
3G
Splicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1i.6 .................................. 293
Spiral columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1.15.9C . . . . . .
68
Stems, T-beams . .............. ........ .......1.5.6G. ............ 63

Structural shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15. ID .............................. 252
Substitutions
.. .
..
. . ..
. 2.6.8 .................................. 294
Temperatui-e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.TB, 1.4.8E, 1.15.6H

.
53, 64, 63
Tied columns . . .
....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.b. 9L...................................... 69
\Veb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.8
G6
Wire and wire mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5. lB . .
. . . . . . 2il1
Rein:fore in g steel :
(See ofso Reinforcement)
Allowable stress
.
.
.
. . ..
. ..
. . 1.fi. l
.
lif
Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.8E .
.
6F
Bending
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.6D ..................................... 62
Bent up web reinforcement
. .
.
.
. 1.6.8C ..................................... 65
Bond stress
.. . .
. .. . .
. . ..
.
.
.
. 1.6.1 . . .
....
u6
Bundled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15. 6I, 2.5.6 . . . . . . . . . G4, 293
Coll draxvn wire . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . 1.6.9C, 2.fi.TB .
.
68, 291
Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.GB......................................61
Cover, prestressing steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.16 . . . . 1t6
Embedment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6E ......................................63
End anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6D
..
62
Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6E .....................................63
Extension, box girder flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . l.5.12F .......................................74
Hook capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.8E
ti6
Hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6D .
62
Hoops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.HH . . . . . . . . . . . . G9
Lapped splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6C .
61
Maximum size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.fi. . . . . . . . . . . . G3
Posttensioning
(See Prestressin g steel)
Prestress ing
(Sec Prestressing steel)
Radii of Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.?.GD, 2.6.4 . . . . . . . . . G2, 292

Shear stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.Ii.8B . . . . . . . . . . . . GA
Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1..6A .
GI
Spacing, bent up bars . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.8C . . .
I?
Spacing, box girder flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.b. 12F .
74
Spacing, prestressin g steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.TG . . . . . . . . . . . . 10G
Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.11 C . . . . . . . . . . . . G 8
Spi rats, pitch
. . 1..9C . . .
68
Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6C .
61
='
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 1.5.9F . . .
7t)
Reinforcing steel, contd.
Article
Page
. .
Stirrup embedment
15 6D, . .8D . . . . . . . . . . 6 , 6
Stirrups
Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.6D
62
Web, Spacing, Prestressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.13 ........................... 104
Welded splices
. . 1.fi.6C . . . . . .
61
Yield strength . .
. . . .
.1.5.1.
56
Belief bridges, xvaterway opening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2. ................................ 1
Retaining walls ,
Sec 1 4
411
Base or footing slab
148B
53
Butresses .............................148D. ............ 54

Contraction
148F.
Counterforts
64
Drainage
148G
54
148A
53
Expansion joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 1.4.8F ................................. 54
1 ?6B
61
Reinforcement cover
Temperature
148E
?4
Vertical wall design , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8C .
54
Ribbed arches, thickness of web plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
Rigil ft-awe :
Sidesway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2. ....................... 58

Span length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.G.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . SS
371
Riprap , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1ii.3 .
Concrete, in bags ............................................................................... 2.15.6 .
373
Concrete slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.7 .................................373
Materials . . .
.
.2.15.2. ...........................370
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 2.15.9. ............................374
Mortared, for slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.4.
372
Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1G.10. . . . . . . . . . . . 37ii
Stone . . . .
.
. .2.15.5. ........................... 373
Rivet steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.3A ............................. 306
Riveted gii-dei-s
(See Plate girders)
Rivets :
(See rifso Fasteners)
Field riveting
. .
. 210159
353
Fuimishirg field
2 10 18
;31s
Heating and driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.21 ..............................324
Holes
Size
\Veight of rivets and t-wet heacls . . . . .
. . . 2.10.63 . . . .
35ii
ndvay.
Bridges
. .. . ....... . .
Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. 1.1.6, 1.1.7 ............................. 3
. . . . . . . . . 4,,
. 1,.1..7,, . . , . ,
Depressel roadway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1,1G .

Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 1.1.1fl .
8
Superelevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . 1,j.1J , . , . . . . . . . . ,
8
Tunnels
Uiiderpasses
nolled beams
7174
Bearing; stiffened-s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 1.7.66 . . . . . . . . , . jj3
Cover plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.67.............................. 142
Lateral support by timber Peers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6G . . . . . . . . . . . . 14z

Minimum th ickness . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . lzi
Rollers, expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4, 1.7.52, 2.i0.35 . . . 117, 189, 345
INDEX
459
Article
Page
Sandblasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.10C .
.
.
367
Scour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2
Scour, piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.61 . . . . . . . .
48
Seal, foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.5 .................................... 248
Seal weld
(Sec Welding)
Secondary members :
Limiting length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12G

Thickness of metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1fi6
Secondary stresses :
Curved laminated timber member s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.2B...................................217
Tlusscs ...................................... .1.7.77......... .. 1b1

Shear :
Calculation, concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.8B

.
.
65
Composite girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.100 . . . . . . . . . , . . 162
Composite, prestressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.14B, C
.
105
Gompos ite wood-concrete members
.
. . 1.3.fi . . . . . . . .
38
Concrete box girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.12D .
74
Concrete T-beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.S.5B ........................................ 60
Culvert slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2B .........................................14
Prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.13
.
104
Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2F . . . . . . . .
3fi
Spread :footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6E .
60
Standard loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . App. A .................................411
Steel, allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 ...................................111
Through earth fills
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sheai- connectors :
Allowable loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.100 ...................................162
Composite girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.97 .................................. 161
Composite wood-concrete members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5 ........................................ 38
Concrete cover, penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.97 ......................................... 161
llesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.100 ................................ 162
Edge distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.97................................... 161
Pitch
. .
.
. 1.7.100 .................................. 162
Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.100 ..................................... 162
Shear, end, position of loads . . . .
.
.
. 1.3.1
29
Shear keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.BE, 2.4.10C . . . . . . . . 1, 274
Shear-plate connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20. IF
38
Shear stress, :fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi ................................... 121
Sheet piles :
Conei-ete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi1
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.fi ..................................... 252
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 .................................. 251
Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi 1
Shop assembly :
Match marking ........................................................................ 2. 10.16
819
318
Structural steel .................................................................. 2.10.14
Shop coat, metal structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.2A, 2.14.11 . . . . . . . . 8G4, 869
Shrinkage, composite structures, prestressed . . . . . . . . . 1.6.14E . . . . . . . .
Shrinkage, coefficient
.
. .
.
.
. 1.fi.1. . . . . . . .
Shrinkage, reinforcement
.
.
.. .
.
. 1.fi.6H.
TOP
fi6
G3
Sidewalk brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.f4 ...............................141

ii rlown J1 I rin rl in rr
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.HA . . . . . . .
20
Article
Page
. ... . .. .. . ... ... .., . ... . . .. .. ... . . . , . . . . . .. . . .. . . .
Sidewalks
1 2 HA
..
Cantilever
F$nish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ..............................................................2.4.31 .
Live load . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.HA
Sills and mud sills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.8C, 2.20.13C .
Skid resistance, floors .
8, 359
Slab design .
lii, 17, 32
1.2.SA,
Slabs :
Bending moment
34
Bond stress ................................................................................................ 1.5.1 .
Cantilever
(See Cantilever slabs)

Depth
Distribution
loads
Distribution
Edge beam, longitudinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2D . . . . . . . . . . . . ;35
Edge distance of wheel loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2B ................................. 33
Effective width, cantilever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2H
3ii
Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6F . . . . . . . . . . .
ii2
Median
132].
37
Placement
2410G
274
Ra|ling loads
.
. . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2H .
Reinforcing cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 1.5.6B, 1..16A .
106
Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2F .
35
Span lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2A . . , ...............................32
Supported on 4 sides
.
.
. 1.3.21
3G
Truck loads, cantilever
. . . . 1.3.2H .
35
Unsupported edges
. 1.3.2G................................ 35
Sleeve nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.'i.76 .
IU
Slenderness ratio
. 1.7.II ..............................126
Soils:
Angles of repose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 ............................... 41
Bearing power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 .
40
Sole plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . 1.7.53 ................................ 139
Spaced columns. timber, design . . . .
. 1.10.2E ................................224
Span length :
Concrete structures
. 1.G.3 .
iiil
Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.9 . . . . . . ,................ 125

Spandrel arches, hlled
. 1.$.10, 2.1.9.
11, 25tl Spikegrid connectors
.
.
. .2.20.IF . . . . . . . . . . . . 38$ Splices:
Butt-welded
Fasteners,
Reinforcement
of
1 7 3 1 " 19
115 128
1 7 19.
2.5.C . . . . . . . . . 61, 293
(Sec ntso Reinforcing steel)

Steel members
..
. 1.7.19 ......................... 128
Timber members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.SA . . . . . . . . . , . . 231
Spiral columns
(See Columns, concrete)
Spiral reinforcing steel . . .
. .
.
. . . 1.5.9C ........................... 68
Split ring connectors
.
. 2.20.IF .
385
Spread footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 1.4.6D . . . . . . . . . . . . G0
Standard trucks
(See Highxvay loadings)
Stay plates, thickness of metal .
INDEX
Page
Article
Steam curing, prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.33E .
. 288
Steel beams, wheel load distribution
.
. . . . 1.8.TB .
Steel box girdei-s
(See Composite box girders, steel)
Steel design
(See Structural steel)
Steel grid flooring
Arrangement of sections
Concrete filler . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.9.
................................................................................................................................................................... 361
Connection to supports . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 2.12.Ii. . . . . . . . . .
3Gtl
Field assembly
.2.1Z.5.
. . . ..
3G0
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.2
.....................................................................................................................................................................359
Measurement and payment
Protective treatment .
. .2.12.2Ii.
3lill
Provision for campbei- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3tO
Repairing galvanized coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.8. . . . . . . . . .
3G9
Skid resistnnce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.2i1 . . . . . . . . . . . . :lGil
\\'elding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 2.12.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3fti
Y\'heel
distribution
..1.3.6.
Steel piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4B .
41
(See also Piles)
Allowable stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 1.4.4C
43
Bond stress
1.5.TC . . . . . . .
57
Caps . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.51
48
Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.SK ................................ 49
Design load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4E . . . .
45
Splices
1451
48
Thickness
metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.iiI ..............................48
Tip reinforcement . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1.4.4E . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ii
Steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.7, 2.10 . . . . . . . . 111, 306
(See otso Structui-at steel)
Accessibility of parts . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.23 ............................. 132
Anchor bolts
. . 1.7.ii'o............................... 135
Eents and tower-s
1 7 91 to 1 7 95
159-1G0
(See also Bents and towers)
Gleaning surfaces for painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.14.10. . . . . . , . . . . . 3fi7
Closed sections and pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.24
132
Combined stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.17 .
128
Composite I-girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.56 to 1.7.101 . . . . . . . . 160-1Iii
Composite box girders. steel . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.102 to 1.7.1(1Il .................... 165-170
Connections
(See Connections)
Continuous
Isee Continuous steel structures)
Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.16 ............................ 128

Gross frames Crossframe
Deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12G
Depth ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.10 .
125
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.7 .................................. 111
Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21
131
Diaphragm spacing (timber floors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.59. . . . . . . .
140
Eccentric connections . . . . .
'" * "'""
. . 1.7.18.
128
. 1.7..5G. 1.7.ii1. 1.7.fi2. . . . . . . . 138. 13il
Steel structures, contd.

Article
Page
Expansion j oints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.7.0
... 140
Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.16 .................................. 128
Fati(;ue due to wind load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3
TU
Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.82 . . . . .
15
2
Fixed bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.49 .
. . . . . . . . . 1?8
Floor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.57 to 1.'7.64 .................... 140141.

(Sec ii/so Floor system)
iorked ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.48. ............................. 138

Gu sset plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .
1?1
Lateral bracing . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21 .

( cc n/so Braci ng)
131
Links
136
Hanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.40 ............................... 136

Idcntification of steel
.
. 2.10.43 . . . . . . .
346
Limiting length of members
..
. 1.7.11 .............................. 126
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.40 . . .
LOcation of pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.41
137
Masonry bca rin gs and plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi8 to 1.7.64 . . . . .

139
Number of main members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.22
131
Outstandi n g legs of ari gles
.
.
. 1.7.TO ............................... 128
Painting
(See Painting metal structures)
Pedestals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.55 ................................140
Peiforated cover plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.11, 1.7.83 . . . . . . . . 126, 153
Plate girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.G8 to 1.7.'14 . . . . . . . . I 43-1 fif1
(S'cc ci/so Plate girders)

nilibed arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.IIfI .
1 8
Ro11cl beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.66 to 1.7.f7 ................................... 142
(Se e i 1s o Rolled beams)
Rollers
Shoes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 18il
. 1.7.VG .
1411
5idev\ alk brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.64 . . . . . .

14 1
Size of pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.42 .
137
Ske\vcd bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.G3 .................................. 141
Role plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.58 ...................................... 139
' pan len gth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.9....................................... 125
Strength of connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2t1 . .
1311
Temperatui'e range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.15 .
2G
Tension members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.14, 1.7.40 . . . . . . . . 127, 186

Th ickncss of metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.18................................. 127
(Ncc ii/so Th ickness of metal)
Through spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.22 .......................................131
Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7fi to 1.7.89 . . . . . . .
1fi01fi8
(Sec u/s Trusses)

Upset ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.46 ......................................137
\Vclding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.26 to 1.7.34, 2.10.23 . . . . 132-134, 328

(beP ci/so \\'elding)
\Veldin g to tension members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,7. . . . . . . . . . . , . TU
\Vorking d ra\vin gs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 34(i
St i ffeners :
(bec rt/.so Bearing stiffeners)
Fit
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.111.32 ......................................... 344
Longitu dinat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.72 ...................................148

Min imum size ct fi llet weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.26 ........................................132
Trrin sverse
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.71 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14fi
Anch orago
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi. 8 E .
5tii rups :
INDEX
Stirrups, cont'd.
463
Article
Page
Cover, prestressed members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.16A ....................... 1116

Embedment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.8E .
Citi
Radii of bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.6D, 2. 6.4 . . . . . . . . . 62, 2 92
Spacing
. .. . ..
. . . ...
. . I.6.811 . . . . . . . .
fG
Stone :
Ashlar masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2A ............................... 296
Dry rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2A . . .
3110
Laying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.10, 2.7.6. 2.8.6 . . . . 297, 801, 303
Mortar rubble masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2A . .
300
Resetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.12 ............................... 298
Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.5 ........................... 301
Straightening material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.6, 2.10.67 . . . . . . . 813, 3o2
Stress-grade plumber, allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.1A .
.
.
207
Stress relieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.?4 ............................ 344
Stress sheets
.. .. . .. . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 .
.
12
5tretcher5
. .. . ... .. ........
. .
. . 2..fi ............................ 296
Stringers :
Bending moment . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.113 . .
. ..
80
End connectionfloor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.61 ................................. 141
F' loor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.IT ........................... 140
Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.lit ............................ 398
Total capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.TB ...................................30
Structural steel design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.7, 2.10.3A . . . . . . . . 111, 30f
Structural plate arches

(Sec Arches, structural plate)
5tructural plate pipes
(See Corrugated metal and structural plate Jiipes and pipe arches )
Structural steel :
(dcc ti/so Sq teel structures)
Alutting j oints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.26 ..................................... 342
Alloxvalile stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1, 1.7.3 .
.
111, TU
Annealling and stress relieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.34. ................................ 344
Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.14, 2.10.68
. . . 318, 8153
Basis of payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.TU.64 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3IT
Rent plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.3 1 ................................... 343
Butt welded splices
.
..... .
.
..
. . 1.7.3 , . . . . . . TU
Camber diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.14
................ 318
Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6, 2.10.3C, D, E, F 124, 310, 311, 312
Coefficient of expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . Jli
llel ivery of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.fi 2 .
.)jJ
Details of design
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.9 to 1.7.15fi . . . . . . . . 12 -14fl
Edge plaiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.22 . . , . . . . . . . . . 32o
End connection angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.27 . . , ..............................................................842

1' rection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.48 to 2. 10.fi4 . . . . . . . . 349-3fi7
Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.46, 1.7.47, 2.10.3A, 2.10.3? 187, 138, 306, 344

Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.1 to 2.10.46 . . . . . . . . 80D-348
Facing of bearing surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.111.2 ..............................................342
Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi ................................ 121
(Sec also Fasteners)
F:it gue stiesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . llfi
Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1U.G . . . . . . . . . . . . 3TO
Finished members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10. 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . ?48
Fit of stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.32 ................................... 344

Fitting for riveting and bolting
. 2.III.TO .
.
317
Structui at steel, contd.

Article
Page
Galvanizing
. . . 2.10.NJ . . . .
812
Handling anil storing materials
. 2.10.ii3 .
8Ii1
Inspection, mill and shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.40 to 2.10.44 . . . . . . . , 34-848
Lacing bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 2.10.28. . . . . . . . . . . . 34?
Marki rig and sh ipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.46 ................................ 348
Match marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.TG .

319
Materials
.
.2.10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3911
Mr:thod of measu i ement
. . . . 2,10.t3 .
35
Mishts
. . 2.10.f1 . . . . . . . . . . . . ii4
Moclulus of elasticity
.
. 1.7.1 .
111
Oxygen cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.24 .............................. 341
Painting
(See Painting metal structures)

Pins ancl rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.4, 1.7.43, 1.7.44, 2.10.8$ . . . 117, 137, 34
Protection against corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.13 ....................... 127
n ox-at of old structure and falseu'ork . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.f2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ii4

Rivetng .......... ..... .................. ...2.10.21. ............ 324
Splices
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3, 1.7.1il . . . . . . . . TU, 128
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .2.10.4 ..................................818

Straightening material
.2.111.G .
313
Tests, full size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.45 ...............................348
Thread.s for bolts and pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . 34fi
2.10.311 . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
\Veb plates
172?
\Vcldable
132
Weighing of members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.44 .............................. 348

Welds
21023
328
Sec 17
111
Std-uctural steel design
Strutting; structural plate
2 23.7 . . . . . . . . . , . . 402
Stud shenr connectors :
Material
.. ..... .............................2 .1O.3A............ 3t6
Tensile properties
Welding
Substructures
..........................Sec .L4. ........... 40
Superelevation
1111
8
Surface finish
2 10 2ii
342
Sway bracing :
Trusses, steel
1 7.81
Trusses. timber
Tunnel liner plates , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.13, 2.26. . . . . . . . 240, 4118
T
T-beams
ISec else Concrete T-beams)
Composite wood-concrete members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.ii .

Load listribution ...................................................................................1.3.1
netainirig xvall eouriterforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.8D .
Tee sections,
area
tension
1.7.14 .
ii4
. 127
Temperature reinforcement :
Abutments . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.7B . . . . , . . . . . . . i53

Beams
.
.
1 ? 6H
63
Retaining u's!!s .................................1.4.8E........... j4
Tension members :
E'ffective area, angles and tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.14 ......................... 127

Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.46, 1.7.47 . , . . . . . . i37, 138
Fasteners
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:in
INDEX
Tension members, cont'd.
Article
Page
Limiting length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.11................................... 126
Net section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.40, 1.7.87 , , . . , . . . 136, US

Pin connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.40, 1.7.46
186, 137
Splices, timber members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I..10.9A.................................... 281
Upset ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.46 ......................................137
Tests, full size on structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.TU.46.................................... 348
Thermal
coefhcient
. . ..
.. ....
.
. 1.5. 1 .
fiG
Thermal forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Thermal stresses, conciete
.
... .. . ..
. 1.fi.4
611
Thermal movement, steel structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.TG ................................... 128
Thickness of metal :
Angles in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88
IV6
Be:iring stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.78
149
Corepression members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 ...................................... 156
End connection angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.61 ...................................... 141
Flanges, plate giiders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.6'J ................................ 143

Gusset plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.84 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1$4
Lacing bars . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.83 .
.
lo?
Lorigitudinal stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.72 ...................................148
Masonry plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.fi3
.
. 1311
Perforated cover plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 .
.
15G
Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.6I, I . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49

Plates in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . US
Solo plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.63 ................................... 139
Stay plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.89 .
. 169
Steel pedestals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.o6 ...................................... 1411
Structural plate pipe and pipe arch . . . .
. . . . . . 1.8.1 ............................... 200
Structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1s ................................... 127
Tiansverse stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.71 . . .
146
Tubulai steel piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.10D .
.
. . . o'o
\Vebs, ribbed arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1fi8
Web plates, plate giiders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.70, 1.7.71 . . . . . . . . 144, 146
Threads, screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 2.10.38 .................................... 34

Through span, number of main members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.22 . . .
131
Through trusses
(Dec Trusses)
Tied columns
(Sec Columns, concrete)
Ties :
Radii of ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6D, 2. fi.4 . . . . . . . . . ti2, 292
Spacing in columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.fi.GI, 1.fi.9D . . . . . . . . . . G4, G9
T imber :
Al1ovxab1e stresses
. . . . . . 1.10.1, 1.10.2
Preservative treatments Koi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.21
Timhci 1eams, horizontal shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,3.TA, 1.10.2A
207, 209
Timber connectors ..................................................................................... 1.10.21
2 2G
(ice also Connectors)
29, 209
Timbei- cribbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.22
Timber floors ........................................................................................... 1.10.10
Bending moment .................................................................................... 1.3.4

Cross frame spacing .................................................................... 1.7.69
Used with plate girders................................................................... 1.7.68
Used with rolled beams ...........................................................................1.7.66
Wheel loads ................................................................................................1.3.4
140
143
142
3T
30 37
Timber piles :
Article
(See o/so Piles)

Bon d stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 . . . . , . . . . . . .
Designe d as column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 B
.
fi 6
41
Design load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4E ..................................... 45

Limitations
...
..
.. . . ..
... . . .l.4.oB ................. 46
Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 B . . . .
41
Treatment of pile heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20. 7 .
. . . . . . 39Q
Untie:ited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.SB . . . . . . . .
46
Timber string gers :
Framing intop steel floorbeams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.61 .............................. 141

Wheel load distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3,1B . . . . . . . , . . .
3p
Timber structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.10, 2.20 . . . . . . . . 207, 383
R olts and washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.4, 1.10.5, 2.20.9 . . . .
. 230, 391
Bearing stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10,2H ................................ 226
Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9E, 2.20.10 . . . . . . . . 232, 393
Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
. 1.10.9F .................................. 283
Caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.14 .
. 393
Composite wood-concrete decks .
. . . . . . 1.3.fi, 2.20.19 .
.
. 38, 394
Computation o:I stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.2
.......... 209
Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20. IF, 2.20.2 . . . . . . . . 38fi , 386
Countersinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.10 . .
39i
Fire stops
.
.. . ...
. ..
.
. 1.10.11 ............................. 234
Floors and railings
. ..
.. .. .
..
. 1.10.10 ............................... 233
Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.11 ................................ 392
Framed bents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.8, 2.20.13 .
. 230, 392
Glued-laminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.1B ................................... 207
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.6, 2.20. ID . . . . . . . . 230, 383
Holes :for Bolts, Dowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.8 ................................... 391
Lamiriated or strip floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.18 .
.
3p4
Materi aIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.1
888
Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.2fi
.
39q
Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0. lE, 2.20.24 . . . . . . . . 384, 39fi
Pile bents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l .10.8, 2.20.12 . . . . . . . . 230, 392
Pile bent abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.8 ................................... 230
Plank floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.l3D ................................... 392
Railing
... .. ... .
. . . . . . . 1.10.10, 2.20.20 . . . . . . . . 233, 895
5tringers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.10A, 2.20.lfi . .
2?3, 398
Storage o1 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.3 ................................... 389
Treatment of pile heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.7 .
390
Treated timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.fi ................................... 389
Trusses
.. .. . . . . .. . .
. . . 1.10.9, 2.20.21 . . . .
231, 3t9 5
(Sec o/so Timber trusses)
Untreated timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.6 ................................... 390
Wheel guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.20 .
.
396
Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.4 ................................... 389
Timber trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9 ................................... 231
Tooth-ring connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20. lF ............................. 386
Towers, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.91 to 1.7.96 . . . . . . . . 1fi9-160
T'raflic lane units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,2.8A . . . .
19
Traffic lanes :
Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6, 1.2.8B . .
18, 19
Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8B . . . .
.
19
Simultaneous loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.9
.
20
Transverse stiffen ers, plate girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.71 . . . . . ,............................... 146
INDEX
T
T
a d
4GT
AiPa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2........................................... 8
i
o
t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . , . , . . . . 2.4. ........................................... 2
u k oad n , a
s ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8D . . . . . . . . . . .
uss s :
Build-up compression members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88..................................... 166

Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.79................................... 152
Compression chords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7fi, 1.7.80 . . .

Compression chords, bi'acing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.21
.
Deflection
151, 152
. 131
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.12 ...................................126
ep'hpra o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177$ . . . . . . . . . . .
122
Fastena
stch iiiends of compression members'
1 7 86 ' 11515
Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.19 ............................... 128
Floorbeams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.58 ................................... 140
Floor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.157 to 1.7.64 ......................... 140-141

Gusset plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.84 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Half through spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.815 . . . . . . . . .
. US
Jacking provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.62 .................................... 141
Lacing bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88 . . .

163
Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.76 ...................................... 161
Net section of tension members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.87 . . . . . . . . . US
Per:located cover plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.11, 1.7.83 . . . . . . . .
5, J 53
Portal bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.81 . . . . .
152
Secondary stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.77 . . . . . . . . . . . UI
Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.7fi . . . . . . . . . . . . 1fi0

Sway bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.81 .................................1152
Thickness of metal-compression members . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.88. . . .
156
Timber
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.9, 2.20.21. . .
. . 231, 395
Top chord unsupported length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.11
.
.
126
Working lines and gravity axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.80 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1fi2
Tubular steel piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.10 . . . .
.
. fi15
Tunnels
...............
.
.
.......1.1.15. .............. 9
Tunnel liner plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 1.13, 2.26. . . . . . . . 240, 408
u
Underpasscs
Unit stresses
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.17 .
(Scc Allowable stresses)

Unit weights o1 metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10. 68 . . .
.
356
Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.16 . .
26
Anch orage of structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.56 ...................................139
Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4F ...................................... 415
Upset ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.46....................................137
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.14 ......................................9
V bration of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. lfI . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Vibrators ........................................................................................................... 2.4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Visual inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.22B . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Voussi ors
Ashlar masonry arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.15

. . . . 299
=' +=
= ===
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Article
Page
Washers, steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.3A ......................... 306
\\'aterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sec. 2.17 . .
377
Application
. 2.17.ii, 2.17.6. . . . . . . . 375, 380
Concrete arches
.1.ii.10E . .
72
Joint fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .2.17.2G . . , .....................378
Ilf aterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.2 .........................377
Measurement and payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.9........................381
Preparation of surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.17.4 ...........................375
Protection couise . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.17.8.
381
Storage of fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.3. ..................... 379
Water pressure, piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.17 .
27
Water stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.23E ......................... 281
Waterv-ay openings :
Bridg s ....................................................................................... 1.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Julverts g. .................................................................................. 1.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Relief bridges . . . . . . , ........................................................... 1.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
\Veai-ing surfaces
. . 1.2.2, 2.24.1 . .
12, 404
Web members, trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.76 . . . . . . . . . . . . J.51
Web plates:
17 104
1G6
, steel .. .
1788
156
compression
Plate girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.70, 1.7.71, 1.7.72, 2.10.30 144, 146, 148, 343
Ribbed arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.911.
1ii8
Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.15 . . . . . .
128
Web i-einforcement . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.8 ............................... 615
Weights
Computel
2.10.63.
Matei-ials
Welded girders
(See Plate girtlers and Steel structui-es)

Welil mg :
Eutt-welded splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 1.7.3, 1.7.15 .
llli, 128
Cover plates to rolled beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.G7 .............................142
Etfectivo length of hllet welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.29
133
Effective weld at-eas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.28 .
133
Encl returns of fillet v'elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.30 ............................... 133
Fatigue stresses
. 1.7.3 .
its
Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.69, 1.7.106 . . . . . . . . 148, 170
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2'i
132
Holes and slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.84 .
134
Lap joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.31 .............................. 134
Mnx imum effective size of fillet v'elds . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 1.7.27
133
M!!' tllTt S)zl of fillet welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.26 .
132
Minimum size of sea !ell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2 ............................... 132
Qual ideation of iv'elding operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.23D .
. 331
Seal welds
Skewet tee
Splices . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1.7.3, 1.7.19. . . . . . . . llii, 128
Structural steel . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2ii, 2.10.3A, 2.10.23 . . . . 132, 306, 328
Stuil shear connectoi s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 2.10.23G
33ii
To tension members . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.t3 ................................ 115
\Yeld metal, allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2, 1.7.3 . . .
llii
\\'heel guards, timber structures . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.1flF, 2.20.20 . . . . . . . . 234, 39Ii
!NDEX
469
Article
Page
13 i
..
Wheel load distribution
Composite wood-concrete members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.ii .
38
Steel grid flooring
.
. . . .1.3.6.
3s
Through earth hlls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.3.
....
37
Timber flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 ............................ 37
\Vheel load, position :
Edge distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2B . . . .

33
Enl reaction and shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.TA ............................. 25
Slab design
.
.1.3.2C . .. .
34
\Yind loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.14
24
T"atigue design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . llii
Wire and xvire mesh
YVood-concrete decks,
2.20.19 . . . , . . . . . 38, 394
Woven cotton fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17.2D, 2.17.3 . . . . . , . . 378, 37il
Yiell strength :
Reinforcing steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.ii.ID . . . . . . . . . . . . ii'l
Spin-al reinforcement
. 1.5.9C .
68
Structural steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 . . . .
111
Zinc, sheet

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By Authority Of

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legally Binding Document

AASHTO: Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

24 CFR 200, Subpart S

American Association of State Highway and

OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER

Published by the Association

Woshingf on, D.C. 20004

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS

President. Thomo s F. Amis, Woshintgon, D.C., 1 973

Region | Raymond T. Schuler, New York, 1 973

Region II A.B. Rotcliff, Jr. Louisiono, J 973

Region IV Jo rues A. Moe, Colifornio, 1 974

George H. Andrews, Woshi ngton, (Interim)

John C. Kohl, New Jersey, 1 975

J.R. Coupol, Jr., lowo, \ 97b

Hen ri k E. Stofseth, Washington, D.C.

OPERATING SUB-COMMITTEE ON BRIDGES

ARIZONA, MARTIN TONEY

CALIFO RNIA, JAMES E . MCMAII ON, -A.

F HWA, W. dzcx WILKES

ERNGN ID. GMI TH, CR.

IND I.AN.4, NELSON W. STT' NK A 51I, F.R. RI C HAEDSO N

MA RYLA ND, \\'AT.TEIt H. BinDLE, H.H. Bowens

.\IINN E SO TA, Leo A. KORTFI

NE B RA SKA, CHAIILES JD. 5xi i+ii

SOUTH AROLINA,]4. D. MOSELEY,

T ENNESSEE, R.C. ODLE, HNRY DERTI-IICK

WA SHINCTON, C.S. GLOYD

WI 5CONSIN, WILLIA1 A. KUNE

SECTION IGENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN

Roadway Width, Curbs and Cleai'ances For Underpasses . . . .

(A) Traffic Lane Units ..

Distribution of Wheel Loads to Stringers, Longitudinal Beam s

and Floor Beams

... .... . ....

Edge Distance of Wheel Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(D) Edge Beams ( Longitudinal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Mo-

SECTION 4SUBSTRUCTURES AND RETAIN I NG WALLS

Rearing Power of Foundation Soils, Determination of Bearing

(D) Case C. Capacity of the Ground to Su port the Load

Delivered by the Pile .

Llmitationof Use. ................................

Concrete Piles (Precast) ......................................................... 47

Internal Stresses in Spread Footings

SECTION 5 CONCRETE DESIGN

(C) Allowable StressesConcrete

Structural Steel Shapes

Reinforcement for Temperature and Shrinkage . . . .

Compression Reinforcement in Beams . ..

LOAD FACTOR DESIGN

Ttectangular sections with tension reinforcement only

Bi'ic1ges exposel to corrosive environments without a

SECTION 6 PRES'PRESSED CONCRETE

Load Factors .......................................................................................................................... 97

Ultimate Flexural Strength

(A) Rectangular Sections

........ ........ .....

Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(D) Size of Ducts

(C) Shear Capacity .

Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment .