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A* IT

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CLEARINGHOUSE

SIecdra

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,-.

DY N AT E C
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ji

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-

Re:No-~ 26.

x-;a

P~SSCSS C-,CojU-K

R OCH -%IEE GAS LOW

T1-RYoi
L- C kwzaia

U. S. NAVY

Bureau

Pcf

Was irigto 25, D. C.

June 297, 1961

DYNATECH CORPORA.TION
639 Massaichusetts Ave-.,ue
CaImbridge 39, Massachusetts

SURI

TABI E

O U NTNE
YTS

LIST O- PROCEXJRES
LIST OF

ES=G

0 tAIS

ii
V
I

PREFACE
1. 0

INTROLUCTIMM

2.0

AND GENERAL
INTRODUCTION TO PARAMTE1I7E
METHOD OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2. 1

Mach Number

2.2

Total Pressure and Loss Coefficients

2.3

Total Temperature
Mass Flew Parameter and the Con, nujy

2.4

9
10

Relation
2.5

Choking in Compiessible Flow

2.6 "Gas Properties

17

3.0 -SOURCES AND ME i-ODS EMPLOYED IN DZVELOPMENT 18


OF CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR DUCT LOSS
CALCULATION
3. 1

Straight Constant Area Ducts

18

3.2

Area Change

20

3.2. 1 Abrupt Area Increase

20

3.2.2 Abrupt Azea Decrease


3.2.3 Diffusers
3. 2.4 Converging Duct (Nozzle)

21
22
26

3.3

Bends

26

3.4

Screens and Gratings

29

TABLE OF CONTENTS (.onr t d)

4.0

CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND EXAM-PLES

30

4. 1

interpretation of Procedure Diagranb

30

4.2

E.amples

4.3

Closely Coupled Comjonents

...

._

31
32-

PROCEDXURES

33.

DES!GN CHAPRS

65

5.0

APPLICATION OF CALCULATION PROCEDURES


TO A DUCT SYSTEM. -

84

5.1

Sample Duct Pressure Loss Calculation


5. 1. 1 Intake Duct

89
89

5.1.2 Exhaust Duct

94

Effect of Pressure Loss on Turbine Performance

99

5.2

NOMZN CLATJ RE

103

BIBLIOGRAPHY

107

LIST OF PROCEiDRES

P- I

Mach Number

P-2

Srraight Duct
2.1
2.2

j
P-3

Intake Duct
Exhaust Duct

3.2

Inlet Length with Beilmouth Entrance


Inlet Length witr Shnr 2-Edged Entrance, with

or without screeis at entrance

5.2

Intake Duct
Exhaust Duc-

43
43

Intake Duct
Exhaust Duct

45
45

Diffusers
6.1

Intake Duct
Exhaust Duct

47
49

7.1

Intake Duct

7.2

Exhaust Duct

51
53

6.2
P-7

41

Abrupt Area Decrease


5.1

P-6

39

Abrupt Area Increase


C4..1
4..2

F-5

35
37

Duct Inlets, SimplifieL Pruedure


3.1

P-4

33

Bends

LIST OF PROCEDURES (cont' d)

Page
P-8

*'
P- 9

Screens and Gratings


S. I

Intake Duct

8.2

55
55

ust Dat

Duct Inlets, Alternate Procedure for Bellmouth Entrance


9.1

L/D >

57

30

L/D < 30, rest for procedure


x
9.2.1 L/D <

9. 2

:x

9. .
9.2.2

tr

I(

61

<

< 30

P-b0 Duct Inlet, Alternate Procedure for Sharp-Edged


Entrance

59

61

63

LLST OF DISTGN CHARTS

D-I

Mass Flow Parameter


(a)

Compu:ed from total pressure

65

Ca)

Computed'from static pressure

66

D-2

Reynolds Nurrber, Re

67

D-3

Relative Roughness, "D

68

D-4

Friction Factor,

69

D-5

Laminar Inlet Length Loss Coefficient,

D-6

Turbulent Inlet Length Friction Facto~r,

4T

(fully developed)
4

70
71

T
Lmax

D-7

4T

D-8

Sharp-edged ilets

7.3

D-9

Abrupt area increase

74

D-10 Abrupt area decrease

75

D-11 Diffuser Loss Coefficients

76

D-12 (a), (b) Circular Cross-section Bends, Loss Coefficients

77

(c), (d)
-13 (a)
(b)

and

Square Cross-section Bends, Loss Coefficients

Round Wire Screens


Sharp-edged Gratings

72

78
79
00

vi
LIST OF DESIGN CHARTS (cont' d)

Page
D- 14 Loss Coefficient,

vs

D-15 Bend Algle Loss Factor

81
83

I
7!

The prinfry Ixzr;,ose,Of tis report Isto fulinfil


e-contract requirenliet for "a set:of--sg
at hes iilin~
form and aojkiarion
k o N h~ p De i gn Dat Sh er I~: 8 Ol 2, x~rfor ca l c u l t o n-6f,pr essur losesathig ga veodIe in gas turbe ducdn~rg.
M&i purpose.
is'"corpJeO
n
in ;40 design c-harts-and- design p-cdrsfudin
Sekxibns 4, in4 I. These have.:been prepared-in such
form ftht they
* may bie_ exrce fo
h ohr
jcinsf the-repr oit frmascontained"set of procOdues-an data-necess-ay
-~he clcaioo
4ig-ipeeo;duct;,g .losses,- and'O contain_ -thi nece saryelemenvs for
-

a inlaraShee6t
As -we

-OdIO

thjnatejilialle
-ecesarj=for the -required pFoceduial
anddat s,serio
w~-eaizedtha Tis-repoit* w ud be of, miore; value
t6:hoe ho areu Itlnae.- ep
l f& pieprartIoA and the~ peiirevision;-anfd;jr _0nb-thd e
DataShetsandphas

*a4Ot-t

Sin

P q)ior~edols, were -b

'1,Abrifitioduct~i o td -parameters:-and
genri, rneth6ds of
compOressible Qigh-speed). flw;TIh calciulation
procedures,
and the govering fw p-rmes
case qrt
different- fir those met .in cMlcUlhrind incor~pr
essible*(o
speed)- du tflws.- We-hope that the short
intrdco -included
asScin
fTe tpr
ill 4e helpful to Ehoqe -who are prirnar ily' familiar with- the -methodss of incom~pressible
flow cdlc'Uiations,
in-uniderstanding the procedures recommendedin--this
report, and
appreciating SQme of the rpasbnis for thetr con p,,.4Kty Wiaa
compared to Incompressible methods.

Z-

in--te-preparatioz. ofri des-Ignh2rs Ou~d

ptohr

baCr

survey of die-data-avAiblhe iiiteltrar


ncnnrsii
(igh speed) ef - tsdn -ductAfiows shqrwLed tOlar the-reAae-mny
are~as Where data io incomple-re or ibcondtklsive, afid-in, facE.
somiezfiies confictinfg. Th.is is 0.1so true to a lesser extent of
the afailAble damta ~incompressible &jct flowYs rwm various
sources.; Thfis situation resul ted In the necessiry, In prejgring,
'the finalcharts-and procedures- which are-our.-recommzndat-ions
for -calculation, or'aipolyffng-our Judgeinen in choosing data, scoifces;of generalizing from incomplete dara;- and off caltulatig from dieoanaiysis,0 to extend existing data or methods -(e. g. .te
analysis f6r dbrupr--aiea decirease it Section 3.2. 2).

-retica-

We havE atter'tedto make -the design charts anid calculation procedures as complete as -po.sible. 'Ii masthat, in some cases, where
daaIs iflcomplete or inconclusive, we -have made for the designer the
deisio,--and judgemenis that wudconfront him, if he, were wbrking
d_;,,.c
felt it would be-useful to iclude in our report som~e specific indications of the-sources-and. methods which led to our recommendations.
We hope that these no%~s will be useful if a critical -review Is made of
these methods at some later time when, presumably, more high speed
duct flow data will be available in the literature. These notes on methods

and'sources we have included as Section 3 of the report.j

James R. Turner
*Project Manager
Approved by:

_________

L.C. HoagXhnd

1-0

."ThOWalO

for low spm


rMhs
l

sl now*,
o
at uL
of9 1:/sc and ess- For
es, Aan, press=&: a ses =y be esumaz wirh

ne&g4ie
1 enpi
by
;b
~prim tl t e gas Is ;M ii'couiressft!-izd This zsiuex
L-ies tI
va-kmizns
are salM aod -a be goored in caeu
mrhbo 1s. Pressre lcss
cllcw,~ umediods ft~ low sppwd-Gows b"s~ b 'accuV.-amible asumatcm haie beau coIcted and ormallzed inl
:esce I. -

If it is desrable w deslp Wlet sis exh~aut

uc ug for~ highr flow


vIacIn, and thus ob=ln 6iczw of smaller diameter, the losses
may o lc. -r be esdinmare bt,, z assums of ncompressible

flow. At high subsomic gas velocities, above about Mach Number 0. 2.


the magniwude of the density changes accompanying the pressure
changes &- to accelera-ons. deceleratioas, and losses should not be
Ignored in calculation. Furrhermore, the loss coefficient characterizing th pressure loss in each duc"'Mg component, usually expressed
as a fixed percentage of the velocity head for a component of given

configuration in incompressible flow, generally depends also on the


flow velocity (or Mach Number) in high speed flows. The presentation of a calculation procedure for high speed duct flows therefore

requires two extensioni of low speed calculation procedares:


1.

Fornularion of a calculation procedure which will Lake into


account the effects of compressibility on local values of flow
parameters (pressure, density, velocity, etc.)

2.

Correlation of available dc.ita or. the ,


o

r~'

&..;.:

the
r prssu.re losses, or loss cefficiei::s which cha::.

the pressure .oss.es, in various duct components.

he pessur ' "I

---I:

--

-.
-

hU

Vids :ep h describes a calculati.

system -which pnrdts the c.l-

c_,!arloa of dqctng losses for higb sped:flows. In thefollowing

secdons the mediods and data sources empioyed are described,


and a system is devised foz application to duct presstle loss ca1:
culflaxis.

This system ha&- been reduced to a series of charts for

computaticnal aid. Th e charts are-included in a separate sectdon


of this riport and are arranged so thar rway may be extracted fro m

the report to form a self-contained calculation system similar in


form and intent to the material of Reference 1. Although the system is nor as simple in form and application as the incompressible
procedures, they represent, -in our opinion, the simplest calculation
pro&edures which can be applied to high speed flow calculations.

-5-

2.0

INTRODUCTTON TO PARPAMETERS AND GENERAL AMETHODS

OF COMPRESSELE FLOW
Accountring for gas compressibility effects in the calculation of ducting
pressure losses, necessary for high speed duct flows, introduces
several new variables into the caiculations.

Rather extensive changes

to incompressible flow methods and procedures mus: be made. The

purpose of this section is to provide a brief outline of parameters and


methods employed in this report which are peculiar to compressible
flow calculations.

Those analytical relations developed which are

important to the calculation procedure have been reduced to chart

form in later sections.


2.1

Mach Number
The Mach Number is the basic measure of the relative importance
of compressibility effects. The Mach Number is the ratio of the fluid
velocity to the local speed of sound:
-

M =Vc

where
V = fluid velocity
c

local speed of sound =

RT

Only subsonic duct velocities (i. e., M < 1. 0) have been considered.
For Mach Number M <0. 2, compressibility effects are small, and
incompressible calculation methods can be applied with sufficient
accuracy.

-6-

Shapiro (Reference 2) and others have shown diat most compressible


flow cal-,lations are most easily carried out ifrha C--calation methods are formulated in such a-way that Mach Number is the ind.pendent
variable of the calculation procedure. For many of rh- pressure-loss
calculations which follow, the Mach Number has herefoze been chosen
as the independent vaziable. Generally, losses in ducring components
which do not involve area change cause the Mach Number to increase.
Therefore, it is possible that in a.long ducting system, incompressible calculation methods may be appropri,:e in sections near the inlet,
with compressible methods becoming necessary as the Mach NumberA
'ncreases.
2.2

Total Pressure and Loss Coefficients.


The total, or stagnation, pressure is defined as the pressure which
a gas stream would reach if it were decelerated to zero velocity

....

without incurring any losses in the deceleration. The total pressur is the pressure measured by a Pitot tube, or an "impact" probe. For
incompressible flow, the total pressure is the sum of the static pressure and the velocity head.
PO

2g

P
p ++ 2 go

(2.1)

where
p0

= total pressure (impact brobe pressure)

static pressure (pressure at a wall pressure tap)

fluid density

fluid velocizy

---

the, change-,In tOtal,pressure in a duct,flow is a measure of the losses',


ithe flow. The losses may be chdracreriz*d by,a dimensiopless ,!oss-:
woefficient, CPo-

op-

(2
.2)-

Where i and 2 represent an'upstream aniddownistreTn srz~tion1 re-

specivey.

For incompressible-flow ina constant areg duct,

and. so,
i

ol

Po2 =

2.

(2.4),

-0

duct is equal to the difference in static pressure, s6 that the flow


lo~e are described-equallywell by either total pressure change or
static pressure change. -This, however, is not true for a compres-

sible (i.
e. i high speed) flowv.
For a compressible flow, the simple relation between total pressure,
st.tic pressure, density, and stream velocity given by Equation 2. 1
cannot be applied directly. This equation does nor apply -because the
fluid density will change during the deceleration; that is, the density,
....

Pg in Equation 2. 1 is not a constant.

The relation corresponding to


"'Equation 2.1 for compressibie flow is best expressed in t'rrms-o dit
-Mach Number:

_'go,

1~1

.?.o _--

ewhere k

(2.5)

ratio oi spedific. heats, a gasqpro- erty.

The Iosses, can k expressed as a changein.totai pressure in, compres-

'siblefl6w; this change is not equivalent to :lhbstatic pressure chaige,


as in'incompe'sible.flow. The definition.of loss coefficient, Equ.tion
2.2, may ,be rearranged -to more onvenient form through. the relation
2

V
V

2(.6

Ti'

so-that,

rp01
-. -02
.

PO

1~.

2 7)

11 2

Combined with Equation 2. 5 this becomes.

P02 ,
C
P"
Ck

-1 k 14I 2

Thus, if the loss coefficient,

k - 1 M2

Ik/ K<'.

CPo, and the inlet conditions, M

2
(2.8)

and Po

.are known for a given ducting component, the exit total pressure for

that component can be determined from equation 2. 8; the exit Mach


number, M 2, is determined from continuity relations, as Will be shown
in Section 2.4. These exit conditions will, of course, .,6,,

conditions for the following ducting component,

l'..L

-9-

2.3

Total Temperature

"Thetotal, or staiiation,, iemperatuie is similar to the total pressure


"

in cefinition. That isj 'i is the tempeiatWrq whicha gas stream Would
teach if it weredecelerated to zero vel6city. It is best expressediA
re ns of the .ach Nurhber

T~k-12
-2
_~

T'2

(29)

where
T

total.temperature
of-stream
decelerated
to zero(temperature
velocity)
startl- temperatureo((teriperatufe ofthe
flow.hg gas stlram)

Unlike the tbtal pressure, however, the total temperature is un"afflcted by,.osses.

Ifi a duct flow, the-total temperature can change


only rhroughheat transfer to or from the:gas-stream. Note, :however,

that the static temperature may vary considerably, as by acceleration


or decelerAtion of the gas stream, according to,Equation 2. 9.
If we assume that hear transfer to the surroundings is negligibly small
in a duct flow (i. e., the flow is adiabatic); the total temperature remains constant, irrespective of the flow losses. The assumption of
adiabatic"flow has. been made in the calculation methods presented in
this report.

Therefore, for a gas turbine intake ductflow, the total

tempera.ture is the temperature of the atmosphere (i. e., the temperature of the inlet air when It was at zero veloCity), and is constant
throughout the inlet ductin..g; for a gas turbine exhaust duct flow, the

total temperat ,ure is determined ~by thed exhaust condiffon at 'the' turbine,
and is -cnstant~throughot~the e6chagsr ducting.
The-assumption of.Adiaba'tc flow in the-Intake duct As qtitp accurte,
since-only siall-temperature differendes exist b~tweerr the-uruct flow,
and-ihe' sut roundings. For the hot,exhaust flow, 'the Adidbatic condiion -is~nor~so nearly achieved, thugh-insig' fi ar errior is, probably
introducea'16r insulated ducting. 'To ae.coufrt f6 thpe ffects othieaEtransfer to~thd surroundings in thi ekhaizst-duct flowW ould'preclude
any simpole calcula tion,.riithod.'fo r the exhau#t duct flow lqss6s.,

"K

-2.4

Miss Flow. Parameter and th& Contihuity Relation_


For i-ncompressible flow, -the continiy. relation may be expressed as
in

.p AV

pAV

(2.10)

Sintce density i's constant barwvean any two sections, the velocity will
change-ofilyby vi'ttue of nn aroa change. in, 4.6ornpressib1e low,,
however, velocity Oha.ngces (and thus -clanges 'in;;ach--Number')- .caiW
occur in a constant area dL~cr, becauise~ of changes in density resulting
from,.pressure losses. ?'hus, the-continuity relation must be appliedalong with the loss relatjins to determine Mach Number chan~ges accompa~nying ducting component losses. For Compressible flow, the
continuity reldtion maybe coinveniently expressed As
01 0. 532 F(M)

(2.11)

where the constant 0. 532 applies for a gas of k =1. 4 and molecular
weight of 29. The function of Mach Number, F (M), is

----

------

-F(MY
)

'

Ths untonis~terei
30-ofRefeience 3.

coal of- the,fu~cn~AA

~uae

.2

Table

-For an,,adiabatic 'duct-flowy (T__ : onstant), th& c6htinutlfy-qution becomhes, with


ra

ThtUs,* for-'a given duct Component, With-fixedlarea, ratio, the exit


MaC
NU'ber, M, mfay be~foun'd if -inlex condition-s p 1 and
are
kn'on;
and hc.~ato

2 -/po

iskon
n
from loQsS~coffidient~data

(see Section. 2.2).


Equatioit2. '11 gives a. convenieift WYtd deterr-ie, the Mach Numnber
for a duct fl'ow when nmass flow, areda, total presadre, And- total temperature are known.

pA
is, denoted the 'mass flow paramneter!, for a given gas' this parqmeter
depends on the Mach Number only. A simila& parameter employing
static pressUre,

pA
can also be determined as a function Qf Mach Number. These paraileters areplotted vs. Mach Number in a later sectiofi, to give a simple

computational aid in determnnng- Mach Nrniber when-other flow con.ditiojas ate~sp'cifted.


2. S

Choking in Compressible Flow


the mnas- flow rate In a duct flow of 'compressible gas A liited ~
the, phenomehon of "chokinig". This 'may be exp1jined iby'the following
considerations.
-~

Cosiera
inpl .ucin

copoen ~k~ hs~a bnfus area,

dhangeq (e. g,.. a nobztle), with specified areas

IA
2'

0~
A1 andA 9, and--flbwat total t,erip~rature T0 If we assudme thkathre
are-no, losses, polrpo
0
2 rPo' 'Let-us first hold the-ups5t ream total
pressure, pU
0 1. constant and continudu~1y reduce the-downstreamn static,
pressura, p -From Equation- 2. 5,

P2

2~

2 k/k-2.14)

the Mach Number IM


2 will increase as, static pressure, P2 is reduced.
The effect on mass flow rate is-determified through Equation 2. 11,

+-

-"+----

+:--

_-._

: + --- "-

532

_-

(2. 15)

JJ
b2I

M
-

Sketch- I shows, the variation -oiF (M) with March Number. As-;IA is

ificiresed, F (M)icreases-r#i

1-1
-

,o

U,

--

/I.
se
M4.I
cachnm,or-tat+ Mac
h
-0. 5k, 2forvarginas-~ lwit
.yt-ch
2I
s
to N~
sure
timuc ead A * ) Thus, as tpes

Sketch I.

anbximum., value at M =,l.01 and then decreases. Thus, for our example, as the pressure p2 is decreased, IM2 will increase :qnd he mass
flow rate will increase
a Mach hntil
"hNumber
M2 -0 is reached, at
whic condition the flow- wi4
a maximrum. This occurs at a value of
-0.5"+8, for a gas-with k = 1. 4. It can- be-shown that the Mach
" OK, umu . cunno; pass through MI2 =1. 0 to supersonic values in the min-.;"
-

-.

imum area A2.Thus, as the pressure p2 isS further reduced,, the


value-of M2 remains at unity, and the mass flow rate remains constant.
This maximum value of flow rate is tha "lchokcdll flow rate.

ThU

*See Reference 2, Chapter 4 for a rigorous explanation of this limitation.

-1J

-14-

--

Variation Offlow tet With &~wnistreain sra&c presr-u~e,


c6n4tant Upstream to-aI p

r shown byS

"S~ke~cla7

NOte

sure p is

ch 2.

"

,thu when the chokedflow coni

.O)-isatminei,

te

!ilet-Mach Number, M, -also-hag a definite-vaiue-Which is fiNdby

te .ar~a ratio A2I/A.


=1.,0

From E-uation 2.13, at M2 =1.0, F(M =L 0)

andpo2 -=
Po
Po2Po22

F (M

F (M)

.p

Al F (M-)

(2. 17)
(2.18)

Thus, for this duct component, there is a limiting v u

c ftnlet

Mach

Number, M1 , which cannot be exceeded due-to the "choki .$" phenomenon.

If We now assume that there is a total-pressure loss in the abovenozzle,


then Po 2 /PoI1 < 1.0, and the inlet Mach Number at the choked condition
is given by
P

IF(

"

' P6 1

F(t) -Po' A1

--

A1

2.19

I-

-,a-

b-

-w

I,

a.w-~

lach

"

E-i-

,-

~ wil slw

i~~jii~i

4Mthok

~basI~c

izir

lnec
m~wr~
M ch)

an
mN
Ueslha
nlr
e-~n.ic

irii

Uh#W

ibcz

a~iber less-than-

ui'

-with tfpe-

ub~ dpeIAdiigg On t-d&leng.

Thea~~-i 4iictn..:cw
.iutec system.*,-ige
-ubeils~taEd~ h nexa' ble. Sipo
-har-uve witb -to-design6,
anin~jum
size ~~snr~rLi
r
-rd~zfor.
a !gzs curbine . Thiefair j$ Eobe ran-fonatmspe~i~LIiions ot~~
-;.d-T ate-fixed;'-

S-erh

3I

10required~tui -bine~iIas

gIe

low, in, Will be__specified., Equailo 2.1

IrItXsevl-

-7be ppbsfizs
.4 cisi so hrT

&OlolOt

wi. fbjt:zai
valueofF(MY,

ic

nin

the ,maxitxrnrn

cisatMl(lo()

hal-tloe

will
an&

iud

pecfite

1)th

AA

when-ahb s~cif'Ied-values, of in
and p0 aeinserted. If d duct
any-smaller- than this wet e-u sed,. the specified,.mass flow would ~not

be 4ttAined, cegardless of -how,low the gas -turbine :conpressor reduced thie pressurevdt the-duct exit.

if we nowala' w a-long -inlet duct in which losses are not negligible,


then-p 2 < PO. Since. M' cannot exceed unity(rd (N ant
--

-n

.0

0.532

Po2 A
Since-_p 0 2 ig 1es than po the duct area required-to admiR the specMfad flow becomes larger thin -for the short inlet duct, -because of
the duct losses. The limiting inlet Mach Number will N;~44all- than
unity.

pfnbent losse-s '-eer~i~l become sojarge-thqt


ducting. Howaato-design for hkdo ercoe

'.NeAir
ciOking, d-- tict
~~--4int

pr

ever,, it -l4 irprt~nt'to r~ali26._t1ha -regiardless of loW much pressure


bss is all64vab1e, ihere aie- minimrum. duct areas thAt Will admit-a
speifid~mss lowatfixed'inlet Cqonditidns' (e'. g;, atMOSpheric concdit;_on!)

1
2.6

-O~p -Proper ies!


JMAl the relations -fthecalculation methods pr es entedassume thnt.
thepepe6t~gas-eqiAin-of sr- re,
p

=pRT

is valid I&r the duct flows consider ed. In addition-, the, char ts have
been prepared -for a gas, with ratio of specific:,heats of .1.
4, and -mo1ecifar weight,'29. thiese values will apoly!'Wirhh tiffcient -accuracy
to-either atmospheric inlet ar, or gas tWrbjine exhaust gases.

. ............

-18-

3.0- SOURCES .AND METHODS EMPLOYED-'IN DEVELOPMENT OF


CALGULATION PROCEDURES' FOR DUJCT LO ,SCAVICUL.ATION

The data sources and correlaion mi-e-thods on which the ~clculation


procedures bresented-in this ieport are based, ire outfinie"Ifn this
section. iln somhe casesthe available- data is incomplete, so that
approximationis and, ektr~polarions have been necei'sariy; -in,some
~cases,. data from various sourcesconflict,, so that somie judgment
has been necessary in cho6sing data for procedures. 'Under these
circumstances, it seerna desirable tou-supplenient the recommended
cal'ulation piocedures with this outline, of' ource's and methods.
3. 1Straight Constanr Area Ductsr
The procedures for straight ducts are based oir the calculation--methods
developed by Shapiro, and othdrs. Thbese'are-developed in-detail, in
Refefence 2, and'are a standard mnethod. for compiessible floy, calculation -toinclude the effects offriction. The niecessary compressible
flow parameters for this calculation are plotted in Figure D-7.
Duct friction factois are-,taken from Mo-ody, RAefer-ence 4, and chd.rts
are reproduced from thig reference as Figures D-3 and D-4. Keenan
and Neumann, -Ref-arance 5, show that there is no significant effect
of compressibility onfriction. factor for subsonic flows, so that the
friction factors of Moody may be applied hithout Mach Number correction.
The friction factors of Moody were determined in fully- developed duct
flows and do not apply to flows in inlet lengtchs of ducting, within about
30 to 50 diameters of the duct entrance. In this entrance lengtch, ye-

lo'ity profiles are rot yet fully developed.

Reference 7 shows

that, for

an inlet lekgE4h with a smooth .entranci; (e. g.., aI beilmouthy; the-fim~


6
is laina:until a lengsth- Rewr~lds-Number, Re f-0*i atie
(Rex _g Vx/IL, x being the dista".ca from the .duct entrance). The
theory of. Langhadr, Reference,6, has been shown'by Shapiro toj-predict the coi rect value of, ftiktibn 1factor 1n this laminar region. Curves
prepaied from Langhaairzs theory, ;aken from- Referenqce7,. ak ro-6
-produced asFimire D-5 At the duct length iorrespcnditg to -Re
a, transitidr. to _t~rbulence,,occurs;, Reference 7 pr~zanted d~t4 for
friction factors in this turbulent region. thle curves of Figure.D-6
represen~t, an averagre friction factor (calculated fiom. durv~s'faired
through this data) toahe aoplied in -this turbulent in'let iL'ength-. The,
friction factor in the turbulei-r inlet region is shown-as 6 -ratio to the
friction factor for fullv-develoced~turbUlant flow at the same duct
Reynolds Number (Re =p V D/i.);. this- ratio is larger than unity,
Therefore, loses arelarger in an inlet leghthan in a fu.lly-developed
flow . If the duct 6rntrance is rnot smooth, or if there is a screen in the
entrance, Shapiro has, showvn that there 'is no laminai inlet length, but
that the entire inlet flow length is tuibulant. Th~us, for such antrance
conditiJons, the tur~bulert inlet friction factors -of.Figur e-D-6- should -be
applied to the entire -inle&length.
Calculation procedures have been devised *~hich take into account
these special cases of inlet flow lengths and determine the appropriate

friction factors according to the above considerations. These arE,


presented as procedures P-9 and P-10. Inspeption of these procedures
will show that they are complex and lengthy. For this reason, a simpler
approximate proc.edure for inlet length calculations has bearn prepared,
procedure P-3. This approximate procedure employs the fuilly-dav-ooed
I
ir
.
flow friction factors of Moody, and w i
ealcullation rnet.hod,
losses. It has been recommended for use in the duct~"

-20-

however, be-cause the.imrboved- accuracy of-the-more riirplex methopds


is not gikeially wairanted for duct sysiefn cdleulations, -because of'
the uncerta i-ties ir. the loss caulai'oiis 'bf'.ther duct system -'comnpon-.
ents. if, however, a-,duct system' consists pfimaigy of'-straigrt runs
of ducring, or if the designer jud, ,.s the iithioved accurapy desirable,
the, more accurate-pr6c~dur s- P,9 -and P-1O can beuse&~
Telsssb
belmot etances inc r~ordted' in these procedures
have been esrima ted from the-dati of Henry, Reference, I The losses
f6r sharp- qdged inlets, ai-d-.for -inlets with screens and-gratings, ha.ve
beer. computed by,-a mnethod similar to' .rhzi.t de,scribed in ~the- section on1
abrupt area decre6as6. irncorporating 51a!extrapola'tion of tb~e data for
c~ntr action'to~fficients, Reference 12
3.2

Area Change

3. 2. 1 Abrupt.Aiea Inc-reas

A -calculation method for predidtion-of-Iosses in. subsoniic flows through


an abrupt area increase (,,sudden expansior-"1) has been develope~d by
Hall and:Orme, Reference 9. These authors,.hayie verified their calculations by experiment over a range of area ratios from 4 to 30, at
entering Mach Numbers from 0. 25 to 1. 0. Cole and Mills, Reference
10, have confirmed the method by e-xi-eriment in the area ratio raige
culation of total pressure losses and Mach. Numbe-r change, and results
are plotted i-. the design. charts of Figure D-9.

w~t
I

-21-

Theexperirhental'data,-of,"Hall arxl Qrme indicate tharth1~total pressure


loss -andMachi N14nber dhanpg Pake place. in a. mixing length of .1 diamerers downsream- of the-sudden-Area c1hango. In the calculation-procedure, tie.total pressure ross attributed to thd-akea7 change- is-therefore

onld

~eoso

imtr f0onte

-indi

nh

calculation of losses in other dutting compnents in vihich -the loss,

attributable to. a eparation and subsequent

~mixing- of

the flow (e. g

sudden cotrin,
screens, shdr tr-ed~red entrances, etc.) the- toll
pr-essure loss and Mach 'Number chan're.zttributed to that domponont
have likewise been taken to include 4 downstream duct diam~ters, on
'the basis -of the experiimenta.- evidence of H1a'l .Jhd Qtine .(ind ot!-ers,
e-g., Reference 13),, unlass some'data to the contrary has been aVailable for, that component

3.2.2 .Abrupt-Area, Decrease


,Apparently, the, problem of compressible flow through butae*
deicreases has n6t been previo6usly considered, in the openi literature.

An analysis has therefore been developed according to the model for


incompressible- fl6w suggested in Reference -11.

Sketcih I

/'

*As shown in. Sketchi1, the-flow -is aissumed -to sgepar 'e,*frm the
sharp0-'cor ter, of t1, tea achange to prqduqe a frie streamiline fow,
contracting-zto the streatube area, A. IturVbulent mixing then
6CCUErS between sectionis-2h alnd'until the.fiow fills the area-A2 ,
at essentially constant veloity adrossrEh6-duct dibssetidn. The
2is-treatedas an.abiupr Area Eicrease, as
flow from .9ecton- 2"1t io
iiSection 3.2. 1. The area Am1rtfstbe related to the
~khowhn ekeasi A1 and A2 by experimenft, since there' is -no analy
tical mntjifo&fpq prediction. Values-of area tatio A,"/4- 'have been,
t~knfrm
te dta-ortlatonsof 'Referenice. 12,-w1~cbLgiies the
dedi

area tal A"/A ~a

funltkii- of A,/A,, and -inlet Mach NubrI

The resultsitof this analysis are presented in F-iguie D-10 which


shows exit M~ach -Number and total pressure ratio as, a function of
area ratio- and ilet Mach Number., Total pressUre lo~,s and Mach
NUMbdr, changeinic ludei .4diameters of d-wnstream. ducting. Altugh
pressure losses are-small, note -that moderate area chlanges produce

largd-increases in .Mach -Number, -so that only, small -dea decreases


can be afforded- in high speed flows.
3.2. 3 Diffusers
Although a large amount of literature describing diffuser investigations is available-, cor-relations of these data have as -yet -produced
no system's for diffuser design or loss calculation that are entirely
satisfactory. Available correlations of per-formance have been
formulated on the basis of diffuser geomptry alone. Various investigations have shown, however, that there can be-substantial effects
of Reynolds Number, inlet boundary layier thickness (I. e., Inlet
velocity profile), compressibility, and discharge duct geometry.

*of

'HoWever, there Is not- sufficient data yet available- to: ihtide such
effectJn a ~generaizcorrelation, so -that We must, Je1 o'correlations
,peifpirmance. with geometry alone. -Such, correlations exhibit considerdbl e, scatter of the data, because-of the-influenice of the effect~s
noted, above, and so. ate subject to some uncertainty in-, calculation.
The most comnplete correlation-available in-the-opefiliterature is-that
.of -Patterson, Reference 13. The design curves, of desig chart- D-11
of this, report, taken from the correlAtionis.of Patterson, are recommtended for determination of inopesbeflow losses -In conical
diffusers.
Various schemes-have been proposed for correlating rectangular
diffusers with conical;, the method recom~mended here is to assumie,
the loss Ida -diffuser of redtang lar cros-section to be that of aniequivalent conical-diffu'ser circumscribed about-the rectangular dif-;
fuiser,, as in the following sketch.
RECTANGULAR

70nc

~
-.

CIRCUMSCRIBED

CONICAL DIFFUSER

-~~~

-~-

-------

ifsrprfdrmaice-ax~e shown by Little


lgefcso
,aihd- Wilbur, RAeference. 15i ah'd -by Young and Green; 1Aeference 14,A
for severLal coifical and rectangu@lar difhusers. 'Cbrrelations frofi
te'tdata of thnese investigatqrs-have-beeni Ysade, -and are shown on
design- cart D-41 for -use as correction factrs to the_ incomnpres-

9ih spe

'Sibie loss coe6fficients. Thbesg correladlOn cuives-are based on data.


from,-nygfwdfue geometries, and should -be boi~idered- to
be subjectrto revision 'if rihort data.1,ecOiies avallablei the -future.
~nj,
qriac fa.dfua
The effects of increasing Mach Ntieh
with a fixed Inlet, boundary,:layer coiidietion has:-be~n -shon in RWO-rence 15 to-.be smaller thai -the effect of ic~~ni~tbx
tfhickness-at a-fixed Mach, Number. Such-result as these, indicate
-tbattherie will be cohsiderable-uncertLainty i-iffurser. loss-caloladions. The recommendarions -inthe-curves of D- 11 s-imply repre;-sentthe best cor relations ;presehdlypossible from-existing -data su e.Refierrin-fo the Mach Number correction curvesi note thar'th'--t6Etal
pressure loss for conical diffusers begins to increase markedly a~t
entering Mvach Nlumbers-of 0. 4-to 0.5; choking occurs in the range of0. 6 to 0. 7. Although rectangular diffusers do nor show as marked an
__increase in loss with increasing Mach Number, the incompressiblelosses are much larger than for conical diffusers; thus, the total loss
always is larger than for comparable conical. diffusers.
The following remarks will serve as a guide to the designer:
1. An angle between diverging walls of about 60 - 100 gives be-st
diffuser performance.
*

2. For a given area chanige par unit lengith of duct, diffuwuigi of


circular cross- section give the best effectiveness, with square dxo~ssections next.

3.

'The -inlet-v*
elocift distributtion -has bcen showm Eo-affect-diffaiser

Perfbrmanc6 (ep.g.-.1Referxentt IS-. A V~ocity disbriwonwith~a


tihn 5oundar y lay-. At-diffuser entrance gives better (fiftiuser Per
formance. tan a thick-erv-budayayl with losses differing
.by-as much as 200% bebween the two T ae.Atog

itecnb

done-inra duct"ing systemi w control bdu.ndar y layer Eicees, this


-&ffeci 1-ndidates that-beiter- dif iier-peiformnince -can be-expected
'for a diffuser relatively near the duct systemp inlet: -(less-than.30
diameters5):than- would be expected after suffiin ln
t rfllyi
developed flow tobe-establisW:d and that a diffuser-followinga bend.,
or _sorh6,e sii'nflr componenjt Which ndy gereatea thick or-separated
'boundary layer, -wfiiihave relaitively poorer performance.
4. COmpi~ptepresgur6 recovery is nor riealized artde exirvof the
diffluser;-<abour 4w
to 6exit duct dianiereridoWnistiram of rhe exit ard?
requaired for-complere recovery.

usedarea riosabou
6:1 an bru

Vpro most Commi'i~

araincreas z sm
wall angle,

sdae raris (Up toaou6)anarp


i les.S -total -pressure loss than a diffujser wirth

gr~aier 'rzn40
gr

50.

6; Tot a-1 presuire loss inc-eases -withincreasing 'ndot M~ach Number;


!-he 6ftect-is m6re severe with large wall angles an4 also with ri
entry bondary lay~r~s.I
7., Variousheie-s such-as.-boundAry laver control by suction,
in~ection, anfd Vortex traps, ajid dOlay of fi w ieparaion by curved
wall,
hve een ev~ed-o impirove diffuser performance. Vanes
have been used to Lrabilize the-flowi and thus Improve performan:ce.

-26-

Thesie posslblities have noc bumn cou~dered in dsSdvnen


44-fiiVe da ignr',VeS can- be &A-' db*a zr the -finpr4 design unas: icesddr f'roM testing wo demrminv einvirically an opdnilmzr conj&guitLe.
S. Wjiei spe b1mkrariors uciuci retqile a diftv-s-er with large wanl
an3 e, ivis often ir~dte cdesiraIbie to mpldoy an efficien -diffuser (Wal
2e, of about 1 0 rfollwaad-by an abrup: area Increase wo &a
de ted-area.
3.2.4 Convergizg' -act:~z'
Losses in converging ducting are small compared to those in-ivergikNg
du~d~ (dffuers)-becaizse 60e a-Celeratingflawia covergig-,duar
Oresenzs-a fvor-able pres-sure-gradienr for the wall h~rtdary la-yer.
For small c4one an-gles: (i. e., jess tma 300 icluded-artLe) there are
g~nr~ly
o
itin-iaixngosss.there is~!ire infrination
;avall=ble-in the lierature on Ach Nu-iber effects 1.3 converging-7sections awith d=miisream uctig; m~ost availa2ble da a deals -witEh no&Iles
exhausting to a large chamber &r aunosphere. Therefore,- iE-is, recoinmen ded -thaEco=vefgiqg duc ting witin in cluded coue -angie -s-tnaller tha n
360 be treated as Straight 4ucring, wizh L/D couted on the smaller
diam~eter of the converging section. iFor fncluled angles greater than
300 ,ir is recommended that the procedurq for abrupE area decrease
be applied to coniVerging sections.
-. 33

Bends

Loss data for bends are shown in design chart D:12k in the form of aI
low speed (incompressible) flow loss coefficient, and a Macn Nuinbe:

--

27-

=.e.2d

-ou

L,-ev,--Lfc=
e-

&Z- ha

-aa

l.aFZ.

in-

rn-

ress.I-l s
fMach &%.arv--s
2frwix0.tl.. d z -sm as.
t~e P--.,
f 2 fii Dr
~tduhx vns aen is a
as
&-m. f
coS p

a-c
iiFfres
a

0-

!etloss caafficiem-S ar=e jxossibme by


ska7 !d zrgre rxaEzscLa bz
are irgil
e~s~
~e
-wieReereoa. for sig-gi infoaiatidon),
in 4esigmi wdbnic-ze.
a2np ier4y rettdZ6 C=Sivr~be ssA,;L-,dmRa)
v!zs dto er, ee-,-: 1=tra~se A less
Xp:
Iis zpX cady' of~b sa

rrs(

-or b~ds *!a tfi.A 0

o:-z2: as for,

e-, -vasv~bich are-pc f airfdl

in conk=zSneze.. Reee~e 1, b
errecd-rarwes fix kzads wazfmm ,
cm

frcDo
~

naSPT-.&,s prcare,.~~fi

-a

yc= g

i=2ds
o:e,

of;-,r

C-cine

w-.' z!eso

'
'Xear900bzfbva
is Eta

is

cID a

--

4 siipa
i_2s

ba

b azd

Rc.-

:-..

;l

the

-29there is an isentropi cre flwihc

~Mach. Number is uhaffected

by losses in total pressure. bf ihis ex~it planeL, lOSSes%-are concentrated~


:inthe_-Io,--energy flud-in a EhickenedbouiidaryIayer near the beftd Waflls.
This totil pressure lossdoes nct a-ffect-tLhe-I-ach Number in die core
flxun:til a diswance of about A-ciameters-dovvastr.eam, wvhen mixkinE of
z-he-coxe fivv, annd.-h& Ixwzn~ary-layer flowi has bz-.-n comaleted- fro-on
rji, pears tha i on- rnusi chioose a one-dimensional Mach Number
to charactetizemiiie flov, In ffie exit-piane off the bend (as is niecessarv
for de-calculadoion procecoire) the proper thoice i ;-r assume-the-Maech
~pane
wl
eidxit plane. Foqr diamcezers downstream of the bend exit, after mving ;has occurreo,th
effect of-the mctal pressurelosses fi theb bend YIff be felt all across the
duct 2id-zhe ote-dimensffozial -V--chNOumber- ".llhave inpreased.
34Screetns am

x -g

The sul~idi compiressible fio'x zhrcuja Ecwbd-wdire screens or gratings


(screems off slmrgp-e ed elenmenzs of 2de geonietry) has been. consideredj
by Cornell, !Wfere-~e1.COISIgvSls
cfiensorsh
screens and gr2EIng-s in 6:=- R=oS, bor varigus screea Slicires (ra.Eio
of cT=. area in screen to
Madi Xwber. ThsDmie

e
loscef-iet f
a sarp-e: .sed (i.e.,

&~mdcz
flaw area) and upsiream &uctF
~zadrclyfo
ee~ce 2 and re

. ra apply zq screens at theP moudr 'oi


no)

in:-eke damt~

Carn-lls

cacua-nsj

for shaip-edged screens have beea eatended for screens a. dze inlet of
a sh~rp- edged enzrar-., bssed on an enr~apoiation of the-data for conslcmin design chart D-S.

}
*
*

4.0

CALCULATIONPROCEDURES JAND, EXMPLES

4. 1

Interoretartofl of Proceduie Diagrams


Calculation procedures for all ductipg-pomponenws are described
graphically i1n tiezdiagramns P-I to-P-JO.. These diagrams Are to]
be interpreted accordingEo-the followi~ng exramples, taken from
procedure P-2. 1.
Nbe
~ hcruscL
Qaiie
~m

I.~ ~

-.
ivn.as initial -datifor the calu

(4

lation are shown in circles , e.g.

2.

Quantities wvhich ate detex-misied by the calculation are shown


in boxes, e.g.

3.

--

Directicos-for calculation are shown on lin !s connecting elemets; e.g., dle s-'~ezece

indicates thar the dizn&arum

-2 is tobe eatred

and Re is to be read from rte diart. The sequeuice

Lcaic.

AL

JC4
-

JLI

-33-

ind
inadicates that 4 f, which is a result fpeiosccuatio,
L/D, which is knowrvas iial data, are to be coinbined'by cadto give 4f(L/D). Here, the equatlin required~for cal-cases whee
4 -I x L/.Iq
obvious; i.e.;- 4fU.L/D)
ibe ecpariba isno ob-4ous, it-ts incluciedin the box contaifing
the result, osin the-SO~ec

-culation

-culationis

-caic

Pa'o

The result of the indicated calculation (L.e-, the loutour-, of the


box) is always showa on zhe rignr-hand side off the equzation.
4- In somtne cases, alterzate caicaio~w prodmu~res are iniikazed,
aS in the seience (:aken from procedure P-16).

D-

-2

This diagram frinicaL.

-;;.eupper path is followed if LID <30

and Che lower pa-h"if ' f.~

Examziples
E amples ilustrating the x.;e ,~f each procedu re diagram follow the
diagraff. Each box contains die numnerical result of using the design
cbari; or of calculation as prescribed by th.- procedure diagram.

-32-_

4.3
f -

Closely-Coupled COMPOnentEs
~Area canges. ben&, and screens are assumed-rto~beflo

bye
dfam erert of straight duct 'MWhich the flow-mi~xes and srabAlizes.
When two coMPOI~t-IL-1 are nrz.&sebarated-by 4 duct-diameters, the-calcW6oA-procediire is imodifiedas feollows:
L. 'Thw pressureIss of the first-comnijenz is detrmined-in the
Usual mananer.-

2.

Thbe prtssurelc.rss of the 6ecomd compoWDen L5 determ~ined byJ


a; sumfingde same-entry Nach Numier as-employed-for the
firt ojen..Tie-pressuie loss for f-,e combined compoaens Is_ thea
ipo~J

3.

Ldn

LPod

Te exit Mach M-1 nl-'-r for iha com.ine


ft-com wnez s is deemined by calculating mue n-sass flow uirMeer at te exitc of &a

seconid compoir,-4

*in

Exit Mach N mber is derermined; directly fom this value of mss


~~flox parameter through char: 10-1a.Thsroereiilurae
Section 5for a screen follwed by abenid.

-33-

-PROCEDURE P-i

MACH NUMBER CALCOLA-!ON1"

* "

Total pressure -kIm,

Static pressure inmm

.-

...............

I
"

9'

af.1

am4

"

-PROCEURIR

-i
hJAdH MMBERk CALCULATION

Total pressure kndwn

DZ&

Static pressure knw

mass Flax

i =12.8-1b/see

Total Temperature

T =540

DUcr Diametr

D = ft

Pressure

STotal

Static PI-essure

= 1-4.7

psi

p=1.2 psi

I
,

..

_"

~~P.tOCIXJRE P-2.1Ia

---

STRIGI IT

Wc-T

C7-I

CA.

~~

&D-

ALI

K-TAK17.)

-35-

I
U

~&IK

i!6~

4)

_______

Li

'(41L1.9A2.

IE~

(4jhg~). I

(~)

(CA L.C

7~1

______

I (~0/,3:),
I

I1

-1

I
-

-9--

--

.2

?JOEWRE P-2- I
STKM)Glfr w~cY (r-MCEk

IRO
5,0

42

~~oj-

30

-$7

CAZ~C

CALC
0-.941

DLAI

IIO

-'-7

-cil

~-

CAL

Pa -P

aell

Il

-I

' -/

L -----[A.

]c-oL
SKIrur,

AO

-~

at

at

13

-1)
a

____________________-~.--~--

rE~

1.945

eAt-c

l~o7

I
1

i-I

152j

1.34-

I
-

0.882

'A>

00

05

04

UA

NAL

iN -aon-

P~k)

NPox

[I
3
]

1
U
U
U
U

m
*

US
0

'a

~1

40

~SImAqb

15

0-It

.-

I7r~J
7
-~

ii-

D-'I

4113
a

-j

ILI
Ar0

O;Lk.JM

3EtpcEEwL9TflVMlfl

MI

0tMA

C-

0.8

alIIItVa
EK04E

3-XXC7

CAC)LA

-1,11

yAi

__

FRM

-DOL

-RE

J.

-V--

-41-

F~J!(EFJC

va~

'PaLt

001.

-W

D>

2- ---

aw

-7 8

-r7HI.
i

t~~

4
0 -7
L

A.

0 .2"

8
00

IRt

AL

O-8

CAi

-Z

61~~

/3.-b~.42

L02-<IWrEGr1-

riiogW2.6~f ~RE

______________r~Acj~

Ci

AEft

0.68

.0

U<

94

-C

I!

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- -

.4.4.4

1'

if
-e 56

'4-

--

Ja..
.4

>

4*-a~.4~.49
-if

4-----'4

.. 4.4...444~

4 ~
*4
p.

-.

~-

.4
-9--.-..

..

L.H
if
4~~
if

v-

44

___

-. 4.

ip-

.4

.4

.4
S

L~

.4.-

9--

.4
-

~-~.4--I~

:-

!~*~--.-.
~-----.4--.-~---------------~---~----~-..
49~..4*.
4...

--

.4.

0-

9
S

.4

.4
.4

--

-- 4.

.4

-s

-a

'

-i

*l
,-

- .J.* -

"i1 -

-.

---

-t
-

....
-

-i

-:_..
...."

,,

at

*,

__-. ..
-

.0-...
.

--

i
...

:-

- --_
.

--

:- .-

....

". " _-

"

---- ."
-

- --

T:
-

,:
---

.:.

: -

-:-

. -

--=

:- =:

3---

"-

-p

._-

;
-

_-- _.-._-__

IL

----

S-

a-4-...

- S-

:
7 a" -7
U

._

..

---

*.
.

~- ." -*i

--

..r

- --

- 5 - t-

...
-

-..

'

.- -- -.

S'
.

..-

.-

" ,
,

....

..
-

I,

- - -

..

-~

--

---

~ ...
-. - i
.- .. -, . -

....-

...

..

-"=

-i -- !

'

-: ". _ .V.. -.

..

..

..

-- --

"

. ~- -

"

"

. .. ..-.

-,

--

4.

"-

.. .

-""

-'

,.

e-

"

._-

"- 5 --' -"'

_--

U
V

-4.
.9
-U

--.-

----

--

N
$
-U
'S

--K-

IV

~1-

~.

__

___

.9

---

___

A.

----.

-.

---

cl~

';o~cj sso'-]

~i~v

puz~g

-94-

5. 0

AMLUC TI M OF CALULATM PFROCED


DUCT SYSTEM"

ES TO A

The azm re- syot


m
a Flare I u
cosen to Illustrate the
applicaon c de caculadc. proceuhzes and to provide ar example
comperlam of pres

e and po er lo - ses fm diferesm dnca diame-

mrs. Tw results c de cal=Iatioas ir three different duct diameters of : "I

a sysam are zabgalted in Table 5- L. The presv-%e

losses and power looes are pkmeii in fV.

re 2. Ne tbe severe

Increase in aculed loses as the duct djamer decreases.


The xe

los pealry asociaed wizh the duca pressure losses has

been calculated from a linearized analysis described in Secdon 5.2.


The pressurc losses are so iarge: howeverd,
that e linearzed
analysis should be regarded as giving only appromimaze esfimaes
of the power pecalties.

--- I

-Is-

@411IiI~
I
I

..1

'C

U)

-~

**1'

"a

~LA4

II

ii;

0-

WI

-_______

________
--

______

0-

-o

IF4

M4.

-ss
isc

ssr

ii

L-oi

IO

CA-

_W

MS

-AMFW

FOR VAW

wEIr M3IhaEM

3iTAjM VDT fw1* Uw t"W at 15 lbft)


V= ~amwm

ptreLe

a&)

LW)

reft LAWpon5

18

0a

12

CL.77

L165t

L3

LS

1L41

UHKuSr WCT (uI& fOwumat 16 bj


Do= D~mw-Tcm)
P-reav.r- Ls (J*f)

1I
0.5
4 2.0

12
1
4.05 9-7233 -5-88

TAM E 5- L(Cm 4
M3

'WSE .

*i

-;..) E,

-.. IG MAC H -.WI

FOR EACH

'ftK
TS

-mrXJ

4--.e

up=

of

CAD

Ii

3XTAKE
0m4c.
-102
SU~~~

ses
o9,

jo..,s

+-"IO'j

e960

R.D-I.C
-0- 162

960
90n

a
I

102

LDz).4
-

0.996
0.999

0.996

t D-1-.33
,

0_
o.246
0-

0.246

TOTAL I AKE
SYSTEM:

-0'W2

-.
00

0.96

a c

0.9r

'%2

~2e

-Dz7.9

0.993

RD
L "

.;2-0

Su,

i
0.0

" U-230
S 0.23,
0.9a

90

S--Ln dut
@e

IO

0.94

EXHA-. T
Exit

0-

Straigt duct
&-w,

Straigtc .uzz
0180

TOTAL EXHAUST
SYSM

-78

", i,-7

0.991

L. D =23. 3

.0.175

0.995

R-DO.

0.997
0.998

L D=12
R D=2,66

0.174
0.173

0,980

0-4
.33
r,!

0-935

L 1

0.360

0.974

RE-

040.067
--

L E
993
90.
00..eT1

..

%.i I-rER..

2-

)A

R D--3.0.-9

9p

Ove

Irnw

R D--0

L.D-D

NE%-T

-MB l F
FOIE. AO Srcmi

,L.&O

! 20

0-.990

R.

MM

0,2.8

25a5Ii,
.1
l

.4.AI -2-

0.

.e

0.7to;
o.7

-,

SM

L0.4.67., .

9.3

0-976

R D2-67

L,; 1; -.
7.9-

0.42

=2
LDz~

.5
;.i 0 N30

L D=V7.2.5

0.93?5

0370
o.;

R, D=1.0

iLD=28

D.6ss

o4wo
0,
L. D =23.3

0.965
093

R D=0.750,7

.974
0.9W,

.S47s

LD-3

.700

0.947
0.O

R~)o

20z
-It

2e top

;'. t

R ..
D=2.t
..

om"T

D-2-

R 0-,2.0

C-2,, o96

Se

Pe

Mc

---

OI

I-I

0.810

l0.490
.

L D=5!

II
R/D4.0

0.99 3
.

'

0.425

@j

0.991

R 0=5.33

15 %/iSac

mam
am

Tmeamrae

4g

Pressure

ptl

Dwa diamcw:

D
A

a 0 ft,

bMcb aMiber

14.7 P31a

w-.rjD/47-C. 442 ft2

P- ia

II

BeIIimouth &inrance; P-311

4 TL

D)

1.47
1. 42

P./PO*

4 T l , ADui

0. 03

4TL ma/Dy2

1.47 -0.03

M2-0.465
Po/.*

P02/'PoIleLt.

1. 4i

0.993

=1.44

Bwd..%&S ge.; P-7. I

.0.

use of, sa

i5

. 75

Re

2.00
M 0.460

.KI =019
8 P
0

01 -

p0 1 ~0.
PO benci

9875

.1 x

emoc.
u
Mach~ Mimbg fo

loe

-91 -

Mach ).wjmber (abr- CIGRe-c-pe comt)P-1

cu

-o

mrx
p A

Po2

ao.93)

o94%
0gs.

9,5

..

0- 931-

0. 373
0.931

-o

a.401

M2 -- 0.507
Staight Duct ; 0-2. 1

D = Iin. =0. 75ft


L = 33.5ft

06
Re = 2. 1 x 10
z /D = 0.

.0181

X5/.75

4!T 9.D -0.


Y 2 =0. 507;

4-

L/D=44.7

max)

0.00067

09
)

4T

(4fLI)

amax)
V3

PO

M 3 0. 7

P-

Po 2

0.820

-Lo /2

.5=

.09

1.33

.05-0.8909

-92-

-- --- = 2.67
D 0.75
M 3 =G.7
Re a2.1 x to,

CPO 0

.074;

K1,

18w1. 29 (Oeptobably

rchokes)

=0.0237

Po

Li

040. 976

[m

0.40,

"

-0=0.501.- fi
P0 4 A

Po 2 A
M4 =0.75

()

Diffuser ; P-6.1
_ _ _ _ _-_

_.

. ...

..

4.5

tan e

7)(2" 0.0972, e

55

2e.

K# W1.0

D5S

A5

A4

182

,2

2e- il.I

92
0

4 =0. 75

CP O 0. 112
KDw 2. 0 (No.

no da

DC O o 2 4
may choke)

------ =0.061
Po
4

o5

0.939

M 4 = 0.75

m-

= 0.501

Po 4 A4
ro-n
04

M 5 -0.121

i. i ill~l iiii i

i iii5

p04 A4
Po5 A

501
(0-. 939) (4. 0)

.0.

0.224

:.

:
.,-,.1

P rese Ritio AJ Ina, ML


ct

R1(0
3 (Q.820) (0.

6 (0 . 939)

Exhaus Dut
m

- 16 lb/sec

P5

= 9in.

= 0. 442 ft2

14.7 psia

Mach Number ; P- I
b
p-

M.

0. 662

0.688

Straight Duct ; P-2.2


L =38.25

0.75
- O=500 O

Re 15.

0. 70

L51

D
001l82

m5

G. 688 ; (41[

4T

D0.225

M4 =0.49

D5

0. 225;

.- 0.928 =1. 153

14

=1.36

0.810
p04
Bend, 180

; P-7.2
1.0

M4 =0.490

Re =1.1 x ,L0

Cp0 = 0.177
Assume M3 = 0. 470
KB

i.

p,

0 86

K B Cp 0

030.,025

0.192

0.97975I

Po

=.0

-21.1

Da

4-.s20.

- -0006;

4 D 0-7518
LD

=
4

2i

o-

-n

G-51r
-'a~

467 Ta
4. I

=.

~)

-Po293

~ 5 = 1.86

. 5

J2

p
O.

12

0.92

4~~t !,

K4

425

1-63

i LCPO =0-C7 46

.0I-

eol

MTc

CLO;

99

"1A

M.2
- 0.3

PNcssare iRario c :Ez.:Zz

C.~~(

~C\(

.2

Thc~~~a2G
fti
6)

4eas2

24-

%-

QLa

\oi

k /1

Pn

Ii

Assume :rt ie

-* Izes choked

(1) InCrease in turbine exhaus- pressure,P4


Lwx

w
BP4

\m

)3

I
TO

p4

P 3

I;k

- ,

Airiply by P4

awx

8!' -

k-I/k

-o3\p3

,.Cpa ri-r

P4
Lex

r~Po
= ~

P4 ol
6

design pressure ratio

-4

Uinea rizing

F
a(

To3

1C -7

Ik+jjj

&a

I\k-l/k

k-I

IjA)
p

"I

!!
ma

(2)

Pi

Decrease .in conpressor inlet pressure, p0 1 :

Assume compressor pressure ratio does not change


P4

SP4

Po3

Po2

Pot;

ma)1T

Po0l'

1 + mf
Matil

rJnT C

p0 3

po3

rpJl Po

o3 k-I
k r4

4
r P'l

Py

011
M

-01--

L1nearizing,

ww x

Al?

=,i+
+fl.. -1 1
+
i+

,C

T hV \1/
o3I
-/

Numeri"zl Example
Turbine conditions:

Fuel-Air RatiG - 3. 014 lb fuel/lb air


Efficiency - 0.70

SHP - 1100 If

Turbine Inlet Temperature - 2060R


Design Pressure Ratio - 6.5

Assume

=0.24,

k= 1.4

k-1

(104
( X01)0. 70) (0. 21) (0. 286) (2060)(.

= 83. 1

I-P/lb/sec

A 1f -)

anCCT &

Inlet;

= 15 lb/sec

83.1

'PTh soc

28678
_)
77

p0PO

P"'0"10,

t.-

14.7

..
..'aum
-/ . PeEM
_P0
A ll

14a7

-(IS) (83.3) (0. 3)

=~

375 It

Exhaust:
S=_m

ma

16 lb/sec

CT

83. 1 IP/lb/sec

M4

- 0.425

0.883;

P4 - Pctm
Patm

=* -

= 23.4 psi

21.2 - 14.7
14.7

(6)(83.3)(0.405)

-588 If

O
0.442

FC

NOMENCLAWERE

CPo
A

Total pressure loss coefficient


Crossametoa
duct,

ft

DEquvalet diaeterof nion-circular cross-section duct,


4 x wetted perimeter
KB

Pressure coefficient compressibility factor for bends

KD

Pressure coefficient compressibility factor for diffusers

K0

Bend angle loss factor

Duct length, ft

Lmax

Duct length to attain m =1i.0o, in a constant area duct, ft

Mach Number

Gas constant, lb force

Re

Duct Reynolds Number, pV D/jj

Re
T
*V

ft/lb mass,R.-

Inlet length Reynolds Number, p Vx/.L


Temperature,

0R

Velocity, ft/sec

Local velocit:,

SC L::,, ft/sec

Friction factor. ACi

. .veloped fno

NOMENCLATURE, (Cont' d)

Friction factor, Ink: laminar length

Friction factor, inlet turbulent length

go ~constant

32.2 lb imn:-ss-fr/lb force-sec 2

Ratio of specific heats

Mass flow rare, lb mass/sec

Pressure, psf

Screen-olidity

open area in screen/ducE area

Distance from duct entrance, ft

Duct wall roughness, ft

Greek,

29e

Angle between diffusei walls, degrees


,V'iscosity, lb mass/sec-fr

Density, lb mass/fr

Angle of duct band, degrees

Superscripts
*State

at M 1,O0

NOMENCLATURE (Concl, d)

-,

Subscripts
0

I2.

2,

tr
21

Stagnation or total state; condition of fluid brought to


rest isentropically
SfI
State downstr
upstream
Stare
earnof ofcomponent
component
Transition point from laminar to turbulent flow
State, four diameters downstream of state I

Special Nomenclature for T1urbine Perormance


Clculadon
C

specific heat, Btu.R


k-I

CT

turine power constant

iF

net power delivered by turbine unit, horsepower

Wx

net shaft work, ft. lbs/lb. of air

In

mass flow rate of fuel, lbs/sec

ma

mass fLow rate of air, lbs/sec

rp

/"design pressure ratio

?12

compressor efficiency

71T

turbine efficiency

0.

I
a.i

+-

qr CT I-To

-1I07-

0IBL 1OGRAPHY

1.

Design Data Sheet, Dopartnent of the Navy, Bureau of Ships,


DDS 3801-2, 22 July 195(1.

2.

Shapiro, A. H. The _Dynamics' and Thermodynamics of Cornpressible Fiuld Flow. V(-. 1, Ronald Press, New' York, 1953.

3.

Keenan, J.H., and Kaye,

3. Gas Tables, John Wiley ard Sons,

New York, 1948


Note: Compressible Flow Tables are also available in:
Shapiro, A. H., Hawhoriie, W. R., and Edelman, G. M. The
Mechanics and Thermodvl,:"mics of Steady One-Dimensional
Gas Flow with Table.

r,

,merical Solutions, Meteor Rep-ort

No. 14, Massachuse

:cute of Technology-Ga'

Program, Cambric. ,

dissilps

1947; and

Shapiro, A. H., H8:4,

\V. R., and Edelman, G. M. The

Mechanics and Ther.. ,

nics of Steady One-Dimensional

Gas Flow, in Handbook of Supersonic Aerodynamics, INAVORD


.Report 1488, Vol. I.
4.

Moody, L. F. Friction Factors for Pipe Flow, Transactions of

the A. S. M. E., November 1944.


5.

Keenan and Neumann, Measurements of Friction in a Pipe for


Subsonic and Supersonic Flow of Air, Jour. Appl. Mech., Vol. 13
No. 2(1946), pA-9i.

Best Available Copy

Mispaphy f~ad}
6. LA

H L.- Smndy Vi, b do TrMd b

z,

WKm

h ca

5.Im
a.IL.

is die

of Swaioh 76=d I'M".

ACA T 1M115, No-

..
5iza,
and Sm
A-IL

7.

-a-r 19aL
S.

Hmry. J.I.

at
esp P

m Pm

Lons Cracorisucs at Icz QC.omim

ndoes Pressurea N C& WR L-20S,

1944.

9.

Hall. W. .. andOrme, &_..

Plowmoa Cwpressible hdd

lthxu&g a Suddwu Enlargemem In a Pipe. Pr 2Lngo h


Iwze of Mechanical EM;!ns, Vol. 169, No. 49, 1955.
10.

Cole B.N. and Mills, B. Thmry of Sudden Enlargements


Applied to the Pope ExtAast-valve. with Special Reference

to Exhatc-pulse Scavreqgira Proceedings of the Institute of


4edinicha
Engineers. Vol. 1IL P 364.
11.

Hunsaxer, J. (.. and Rightmire, B. G. Engineering Applications


of Fluid Mechanics, McCtaw-Hill, 1947.

12.

Cornell, W. G. Losses in Flow Normal to Plane Screens,


Transactions of the A. S. M. E., May, 1958.

13.

Patterson, G.N. Modern Diffuser Design, Aircraft Engineering,


September, 1938.

t14.I

Sp10d Flow

Ymo&~ADL, mdGreen G. L Tomsotft

In dfus

of Recanpula: Croas-scdou,

R&M No. 2201,

BridA A. LC, July 1944.

15.

Uzze., B H.. Jr.. and Wilbur, S.W. ftrkirma


and
Boudary Layer Data from 12P ad 23 C
Diffusers of
Area Rado 2.0 at Mach

-numbers up to Coki

and Reynolds

Kumbes up to 7. 5 x 1 6, NACA Report 1201, 1954.


16.

Young A.D., Grew. G.L. and Owen. P. R. Tests of HighSpeed Flow in Right-angled Pipe Bends of Rectangular CrossSectice

17.

R&M No. 2066. British A. R.C., October, 1943.

Higginbotham. J. T.. Wood, C. C., and Valentine, E. F. A


Study of the High-Speed Performance Characteristics of 900
Bends In Circular Ducts, NACA TN'3696, June. 1956.

18.

Friedman, D., and Wescphal, W. R., Experimental Investi-

gation of a 900 Cascade Diffusing Bend with an Area Ratio of


1. 45: 1 and with Several Inet Boundary Layers, NACA TN 2668,
April, 1952.

i
19.

Grey, R. E., Jr., and Wilsted, H. D., Performance of Conical


Jet Nozzles in Terms of Flow and Velocity Coefficients, NACA
TN 1757, November. i948.

20.

von Karman, T., Compressibility Effects in Aerodynamics,


Journal of the Aeronautic .. Sciences, July, 1941.

1.

l-

DEC
YN HCororalA
AT

630

ASSAHUSETS
AENU

CAMBRDGE
9,
MASACHSETT

61788015
-UN

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