Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
QUESTIONSHEETS
AS TOPIC 15
AS Level
Questionsheet
DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
17 marks
Questionsheet
CRACKING
17 marks
Questionsheet
FUELS
16 marks
Questionsheet
16 marks
Questionsheet
ADDITION POLYMERS
19 marks
Questionsheet
POLY(CHLOROETHENE)
15 marks
Questionsheet
22 marks
Questionsheet
CFCs
16 marks
Questionsheet
14 marks
Questionsheet
10
FERMENTATION
14 marks
Questionsheet
11
16 marks
Questionsheet
12
ETHANOL AS A FUEL
16 marks
Questionsheet
13
17 marks
Authors
Trevor Birt
Donald E Caddy
Andrew Jones
Editor
John Brockington
John Brockington
Kevin Frobisher
Andy Shepherd
CP ress
urriculum
The Curriculum Press Unit 305B The Big Peg 120 Vyse Street Birmingham B18 6NF
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 1
AS Level
DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
a) (i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Petroleum from the Middle East is described as heavy crude oil, in contrast to that from the North Sea,
which is light crude. What do these descriptions mean in terms of composition?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) The first major treatment that petroleum receives at an oil refinery is fractional distillation, to separate it into
fractions.
(i)
What is a fraction?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) On what physical property of compounds is the separation based?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) In the space below, sketch a plant used in the primary distillation of petroleum.
[3]
d) Label your diagram in c) to show clearly:
(i)
[1]
[4]
e) Name the material drawn off from the bottom of the plant, and give one of its major uses.
Material ......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Use ................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
f) What is the major difference between the operation of fractional distillation in industry and in the laboratory?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 17
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 2
CRACKING
a) Textbooks say that most naphtha (heavy gasoline) is cracked to give more useful substances.
(i) Why cannot naphtha be used as a fuel in motor cars?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) A typical constituent of naphtha is decane, C10H22. Write two chemical equations to show likely ways in
which decane will undergo cracking.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Give three ways in which the products of cracking are more useful.
1. ................................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................................
3. ............................................................................................................................................................ [3]
b) Both thermal cracking and catalytic cracking are employed in the oil industry. Compare these two processes
by completing the following table.
Thermal cracking
Catalytic cracking
Conditions
Principal products
[9]
c) Explain why, in catalytic cracking, catalysts are considered as variable costs rather than fixed costs, even
though catalysts are not consumed in catalysed reactions.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 17
AS Level
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 3
FUELS
a) Methane and octane have standard enthalpies of combustion of 882.0 kJ mol-1 and -5512 kJ mol-1
respectively.
(i)
For each of these compounds, calculate the enthalpy change per gram of fuel combusted.
Methane ................................................................................................................................................. [1]
Octane ................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) In the light of your answer to (a) (i), give two reasons why motor cars are more likely to be fuelled by
octane than by methane.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) (i) What is pre-ignition in the internal combustion engine and what problems does it cause?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) How is the octane number (RON) of a fuel defined?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
c) (i)
The octane number of a fuel can be raised by adding benzene or tetraethyllead. State one disadvantage
of each.
Benzene ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
Tetraethyllead ..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give, with an example, one other method of improving octane number that does not incur either of these
disadvantages.
Method .................................................................................................................................................. [1]
Example ................................................................................................................................................. [1]
d) (i)
In what essential respect does a diesel engine differ from a petrol engine?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) In what essential respect does diesel fuel differ from petrol?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What pollutant, believed to be a serious health hazard, is present to a much greater extent in diesel
exhaust fumes than in petrol exhaust fumes?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
TOTAL / 16
Do not
write in
margin
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 4
Write a balanced equation, with state symbols, for the conversion of ethene to epoxyethane by reaction
with a large excess of oxygen at high pressure.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What catalyst is used for this process?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Why does a high pressure give a better yield of epoxyethane?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Although all high pressure processes carry the risk of an explosion, the hazard is particularly severe in
this process. Why?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) Epoxyethane can be hydrated to give ethane-1,2-diol, and reacted with alcohols to give products which can
be used as solvents and plasticisers.
(i)
Despite the fact that epoxyethane is an ether, and ethers are generally inert, epoxyethane is a very
reactive compound. How do you account for this?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for one molecule of epoxyethane reacting with one molecule of methanol.
[1]
(iii) Write an equation for the product of b)(ii) reacting with a further molecule of epoxyethane to give a
secondary product.
[1]
TOTAL(Continued...)
/
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
[1]
(iii) Explain why a polyester is formed, rather than a simple ester.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
e) State one other major use of ethane-1,2-diol.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
TOTAL / 16
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 5
ADDITION POLYMERS
a) Define the terms monomer, addition polymer and high polymer.
Monomer ....................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Addition polymer ........................................................................................................................................... [1]
High polymer .....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) (i)
What is the structural difference between low density poly(ethene) (LDPE) and high density
poly(ethene) (HDPE)?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Under what reaction conditions is LDPE obtained?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) The production of HDPE requires the use of a Ziegler catalyst. Give an example of one such catalyst.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Give two advantages of HDPE over LDPE.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL(Continued...)
/
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
ADDITION POLYMERS
c) (i)
[2]
(ii) Give one use of poly(propene) and state why this polymer is used for the purpose rather than poly(ethene).
Use......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Advantage .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
d) (i) Perspex is an addition polymer with the following structural formula:
CH3
CH2
C
COOCH3
[1]
(ii) Natural rubber is made by the polymerisation of 2-methylbut-2-ene. Write down the structure of natural
rubber, showing clearly one repeat unit in the polymer chain.
[2]
TOTAL / 19
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 6
POLY(CHLOROETHENE)
a) Write a chemical equation, using structural formulae, for the polymerisation of chloroethene.
[1]
b) What is the common commercial name for poly(chloroethene)?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) How can you account for the fact that poly(chloroethene) is much stiffer than poly(ethene)?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
d) (i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the outstanding physical difference between the two materials?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Unplasticised poly(chloroethene) is used for making window frames. What outstanding property makes
it more suitable than poly(phenylethene) (polystyrene) for this purpose?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Plasticised poly(chloroethene) is widely used for the interior trim of vehicles. What outstanding property
makes it more suitable than poly(ethene) for this purpose?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
e) Would you use poly(ethene) or poly(chloroethene) to make a container for concentrated aqueous sodium
hydroxide? Explain your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
f) State two problems which are associated with the disposal of waste polychloro(ethene).
1. ........................................................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 15
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 7
AS Level
C2H6SO4
Reagent(s)
Reagent(s)
Conditions
Conditions
Reagent(s)
B
C2H4
C2H6O
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
Conditions
Reagent(s)
Reagent(s)
Conditions
Conditions
Reagent(s)
A C2H5Br
Conditions
Reagent(s)
Conditions
Reagent(s)
F C3H5N
Conditions
C = ............................................................................
D = .............................................................................
E = ............................................................................
F = .............................................................................
G = ........................................................................ [6]
b) Complete the diagram by inserting reagents and conditions for the conversions shown.
[16]
TOTAL / 22
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 8
AS Level
CFCs
A major environmental problem associated with the large scale use of halogenoalkanes is their effect on the
ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. CFCs are of particular concern.
a) (i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write down the structural formula of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, commonly referred to as
CFC 12.
[1]
(iii) In the past CFCs have been widely used as aerosol propellants, but their use for this purpose has been
largely abandoned. Give two other applications.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) Trioxygen (commonly called ozone) in the upper atmosphere decomposes into dioxygen by reaction with
atomic oxygen, as shown by Equation 1.
O3 + O 2O2
Equation 1
In the absence of a catalyst the reaction is slow, but in the presence of CFCs a somewhat faster free radical
chain reaction can occur.
(i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The chain reaction is initiated by the homolytic fission (by UV light) of a CCl bond. Explain why
chlorine free radicals are produced, rather than fluorine free radicals.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The initiation stage is followed by a propagation stage involving two reactions. Each of these uses up a
free radical and produces another sort of free radical. Each of them also consumes a molecule of reactant
(see Equation 1) and gives a molecule of the final product. Write equations for these two propagation
reactions.
Reaction 1 ............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Reaction 2 ............................................................................................................................................. [1]
TOTAL(Continued...)
/
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
CFCs
(iv) Explain why one chlorine free radical could react with literally thousands of ozone molecules.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) Why is the rate of decomposition of ozone still low, even in the presence of CFCs?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) (i)
Briefly explain the serious health hazard posed by depletion of the ozone layer.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What other environmental problem do CFCs present, even at low concentrations?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest one substance which could be used as a replacement for CFCs in most applications.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
TOTAL / 16
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 9
AS Level
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State what precaution must be taken when using tetrachloromethane, and give the reason for this.
Precaution ............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Reason ................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What is the commercial (i.e. high street) application of tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene)?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) (i)
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Name another halogen-containing plastic and state its use.
Name ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Use......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) The adoption of organic chlorocompounds as herbicides and pesticides has been due in part to the strength of
the C Cl covalent bond.
(i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the associated disadvantage?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
d) Bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF) is commonly used in fire extinguishers.
(i)
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Why is it much safer, when fighting electrical fires, to use BCF rather than a foam extinguisher?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
TOTAL / 14
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 10
AS Level
FERMENTATION
Although ethanol for industrial purposes is manufactured in the UK by the hydration of ethene, the anaerobic
fermentation of sugar solutions is used for the production of alcoholic beverages. Fermentation is carried out in
the presence of yeast, which acts as the source of an enzyme called zymase.
a) (i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is meant by the term anaerobic?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write a balanced equation for the fermentation of a simple sugar.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) What is the role of zymase in the fermentation?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) (i)
Draw a labelled diagram of a simple apparatus which could be used to investigate how the rate of
fermentation varies with temperature.
[2]
(ii) On the axes below, sketch the shape of the graph you would expect to obtain from the results of the
experiment in b)(i).
Rate
Temperature
[1]
(Continued...)
TOTAL
/
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
FERMENTATION
c) In Brazil, ethanol is made by fermentation and added to petrol on a large scale. The product is called gasohol.
Explain why this is particularly beneficial to countries like Brazil, and identify the main economic and
environmental benefits of this practice.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
d) State two advantages (other than economic) of manufacturing industrial ethanol in the UK by the hydration
of ethene rather than fermentation.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 14
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 11
AS Level
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What mechanistic type is the reaction?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) The reaction is believed to occur via an intermediate X, shown below. This reacts with a molecule of water
to give protonated ethanol, Y, from which ethanol is formed by the loss of a proton.
+
CH3
CH2
:OH2
CH3
CH2
O
(i)
CH2
CH3
+
CH3
CH2
+
O
H
OH2
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) One of the curly arrows in the above mechanism has been incorrectly printed. Draw a circle round it,
and state what is wrong with it.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) Given that the hydration of ethene is exothermic, state one advantage and one disadvantage of conducting the
process at a high temperature.
Advantage ...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Disadvantage ................................................................................................................................................. [1]
TOTAL(Continued...)
/
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
State and explain the main reason for operating the process at a high pressure.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Give two economic disadvantages of high pressure processes.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
e) (i)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What effect (if any) does the catalyst have on the yield of ethanol at equilibrium?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
f) List the three essential stages that you would expect to be involved in turning the mixture of hot gases from
the converter into industrial methylated spirits.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
TOTAL / 16
AS Level
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 12
ETHANOL AS A FUEL
The use of ethanol as a fuel is being promoted on the grounds that, since it can be made by the fermentation of
plant products, it is a renewable energy source. However, before petrol could be replaced by ethanol, its effect on
the environment would have to be assessed.
a) Write equations for the complete combustion of 1 mole of (i) octane, and (ii) ethanol.
(i)
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Ethanol (Density of ethanol = 0.79 g cm-3. Hc (C2H5OH(l)) = -1371 kJ mol-1)
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
c) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of (i) 1 dm3 of octane, and (ii)
1dm3 of ethanol.
(i)
1 dm3 of octane
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) 1 dm3 of ethanol
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
d) Hence calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced per kilojoule of energy for (i) octane, and (ii) ethanol.
Comment on your results with regard to impact on the environment.
(i)
Do not
write in
margin
AS Level
Do not
write in
margin
TOPIC 15 Questionsheet 13
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Insufficient oxygen
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
e) State and explain the environmental problem that can arise from the incineration of sulphur- and nitrogencontaining materials.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
f) Suggest how the fumes from an incinerator could be treated chemically so as to reduce noxious emissions.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 17