Torsion

T
off non-circular prism
matic solid
d shafts
The torsion
t
of non
n-circular shaafts can be analyzed
a
by eeither St. Veenants semi-inverse methhod or
Prandtless stress functiion approach.
1. Saint-Venants semi-inverrse method
Consider
C
a solid
prismatic bar of any
y cross
fi
It
section ass shown in figure.
is assumeed that theree is no
hole paralllel to the axiis of the
shaft. Let the axis of the
t shaft
be along the z direction. Let
p unit
the anglee of twist per
length bee . It is assumed
a
that the cross
c
section
ns rotate
about the axis of rotation
during torrsion. The rottation of
a cross section at a disttance z
from the fixed end will be

z . The total displaceement of a pooint P x, y on this crosss section willl be PP ' r z where r is the
P from
p
m the axis of the shaft. Thhe componentts of this dispplacement aloong x
radial disttance of the point
and y dirrections are given
g
by

u r z sin
v r z cos
ure,
From figu

sin

y
r

and

cos

x
r

P ' which haas got the x and y com

The displlacement of point
p
P is PP
mponents u aand v . Apartt from
these x and
a
y compoonent of displacements, thee point P cann have an z component oof displacemennt w .
This is known
k
as warrping; we assume that th
he z displaceement is a ffunction of oonly

x, y

aand is

independeent of z . Th
his means thaat warping is the same forr all normal cross sectionns. Substitutinng for
V
disp
placement com
mponents aree
sin andd cos , St. Venants

u yz
y

--------------------------------------------------------- (1)

v xz

--------------------------------------------------------- (2)

w x, y

--------------------------------------------------------- (3)

 x, y is called the warping function. From these displacement components, we can calculate the
associated strain components as

yz
u

0
x
x

xz
v

0
y
y

x, y
w

0
z
y

(Since for a given torque T , is a constant)

xy

yz
xz
u
v

z z 0
y
x
y
x

zy

w
v

y
z

x, y
y

xz


x
z
y

x
zy
y

zx

w
u

x
z
x, y
x

yz
z

y
x

x
zy
y

Using equations (1), (2) and (3)

x y z xy 0

x
yz
y

------------------------------------------------------ (4)

zx
y
x

------------------------------------------------------ (5)

From Hookes law, we get

x
y
z

E
x
1

E
y
1

E
z
1

1 1 2
E

1 1 2
E

1 1 2

xy G xy , yz G yz , zx G zx
v x y z

where,

Substituting equation (4) in the above set of equations

x y z xy 0

zx G
y
x

zy

G
x
y

-------------------------------------------- (6)

The above stress components are the ones corresponding to the assumed displacement
components. These stress components should satisfy the equations of equilibrium equations given as

yx
x
xx

0
x
y
z
xy
y
zy

0
x
y
z
yz
xz
z

0
x
y
z

----------------------------------- (7)

Substituting the stress components, the first two equations are satisfied identically. From the third
equation, we obtain

2
2
G 2
0
y 2
x

 2
2

2 0
2
2
x
y

i.ee.

--------------------------------------------- (8)

Hence,
H
the warping functio
on is harm
monic (i.e. it s atisfies Laplaace equation) everywhere in the
region R .

Now
N
let us consider the
boundary
conditions.
If
S x , S y an
nd S z are thee componentss of
the stresss on a planee with outwaard
normal n l , m, n att a point on the
surface, th
hen

S x l x m yx n zx
S y l xy m y n zy

--------------------------------------------- (9)

S z l xz m yz n z
n this case, there
t
are no forces acting
g on the bouundary and thhe normal n to the surfa
face is
In
perpendiccular to the z axis, i.e. m 0 . Using th
he stress com
mponents from
m equations (44) and (5), w
we find
that the first two equatiions in the bo
oundary condiitions are idenntically satisffied. The thirdd equation yieelds

G
y l G
x m 0
x

y
From the above figure

dy
,
ds

dx
ds

------------------------------------ (10)

Substituting

ddx
dy

x
0

y

ds
x
dds
y

------------------------- (11)

Therefore,
T
eacch problem off torsion is reeduced to thee problem of finding a funnction whhich is
harmonic,, i.e. it satisfiees equation (8
8) in region R and satisfiees equation (111) on the bouundary s .
Next,
N
on the tw
wo end faces, the stresses as
a given by eqquation (6) m
must be equivaalent to the appplied
torque. In
n addition, thee equivalent fo
orces in the x and y dire ctions shouldd vanish. Thatt is

zx

dx dy G

y dx dy 0

+ x dx dy 0

zy

dx dy G

----------------------- (12)

Now, coming to the moment, referring to the figure

T zy x zx y dx dy
R

2
y
x y x
dxdy
y
x

Writing J for the integral

y
J x 2 y 2 x
dxdy
y
x
R
we have

T GJ

--------------------- (12 a)

------------------------------- (12 b)

the above equation shows that the torque T is proportional to the angle of twist per unit length with a
proportionality constant GJ , which is usually called the torsional rigidity of the shaft. For a circular cross
section, the quantity J reduces to the familiar polar moment of inertia. For non-circular shafts, the
product GJ is retained as the torsional rigidity.
Prandtls stress function approach
An alternate approach proposed by Prandtl leads to a simpler boundary condition as compared to
equation (11). In this method, the principal unknowns are the stress components rather than the
displacement components as in the previous approach. Based on the result of the torsion of the circular
shaft, let the non-vanishing stress components be zx and zy . The remaining stress components

x , y , z and xy are assumed to be zero. Inorder to satisfy the equations of equilibrium we should
have

zx
0,
z

zy
z

0,

zy
zx

0
x
y

----------------------- (13)

It is assumed that in the case of pure torsion, the stresses are the same in every normal cross section, i.e.
independent of z , then the first two conditions above are automatically satisfied. Inorder to satisfy the
third condition, we assume a function x, y called the stress function, such that

 zx

,
y

zy

----------------------- (14)

With this stress function (called Prandtls torsion stress function), the third condition is also satisfied. The
assumed stress components, if they are to be proper elastic solutions, have to satisfy the compatibility
conditions. We can substitute these directly into the stress equations of compatibility. The strain
components from Hookes law are

xx 0,

xx 0,

xy 0,

zx

xx 0

1
zx ,
G

zy

----------------------- (15)

1
zy
G

Substituting from equation (13)

zx

1
,
G x

zy

1
G y

The non-vanishing strain compatibility conditions are (observe that is independent of z )

zx
zy

0
x
x
y
zx
zy

0
y x
y
i.e.

Hence,

2
2

0;
x x 2
y 2

2
2

0
y x 2
y 2

2
2

2 a constant F

2
2
y
x

--------------------------------- (15)

The stress function, therefore, should satisfy Poissons equation. The constant F is yet unknown. Next,
we consider the boundary conditions [equations (9)]. The first two of these are identically satisfied. The
third equation gives

m
0
y
x

Substituting for l and m from equations (10)

dy
dx

0
y ds
x ds

i.e.

d
0
ds

--------------------------------- (16)

Therefore, is a constant around the boundary. Since the stress components depend only on the
differentials of , for a simply connected region, no generality is involved in assuming

0 on s

--------------------------------- (17)

For a multi-connected region R (i.e. a shaft having holes), certain additional conditions of compatibility
are imposed. This will be discussed under the heading Torsion of Thin-walled Multiple-cell Closed
Sections.
On the two end faces, the resultants in the x and y directions should vanish and the moment
about O should be equal to the applied torque T . The resultant in the x direction is

dx dy

zx

dx dy
y

dx

dy
y

0
since is constant around the boundary. Similarly, the resultant in the y direction also vanishes.
Regarding the moment, from figure

zy

y zx dx dy

y
x
dx dy
y
x

x
R

dx dy y
dx dy
x

y
R

Integrating by parts and observing that 0 of the boundary, we find that each integral gives

dx dy
Thus,

T 2 dx dy

--------------------------------- (18)

Hence, we observe that half the torque is due to zx and the other half due to zy .

Thus, all the differential equations and boundary conditions are satisfied if the stress function
obeys equations (15), (17), and (18). But there remains an indeterminate constant in equation (15). To
determine this, we observe from equation (14)

zy
zx
2
2

2
2
x
y
y
x
zy

G zx

x
y
u
w
v
w
G

x
x z
y
y z
G

u
v

z y
x

2z

where z is the rotation of the element at x, y about the z axis.

z is the rotation per

z

unit length. Here, we termed it as twist per unit length and denoted it by . Hence

2
2

2 2G
2
2
x
y

--------------------------------- (19)

Torsion of Circular Shaft

(i)

The simplest solution to the Laplace equation is

constant c

--------------------------------- (20)

With c , the boundary condition given by equation (11) becomes

dy
dx
x
0
ds
ds

or

d x2 y 2
0
ds
2

i.e.

x 2 y 2 constant

where x, y are the co-ordinates of any point on the boundary. Hence, the boundary is a circle. From
equation (3), w c . From equation (12 a)

y 2 dx dy I p

the polar moment

m
of in
nertia of the seection. Hencee form equatioon (12 b)

T GI P

orr

T
GI P

w c

Thereforee,

T c
GI P

which is constant.
c
Sincce the fixed end
e has zero w at least att one point, w is zero at eevery cross seection
(other thaan rigid body displacementt). Thus, the cross section does not warrp. The shearr stresses are given
by equatio
on (6) as

zy G x

T x
IP

zx G y

T y
IP

n of the resulttant shear is such that, ffrom figure

Thereforee, the direction

taan

zy
G x
x


zx
G y
y

he resultant sh
hear is perpen
ndicular to the
Hence, th
radius. Fu
urther

orr

zy zx
2

T 2 x2 y 2
IP2

T r
IP

where r is
i the radial distance
d
of thee point x, y .

Torsion of Elliptical Shaft

(ii)

The next case in the order of simplicity is to assume that

Axy

--------------------------------- (21)

where A is a constant.
This also satisfies the Laplace equation. The boundary condition, equation (11) gives,

or

Ay y

dy

ds

y A 1

dy
dx
x A 1
0
ds
ds

Ax x

dx
0
ds

Multi[lying by 1 on both sides and rearranging, we get

1 A
or

2x

dx
dy
+ 1 A 2 y
0
ds
ds

d
1 A x 2 + 1 A y 2 0
ds

which on integration, yields

1 A x2 + 1 A y 2
or

or

1 A
c

x2 +

1 A
c

c, constant

y2 1

x2
y2
+
1
c
c
1 A 1 A

This is of the form

x2
y2

1
a2
b2
These two are identical if

a
b2

1 A
1 A

1 A
c

1 A

----------------------- (22)

or

b2 a2
A 2
b a2

Therefore, the function

b2 a 2
xy
b2 a 2

represents the warping function for an elliptical cylinder with semi-major axis and semi-minor axis a and
b respectively under torsion. The value of J as given by equation (12 a), is

y 2 Ax 2 Ay 2 dx dy

Substituting I x

A 1

x 2 dx dy 1 A y 2 dx dy

A 1 I y

1 A I x

ab3
4

and I y

a 3b
4

, one gets

a 3b 3
a2 b2

Hence from equation (12 b)

T GJ G

or

a 3b3
a 2 b2

T a 2 b2
G a 3b3

--------------------------------- (23)

The shearing stresses are given by equation (6) as

zy G
x
y

and similarly

a 2 b2 b2 a 2
1 x
2
3 3
2
a b b a

2T x
a 3b

------------------------------- (23 a)

 zx

2T y
ab3

--------------------------------- ((23 b)

The resulttant shearing stress at any point x, y is

zy 2 zx 2

1
2T
4 2
4 2
2

b
x

a
y

a 3b 3

---------------------- ((23 c)

mine where th
he maximum shear
s
stress occcurs, we subbstitute for x 2 from
To determ

y2
x2

1,
b2
a2

giving

or

y2
x 2 a 2 1 2
b

1
2T
2
2
2
2 2
2
2

a
a

b
y
a

3 3

a b

Since all terms under the

t radical (p
power 1 2 ) arre positive, thhe maximum
m shear stress occurs whenn y is
m, i.e. when y b . Thus, max occurs att the ends of tthe minor axiis and its valuue is
maximum

max

1
2T
2T
4 2
2

a
b

3 3

a b
ab 2

------------------------- (24)

w
functtion known, the
t displacem
ment w can eaasily be determ
mined. We haave
With the warping

T b2 a 2

a 3b3G

xy

The
T

contourr lines giv

ving
w consstant are the hyperbbolas
shown in
n figure. For a torque T as
shown, th
he convex porrtions of the cross
c
section, i.e. where w is positive,, are
indicated by solid liness and the conccave
portions or
o where the surface is deepressed, are shown by dootted lines. Iff the ends aree free, there aare no
normal strresses. Howeever, if one en
nd is built-in
n, the warpingg is preventedd at that end and consequuently,
normal strresses are ind
duced which are
a positive in
n one quadrannt and negativve in anotherr. These are siimilar
to bending
g stresses and
d are thereforee called the bending stressees induced beecause of torssion.
Membran
ne Analogy
From the example wo
orked out in
n the previou
us sections, iit became evvident that foor bars with more
complicatted cross-secttional shapes, analytical solutions tendd to become m
more involveed and difficuult. In
such situaations, it is desirable to reesort to other techniques experimentaal or otherwise. The mem
mbrane

analogy in
ntroduced by Prandtl has proved
p
very valuable
v
in thhis regard. Lett a thin homoogenous mem
mbrane
like a thin
n rubber sheett be stretched with uniform
m tension and fixed at its eddge, which iss a given curvve (the
cross-secttion of the shaaft) in the xy -plane as sho
own in figure..

When
W
the meembrane is subjected
s
to a uniform llateral pressuure p , it uundergoes a small
displacem
ment z wheree z is a functtion of x and
d y . Consideer the equilibrrium of an inffinitesimal eleement

ABCD of
o the memb
brane after deformation.
d
Let F be tthe uniform ttension per uunit length oof the
F is large enoughh to ignore itss change wheen the membrrane is
membranee. The value of
o the initial tension
t
blown up by a small pressure p . On
O face AD , the force actting is F y . This is inclined at an anggle
i slope of thee face AB and
a is equal too z x . Hennce, the compponent of F y in
to the x -axis. tan is

the z dirrection is F y

z
C is also F y but is innclined at an angle
T force on the face BC
. The
x

to the x -ax
xis. Its slope is
i therefore

z
z

x
x x
x
and the co
omponent of the
t force in th
he z direction
n is

z
z

F y
x
x x
x

D are
Similarly,, the componeents of the forrces F x actting on faces AB and CD

 F x

z
y

and

z
F x

y
y y
y

Therefore, the resultant force in the z direction due to tension F is

F y

z
F y
x

2 z
z

x F x
F x
x
2
x
y

2 z

y
y
2
y

2 z
2 z
F 2
x y
y 2
x
The force p acting upward on the membrane element ABCD is p x y , assuming that the membrane
deflection is small. For equilibrium, therefore

2 z
2 z
F 2
x y p x y
y 2
x
or

p
2 z
2 z

2
2
x
y
F

--------------------------------- (25)

Now, if we adjust the membrane tension F or the air pressure p such that

p
becomes numerically
F

equal to 2G , then equation (29) of the membrane becomes identical to equation (19) of the torsion
stress function . Further, if the membrane height z remains zero at the boundary contour of the section,
then the height z of the membrane becomes numerically equal to torsion stress function [equation (17)].
The slopes of the membrane are then equal to the shear stresses and these are in a direction perpendicular
to that of the slope. The twisting moment is numerically equivalent to twice the volume under the
membrane.
Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes
Consider a thin-walled tube subjected to torsion. The thickness of the tube need not be uniform. Since the
thickness is small and the boundaries are free, the shear stresses will be essentially parallel to the
boundary. Let be the magnitude of shear stress and t the thickness.
Consider the equilibrium of an element of length l , as shown. The areas of the cut faces AB
and CD are respectively t1 l and t2 l . The shear stresses (complimentary shears) are 1 and 2 . For
equilibrium in the z direction, we should have

1t1 l 2t2 l 0
or

1t1 2t2 q, a constant

--------------------------------- (26)

Hence, th
he quantity t is a constan
nt. This is called the shearr flow q , sinnce the equation is similar to the
flow of an
n incompressiible liquid in a tube of varrying area. Foor continuity, we should haave V1 A1 V2 A2 ,
where A is the area an
nd V the corrresponding veelocity of fluiid there.
Consider next the torqu
ue of the sheaar about pointt O .

The force acting on an elementary leength s of the

t tube is

F t s q s
ment arm abou
ut O is h and
d hence, the to
orque is
The mom

T q s h 2 q A

------------------------------------ (27)

A is the area of the

where
w
t triangle enclosed
e
by thhe centre linne of the tubee. Equation (227) is
generally known as Bredt-Batho forrmula.
mine the twistt of the tube, we make usee of Castigliaanos theorem
m. Referring tto figure, the shear
To determ
force on the element iss t s q s . Because of shear straain , the forrce does workk equal to

1
t s
2

1
t s l
2

t s l
2
G

q 2 l s
2G
t

--------------------------------- (28)

T 2 l s
8 A2 G t

--------------------------------- (29)

using equation (31). The total elastic strain energy is therefore

T 2 l
U
8 A2 G

ds
t

--------------------------------- (30)

Hence, the twist or rotation per unit length l 1 is

T
U

4 A2 G
T

ds
t

--------------------------------- (31)

Using once again equation (31)

q
2 AG

ds
t

--------------------------------- (32)

Torsion of Thin-Walled Multiple Cell Closed Sections

We can extend the analysis of the previous section to torsion of multiple-cell sections. Consider a two-cell
section as shown in figure.
Consider the equilibrium of an element at the junction, as shown in figure. In the direction of the axis of
the tube

1t1 l 2t2 l 3t3 l 0

or

1t1 2t2 3t3

i.e.

q1 q2 q3

--------------------------------- (33)

This is again equivalent to a fluid flow dividing itself into two streams. Choose any moment axis, such as
point O as shown in figure

The shearr flow in the web

w can be considered to be made up oof q1 and q2 , since q3 q1 q2 . The

O due to
moment about
a
t q1 flowing
g in cell 1 (wiith web includded) is [equattion (31)]
T1 2 q1 A1

c 1 . Similaarly, the mom

ment about O due to q2 flowing in cell 2 (withh web
where A1 is area of cell
included),, with A as the
t area enclo
osed at O outtside cell 2 , is

T2 2 q2

A1 2 q2 A1

The secon
nd term with the negative sign on the riight hand sidde is the mom
ment due to thhe shear flow q2 in
the middlee web. Hencee, the total torrque is

T T1 T2 2q1 A1 2q2 A2

------------------------------------ (34)

A1 and A2 aree the areas of cell 1 and 2 respectively..

Next, we consider thee twist. For continuity,
c
th
he twist of eaach cell shouuld be the saame. Accordiing to
equation (26),
(
the twistt of each cell is given by

1
A

2G

Let

q ds
t

a1

ds
for ceell 1 includin
ng the web
t

a2

ds
for cell
c 2 including the web
t

a12

ds
for the
t web
t

Then, for cell 1

2G

1
A1

a1q1 a12 q2

------------------------------------ (35)

2G

1
A2

a2 q2 a12 q1

------------------------------------ (36)

For cell 2

Equationss (34), (35) an

nd (36) are su
ufficient to sollve for q1 , q2 and .
Example 1
Figure sho
ows a two ceell tubular secction whose wall
w thicknessses are as shoown. If the member is subjjected
to a torque T , determiine the shear flows
f
and ang
gle of twist off the memberr per unit lenggth.
Solution
For cell 1,

ds
a a a a 7a

a1
t
t 2t t t 2t

For cell 2,

ds
a a a 2 a 5a

a2
t
t t t
t
t

For web,

ds
a

a12
t
t

uation (39)
From equ
For cell 1,

2G

1
A1

a1q1 a122 q2

1 7a
a 1 7

q1 q2 q1 q2
2
a 2t
t at 2

1
A2

2G

For cell 2,

7
q1 q2 5q2 q1
2

Equating,

a2 q2 a12 q1

1 5a
a 1
q2 q1 5q2 q1
2
a t
t at
or

q2

3
q1
4

From equation (34)

T 2q1a1 2q2 a2
3
7

2a 2 q1 q1 a 2 q1
4
2

q1

Therefore,

and

q2

3T
14a 2

1
5q2 q1
at

2G

Or

2T
7a 2

1 15
11

1 q1
q1

at 4
4at

1 11 2T

2G 4at 7 a 2

11 T
28 a 3tG

Example 2
Figure shows a two-cell tubular section as formed by a conventional airfoil shape, and having one interior
web. An external torque of 10, 000 Nm is acting in a clockwise direction. Determine the internal shear
flow distribution. The cell areas are as follows:

A1 680 cm2
A2 2000 cm
m2
Solution
For cell 1,

a1

67
7
33

1483
0.0
06 0.09

For cell 2,

a1

33
3
63
48
67

2409
+

0.0
09 0.09 0.09
0
0.08

For the web,

a12

33
366
9
0.09

From equ
uations (35) an
nd (36)
For cell 1,

1
A1

2G

a1q1 a122 q2

1
1483q1 366q2
680

2.189q1 0..54q2
For cell 2,

1
A2

2G

a2 q2 a12 q1

1
2409q2 366q1
2
2000

1.2q2 0.18
8q1
o values
Equating the above two

2.19q
q1 0.54q2 1.2q2 0.118q1
orr

2.37q
q1 1.74q2 0

i.ee.

q2 1.36q
1
1

The torqu
ue due to sheaar flows shoulld be equal to the applied ttorque. Hencee from equatioon (34)

T 2q1 A1 2q2 A2
10, 000 100 2q1 680 2q2 2000

orr

1360
0q1 4000q2
Substituting for q2

106 1360q1 54
440q1 680
00q1

q1 147 N cm

q2 20
00 N cm

o bars with thin

t
rectangu
ular sections
Torsion of
Figure sh
hows the secttion of a recttangular bar subjected to a torque T . Let the thicckness t be small
compared
d to the width
h b . The section consists of
o only one bboundary and the value of the stress funnction
around this boundary is constant. Let

0.

From equ
uation (19)

2
2

2G
x 2
y 2
Except at the ends AD
D and BC , the
t stress fun
nction is fairlyy uniform annd independennt of x . Hence we
can take x, y y . Thereffore the abovee equation becomes

2
2G
y 2
Integratin
ng the above equation,
e
we get
g

G y 2 a1 y a2
i zero around
d the boundarry, one has 0 at y
Since is

a1 0

and
d

a2

G T 2
4

t
. Substtituting these
2

an
nd

t2

y2
4

-------------------------------------------- (37)

From equ
uation (14)

G y
2G
y

zx

------------------------------------------ ((38 a)

0
x

xy

own in figure. The above equations

e
are not valid neaar the ends. Thhe maximum shear
These sheears are as sho
stresses arre at the surfaaces y

maxx

t
, and
2

G t -------------------- (38 b)

uation (18)
From equ

T 2 dx
d dy
b 2

2G
G

t 2

b 2

orr

dx

t 2

t2

y 2 dy

G 3
bt ---------------------------- (39)
3

The resultts are

1 3T
,
G bt 3

zxx

6T
y,
bt 3

zx max

3T
bbt 2

------------------------- (40)

For the ab
bove cross-secctional shapes, if the thickn
ness is small,, the equationns (37) and (39) become

ti 2

y2

G
T

G
3

b t

3
11

i 1, 22,3

b2t23 b3t33

This is ob
btained by add
ding the effecct of each recttangular piecee.

etc

-------------------------------------------- (41)

EXAMPL
LE 1
Analyze the
t torsion of a closed tu
ubular section
n of a tube o f the same raadius and thiickness but w
with a
longitudin
nal slit as show
wn in figure.

SOLUTIO
ON
For the closed tube, if is the sheaar stress, the from
fr
Breadt-B
Batho formulaa, we have

T 2qA 2 r 2 t

and

Gr

Substituting for G r in the above equatiion for T , wee have

T 2 r 3tG
For the sliit tube, there is only one bo
oundary and on
o this bounddary 0 . F
From equationn (39),

1 3
1
bt G 2 rt 3G
3
3

hin rectangulaar section,

From the analysis of th

max G t

hown in figuree.
The shearr stress directiions in the slit tube is as sh
Now, the ratio of torsio
onal rigiditiess is given by
3
2 r 3tG

T1
r

3
1
T2
3
t
2 rt G

For a thin
n tube with

r
c
tube is 300 times sttiffer than thee slit tube.
10 , the closed
t

EXAMPLE 2
1. A 30 cm I beam with flanges and with a web 1.25 cm thick, is subjected to a torque of
T 4900 Nm . Find the maximum shear stress and the angle of twist per unit length.
2. Inorder to reduce the stress and the angle of twist, 1.25 cm thick flat plates are welded onto the
sides of the section as shown by the dotted lines in figure. Find the maximum shear stress and the
angle of twist.
SOLUTION
1. The maximum shear stress can be found out using the formula

3T
bi ti 2

max

3 4900
2

5
5
5
30 30 30 1.25
4
4
4

63.602 MPa
Now the angle of twist can be found by using the formula

1 3T

G bi ti 3

3 4900
3

5
5
5
30 30 30 1.25
4
4
4

1
G

1503
radians per cm length
G

2. When the two plates are welded, the section becomes a two cell structure for which

a1 a2

ds
1 28.75 28.75

28.75 28.75

t
1.25 2
2

69
a12

ds
28.75

23
t
1.25

T 2q1 A1 2q2 A2 4q1 A1

a1 a2

& A1 A2

 4
or
Therefore,

1
28.75

28.75
1.25
2

T 1322.5
T
4900 102

370.51 N cm2
1322.5
1322.5

3705.1 kPa
2G

Therefore,

1
A1

a1q1 a12 q2

1
1

2G
A1

a1q1 a12 q2

1
1

69 370.511.25 23 370.511.25
2G 28.75 28.75
2

i.e.

i.e.

25.7746
radians per cm length
G