Fsica electricidad y magnetismo

Semana 8
Capacitores y capacitancia

Objetivos especficos
Determinar la capacitancia de un capacitor,
dada la configuracin de conductores y la
constante dielctrica del medio
Describir el comportamiento de un material
dielctrico desde el punto de vista atmico.
Resolver sistemas equivalentes en serie y
paralelo de capacitores
Calcular la energa almacenada en el
campo elctrico
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Temas a discutir

Definicin de capacitancia
Clculo de capacitancia
Combinacin de capacitores
Energa en un sistema capacitivo
Capacitores con dielctricos
Descripcin atmica de los
dielctricos
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Sistema de conductores

Capacitor
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Definicin de capacitancia
Los conductores portan cargas q.
Entre ellos existe una diferenciade
potencial
dV = E dl
Ya que E es proporcional a q, q es
proporcional a V. La constante de
proporcionalidad se llama
Capacitancia: q = CV
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Quick Quiz 26.1

A capacitor stores charge Q at a potential difference V. If
the voltage applied by a battery to the capacitor is doubled to
2V:
(a) the capacitance falls to half its initial value and the
charge remains the same
(b) the capacitance and the charge both fall to half their
initial values
(c) the capacitance and the charge both double
(d) the capacitance remains the same and the charge doubles

Quick Quiz 26.1

Answer: (d). The capacitance is a property of the physical
system and does not vary with applied voltage. According to
Equation 26.1, if the voltage is doubled, the charge is
doubled.

Placas Paralelas

Cargar un capacitor
Campo y potencial
Q>0

Q=0

V(d)

V(0)
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Parmetros del capacitor

Q

-Q

A
E

V(d)

V(0)

A tierra
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Construccin de capacitores

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Clculo de capacitancia
Se obtiene el campo elctrico por ley de
Gauss (despreciando efectos de borde)
Se determina la diferencia de potencial V
entre cada armadura que configura el
capacitor
V debe ser de la forma Q/L, donde L es
un factor, con unidades de longitud, que
depende de la geometra del capacitor
denominado longitud caracterstica
C=Q/V= L; por ejemplo, en placas paralelas, L = A/d
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Capacitor de Placas Paralelas

Qd
V (d ) V (0) = Exxdx = Ed = d =
00
00
00A
dd

Qd
V = V ( d ) V (0) =
00 A
Q 00 A
=
=C
V
d
[
C]
[F ] =
[V ]
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Quick Quiz 26.2

Many computer keyboard buttons are constructed of
capacitors, as shown in the figure below. When a key is
pushed down, the soft insulator between the movable plate
and the fixed plate is compressed. When the key is pressed,
the capacitance
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) changes in a way that we
cannot determine because the
complicated electric circuit
connected to the keyboard
button may cause a change
in V.

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Quick Quiz 26.2

Answer: (a). When the key is pressed, the plate separation is
decreased and the capacitance increases. Capacitance
depends only on how a capacitor is constructed and not on
the external circuit.

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Capacitor esfrico

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Capacitancia del capacitor

esfrico
Q
E rr =
= EA =

00

Q
4 00r 22

r r bb Qdr
Q(b a)
V =Eds =
=
2
aa 400r 2 400ab
Q Q 4 00ab
=
V Q(b a)

b
a

4 0 ab
C=
(b a )

Ca = 40a
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19

Calculo de la capacitancia
Capacitor Cilndrico

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Longitudes Caractersticas
2l
L =
ln ( b / a )

L =

4 a b
b a

A
L =
d
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Capacitores en serie

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Capacitores en paralelo

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Combinacin mixta

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Quick Quiz 26.3

Two capacitors are identical. They can be connected in
series or in parallel. If you want the smallest equivalent
capacitance for the combination, you should connect them in
(a) series
(b) parallel
(c) Either combination has the same capacitance.

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Quick Quiz 26.3

Answer: (a). When connecting capacitors in series, the
inverses of the capacitances add, resulting in a smaller
overall equivalent capacitance.

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Energa del campo elctrico

q
dW = Vdq = dq
C
Q

W =

q
Q2
dq =
C
2C

U=Q2/2C

+q

-q

+ dq

U=CV2/2

C= 0A/d

V = Ed
Q
C=
V

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Quick Quiz 26.5

You have three capacitors and a battery. In which of the
following combinations of the three capacitors will the
maximum possible energy be stored when the combination
is attached to the battery?
(a) series
(b) parallel
(c) Both combinations will store the same amount of energy.

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Quick Quiz 26.5

Answer: (b). For a given voltage, the energy stored in a
capacitor is proportional to C: U = C(V)2/2. Thus, you
want to maximize the equivalent capacitance. You do this by
connecting the three capacitors in parallel, so that the
capacitances add.

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Quick Quiz 26.6

You charge a parallel-plate capacitor, remove it from the
battery, and prevent the wires connected to the plates from
touch ing each other. When you pull the plates apart to a
larger separation, do the following quantities increase,
decrease, or stay the same? (a) C; (b) Q; (c) E between the
plates; (d) V ; (e) energy stored in the capacitor.

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Quick Quiz 26.6

Answer: (a) C decreases (Eq. 26.3). (b) Q stays the same
because there is no place for the charge to flow. (c) E
remains constant (see Eq. 24.8 and the paragraph following
it). (d) V increases because V = Q/C, Q is constant (part
b), and C decreases (part a). (e) The energy stored in the
capacitor is proportional to both Q and V (Eq. 26.11) and
thus increases. The additional energy comes from the work
you do in pulling the two plates apart.

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Energa almacenada en un capacitor

1
1 0 A 2 2
2
U = CV = (
)( E d )
2
2 d
1
2
U = ( 0 E ) Ad
2
U
1
2
= u = 0E
vol
2

1 2
U=
0E dv

2
vol. dondehaya campo
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Gracias!
Prxima clase: Taller de capacitores,
capacitancia y energa de configuracin
Prximo tema:
Dipolo elctrico, dielctricos y polarizacin

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