1. What is conduction?

Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature

to a region of low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or gases] or different
medium in direct physical contact.
2. State Fouriers law of conduction .
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to
the direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Q A dT / dx
Q = -kA dT /dx
2

Where, A Area in m .
dT / dx Temperature gradient, K/m
k Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
3. Define Thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
4. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Heat transfer, Q = Toverall /
R Where, T = T1 T 2
R = L / kA Thermal resistance of
slab L Thickness of slab
K Thermal conductivity of
slab A Area
5. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Heat transfer, Q = Toverall /
R Where
T = T1 T 2
R = 1 / 2Lk in [r2 / r1] Thermal resistance of
slab. L Length of cylinder
k Thermal conductivity
r2 Outer radius
r1 Inner radius
6. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
a. Moisture b. Density of material c. Pressure
d. Temperature e. Structure of material.
7. What is meant by free or natural convection?
It is fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from
temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural
convection.
8. Define Grashof number [Gr].
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the
2
square of viscous force. Gr = Inertia force x Buoyancy force / [Viscous force]
9. Define Stanton number [St].

i. It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds

number and Prandtl number. St = Nu / Re x Pr.
10. What is meant by Newtonion and non-newtonion fluids?
ii. The fluids which obey the Newtons law of viscosity are called
Newtonion fluids and those which do not obey are called nonewtonion fluids.
11.What is meant by laminar flow ?
b. Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this
type of flow, the fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a
smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in each layer remain in an orderly
sequence without mixing with each other.
12. Define Convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid
surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
13. Define Reynolds number [Re].
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous
force. Re = Inertia force / Viscous force
14. Define Prandtl number [Pr].
It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity.
Pr = Momentum diffusivity / Thermal diffusivity
15. Define Nusselt Number [Nu].
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an
unit temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit
temperature gradient through a stationary thickness [L] of metre.
Nusselt Number [Nu] = qconv /qcond
16. State Newtons law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the
equation. Q = h A = [Tw - T]
This equation is referred to as Newtons law of cooling.
2
Where h = Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m K.
2
A = Surface area in m .
Tw = Surface [or] Wall temperature in
K. T = Temperature of fluid in K.
17. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like
a blower or fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
18. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
1. Reynolds number [Re].
2. Nusselt number [Nu].
3. Prandtl number [Pr].

19. What is fin?

Fins are extended surfaces used primarily to enhance the heat transfer rate
between the solid fins and an adjoining fluid
20. Define Fin effectiveness

21.List out the Fin types.

1. Straight fin of uniform cross section
2. Straight fin of non-uniform cross section
3. Annular fin
4. Pin fin
22 .Sketch all types of fins

23. Mention Stefan boltzman contant.

4
= Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 W/ (m K
x 10
)
24. Define Stefan boltzman contant.
Stefan Boltzman law states that the total emissive power of a perfect black body is
proportional to fourth power of the absolute temperature of black body surface
Eb = T4

4
= Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 W/ (m K
x 10
)
25. Define Emissive power [Eb].
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per
unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
26. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Eb]
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all
directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
27. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
Absorptivity, = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation.

28.Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting

medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.

29. Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also
defined as the ratio of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a
black body of equal temperature.
Emissivity, = E / Eb.
30. Define Emissive power [Eb].
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by
2
a body per unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m .
31. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Eb]
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit
area in all directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
32. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and
incident radiation.
Absorptivity, = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation.
33. What is meant by reflectivity?
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the
incident radiation.
Reflectivity, = Radiation reflected / Incident radiation.
34. What is meant by transmissivity?
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the
incident radiation.
Transmissivity, = Radiation transmitted / Incident radiation.
35. What is black body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wav e length
and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit
more energy than black body.
36. What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective
of their wave length, the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a
gray body is always less than that of the black body.