Chapter 1 Ee 301

Topic 1
Power supply unit
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

(CLO)
CLO1. explain correctly the principles of electronic
circuits by using block diagram or circuit diagram (C4 Analysis)
CLO2. conduct the construction of electronic circuits
application during practical works based on the theory
and principle operation of the circuits. (P4 - Mechanics)
CLO3. deliver an oral presentation to display good
communication skills. (A2 Response to phenomena)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this topic students should be able to:
1.1
Explain the operation of a DC power supply circuit
1.2
Explain applications of rectifiers
1.3
Explain applications of filter
1.4
Explain applications about voltage regulator
1.5
Explain applications about voltage divider

Power Supply
All electronic circuits need a power source to
work.
For electronic circuits made up of transistors
and/or ICs, this power source must be a DC
voltage of a specific value.
A battery is a common DC voltage source for
some types of electronic equipment
especially portables like cell phones and
iPods.
Most non-portable equipment uses power
supplies that operate from the AC power line
but produce one
or more DC outputs.
Power supply unit
Power supply unit

The functions of power supply unit is
to convert the signal form AC input
power to DC power. A power supply
unit built with five major parts:
transformer, rectifier, filter, regulator
and voltage divider.
Block diagram of dc power

supply
Function of each block

Transformer Reduce the value of the input ac
voltage.
Rectifier A circuit that converts ac voltage to dc
voltage
Filter The main task of filter is to convert the
voltage at pulse to the voltage rippled
Regulator Voltage regulator circuit is used to
reduced the difference to zero
Voltage divider Circuit is needed in power
supplies for electronic equipment requires.
Output waveform from each block
Transformer
Built from two winding transformer primary
and secondary loops. Network is to
separate the secondary circuit of the ac
supply lines high. This isolation can
prevent a user from the secondary ac
voltage electric shock high. Separation of
the primary circuit is able to avoid the
effects of damage received in the
secondary winding circuit.
10
Transformer
Transformer has a primary winding and
secondary winding. The ratio of the
number of turns in the primary to the
secondary number of turns is the
transformer turns ratio.
11
Transformer
12
Transformer
Voltage ratio is proportional to the voltage induced in

the primary to the secondary winding turns.
13
Transformer
When the number of secondary winding
turns slightly compared to primary, lower
secondary voltage from the voltage in the
primary. Secondary voltage can be
calculated.
14
Transformer
15
Function of Transformer
16
Question
17
Solution
18
Diode
2/12013
What is the
function of diode?
19
Functions of diode
Switch
Clipper
Rectifier
Clamp
20
2.1 Understand the Characteristics of

diode as a semiconductor
Schematic diagram and physical

structure of a diode
21
OPERATION DIODE DURING

FORWARD & REVERSE BIASED
22
APPLICATIONS OF DIODE
1. RECTIFIER
Rectifier is the circuit that used one or more diode to
convert the AC voltage to the pulsating dc voltage
There is 3 type of rectifiers :i) Half wave rectifier
ii) Full wave rectifier
iii)Bridge rectifier
23
Half-wave rectifier
Output Voltage
Input Supply Voltage
Half-wave rectifier
Operation
During the positive circle of input supply, diode D is in forward
biased and act as close switch. So the current can flow through it. ,
producing an output voltage as shown above.
During the negative circle of the input supply, diode is reverse
bias and act as open switch, so the current cant flow through diode.
No voltage appears at output.
24
How Rectifiers Work
The simplest form of rectifier is

the half wave rectifier shown.
Only the transformer, rectifier
diode, and load (RL) are shown
without the filter and other
components.
The half wave rectifier produces
one sine pulse for each cycle of
the input sine wave.
When the sine wave goes
positive, the anode of the diode
goes positive causing the diode
to be forward biased. The diode
conducts and acts like a closed
switch letting the positive pulse
of the sine wave to appear
across the load resistor.
How Rectifiers Work (continued)
When the sine wave goes

negative, the diode anode will
be negative so the diode will be
reverse biased and no current
will flow.
No negative voltage will appear
across the load. The load
voltage will be zero during the
time of the negative half cycle.
See the waveforms that show
the positive pulses across the
load. These pulses need to be
converted to a constant DC.
The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be

calculated with the following two ideal equations
rms root mean square
27
28
Question
A half-wave rectifier circuit to the input
voltage 20 Vp-p, 50 Hz. Assuming no
voltage drop across the diode, calculate: i) the output signal voltage rectifier
ii) the output signal frequency
29
Solution
Vm = 20 Vp-p
= 10 Vp
then VK = 10 Vp
Output signal frequency = Frequency of the input signal
= 50 Hz
30
Full-wave rectifier
V
For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two

diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode)
can form a full-wave rectifier..
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform
to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input
waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient.
31
The average (av) and root-mean-square (rms) output voltages

of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be calculated
as:
32
Full Wave Rectifier
33
Output voltage
Input supply
Consider the first half-cycle, when the source voltage polarity

is positive (+) on top and negative (-) on bottom. At this time,
only the top diode is conducting; the bottom diode is blocking
current, producing only positive half-cycle of the input supply
appears at load as shown at the above figure
34
During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity reverses. Now, the

other diode (bottom) and the other half of the transformer's
secondary winding carry current to the load resistor, producing
the same polarity of voltage as before (Figure below)
35
2.2 Know diode

applications as rectifiers
Full-wave rectifier bridge rectifier
36
During positive half-cycle
Load voltage
D1
D3
RL
D1 and D3 conduct, allowing the current

flowing to the load, RL. Load voltage appears at
load as shown at above figure.
37
During negative half-cycle
Load Voltage
D2
D4
RL
D2 and D4 conduct, allowing the current

flowing to the load, RL. Load voltage appears at
load as shown at above figure.
38
Question
A full-wave rectifier circuit to the input
voltage 20 Vp-p 50 Hz. Used transformer
has a turns ratio 2:1. Assuming no voltage
drop across the diode, calculate: -
i) the output signal voltage rectifier

ii) the output signal frequency
39
Solution
40
Bridge Rectifier
Another widely used rectifier is

the bridge rectifier. It uses four
diodes.
This is called a full wave rectifier
as it produces an output pulse
for each half cycle of the input
sine wave.
On the positive half cycle of the
input sine wave, diodes D1 and
D2 are forward biased so act as
closed switches appearing in
series with the load.
On the negative half cycle,
diode D1 and D2 are reverse
biased and diodes D3 and D4
are forward biased so current
flows through the load in the
same direction.
42
6/1/2013
FILTER
The main task of the filter is to convert the
voltage pulse to a.t. rippling. The best filter
circuit is a filter that can reduce as much
as possible the value of Vr pp dc voltage
produced by rippling.
43
How the Filter Works
A large capacitor is connected

across the load resistor. This
capacitor filters the pulses into a
more constant DC.
When the diode conducts, the
capacitor charges up to the
peak of the sine wave.
Then when the sine voltage
drops, the charge on the
capacitor remains. Since the
capacitor is large it forms a long
time constant with the load
resistor. The capacitor slowly
discharges
into
the
load
maintaining a more constant
output.
The next positive pulse comes
along recharging the capacitor
and the process continues.
Ripple
The capacitor does a good job of smoothing the
pulses from the rectifier into a more constant DC.
A small variation occurs in the DC because the
capacitor discharges a small amount between the
positive and negative pulses. Then it recharges.
This variation is called ripple.
The ripple can be reduced further by making the
capacitor larger.
The ripple appears to be a sawtooth shaped AC
variation riding on the DC output.
A small amount of ripple can be tolerated in some
circuits but the lower the better overall.
Ripple voltage
The output of rectifier circuit is the
pulsating DC voltage .The resulting
pulsating dc signal smooth the output
voltage, we used filter circuit. Figure below
shows the output wave before and after
the filter circuit.
46
Ripple voltage
47
Types of filter
There are 4 main types of filter:
i)Filter capacitor
i) Resistor capacitor (RC filter)
ii) Inductance capacitor (LC filter)
iii) type filter
48
RC filter diagram
49
RC filter
Is an electric circuit composed of resistors
and capacitors driven by voltage
or
current source
50
Operation of RC filter
When a circuit consists of only a charge
capacitor and a resistor. The capacitor will
discharge its stored energy through the
resistor. The voltage across the capacitor
can be found by kirchoffs current law.
Where the current through the capacitor
must equal the current through the
resistor.
51
LC filter
52
LC filter
LC filter can also called resonant circuit.
The purpose of LC is to oscillate with
minimal damping. When connected
together, they can act as an electrical
resonator, an electrical analogue of a
tuning fork, storing electrical energy
oscillating at the circuit's resonant
frequency.
53
Operation of LC filter
A capacitor stores energy in the electric
field between its plates, depending on the
voltage across it, and an inductor stores
energy in its magnetic field, depending on
the current through it.
54
Operation of LC filter
If a charged capacitor is connected across
an inductor, charge will start to flow
through the inductor, building up a
magnetic field around it and reducing the
voltage on the capacitor. Eventually all the
charge on the capacitor will be gone and
the voltage across it will reach zero.
However, the current will continue,
because inductors resist changes in
current.
55
filter
56
filter
Combination C and LC filter
PI-TYPE FILTERS use both capacitive
and inductive filters connected in a pi-type
configuration. Because of the combination
of filtering devices, the ability of the pi filter
to remove ripple voltage is superior to that
of either the capacitance or inductance
filter
57
The Regulator
Most regulators are ICs .
These are feedback control circuits that
actually monitor the output voltage to detect
variations.
If the output varies, for whatever reason, the
regulator circuit automatically adjusts the
output back to the set value.
Regulators hold the output to the desired
value.
Since ripple represents changes in the
output, the regulator also compensates for
these variations
producing a near constant
DC output.
IC Regulator
The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a

family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator IC. The 78xx
family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which
require a regulated power supply, due to:
i. easy of use and
ii. Low cost.
Voltage regulator circuit

The power supply means the output
changes when the input supply or the load
resistance
also changes. The main
purpose of voltage regulator is to decrease
the changes to zero(0) or at least to the
minima value.
60
61

There are three (3) voltage regulator
circuit normally used : a. Zener diode voltage regulator
b. Series transistor voltage regulator
c. Integrated circuits voltage regulator
(LM7805)
62
Zener diode voltage regulator
63
Operation
Zener diode will functions as voltage
regulator when reversed biased.Zener
diode has their own advantages, can be
regulate their voltage when it is operate at
the zener region. To operate, the input
voltage must higher than zener voltage
and the load resistance not effect the
zener diode is zero.
64
Series transistor voltage regulator
65
Operation
Connect the transistor serial with load and
it will control the input voltage value to
output.If the output voltage decreases ,the
increases VBE will cause the transistor to
produce more current value will make the
output voltage increases and make the
output voltage constant.
66
Operation
Zener diode as a refer voltage .It is same
process if the output voltage increases.
Transistor will decrease the current value ,
cause the output voltage decrease and the
output voltage become constant.
67
Integrated circuits voltage regulator

(LM7805)
68
Operation
The serial LM 78XX(where XX=
05,06,08,10,12,15,18 or 24).It is 3
terminal voltage regulator .IC LM 7805 will
produce the output voltage +5V .LM 7806
will produce the 6V output voltage. LM
7824 will produce +24V output voltage.
69
Voltage divider circuit

In electronic devices system, especially
big or complicated .It is contains several
circuit level, sometime use DC voltage
which are different value. For example TV
system have more than 10 circuit level
,different function and some of the need
DC voltage,100V,48V,12V and so on.
70
Voltage divider circuit
71
POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Figure below shows a power supply
complete circuit.From left to right,we found
the center tap transformer will decrease
the AC supply voltage .Then full rectifier
waveform change AC voltage to DC
voltage. filter are used to straighten pulse
at the voltage and it will stabilize by zener
diode voltage divider.
72
POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
73
Example
Based on figure below, name and explain
briefly circuit in part A dan part B,
If part A is changed to Bridge Rectifier,
re-draw the complete circuit for power
supply unit.
74
Example
75
Solution
76
Solution
The operation : When ac voltage supply to the circuit, M and N
at the secondary transformer will become +ve
and ve(exchange).When the circle of input
voltage in terminal become +ve ,G become a
potential (ground) and N become ve .D1 diode
will forward biased while D2 will reverse biased.
Current will flow along M, D1, C, A, B, G.A +ve
cycle wave will produce at the RL load. When the
ve cycle ,input
77
Solution
voltage supply ,M terminal become ve ,G
will zero potential(grounded) and N
become +ve.D2 diode will forward biased
while D1 will reverse biased. Current will
flow along N, D2, C, A, B, G. Current flow
through RL during the +ve cycle is similar
when ve cycle, we will got the similar
shape of wave too.
78
Solution
The direction of current flow through RL
during +ve cycle = the direction of current
flow through RL when ve cycle. When we
connect the oscilloscope across RL, we
will know the shape of the output voltage
is similar
79
Solution
Part B Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
The operation; Zener diode will functions as voltage regulator
when reversed biased.Zener diode has their
own advantages, can be regulate their voltage
when it is operate at the zener region. To
operate, the input voltage must higher than
zener voltage and the load resistance not effect
the zener diode is zero
80
Solution
81
THE END
82

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Topic 1

Power supply unit

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Explain the operation of a DC power supply circuit

Explain applications of rectifiers

Explain applications of filter

Explain applications about voltage regulator

Explain applications about voltage divider

Power supply unit

Power supply unit

Block diagram of dc power

Function of each block

Output waveform from each block

Voltage ratio is proportional to the voltage induced in

2.1 Understand the Characteristics of

Schematic diagram and physical

OPERATION DIODE DURING

How Rectifiers Work

The simplest form of rectifier is

How Rectifiers Work (continued)

When the sine wave goes

The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be

rms root mean square

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two

The average (av) and root-mean-square (rms) output voltages

Full Wave Rectifier

Consider the first half-cycle, when the source voltage polarity

During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity reverses. Now, the

2.2 Know diode

Full-wave rectifier bridge rectifier

During positive half-cycle

D1 and D3 conduct, allowing the current

During negative half-cycle

D2 and D4 conduct, allowing the current

i) the output signal voltage rectifier

Another widely used rectifier is

How the Filter Works

A large capacitor is connected

The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a

Voltage regulator circuit

Voltage regulator circuit

Voltage regulator circuit

Zener diode voltage regulator

Series transistor voltage regulator

Integrated circuits voltage regulator

Voltage divider circuit

Voltage divider circuit

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

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