Calculation Procedure:

The calculations shown in the below calculation sheet are done in a excel spreadsheet. The procedure is
same for the remaining sheets and is described below:
Section:
The duct is divided into sections at points where there is a change in the duct size.
Flow Rate Q :
The Flow rate is as calculated in the volumetric calculations.
Duct Size:
Duct is sized considering the velocity and pressure drop considerations.
Equivalent Round Diameter:
The equivalent round diameter for a rectangular duct is calculated using the following equation.
(Equation No. 25 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
=

1.30( )
( + ) .

= circular equivalent of rectangular duct for equal length, fluid resistance and airflow, mm
= Length of rectangular duct, mm
= Breadth of rectangular duct, mm
Velocity:
Section average velocity (m/s) is calculated using the following equation.
(Equation No. 10 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
=
= Air flow rate, m3 /s
= Cross sectional area of the duct (L x B for rectangular duct), m2
Velocity Pressure:
Velocity pressure (Pa) is calculated using;
(Equation No. 8 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
=

= Fluid mean velocity as calculated above, m/s

= Density of fluid (Air), Kg/m3
For air at standard conditions density is taken as 1.204 Kg/ m3
Duct Pressure Loss:
Pressure Loss is duct is calculated using Darcy equation:

(Equation No. 18 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)

1000
=
2

= Friction loss in terms of total pressure, Pa

= Friction factor
= length of the duct, m
= hydraulic diameter, mm
=density, Kg/m3
= velocity, m/s
Hydraulic diameter of the rectangular duct is found from following:
(Equation No. 24 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
=

= Cross Sectional Area of duct, mm2

= perimeter of cross-section, mm
Friction Factor:
Friction Factor is obtained from Colebrook equation as given below:
(Equation No. 19 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
1

= 2 log

3.7

2.51

= material absolute roughness factor, mm.

(See Table 1 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
Re = Reynolds number
For standard air and temperature between 4 and 380C Re can be calculated by:
(Equation No. 21 of Chapter 21, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals)
= 66.4
is in mm and

is in m/s.

Since Colebrook equation is implicit, iterations are needed to solve it for friction factor. NewtonRaphson method is used to perform these iterations. Ten number of iterations are performed and the
difference between the successive value of the friction factors at the end of the 10th iteration (f[11]f[10]) is provided in the table as offset.

Total Duct Pressure Drop Calculation by Section for Supply Fan VSF-1

Duct
section

Duct
element

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings

Airflow
(CMH)

Duct size
(mm)

84400
84400
49200
49200
42160
42160
35400
35400
23210
23210
16170
16170
9130
9130
35200
35200
30645
30645
19050
19050
7750
7750
12190
12190
7314
7314

1650
1650
1200
1200
1100
1100
950
950
900
900
900
900
500
500
1200
1200
1050
1050
1050
1050
750
750
900
900
500
500

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Eq.
Velocity
Round Velocity
pressure
Dia
(m/s)
(Pa)
(mm)

Duct
length
(m)

Summary of
Fitting loss
coefficients

Section
Total
Duct
Section
Friction
pressure
Offset pressure pressure
pressure
factor
loss(mm
loss
loss
f(n+1)-f(n)
loss (Pa)
(f)
wg)
(Pa)
(Pa/m)

De

Vp

Co

df

dP

1200
1200
1000
1000
900
900
900
900
600
600
450
450
450
450
700
700
700
700
450
450
250
250
350
350
350
350

1533
1533
1196
1196
1086
1086
1011
1011
799
799
686
686
518
518
993
993
932
932
735
735
457
457
597
597
455
455

11.84
11.84
11.39
11.39
11.83
11.83
11.50
11.50
11.94
11.94
11.09
11.09
11.27
11.27
11.64
11.64
11.58
11.58
11.20
11.20
11.48
11.48
10.75
10.75
11.61
11.61

~
84.40
~
78.08
~
84.24
~
79.63
~
85.81
~
74.05
~
76.48
~
81.57
~
80.75
~
75.51
~
79.36
~
69.56
~
81.14

12
~
13
~
5.5
~
5
~
4
~
3
~
5.5
~
4.5
~
4.2
~
4.1
~
3
~
4.1
~
3
~

~
2.45
~
0.85
~
0.02
~
0.82
~
0.45
~
0.02
~
0.05
~
0.32
~
0.24
~
0.03
~
0.41
~
0.79
~
0.05

0.0128
~
0.0134
~
0.0136
~
0.0139
~
0.0145
~
0.0152
~
0.0159
~
0.0140
~
0.0141
~
0.0150
~
0.0166
~
0.0158
~
0.0163
~

-5.97E-14
~
-6.01E-14
~
-4.18E-14
~
-2.96E-14
~
6.67E-14
~
2.60E-13
~
5.98E-13
~
-1.70E-14
~
2.26E-16
~
1.99E-13
~
1.09E-12
~
5.71E-13
~
8.20E-13
~

0.78
~
0.96
~
1.16
~
1.19
~
1.73
~
1.87
~
2.56
~
1.29
~
1.36
~
1.80
~
3.52
~
2.17
~
3.21
~

Critical path considered for pressure drop calculation is highlighted (Section [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 12 + 13])

dP x L (dP x L)+
Co x Pv (Co x Pv)
9.32
216.10
206.78
12.50
78.87
66.37
6.38
8.07
1.68
5.97
71.26
65.29
6.91
45.53
38.62
5.61
7.09
1.48
14.10
17.92
3.82
5.79
31.49
25.69
5.70
25.07
19.38
7.36
9.63
2.27
10.56
43.10
32.54
8.92
63.87
54.95
9.63
13.69
4.06
Total pressure loss
(mmwg)

Note:
Reference : 2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals: Chapter 21 - Duct Design
1. Duct pressure drop is calculated using Darcy Equation (Eq. 18), friction factor is found from colebrook equation (Eq. 19) with roughness factor of 0.09
2. Loss coefficients are calculated from Fitting Loss Coefficients given at the end of Chapter 21 - Duct Design

Duct
section
22.04
8.04

0.82
7.27
4.64
0.72
1.83
3.21

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2.56
9
0.98
4.39
6.51
1.40
46.08

10
11
12
13

Type of fitting
damper
elbow, smooth radius (90)
elbow, mitered (30)
elbow, mitered (60)
Smooth wye, branch
elbow, smooth radius (90)
elbow, smooth radius (35)
elbow, smooth radius (35)
transition
transition
elbow, smooth radius (90)
elbow, smooth radius (90)
Smooth wye, branch
transition
transition
Smooth wye,straight
elbow, smooth radius (35)
transition
elbow, smooth radius (35)
transition
elbow, smooth radius (90)
transition
elbow, smooth radius (90)
transition

ASHRAE
Fitting
No
CR9-3
CR3-1
CR3-6
CR3-6
SR5-1
CR3-1
CR3-1
CR3-1
SR4-2
SR4-1
CR3-1
CR3-1
SR5-1
SR4-1
SR4-1
SR5-1
CR9-3
SR4-1
CR9-3
SR4-1
CR9-3
SR4-1
CR3-1
SR4-1

Loss Coefficient
0.37
0.85
0.17
0.57
0.49
0.38
0.24
0.24

2.45

0.85
0.02

0.01
0.36
0.45
0.45
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.26
0.01
0.23
0.03
0.38
0.03
0.79
0.05

0.82
0.45
0.02
0.05
0.32
0.24
0.03
0.41
0.79
0.05

Total Duct Pressure Drop Calculation by Section for Exhaust Fan VEF-1
Duct
Duct
Airflow
section element (CMH)

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings
Duct
Fittings

Duct size
(mm)

39400
39400
23210
23210
19600
19600
16500
16500
10800
10800
5400
5400
5710
5710
2860
2860

1000
1000
1000
1000
850
850
700
700
700
700
500
500
700
700
450
450

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Eq.
Round Velocity
(m/s)
Dia
(mm)

Velocity
pressure
(Pa)

Duct Summary of
length Fitting loss
coefficients
(m)

Section
Total
Duct
Section
Friction
pressure
pressure pressure
Offset
pressure
factor
loss(mm
loss
loss
f(n+1)-f(n)
loss (Pa)
(f)
wg)
(Pa)
(Pa/m)

De

Vp

Co

df

dP

950
950
550
550
550
550
550
550
375
375
275
275
200
200
150
150

1065
1065
802
802
743
743
677
677
553
553
401
401
391
391
274
274

11.52
11.52
11.72
11.72
11.65
11.65
11.90
11.90
11.42
11.42
10.91
10.91
11.33
11.33
11.77
11.77

~
79.90
~
82.72
~
81.65
~
85.32
~
78.48
~
71.64
~
77.27
~
83.39

10
~
12.5
~
5.15
~
5
~
5
~
5.5
~
14
~
9
~

~
1.66
~
0.47
~
0.04
~
0.55
~
0.00
~
0.07
~
0.28
~
0.11

0.01371
~
0.01456
~
0.01475
~
0.01496
~
0.01575
~
0.01693
~
0.01734
~
0.01854
~

-4.15E-14
~
8.07E-14
~
1.25E-13
~
1.78E-13
~
5.18E-13
~
1.48E-12
~
1.77E-12
~
2.95E-12
~

1.12
~
1.70
~
1.80
~
2.07
~
2.53
~
3.42
~
4.31
~
6.87
~

Critical path considered for pressure drop calculation is highlighted (Section [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 8])

dP x L (dP x L)+
Co x Pv (Co x Pv)
11.24
143.88
132.63
21.22
60.10
38.88
9.29
12.55
3.27
10.36
57.28
46.92
12.66
12.66
0.00
18.80
23.81
5.02
60.30
81.93
21.64
61.85
71.03
9.17
Total pressure loss
(mmwg)

Note:
Reference : 2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals: Chapter 21 - Duct Design
1. Duct pressure drop is calculated using Darcy Equation (Eq. 18), friction factor is found from colebrook equation (Eq. 19) with roughness factor of 0.09
2. Loss coefficients are calculated from Fitting Loss Coefficients given at the end of Chapter 21 - Duct Design

Duct
section
14.67
6.13

1.28
2
5.84
1.29
2.43
8.35
7.24
43.52

3
4
5
6
7
8

Type of fitting
damper
elbow, smooth radius (90)
elbow, mitered (30)
elbow, mitered (60)
Smooth wye, branch
transition
elbow, smooth radius (90)
transition
transition
elbow, smooth radius (90)
Smooth wye, branch
transition
Smooth wye, straight
elbow, smooth radius (46)
elbow, smooth radius (46)
transition

ASHRAE
Fitting Loss Coefficient
No
CR9-3
0.37
CR9-3
0.38
1.66
CR3-6
0.16
CR3-6
0.55
ER5-1
0.20
0.29
0.47
CR3-1
0.18
ER4-1
0.04
0.04
ER4-1
0.05
0.55
CR3-1
0.20
ER5-1
0.30
0.00
0.00
ER4-1
0.07
0.07
ER5-1 -0.14
0.28
CR9-3
0.21
CR9-3
0.21
ER4-1
0.11
0.11