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A* IT
DDC.-
CLEARINGHOUSE
SIecdra
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DY N AT E C
1/
ji
lC
-
Re:No-~ 26.
x-;a
P~SSCSS C-,CojU-K
T1-RYoi
L- C kwzaia
U. S. NAVY
Bureau
Pcf
DYNATECH CORPORA.TION
639 Massaichusetts Ave-.,ue
CaImbridge 39, Massachusetts
SURI
TABI E
O U NTNE
YTS
LIST O- PROCEXJRES
LIST OF
ES=G
0 tAIS
ii
V
I
PREFACE
1. 0
INTROLUCTIMM
2.0
AND GENERAL
INTRODUCTION TO PARAMTE1I7E
METHOD OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2. 1
Mach Number
2.2
2.3
Total Temperature
Mass Flew Parameter and the Con, nujy
2.4
9
10
Relation
2.5
17
18
3.2
Area Change
20
20
21
22
26
3.3
Bends
26
3.4
29
4.0
30
4. 1
30
4.2
E.amples
4.3
...
._
31
32-
PROCEDXURES
33.
DES!GN CHAPRS
65
5.0
84
5.1
89
89
94
99
5.2
NOMZN CLATJ RE
103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
107
LIST OF PROCEiDRES
P- I
Mach Number
P-2
Srraight Duct
2.1
2.2
j
P-3
Intake Duct
Exhaust Duct
3.2
5.2
Intake Duct
Exhaust Duc-
43
43
Intake Duct
Exhaust Duct
45
45
Diffusers
6.1
Intake Duct
Exhaust Duct
47
49
7.1
Intake Duct
7.2
Exhaust Duct
51
53
6.2
P-7
41
P-6
39
F-5
35
37
P-4
33
Bends
Page
P-8
*'
P- 9
Intake Duct
8.2
55
55
ust Dat
L/D >
57
30
9. 2
:x
9. .
9.2.2
tr
I(
61
<
< 30
59
61
63
D-I
65
Ca)
66
D-2
Reynolds Nurrber, Re
67
D-3
68
D-4
Friction Factor,
69
D-5
D-6
4T
(fully developed)
4
70
71
T
Lmax
D-7
4T
D-8
Sharp-edged ilets
7.3
D-9
74
75
76
77
(c), (d)
-13 (a)
(b)
and
72
78
79
00
vi
LIST OF DESIGN CHARTS (cont' d)
Page
D- 14 Loss Coefficient,
vs
81
83
I
7!
a inlaraShee6t
As -we
-OdIO
thjnatejilialle
-ecesarj=for the -required pFoceduial
anddat s,serio
w~-eaizedtha Tis-repoit* w ud be of, miore; value
t6:hoe ho areu Itlnae.- ep
l f& pieprartIoA and the~ peiirevision;-anfd;jr _0nb-thd e
DataShetsandphas
*a4Ot-t
Sin
P q)ior~edols, were -b
'1,Abrifitioduct~i o td -parameters:-and
genri, rneth6ds of
compOressible Qigh-speed). flw;TIh calciulation
procedures,
and the govering fw p-rmes
case qrt
different- fir those met .in cMlcUlhrind incor~pr
essible*(o
speed)- du tflws.- We-hope that the short
intrdco -included
asScin
fTe tpr
ill 4e helpful to Ehoqe -who are prirnar ily' familiar with- the -methodss of incom~pressible
flow cdlc'Uiations,
in-uniderstanding the procedures recommendedin--this
report, and
appreciating SQme of the rpasbnis for thetr con p,,.4Kty Wiaa
compared to Incompressible methods.
Z-
ptohr
baCr
-retica-
We havE atter'tedto make -the design charts anid calculation procedures as complete as -po.sible. 'Ii masthat, in some cases, where
daaIs iflcomplete or inconclusive, we -have made for the designer the
deisio,--and judgemenis that wudconfront him, if he, were wbrking
d_;,,.c
felt it would be-useful to iclude in our report som~e specific indications of the-sources-and. methods which led to our recommendations.
We hope that these no%~s will be useful if a critical -review Is made of
these methods at some later time when, presumably, more high speed
duct flow data will be available in the literature. These notes on methods
James R. Turner
*Project Manager
Approved by:
_________
L.C. HoagXhnd
1-0
."ThOWalO
sl now*,
o
at uL
of9 1:/sc and ess- For
es, Aan, press=&: a ses =y be esumaz wirh
ne&g4ie
1 enpi
by
;b
~prim tl t e gas Is ;M ii'couiressft!-izd This zsiuex
L-ies tI
va-kmizns
are salM aod -a be goored in caeu
mrhbo 1s. Pressre lcss
cllcw,~ umediods ft~ low sppwd-Gows b"s~ b 'accuV.-amible asumatcm haie beau coIcted and ormallzed inl
:esce I. -
2.
r~'
&..;.:
the
r prssu.re losses, or loss cefficiei::s which cha::.
---I:
--
-.
-
hU
-5-
2.0
OF COMPRESSELE FLOW
Accountring for gas compressibility effects in the calculation of ducting
pressure losses, necessary for high speed duct flows, introduces
several new variables into the caiculations.
Mach Number
The Mach Number is the basic measure of the relative importance
of compressibility effects. The Mach Number is the ratio of the fluid
velocity to the local speed of sound:
-
M =Vc
where
V = fluid velocity
c
RT
Only subsonic duct velocities (i. e., M < 1. 0) have been considered.
For Mach Number M <0. 2, compressibility effects are small, and
incompressible calculation methods can be applied with sufficient
accuracy.
-6-
....
without incurring any losses in the deceleration. The total pressur is the pressure measured by a Pitot tube, or an "impact" probe. For
incompressible flow, the total pressure is the sum of the static pressure and the velocity head.
PO
2g
P
p ++ 2 go
(2.1)
where
p0
fluid density
fluid velocizy
---
op-
(2
.2)-
specivey.
and. so,
i
ol
Po2 =
2.
(2.4),
-0
sible (i.
e. i high speed) flowv.
For a compressible flow, the simple relation between total pressure,
st.tic pressure, density, and stream velocity given by Equation 2. 1
cannot be applied directly. This equation does nor apply -because the
fluid density will change during the deceleration; that is, the density,
....
_'go,
1~1
.?.o _--
ewhere k
(2.5)
V
V
2(.6
Ti'
so-that,
rp01
-. -02
.
PO
1~.
2 7)
11 2
P02 ,
C
P"
Ck
-1 k 14I 2
k - 1 M2
Ik/ K<'.
2
(2.8)
and Po
.are known for a given ducting component, the exit total pressure for
l'..L
-9-
2.3
Total Temperature
in cefinition. That isj 'i is the tempeiatWrq whicha gas stream Would
teach if it weredecelerated to zero vel6city. It is best expressediA
re ns of the .ach Nurhber
T~k-12
-2
_~
T'2
(29)
where
T
total.temperature
of-stream
decelerated
to zero(temperature
velocity)
startl- temperatureo((teriperatufe ofthe
flow.hg gas stlram)
Unlike the tbtal pressure, however, the total temperature is un"afflcted by,.osses.
tempera.ture is the temperature of the atmosphere (i. e., the temperature of the inlet air when It was at zero veloCity), and is constant
throughout the inlet ductin..g; for a gas turbine exhaust duct flow, the
total temperat ,ure is determined ~by thed exhaust condiffon at 'the' turbine,
and is -cnstant~throughot~the e6chagsr ducting.
The-assumption of.Adiaba'tc flow in the-Intake duct As qtitp accurte,
since-only siall-temperature differendes exist b~tweerr the-uruct flow,
and-ihe' sut roundings. For the hot,exhaust flow, 'the Adidbatic condiion -is~nor~so nearly achieved, thugh-insig' fi ar errior is, probably
introducea'16r insulated ducting. 'To ae.coufrt f6 thpe ffects othieaEtransfer to~thd surroundings in thi ekhaizst-duct flowW ould'preclude
any simpole calcula tion,.riithod.'fo r the exhau#t duct flow lqss6s.,
"K
-2.4
.p AV
pAV
(2.10)
Sintce density i's constant barwvean any two sections, the velocity will
change-ofilyby vi'ttue of nn aroa change. in, 4.6ornpressib1e low,,
however, velocity Oha.ngces (and thus -clanges 'in;;ach--Number')- .caiW
occur in a constant area dL~cr, becauise~ of changes in density resulting
from,.pressure losses. ?'hus, the-continuity relation must be appliedalong with the loss relatjins to determine Mach Number chan~ges accompa~nying ducting component losses. For Compressible flow, the
continuity reldtion maybe coinveniently expressed As
01 0. 532 F(M)
(2.11)
where the constant 0. 532 applies for a gas of k =1. 4 and molecular
weight of 29. The function of Mach Number, F (M), is
----
------
-F(MY
)
'
Ths untonis~terei
30-ofRefeience 3.
~uae
.2
Table
2 -/po
iskon
n
from loQsS~coffidient~data
pA
is, denoted the 'mass flow paramneter!, for a given gas' this parqmeter
depends on the Mach Number only. A simila& parameter employing
static pressUre,
pA
can also be determined as a function Qf Mach Number. These paraileters areplotted vs. Mach Number in a later sectiofi, to give a simple
Cosiera
inpl .ucin
IA
2'
0~
A1 andA 9, and--flbwat total t,erip~rature T0 If we assudme thkathre
are-no, losses, polrpo
0
2 rPo' 'Let-us first hold the-ups5t ream total
pressure, pU
0 1. constant and continudu~1y reduce the-downstreamn static,
pressura, p -From Equation- 2. 5,
P2
2~
2 k/k-2.14)
+-
-"+----
+:--
_-._
: + --- "-
532
_-
(2. 15)
JJ
b2I
M
-
Sketch- I shows, the variation -oiF (M) with March Number. As-;IA is
ificiresed, F (M)icreases-r#i
1-1
-
,o
U,
--
/I.
se
M4.I
cachnm,or-tat+ Mac
h
-0. 5k, 2forvarginas-~ lwit
.yt-ch
2I
s
to N~
sure
timuc ead A * ) Thus, as tpes
Sketch I.
anbximum., value at M =,l.01 and then decreases. Thus, for our example, as the pressure p2 is decreased, IM2 will increase :qnd he mass
flow rate will increase
a Mach hntil
"hNumber
M2 -0 is reached, at
whic condition the flow- wi4
a maximrum. This occurs at a value of
-0.5"+8, for a gas-with k = 1. 4. It can- be-shown that the Mach
" OK, umu . cunno; pass through MI2 =1. 0 to supersonic values in the min-.;"
-
-.
ThU
-1J
-14-
--
r shown byS
"S~ke~cla7
NOte
sure p is
ch 2.
"
.O)-isatminei,
te
andpo2 -=
Po
Po2Po22
F (M
F (M)
.p
Al F (M-)
(2. 17)
(2.18)
c ftnlet
Mach
IF(
"
' P6 1
F(t) -Po' A1
--
A1
2.19
I-
-,a-
b-
-w
I,
a.w-~
lach
"
E-i-
,-
~ wil slw
i~~jii~i
4Mthok
~basI~c
izir
lnec
m~wr~
M ch)
an
mN
Ueslha
nlr
e-~n.ic
irii
Uh#W
ibcz
a~iber less-than-
ui'
-with tfpe-
Thea~~-i 4iictn..:cw
.iutec system.*,-ige
-ubeils~taEd~ h nexa' ble. Sipo
-har-uve witb -to-design6,
anin~jum
size ~~snr~rLi
r
-rd~zfor.
a !gzs curbine . Thiefair j$ Eobe ran-fonatmspe~i~LIiions ot~~
-;.d-T ate-fixed;'-
S-erh
3I
10required~tui -bine~iIas
gIe
IrItXsevl-
-7be ppbsfizs
.4 cisi so hrT
&OlolOt
wi. fbjt:zai
valueofF(MY,
ic
nin
the ,maxitxrnrn
cisatMl(lo()
hal-tloe
will
an&
iud
pecfite
1)th
AA
when-ahb s~cif'Ied-values, of in
and p0 aeinserted. If d duct
any-smaller- than this wet e-u sed,. the specified,.mass flow would ~not
be 4ttAined, cegardless of -how,low the gas -turbine :conpressor reduced thie pressurevdt the-duct exit.
-n
.0
0.532
Po2 A
Since-_p 0 2 ig 1es than po the duct area required-to admiR the specMfad flow becomes larger thin -for the short inlet duct, -because of
the duct losses. The limiting inlet Mach Number will N;~44all- than
unity.
'.NeAir
ciOking, d-- tict
~~--4int
pr
1
2.6
=pRT
is valid I&r the duct flows consider ed. In addition-, the, char ts have
been prepared -for a gas, with ratio of specific:,heats of .1.
4, and -mo1ecifar weight,'29. thiese values will apoly!'Wirhh tiffcient -accuracy
to-either atmospheric inlet ar, or gas tWrbjine exhaust gases.
. ............
-18-
Reference 7 shows
that, for
-20-
Area Change
3. 2. 1 Abrupt.Aiea Inc-reas
w~t
I
-21-
onld
~eoso
imtr f0onte
-indi
nh
~mixing- of
sudden cotrin,
screens, shdr tr-ed~red entrances, etc.) the- toll
pr-essure loss and Mach 'Number chan're.zttributed to that domponont
have likewise been taken to include 4 downstream duct diam~ters, on
'the basis -of the experiimenta.- evidence of H1a'l .Jhd Qtine .(ind ot!-ers,
e-g., Reference 13),, unlass some'data to the contrary has been aVailable for, that component
Sketcih I
/'
*As shown in. Sketchi1, the-flow -is aissumed -to sgepar 'e,*frm the
sharp0-'cor ter, of t1, tea achange to prqduqe a frie streamiline fow,
contracting-zto the streatube area, A. IturVbulent mixing then
6CCUErS between sectionis-2h alnd'until the.fiow fills the area-A2 ,
at essentially constant veloity adrossrEh6-duct dibssetidn. The
2is-treatedas an.abiupr Area Eicrease, as
flow from .9ecton- 2"1t io
iiSection 3.2. 1. The area Am1rtfstbe related to the
~khowhn ekeasi A1 and A2 by experimenft, since there' is -no analy
tical mntjifo&fpq prediction. Values-of area tatio A,"/4- 'have been,
t~knfrm
te dta-ortlatonsof 'Referenice. 12,-w1~cbLgiies the
dedi
*of
'HoWever, there Is not- sufficient data yet available- to: ihtide such
effectJn a ~generaizcorrelation, so -that We must, Je1 o'correlations
,peifpirmance. with geometry alone. -Such, correlations exhibit considerdbl e, scatter of the data, because-of the-influenice of the effect~s
noted, above, and so. ate subject to some uncertainty in-, calculation.
The most comnplete correlation-available in-the-opefiliterature is-that
.of -Patterson, Reference 13. The design curves, of desig chart- D-11
of this, report, taken from the correlAtionis.of Patterson, are recommtended for determination of inopesbeflow losses -In conical
diffusers.
Various schemes-have been proposed for correlating rectangular
diffusers with conical;, the method recom~mended here is to assumie,
the loss Ida -diffuser of redtang lar cros-section to be that of aniequivalent conical-diffu'ser circumscribed about-the rectangular dif-;
fuiser,, as in the following sketch.
RECTANGULAR
70nc
~
-.
CIRCUMSCRIBED
CONICAL DIFFUSER
-~~~
-~-
-------
9ih spe
3.
'The -inlet-v*
elocift distributtion -has bcen showm Eo-affect-diffaiser
itecnb
usedarea riosabou
6:1 an bru
araincreas z sm
wall angle,
gr~aier 'rzn40
gr
50.
-26-
Bends
Loss data for bends are shown in design chart D:12k in the form of aI
low speed (incompressible) flow loss coefficient, and a Macn Nuinbe:
--
27-
=.e.2d
-ou
L,-ev,--Lfc=
e-
&Z- ha
-aa
l.aFZ.
in-
rn-
ress.I-l s
fMach &%.arv--s
2frwix0.tl.. d z -sm as.
t~e P--.,
f 2 fii Dr
~tduhx vns aen is a
as
&-m. f
coS p
a-c
iiFfres
a
0-
rrs(
o:-z2: as for,
in conk=zSneze.. Reee~e 1, b
errecd-rarwes fix kzads wazfmm ,
cm
frcDo
~
naSPT-.&,s prcare,.~~fi
-a
yc= g
i=2ds
o:e,
of;-,r
C-cine
w-.' z!eso
'
'Xear900bzfbva
is Eta
is
cID a
--
4 siipa
i_2s
ba
b azd
Rc.-
:-..
;l
the
x -g
e
loscef-iet f
a sarp-e: .sed (i.e.,
&~mdcz
flaw area) and upsiream &uctF
~zadrclyfo
ee~ce 2 and re
in:-eke damt~
Carn-lls
cacua-nsj
for shaip-edged screens have beea eatended for screens a. dze inlet of
a sh~rp- edged enzrar-., bssed on an enr~apoiation of the-data for conslcmin design chart D-S.
}
*
*
4.0
4. 1
I.~ ~
-.
ivn.as initial -datifor the calu
(4
2.
3.
--
Directicos-for calculation are shown on lin !s connecting elemets; e.g., dle s-'~ezece
-2 is tobe eatred
Lcaic.
AL
JC4
-
JLI
-33-
ind
inadicates that 4 f, which is a result fpeiosccuatio,
L/D, which is knowrvas iial data, are to be coinbined'by cadto give 4f(L/D). Here, the equatlin required~for cal-cases whee
4 -I x L/.Iq
obvious; i.e.;- 4fU.L/D)
ibe ecpariba isno ob-4ous, it-ts incluciedin the box contaifing
the result, osin the-SO~ec
-culation
-culationis
-caic
Pa'o
D-
-2
Examziples
E amples ilustrating the x.;e ,~f each procedu re diagram follow the
diagraff. Each box contains die numnerical result of using the design
cbari; or of calculation as prescribed by th.- procedure diagram.
-32-_
4.3
f -
Closely-Coupled COMPOnentEs
~Area canges. ben&, and screens are assumed-rto~beflo
bye
dfam erert of straight duct 'MWhich the flow-mi~xes and srabAlizes.
When two coMPOI~t-IL-1 are nrz.&sebarated-by 4 duct-diameters, the-calcW6oA-procediire is imodifiedas feollows:
L. 'Thw pressureIss of the first-comnijenz is detrmined-in the
Usual mananer.-
2.
3.
Ldn
LPod
seconid compoir,-4
*in
-33-
-PROCEDURE P-i
* "
.-
...............
I
"
9'
af.1
am4
"
-PROCEURIR
-i
hJAdH MMBERk CALCULATION
DZ&
mass Flax
i =12.8-1b/see
Total Temperature
T =540
DUcr Diametr
D = ft
Pressure
STotal
Static PI-essure
= 1-4.7
psi
p=1.2 psi
I
,
..
_"
~~P.tOCIXJRE P-2.1Ia
---
STRIGI IT
Wc-T
C7-I
CA.
~~
&D-
ALI
K-TAK17.)
-35-
I
U
~&IK
i!6~
4)
_______
Li
'(41L1.9A2.
IE~
(4jhg~). I
(~)
(CA L.C
7~1
______
I (~0/,3:),
I
I1
-1
I
-
-9--
--
.2
?JOEWRE P-2- I
STKM)Glfr w~cY (r-MCEk
IRO
5,0
42
~~oj-
30
-$7
CAZ~C
CALC
0-.941
DLAI
IIO
-'-7
-cil
~-
CAL
Pa -P
aell
Il
-I
' -/
L -----[A.
]c-oL
SKIrur,
AO
-~
at
at
13
-1)
a
____________________-~.--~--
rE~
1.945
eAt-c
l~o7
I
1
i-I
152j
1.34-
I
-
0.882
'A>
00
05
04
UA
NAL
iN -aon-
P~k)
NPox
[I
3
]
1
U
U
U
U
m
*
US
0
'a
~1
40
~SImAqb
15
0-It
.-
I7r~J
7
-~
ii-
D-'I
4113
a
-j
ILI
Ar0
O;Lk.JM
3EtpcEEwL9TflVMlfl
MI
0tMA
C-
0.8
alIIItVa
EK04E
3-XXC7
CAC)LA
-1,11
yAi
__
FRM
-DOL
-RE
J.
-V--
-41-
F~J!(EFJC
va~
'PaLt
001.
-W
D>
2- ---
aw
-7 8
-r7HI.
i
t~~
4
0 -7
L
A.
0 .2"
8
00
IRt
AL
O-8
CAi
-Z
61~~
/3.-b~.42
L02-<IWrEGr1-
riiogW2.6~f ~RE
______________r~Acj~
Ci
AEft
0.68
.0
U<
94
-C
I!
As
*F___ I
A4
0U
FPCERE
P--. 1
PROCEDI E P-4.2
ABRUPT A..EA INCREASE (EXHAUST)
-44-
-S
606
Lip
PROCEDURE P-4.2~
(EXHAUST1)
.7L
__
....
hfh
.1,0
P-3-'
.j'sOCERE
-A
!
i
I
-0!po02
. i-XJ/tE P-5. 2
... _:'T AREA DECREASE (EXI :'AUST)
-I
N!
4D
~I"
S-
N|
PROCEDU/RE P-5.!2
IC
ze
KvC
All
Y7o-
*0-EUR
P-.
DIRSERS(MTAM
40
pAz.,A
b-14
..
-.
-.
--
1j
I
I
Ii
I
ii
I.Cl
1
~:I.
<0
.5
i-i
Li
Id
,i1
.1
*I
I
.1
Dm14
-46-
200
CALII
001~35
4.
CAL.C
0.986y
A.#.
ZG
CALC/4AroP
aPa
CAI.
7"
A*A
p.*,aPe
AApes
~I4
CMe
~~~~oi
_
I__
I__ I
U
U
UU
Th
C4&C
D~Ilc
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U
V
-4.
.9
-U
--.-
----
--
N
$
-U
'S
--K-
IV
~1-
~.
__
___
.9
---
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A.
----.
-.
---
cl~
';o~cj sso'-]
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puz~g
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5. 0
ES TO A
re 2. Ne tbe severe
--- I
-Is-
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I
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U)
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II
ii;
0-
WI
-_______
________
--
______
0-
-o
IF4
M4.
-ss
isc
ssr
ii
L-oi
IO
CA-
_W
MS
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FOR VAW
wEIr M3IhaEM
ptreLe
a&)
LW)
reft LAWpon5
18
0a
12
CL.77
L165t
L3
LS
1L41
1I
0.5
4 2.0
12
1
4.05 9-7233 -5-88
TAM E 5- L(Cm 4
M3
'WSE .
*i
-;..) E,
FOR EACH
'ftK
TS
-mrXJ
4--.e
up=
of
CAD
Ii
3XTAKE
0m4c.
-102
SU~~~
ses
o9,
jo..,s
+-"IO'j
e960
R.D-I.C
-0- 162
960
90n
a
I
102
LDz).4
-
0.996
0.999
0.996
t D-1-.33
,
0_
o.246
0-
0.246
TOTAL I AKE
SYSTEM:
-0'W2
-.
00
0.96
a c
0.9r
'%2
~2e
-Dz7.9
0.993
RD
L "
.;2-0
Su,
i
0.0
" U-230
S 0.23,
0.9a
90
S--Ln dut
@e
IO
0.94
EXHA-. T
Exit
0-
Straigt duct
&-w,
Straigtc .uzz
0180
TOTAL EXHAUST
SYSM
-78
", i,-7
0.991
L. D =23. 3
.0.175
0.995
R-DO.
0.997
0.998
L D=12
R D=2,66
0.174
0.173
0,980
0-4
.33
r,!
0-935
L 1
0.360
0.974
RE-
040.067
--
L E
993
90.
00..eT1
..
%.i I-rER..
2-
)A
R D--3.0.-9
9p
Ove
Irnw
R D--0
L.D-D
NE%-T
-MB l F
FOIE. AO Srcmi
,L.&O
! 20
0-.990
R.
MM
0,2.8
25a5Ii,
.1
l
.4.AI -2-
0.
.e
0.7to;
o.7
-,
SM
L0.4.67., .
9.3
0-976
R D2-67
L,; 1; -.
7.9-
0.42
=2
LDz~
.5
;.i 0 N30
L D=V7.2.5
0.93?5
0370
o.;
R, D=1.0
iLD=28
D.6ss
o4wo
0,
L. D =23.3
0.965
093
R D=0.750,7
.974
0.9W,
.S47s
LD-3
.700
0.947
0.O
R~)o
20z
-It
2e top
;'. t
R ..
D=2.t
..
om"T
D-2-
R 0-,2.0
C-2,, o96
Se
Pe
Mc
---
OI
I-I
0.810
l0.490
.
L D=5!
II
R/D4.0
0.99 3
.
'
0.425
@j
0.991
R 0=5.33
15 %/iSac
mam
am
Tmeamrae
4g
Pressure
ptl
Dwa diamcw:
D
A
a 0 ft,
bMcb aMiber
14.7 P31a
P- ia
II
4 TL
D)
1.47
1. 42
P./PO*
4 T l , ADui
0. 03
4TL ma/Dy2
1.47 -0.03
M2-0.465
Po/.*
P02/'PoIleLt.
1. 4i
0.993
=1.44
.0.
use of, sa
i5
. 75
Re
2.00
M 0.460
.KI =019
8 P
0
01 -
p0 1 ~0.
PO benci
9875
.1 x
emoc.
u
Mach~ Mimbg fo
loe
-91 -
cu
-o
mrx
p A
Po2
ao.93)
o94%
0gs.
9,5
..
0- 931-
0. 373
0.931
-o
a.401
M2 -- 0.507
Staight Duct ; 0-2. 1
06
Re = 2. 1 x 10
z /D = 0.
.0181
X5/.75
4-
L/D=44.7
max)
0.00067
09
)
4T
(4fLI)
amax)
V3
PO
M 3 0. 7
P-
Po 2
0.820
-Lo /2
.5=
.09
1.33
.05-0.8909
-92-
-- --- = 2.67
D 0.75
M 3 =G.7
Re a2.1 x to,
CPO 0
.074;
K1,
18w1. 29 (Oeptobably
rchokes)
=0.0237
Po
Li
040. 976
[m
0.40,
"
-0=0.501.- fi
P0 4 A
Po 2 A
M4 =0.75
()
Diffuser ; P-6.1
_ _ _ _ _-_
_.
. ...
..
4.5
tan e
7)(2" 0.0972, e
55
2e.
K# W1.0
D5S
A5
A4
182
,2
2e- il.I
92
0
4 =0. 75
CP O 0. 112
KDw 2. 0 (No.
no da
DC O o 2 4
may choke)
------ =0.061
Po
4
o5
0.939
M 4 = 0.75
m-
= 0.501
Po 4 A4
ro-n
04
M 5 -0.121
i. i ill~l iiii i
i iii5
p04 A4
Po5 A
501
(0-. 939) (4. 0)
.0.
0.224
:.
:
.,-,.1
R1(0
3 (Q.820) (0.
6 (0 . 939)
Exhaus Dut
m
- 16 lb/sec
P5
= 9in.
= 0. 442 ft2
14.7 psia
Mach Number ; P- I
b
p-
M.
0. 662
0.688
0.75
- O=500 O
Re 15.
0. 70
L51
D
001l82
m5
G. 688 ; (41[
4T
D0.225
M4 =0.49
D5
0. 225;
14
=1.36
0.810
p04
Bend, 180
; P-7.2
1.0
M4 =0.490
Re =1.1 x ,L0
Cp0 = 0.177
Assume M3 = 0. 470
KB
i.
p,
0 86
K B Cp 0
030.,025
0.192
0.97975I
Po
=.0
-21.1
Da
4-.s20.
- -0006;
4 D 0-7518
LD
=
4
2i
o-
-n
G-51r
-'a~
467 Ta
4. I
=.
~)
-Po293
~ 5 = 1.86
. 5
J2
p
O.
12
0.92
4~~t !,
K4
425
1-63
i LCPO =0-C7 46
.0I-
eol
MTc
CLO;
99
"1A
M.2
- 0.3
C.~~(
~C\(
.2
Thc~~~a2G
fti
6)
4eas2
24-
%-
QLa
\oi
k /1
Pn
Ii
Assume :rt ie
-* Izes choked
w
BP4
\m
)3
I
TO
p4
P 3
I;k
- ,
Airiply by P4
awx
8!' -
k-I/k
-o3\p3
,.Cpa ri-r
P4
Lex
r~Po
= ~
P4 ol
6
-4
Uinea rizing
F
a(
To3
1C -7
Ik+jjj
&a
I\k-l/k
k-I
IjA)
p
"I
!!
ma
(2)
Pi
SP4
Po3
Po2
Pot;
ma)1T
Po0l'
1 + mf
Matil
rJnT C
p0 3
po3
rpJl Po
o3 k-I
k r4
4
r P'l
Py
011
M
-01--
L1nearizing,
ww x
Al?
=,i+
+fl.. -1 1
+
i+
,C
T hV \1/
o3I
-/
Numeri"zl Example
Turbine conditions:
SHP - 1100 If
Assume
=0.24,
k= 1.4
k-1
(104
( X01)0. 70) (0. 21) (0. 286) (2060)(.
= 83. 1
I-P/lb/sec
A 1f -)
anCCT &
Inlet;
= 15 lb/sec
83.1
'PTh soc
28678
_)
77
p0PO
P"'0"10,
t.-
14.7
..
..'aum
-/ . PeEM
_P0
A ll
14a7
=~
375 It
Exhaust:
S=_m
ma
16 lb/sec
CT
83. 1 IP/lb/sec
M4
- 0.425
0.883;
P4 - Pctm
Patm
=* -
= 23.4 psi
21.2 - 14.7
14.7
(6)(83.3)(0.405)
-588 If
O
0.442
FC
NOMENCLAWERE
CPo
A
ft
KD
K0
Duct length, ft
Lmax
Mach Number
Re
Re
T
*V
ft/lb mass,R.-
0R
Velocity, ft/sec
Local velocit:,
SC L::,, ft/sec
. .veloped fno
NOMENCLATURE, (Cont' d)
go ~constant
Pressure, psf
Screen-olidity
Greek,
29e
Density, lb mass/fr
Superscripts
*State
at M 1,O0
NOMENCLATURE (Concl, d)
-,
Subscripts
0
I2.
2,
tr
21
CT
iF
Wx
In
ma
rp
?12
compressor efficiency
71T
turbine efficiency
0.
I
a.i
+-
qr CT I-To
-1I07-
0IBL 1OGRAPHY
1.
2.
Shapiro, A. H. The _Dynamics' and Thermodynamics of Cornpressible Fiuld Flow. V(-. 1, Ronald Press, New' York, 1953.
3.
r,
:cute of Technology-Ga'
Program, Cambric. ,
dissilps
1947; and
Mispaphy f~ad}
6. LA
z,
WKm
h ca
5.Im
a.IL.
is die
..
5iza,
and Sm
A-IL
7.
-a-r 19aL
S.
Hmry. J.I.
at
esp P
m Pm
1944.
9.
12.
13.
t14.I
Sp10d Flow
In dfus
of Recanpula: Croas-scdou,
15.
-numbers up to Coki
and Reynolds
Young A.D., Grew. G.L. and Owen. P. R. Tests of HighSpeed Flow in Right-angled Pipe Bends of Rectangular CrossSectice
17.
18.
i
19.
20.
1.
l-
DEC
YN HCororalA
AT
630
ASSAHUSETS
AENU
CAMBRDGE
9,
MASACHSETT
61788015
-UN