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particles having mass m1, m2 .m n and are placed in space (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2)
M
M
M
mass of X the system.
Z
Locate the point with coordinates (X, Y, Z). This point is called the centre of mass of the given collection of
the particles. If the position vector of the i th particle is ri, the centre of mass is defined to have the position
vector
n
1
RCM = mi ri Where M = m1 + m2 + .. + mn = mi
M i
i1
r
where r i xi i yi j zi k
1
i(m1x1 m2 x 2 .. mx n ) j(m1y1 m2 y 2 .. my n ) ..
i x cm j y cm k (z cm)
k(m1z1 m2 z2 .. mzn )
n
r
mi ri
M mn (xni+ yn j + znk)
RCM =
RCM
1
M
Illustration 1:
Solution:
Three equal masses are situates at vertices of equilateral triangle as shown in figure.
Find centre of mass of the system.
Let m be the mass of three masses and X CM, YCM and ZCM be the centre of masses of
along the X axis, Y axis and Z axis, then
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XCM
XCM
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m1x1 m2 x 2 m3 x 3
m1 m2 m3
y
m
m 0 m a m a / 2
mm m
a
2
3a / 2,0
a
m
m
(0,0,0)
a / 2,
(a,0,0)
m1y1 m2 y 2 m3 y 3
m 0 m 0 m 3a / 2
a
Y
CM
m1 m2 m3
mm m
2 3
m z m2 z 2 m3 z 3
m 0 m 0 m 0
ZCM 1 1
ZCM
0
m1 m2 m3
mm m
YCM
a a
,0
Hence coordinate of centre of mass is ,
2 2 3
y
dm
r
x
The integration is to be performed under proper limits so that as the integration variable goes through the
limits, the elements cover the entire body. We illustrate the method with three examples.
Illustration 2:
Solution:
Let M and L be the mass and the length of the rod respectively. Take the left end of the rod as the
origin and the Xaxis along the rod (figure). Consider an element
of the rod between the positions A and B of the rod. Let the
element be at a distance x from the centre O and its width
(x, o, o)
be dx. So as x varies from 0 through L, the elements cover
x
the entire rod.
O
dx
As the rod is uniform, the mass per unit length is M/L and hence the mass of the element is
dm = (M/L) dx.
The xcoordinate of the centre of mass of the rod is
1
1 M
1 x 2
X = x dm = x
dx =
M
M0 L
L 2
L
=
0
L
2
1
y dm =0
M
L
and similarly Z = 0. The centre of mass is at ,0,0 , i.e. at the middle point of the rod.
2
The ycoordinate is ,
Y= Y=
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r
ur
ur
r
ur
ur
r
m1 r1 m2 r2 ...... mn rn
m1 r1 m2 r2 ...... mn rn
r CM
m1 m2 ....... mn
M
r
r
r
Or
Mr CM m1 r1 m2 r 2 ...... mn
Differentiating
uu
r this expression
uu
r
uu
r with respect
uu
r to time t, we have
dr CM
dr 1
dr 2
dr n
M
m1
m2
..... mn
dt
dt
dt
uu
r dt
dr
Since,
velocity
dt
r
r
r
r
Therefore,
Mv CM m1 v1 m2 v 2 ..... mn v n
(i)
Or velocity of the Center of Mass is
n
r
r
r
r
r
m
v
m1 v1 m2 v 2 ..... mn v n
i i
r
Or
v CM
i1
v CM
M
M
r
ur
Further, mv momentum of a particle P . Therefore, Eq. (i) can be written as
n u
ur
r
ur
ur ur
ur
PCM Pi
Or
PCM P1 P2 ..... Pn
i 1
Differentiating
respect
we
uur Eq. (i)uuwith
r
uur to time t, u
ur get
dv CM
dv1
dv 2
dv n
M
m1
m2
...... mn
dt
dt
dt
dt
r
r
r
r
Or
MaCM m1 a1 m2 a2 ...... mn an
r
r
r
r
m1 a1 m2 a2 ..... mn an
Or
aCM
M
n
r
m1 a1
r
Or
i 1
aCM
M
Further, in accordance with Newtons second law of motion
n
r
r
r r
r
FCM
Or
FCM F1 F2 ..... Fn
(ii)
r
r
F m a . Hence, Eq. (ii) can be written as
r
Fi
i 1
Thus, as pointed out earlier also, the centre of mass of a system of particles moves as though it were a
particle of mass equal to that of the whole system with all the external forces acting directly on it.
Illustration 3:
Solution:
Two particles A and B of mass 1 kg and 2 kg respectively are projected in the directions
shown in figure with speeds uA 200 m/s and uB 50 m/s. Initially they wee 90 m apart.
Find the maximum height attained by the centre of mass of the particles. Assume
acceleration due to gravity to be constant. (g 10 m/s2).
Using mArA mBrB
B
Or
(1)(rA) (2)(rB)
Or
rA 2rB
(i)
uB
90m
And
rA rB 90 m
(ii)
uA
Solving these two equations, we get
rA 60m and rB 30m
A
i.e., CM is at height 60m from the ground at time t 0.
r
r
r
m A a A mB aB
aCM
Further,
g 10 m/s2
(downwards)
m A mB
r
r
As
(downwards)
a A aB g
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r
r
r
m A uA mB uB 1 200 2 50 100
uCM
m / s (upwards)
m A mB
1 2
3
Let, h be the height attained by CM beyond 60 m. Using
2
2
v CM
uCM
2aCMh
2
100
2 10 h
Or 0
Or
2
100
h
55.55m
180
Therefore, maximum height attained by the centre of mass is , H 60 55.55 115.55
m
ur
r
Pmv
P2 m2 v 2 2m mv 2 2mK
Or
2
P2
2m
Here, K is the kinetic energy of the particle. In accordance with Newtons second law,
r uur
uur
r
r
dv d mv dv
F ma m
dt
dt
dt
uuu
r
r dP
Thus,
F
dt
In case the external
uuu
rforce applied to a particle (or a body) be zero, we have
r dP
ur
F
0
or
P cons tan t
dt
Showing that in the absence of an external force, the linear momentum of a particle (or the body) remains
constant. This is called the law of conservation of linear momentum. The law may be extended to a system of
particles or to the centre of mass of a system of particles. For example, for a system of particles it takes the form.
If net force (or the vector sum of all the forces) on a system of particles is zero, the vector sum of linear
momentum of all
r the
r particles
r r remain
r conserved, or
If
F F1 F2 F3 ..... Fn 0
ur ur ur
ur
Then,
P1 P2 P3 ..... Pn constant
The same is ther case for
ur the centre of mass of a system of particles i.e., if
FCM 0,PCM Constant
Thus, the law of conservation of linear momentum can be applied to a single particle, to a system of
particles or even to the centre of mass of the particles.
Thus,
P 2Km or K
Illustration 4:
Solution:
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v
m1 m2
IMPULSE
r
r
Consider a constant force F which acts for a time t on a body of mass m, thus, changing its velocity from u
r
r
to v . Because the force is constant, the body will travel with travel with constant acceleration a where
r
r
r r
r
and
at v u
F ma
r
Ft r r
Hence,
vu
m
r
r
r
Or
Ft mv mu
r
r
The product of constant force F and the time t for which it acts is called the impulse J of the force and
this is equal to the change in linear momentum which it produces.
r
r
r r
r
Impulse J Ft P Pf Pi
Instantaneous Impulse: There are many occasions when a force acts for such a short time that the effect
is instantaneous, e.g., a bat striking a ball. In such cases, although the magnitude of the force and the time
for which it acts may each be unknown but the value of their product (i.e., impulse) can be known by
measuring the initial and final momenta. Thus, we can write
r
r
r r
r
J Fdt P Pf Pi
Regarding the impulse it is important to note that impulse applied to an object in a given time interval can
also be calculated from the area under forcetime (F t) graph in the same time interval.
Impulse momentum relation: The change in momentum of a particle during a time interval equals the
impulse of the net force that acts on the particle during that interval.
r r
r
(impulse momentum relation)
J p2 p1
Illustration 5:
Solution:
Here, v rel is the velocity of the mass gained or mass ejected relative
v
v dv
to the main mass. In case of rocket this is sometimes called the
dm
dm
m - dm
exhaust velocity of the gases.
is the rate at which mass is
system
dt
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increasing or decreasing.
The expression for the thrust force can be derived from the conservation of linear momentum in the
absence of any external forces on a system as follows :
r
Suppose at some moment t t mass of a body is m and its velocity is v . After some time at t t dt its mass
r uur
r
becomes (m dm) and velocity becomes v dv . The mass dm is ejected with relative velocity v r , Absolute
r r uur
velocity of mass dm is therefore v r v dv . If no external forces are acting on the system, the linear
mdv v r dm
uur
r dm
dv
m vr
Or
dt
dt
uur
r
dv
m thrust force F1
Here,
dt
dm
And
= rate at which mass is ejecting
dt
dt
r
r
is given by the direction of v r in case the mass is increasing and otherwise the direction of v r if it
is decreasing.
3.
Find netuforce
on the mass and apply
ur
r
dv
(m = mass at that particular instant)
Fnet m
dt
Rocket Propulsion: Let m0 be the mass of the rocket at time t = 0. m its mass at any time t and v its
velocity a that the velocity of the rocket is u.
At
At
t=0
v=u
m = m0
t=t
m=m
v=v
Exhaust velocity = vr
dm
be the mass of the gas ejected per unit time and vr the exhaust velocity of the gases. Usually
dt
Further, let
dm
and vr are kept constant throughout the journey of the rocket. Now, let us write few equations which can
dt
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dm
dt
Ft v r
2.
3.
4.
(upwards)
(downwards)
(upwards)
dv v r dm
dt m dt
v
Or
dv v r
u
Thus,
Illustration 6:
Solution:
m0
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Or
F
m
dm
gdt
m
dv v r
dm
g dt
m
0
Or
m
v u gt v r In 0
m
m
v u v r In 0 gt
m
(i)
(A) A rocket set for vertical firing weighs 50 kg and contains 450 kg of fuel. It can have a
maximum exhaust velocity of 2 km/s. What should be its minimum rate of fuel
consumption
(i)
to just lift it off the launching pad.
(ii)
to give it an acceleration of 20 m/s2.
(B) What will be the speed of the rocket when the rate of consumption of fuel is 10 kg/s
after whole of the fuel is consumed ? Take g = 9.8 m/s2.
(A) To just lift it off the launching pad Weight = thrust force
mg
dm
dm
mg v r
Or
Or
dt
dt
vr
dt
2 103
(ii)
Net acceleration a = 20 m/s2
v dm
F
a r
g
ma = Ft mg
Or
a t g
Or
m dt
m
m g a
dm
This gives
dt
vr
Substituting the values, we get,
dt
2 103
(B)
The rate of fuel consumption is 1.0 kg/s. So, the time for the consumption of
450
45 second
entire fuel is, t
10
m0
Using Eq. (i), i.e., v u gt v r In
m
3
Here,
u = 0, vr = 2 10 m/s,
m0 = 500 kg
and
m = 50 kg
Substituting the values, we get,
500
v 0 (9.8)(45) (2 103 )In
Or
v = 441 + 4605.17
50
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Or
v = 4164.17 m/s
Or
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v = 4.164 km/s
5.6 COLLISIONS
When two particles approach each other, their motion changes or their momentum changes due to their
mutual interactions. This phenomenon is called collision. During collision (i) an impulse (a large force for a
relatively short time) acts on each colliding particle (ii) the total momentum of the particles remain
conserved. The collision is infact a redistribution of total momentum of the particles. Physical interaction
is not necessary for collision. Generally, the collisions are of two types:
(1)
Elastic collision
(2)
Inelastic collision
1. Elastic collision: A collision is said to be elastic if kinetic energy is also conserved along with the linear
momentum. There is no loss or transformation of kinetic energy in this collision
uu
r
uu
r
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 respectively. They collide
uu
r
uur
and their velocities after the collision become v1 and v 2 respectively.
By conservation of the linear momentum,
Total linear momentum
= Total linear momentum after
uu
r
uu
r before
uu
r collision
uur
collision , m1u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v 2
uu
r uu
r
uur uu
r
m1 u1 - v1 = m2 v 2 - u2
or
(1)
u1'
u'2
u1
u2
Long
before
collision
v
v1
v
'
1
During
collision
v2
'
2
Long
after
collision
(3)
2m1
m2 - m
1
2m2
v1 = 1
u1 +
u2 and v 2 =
u1 +
u2
m1 + m2
m1 + m
2
m1 + m2
m1 + m
2
Illustration 7:
Solution:
A ball of 0.4kg mass and a speed of 3 m/s has a head-on, completely elastic collision
with a 0.6-kg mass initially at rest. Find the speeds of both bodies after the collision:
By Conservation of momentum:
(0.4 3) + 0 = 0.4v + 0.6V
or
v + 1.5V = 3
We know that:
velocity of separation = velocity of approach or v + V = 3
We solve by adding the two equations to yield
2.5V = 6
V = 2.4 m/s
v = 0.6 m/s
2. Inelastic collision: A collision in which the linear momentum is conserved, but a part of kinetic energy
change into the other forms (such as heat, vibration, excitation energy etc) is called the inelastic collision. In
other words, the kinetic energy is not conserved.(Actually there is no violation of the law of conservation of
energy, but a part of the kinetic energy, changes into a useless form.) In this, the particles do not regain
their shape and size completely after collision. Some fraction of mechanical energy is retained by the
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colliding particles in the form of deformation potential energy. However, in the absence of external forces,
law of conservation of linear momentum still holds good.
uu
r
uu
r
Let two particles of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial velocities u1 and u2
uu
r
uur
Collide and travel with velocities v1 and v 2 respectively after the collision. By conservation of linear
momentum
uu
r
uu
r
uu
r
uur
m1u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v 2
uu
r uu
r
uur uu
r
or
m1 u1 - v1 = m2 v 2 - u2
1
1
1
1
and by conservation of kinetic energy, m1u12 m2u22 = m1v12 m2 v 22 + E
2
2
2
2
Where E is the part of energy which changes into the useless form due to inelastic collision;
r
For example, if two particles coalesce after collision and the combined system travel with a velocity v after
the collision in same direction, then
m u m 2 u2
m1u1 m2u2 m1 m2 v or v 1 1
m1 m2
1
1
1
m1u12 m2u22 m1 m2 v 2
2
2
2
1
1 m u m2u2
E=
m1u12 m2u22 1 1
2
2 m1 m2
or
1 m1m2
(u u2 )2
2 (m1 m2 ) 1
seperation speed
(along line of impact)
(ii)
approach speed
Where
v1 = The speed of first body after collision.
v2 = The speed of second body after collision.
u1 = the speed of first body before collision.
u2 = the speed of second body before collision.
The ratio e is called the coefficient of restitution and is constant for two particular objects.
0 e 1
In general,
e = 0, for completely inelastic collision, as both the objects stick together. So, their separation speed is zero or e = 0.
e = 1, for an elastic collision, as we can show that from equation (i)
v2 v1 = u1 u2
(iii)
Or
separation speed = approach speed
Or
e=1
Let us now find the velocities of two particles after collision if they collide directly and the coefficient of
restitution between them is given as e.
e
Or
m2
m1
v2
Before Collision
v1
v2'
v1'
After Collision
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m1 m 2
m1 m2
and
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
m2 em1
m1 em
1
v 2
v1
m1 m 2
m1 m2
v 2'
Illustration 8:
Solution:
(vii)
A moving particle of mass m, makes a headon collision with a particle of mass 2m, which is
initially at rest. Show that the colliding particle loses (8/9) of its energy after collision.
Let u be the initial velocity of particle of mass m and its velocity after the collision. Let V
be the velocity of particle of mass 2m after the collision.
From the principle of conservation of linear momentum, we have
mu = mv + (2m) V
Or
uv=2V
(i)
The conservation of kinetic energy gives
1
1
1
mu2 =
mv2 + (2m)V2 Or
u2 v2 = 2V2
(ii)
2
2
2
Or (u v) (u + v) = 2V2
Using Eq. (1) in Eq. (2) we have
2V (u + v) = 2V2 or u + v = V Or
2(u + v) = 2V
(iii)
u
Comparing (1) and (3) we get, u v = 2 (u + v) Or v =
(iv)
3
1
Now, initial kinetic energy of the colliding mass is,
Ki =
mu2
2
1
Final kinetic energy,
Kf =
mv2
2
1
1
Loss in kinetic energy is, K = Ki Kf =
mu2
mv2
2
2
1
1
2
mu2 - mv 2
K
u2 - v 2
v
2
Fractional loss =
= 2
=
=
1
u
1
Ki
u2
mu2
2
2
8
1
=1 =
(Q v = u/3)
3
9
u1
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u2
v1
v2
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Illustration 9:
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A ball of mass m moving at a speed v makes a head on collision with an identical ball at
rest. The energy of the balls after the collision is 3/4th of the original. Find the coefficient
of restitution.
m
v2'
v1'
After Collision
Before Collision
Solution:
As we have seen in the above discussion, that under the given conditions :
1 e
1 e
v1'
v
and
v 2'
v
2
3
Given that K f K i
4
Or
2
1
3 1
mv1' mv 2
2
4 2
1 e 1 e
2
2
Or (1 + e)2 + (1 e)2 = 3 Or
2 + 2e2 = 3
Or
Or
3
4
e2
1
2
1
2
ROTATION: If a body is rotating about the fix axis of rotation then its motion is known as pure rotational motion.
MIX MOTION: If a body moves such that its motion neither be pure rotational nor be pure translational
then its motion is known as mix motion.
OAB OAB(congruent)
i.e.
AOB = AOB
Adding
AOB to both sides of the above equation, we get
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mathematically defined as ,
at t t1
t 2 t1 t t
dt
2
1
limit
t1 t 2
t 2 t1
dt t t
2
1 2
t
2
2
t = 0 2
Here
Illustration 10:
A disc starts rotating with constant angular acceleration of radian/s2 about a fixed axis
perpendicular to its plane and passing through its centre. Find
(a)
The angular velocity of the disc after 4 sec.
(b)
The angular displacement of the disc after 4 sec and
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Solution:
(c)
Here
(a)
(b)
(c)
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n=4
r = r
The tangential velocity, vA =
dt
dt
r
The direction of the angular velocity vector be taken along the axis of rotation:
r
= n , n being the unit vector along the axis of rotation.
r
Then, v , instantaneous velocity of A with respect to the axis of rotation, can be written as ,
The acceleration of the point A with
respect to the axis of rotation is
r
r
r
r dv d r r dr
r r r r r
a=
ar v
dt
dt
dt
r
r r r
r
r
r r r
If
is constant, then = 0 and
a v = r = 2 r
r r r
vr
5.15 TORQUE
Torque of a force about the axis of rotation: The turning effect of a force
P
F
about the axis of rotation is called moment of force or torque due to the force
and is measured as the product of the magnitude of the force and the
r
perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the axis of
Fig. (a)
O
rotation.
It is denoted by the Greek letter (tou). Thus,
torque = force perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation
Its unit is N m in SI. Its dimensional formula is [M L 2 T2], same as that of work. It may be pointed out that no
doubt, N m is equivalent
to joule (the unit of work); but joule is not used as the
r
r unit of torque.
Consider a force F acting on a particle P. Choose an origin O and let r be the position vector of the
ur r r
particle experiencing the force. We define the torque of the force F about O as , P r F
(1)
r
r
A
This is a vector quantity having its direction perpendicular to r and F according to the
Fig. (b)
rule of cross product. Now consider a rigid body rotating about a given axis of rotation
AB (fig b). Let F be a force acting on the particle O of the body. F may not be in the
F
P
O
plane ABP. Take the origin O somewhere on the axis of rotation.
r
O
1
ur r r
r
The torque of F about O is P r F . Its component along OA is called the torque of F about OA. To
r r
calculate it, we should find the vector r F and then find out the angle it makes with OA. The torque
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r r
about OA is then r F cos . The torque of a force about a line. This can be shown as given below. Let O 1
be any point onrthe line
r 10.4).
r torque
r ABr (Figure
r The
r r of Frabout O1 is
O1P F (O1O OP) F O1O F OP F .
r
r r
As O1P F O1O, this term will have no component along AB.
r
r
r
r
Thus, the component of O1P F is equal to that of O1P F .
Illustration 11:
Solution:
A particle
of mass m is dropped at point A, find the torque about O.
r r r
r F
r
r F sin n = (r sin) F n
= b mg
The direction of torque is directed inward the paper or in other
words, rotation about O is clockwise.
m
r
mg
1
1
A
K E2 = m2 v 22 m2 r22 2
2
2
r2
1
1
m1
KEtotal = kE2 m2 r22 2 2 m2r22
2
2
1 2
I
KEtotal = 2
Where I is called as moment of inertia of body about an given axis of rotation. In this case I is about AB.
Moment of inertia is also called as rotational mass of object.
Illustration 12:
Solution:
Four point masses each of value m are placed at points A, B, C and D at distances
a 3a
,a,
and 2a from the free and of a mass-less rod. (i) Find the M.I. of the system about
2
2
an axis perpendicular to the point B. (ii) Will the mass on the left side contribute a
negative term?
Suppose that the four masses each of mass m are placed at the points A, B, C and D of
a mass-less rod (fig.)
(i) M.I. of the rod about the axis through the point B,
I = m (BA)2 + m (BB)2 + m (BC)2 + m (BD)2
= m (a/2)2 + m (0)2 + m (a/2)2 + m (a)2
1
1
3
= m a2 0 m a2 m a2 m a2
2
4
4
(ii) The distance occurs with power 2 in the formula for moment of inertia.
AXIS
Therefore, if the distance of the mass on left of the
axis is taken as negative, its moment of inertia will still
m
m
m
m
contribute a positive term. Hence, the mass m on the
A
B
C
D
left side of the axis will not contribute a negative term
a/2
to the moment of inertia of the system.
3a/2
2a
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r1
m1
r2
m2
r3
m3
Where ri is the perpendicular distance from the axis to the ith particle, which has a mass mi.
Moment of Inertia of Rigid Bodies: For a continuous mass distribution such as
found in a rigid body, we replace the summation of Eq. (ii) by an integral. If the system
is divided into infinitesimal elements of mass dm and if r is the distance from a mass
element to the axis of rotation, the moment of inertia is,
I r 2 dm
r
dm
Radius of Gyration: Radius of gyration may be defined as the distance from the axis at which, if the whole
mass of the body were to be concentrated, the moment of inertia would be the same about the given axis
as with its actual distribution of mass.
Suppose a rigid body consists of n particles of each of the mass m. Let r 1, r2, ...... rn be the perpendicular
distances of these particles from the axis of rotation. Then
I mr12 mr22 ..... mrn2
m r12 r22 ..... rn2
r12 r22 ..... rn2
mn
(where M = m n)
(i)
If whole mass of the body is regarded to be concentrated at a perpendicular distance K (radius of gyration), then
I = M K2
(ii)
From eqs. (1) and (2),
r 2 r 2 ..... rn2
K 1 2
1
2
(iii)
Therefore, radius of gyration of a body about an axis is equal to the root mean square distance of the
constituent particles from the given axis.
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Solution:
The moment of inertia of a thin square plate ABCD (as shown in figure)
4
of uniform thickness about an axis passing through the centre O and
1
A
B
perpendicular to the Plane of plate is:
(A)
I1 + I2
(B)
I3 + I4
O
3
(C)
I1 + I3
(D)
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
Where I1, I2, I3 and I4 are moments of inertia about axis 1, 2, 3
D
C
2
and 4 respectively which are in the plane of plate?
If I0 is moment of inertia of plane passing through the centre and to plate, then
according to the theorem of perpendicular axes.
I0 = I1 + I2 = I3 + I4
From symmetry, I1 = I2 and I3 = I4
I0 = I1 + I2, I0 = I3 + I4
And
I0 = I1 + I3
i.e., first three answers are correct. Ans. (A, B, C)
Solution:
The moment of inertia of a ring about one of its diameters is I. What will be its moment of
inertia about a tangent parallel to the diameter?
3
I
(A)
4I
(B)
2I
(C)
(D)
3I
2
1
I MR2 . According to theorem of parallel axes.
(D)
2
1
3
I' MR2 MR 2 MR 2 3I.
2
2
Illustration 15:
Solution:
= I
I
= Force perpendicular distance Torque is same in both the cases. But since I will be
different due to different mass distribution about the axis.
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r r sin
L = mvr sin = mvr
r
Here, r= r sin is the perpendicular distance of line of action of
r r
r
r
Velocity v from point O. The direction of L is same as that of r v .
Illustration 16:
Solution:
A particle of mass m is projected from origin O with speed u at an angle with positive x-axis
is in vertically upward direction. Find the angular momentum of particle at any time t about O
before the particle strikes the ground again.
r
r r
P
L m r v
y
v
r
r t xi yj
Here,
and
u cos ti ut sin gt 2 j
2
r
v t v x i v y j = (u cos ) i + (u sin gt) j
r
r r
L m r v
r b
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i
m u cos t
u cos
Page 82
k
1 2
u sin t gt 0 = m[(u2 sin cos ) t (u cos ) gt2
2
0
u sin gt
u2 sin cos t
1
u cos gt 2 k 1 m ucos gt 2 k
2
2
r
O
Here,
vi = ri
L miri2
i
or
L miri2
i
or
L = I
(as
mr
i i
I )
r r r
L r p
r
r
r
r r r
r r r
dL dr r r dp r
p r
v mv r F = 0 + r F ext
dt dt
dt
r
r
This relation is analogous to F ma , which is applied in rotation.
r
dL r
ext
dt
r
r
dL
When there is no net external torque acting on a particle, then
0.
L = constant
dt
Therefore, the angular momentum of the particle remains invariant in the absence of any net external torque.
ANGULAR IMPULSE
t2
dt
t1
uur
r dL
r
Hence, is the resultant torque acting on the body. Further, since
dt
t2
r
r r
Or
dt angular impulse L 2 L1
r
uur
dt dL
t1
Thus, the angular impulse of the resultant torque is equal to the change in angular momentum. Let us take
an example based on the angular impulse.
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Illustration 17:
Solution:
AIEEE
The torque on a body about a given point is found to be equal to A L where A is constant
vector, and L is the angular momentum of the body about that point. From this it follows that
dL
(A)
is perpendicular to L at all instants of time
dt
(B)
the component of L in the direction of A does not change with time.
(C)
the magnitude of L does not change with time.
(D)
L does not
r change with time
r dL
(A, B, C)
dt
r
dL r r
r r r
Given that, A L
A L
dtuur
r
r
dL
From crossproduct rule,
is always perpendicular to the plane containing A and L
dt
r r
By the dot product definition L.L L2
r
r
r dL r dL
dL
Differentiating with respect to time L.
L.
2L
dt
dt
dt
r
r dL
dL
2L.
2L
dt
dt
r
r
dL
dL
Since
is perpendicular to L
= 0 L = constant
dt
dt
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ASSIGNMENT
LEVEL - I
1.
(A)
1
(B)
0
(C)
(D)
1
A shell initially at rest explodes into two pieces of equal mass, then the two pieces will
(A)
Be at rest
(B)
Move with different velocities in different directions
(C)
Move with the same velocity in opposite directions
(D)
Move with the same velocity in same direction
Two perfectly elastic particles P and Q of equal mass travelling along the line joining them with
velocities 15 m/sec and 10 m/sec. After collision, their velocities respectively (in m/sec) will be
(A)
0, 25
(B)
5, 20
(C) r 10, 15
(D)
20, 5
A particle of mass m moving with a velocity V makes a head on elastic collision with another
particle of same mass initially at rest. The velocity of the first particle after the collision will be
r
r
r
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Zero
V
V
2V
If two balls each of mass 0.06 kg moving in opposite directions with speed 4 m/s collide and rebound with
the same speed, then the impulse imparted to each ball due to other is
(A)
0.48 kg-m/s (B)
0.24 kg-m/s (C)
0.81 kg-m/s (D)
Zero
An inelastic ball is dropped from a height of 100 m. Due to earth, 20% of its energy is lost. To what
height the ball will rise
(A)
80 m
(B)
40 m
(C)
60 m
(D)
20 m
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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15.
Two bodies of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are moving with velocities 2 m/s and 10 m/s respectively along
same direction. Then the velocity of their centre of mass will be
(A)
8.1 m/s
(B)
7.3 m/s
(C)
6.4 m/s
(D)
5.3 m/s
16.
A cricket bat is cut at the location of its centre of mass as shown. Then
17.
18.
(A)
The two pieces will have the same mass
(B)
The bottom piece will have larger mass
(C)
The handle piece will have larger mass
(D)
Mass of handle piece is double the mass of bottom piece
Ring of mass 6 kg and radius 40 cm is revolving at the rate of 300 revolutions per minute. Its
moment of inertia be
(A)
0.92 kg m2
(B)
0.96 kg m2
(C)
2.4 kg m2
(D)
2.98 kg m2
In Q. 17, the kinetic energy of rotation of the ring is
48
joule
The moment of inertia of a 500 gm cylinder of radius 10 cm about its natural axis is
0.5 10 3 kg m2
1.5 10 3 kg m2
(A)
(B)
(A)
19.
20.
48 2 joule
(B)
48 joule
(C)
48 joule
(D)
2 10 3 kg m2
2.5 103 kg m2
(C)
(D)
The angular momentum changes from 2 units to 6 units in 4 s. The torque is
(A)
1 unit
(B)
1/2 unit
(C)
3/2 unit
(D)
4 unit
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LEVEL - II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
A ring of mass 10 kg and diameter 0.4 m is rotated about its axis. If it makes 2100 revolutions per
minute, then its angular momentum will be
(A)
44 kg m2 s1 (B)
88 kg m2 s1 (C)
4.4 kg m2 s1 (D)
0.4 kg m2 s1
A wheel whose moment of inertia is 12 kg m 2 has an initial angular velocity of 40 rad/s. A constant
torque of 20 Nm acts on the wheel. The time in which the wheel is accelerated to 100 rad/s is
(A)
72 second
(B)
16 second
(C)
8 second
(D)
36 second
A constant couple of 400 Nm turns a wheel of moment of inertia 100 kgm 2 about an axis through its
centre. The angular velocity gained in 4 second is
(A)
12 rad s1
(B)
16 rad s1
(C)
20 rad s1
(D)
24 rad s1
Which of the following is conserved when the torque acting on a system is zero ?
(A)
K.E.
(B)
Angular momentum
(C)
Angular K.E.
(D)
Linear momentum
A spacecraft of rotational inertia 105 kg m2 is having a spin of 0.1 rad s1. The spacecraft, there is a rigidly
mounted flywheel of moment of inertia 1000 kg m 2. The spin motion of the spacecraft can be stopped by
changing the rotational rate of the flywheel by
(A)
1 rad s1
(B)
10 rad s1
(C)
100 rad s1
(D)
1000 rad s1
A fan of moment of inertia 0.6 kg m2 is turned upto a working speed of 0.5 r.p.s. The angular
momentum of the fan is
kg m2s 1
(A)
0.6 kg m2 s1 (B)
6 kg m2 s1
(C)
3 kg m2 s1
(D)
6
A rigid body of moment of inertia has an angular acceleration . If the power supplied to the body
is P, its instantaneous angular velocity is
(A)
P
(B)
P/
(C)
P/
(D)
P/
The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular
to its length is 0. What is the M.I. about an axis through one end and perpendicular to the rod?
(A)
1/2 0
(B)
30
(C)
50
(D)
40
A rod of length 1 m and mass 1/2 kg rotates at angular speed 6 rad s 1 about one of its ends. The
kinetic energy of the rod is
(A)
1 joule
(B)
2 joule
(C)
3 joule
(D)
4 joule
A sphere rolls down on an inclined plane of inclination . What is the acceleration as the sphere
reaches bottom
5
3
2
2
gsin
gsin
gsin
gsin
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7
5
7
5
A solid cylinder of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down an inclined plane of length L and
height h. What is the speed of its centre of mass when the cylinder reaches its bottom?
3
4
4 gh
2 gh
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
gh
gh
4
3
A solid sphere (mass 2 M) and a thin hollow spherical shell (mass M) both of the same size, roll
down an inclined plane, then
(A)
Solid sphere will reach the bottom first
(B)
Hollow spherical shell will reach the bottom first
(C)
Both will reach at the same time
(D)
None of these
A solid sphere, a hollow sphere and a ring are released from top of an inclined plane (frictionless) so
that they slide down the plane. Then maximum acceleration down the plane is for (no rolling)
(A)
Solid sphere
(B)
hollow sphere
(C)
Ring
(D)
All same
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14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
AIEEE
An inclined plane makes an angle of 30 with the horizontal. A solid sphere rolling down this inclined
plane from rest without slipping has a linear acceleration equal to
g
2g
5g
5g
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
3
3
7
14
A cord is wound round the circumference of wheel of radius r. The axis of the wheel is horizontal
and moment of inertia about it is . A weight mg is attached to the end of the cord and falls from the
rest. After falling through a distance h, the angular velocity of the wheel will be
1/ 2
1/ 2
2gh
2mgh
2mgh
2gh
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
mr 2
2mr 2
mr
Two particles A and B initially at rest move towards each other under a mutual force of attraction. At the
instant when the speed of A is v and the speed of B is 2v, the speed of centre of mass of the system is
(A)
Zero
(B)
v
(C)
1.5v
(D)
3v
A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. About which point on the plane of the circle, will the
angular momentum of the particle remain conserved
(A)
Centre of the circle
(B)
On the circumference of the circle
(C)
Inside the circle
(D)
Outside the circle
A mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by means of a string at an initial speed of 5 r.p.m.
Keeping the radius constant, the tension in the string is doubled. The new speed is nearly
(A)
14 r.p.m.
(B)
10 r.p.m.
(C)
20 r.p.m.
(D)
7 r.p.m.
A fly wheel rotates about a fixed axis and slows down from 300 r.p.m. to 100 r.p.m. in 2 minutes.
Then its angular retardation in radian/minute2 is
100
100
200
(A)
(B)
100
(C)
(D)
A particle projected so as to just move along a vertical circle. The ratio of the tensions in the string when
the particle is at the lowest and highest point on the circle is
(A)
1
(B)
finite but large (C)
zero
(D)
infinite
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