CURS ENGLEZA

Body Parts
Body parts are external or internal. External body parts are outside parts of your body such
as an arm, eye, ear or nose. Internal body parts are inside of you such as heart, lungs or
kidneys. All parts of the body play a special role in how our body works.
Hearts pump blood through our body. Vessels (tubes, veins) are connected to the heart.
These tubes take the blood to all parts of body.
Our lungs help us breath. Lungs take oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide
from the blood into the air.
Muscles contract and relax to help us move.
Bones are hard parts of our body. They help hold our body up. Bones protect the internal
parts (organs) of our body.
Kidneys take out bad things from our blood and change them into urine (pee).
Our brain controls all parts of our body. It helps us think. Or brain is in our heads.
The stomach is where our food goes. It breaks our food into small pieces so that our blood
can take nutrients (good parts of the food) from the food. Food gives us energy and keeps us
strong.
A joint is where two bones meet. Joints have cartilage (a soft material) in them so that the
hard bones can move easily.
Senses
We have five basic senses; sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. Our senses help us know
and experience our world.
Sight: how we see things through our eyes
Hearing: how we hear different sounds through our ears
Taste: how we know if what we eat is sweet, salty, sour or bitter
Smell: how we know if something has a good or bad smell
Touch: how we feel things (smooth, rough, wet, dry, etc.)
Symptoms are signs our body uses to tell us that there are health
problems. Symptoms can help tell us what is wrong in our body. Symptoms
tell you that there are changes in how your body is working. When you visit
a doctor, you should tell your doctor how you feel. If you do not feel normal,
this can mean that something is wrong with your health.
There are different types of symptoms. Symptoms can be:
Vomiting (to throw-up)

 Swelling (puffed up)

Bleeding (loss of blood)
Fever (high body temperature)
Earache (pain in the ear)
Toothache (pain in the teeth)
Headache (pain in the head)
Rash (irritation of the skin)
Numbness (to not feel)
Drowsiness (sleepy)
Diarrhea (watery poop/stool)
Trouble breathing (cannot breath well; shortness of breath)
Tingling (feeling pins and needles in your body or skin)
Passing gas (bad smelling air from bowels)
Congestion (your nose is full. It is hard to breath from your nose)
Itching (you want to rub or scratch your skin)
Fatigue (you feel tired/weak)
Constipation (your stool (poo) is too hard. It does not come out)
Sneezing (a quick push of air out of your nose and mouth)
Stomach ache (pain in your stomach)
Backache (pain in your back)
Runny nose (nose dripping watery)
Cough (quick noisy push of air from mouth)
Dizziness (feeling wobbly/faint; to lose balance; not steady)
Nausea (to feel like throwing up; feeling sick in the stomach)
Other symptoms and illnesses:
Rash (irritation of the skin, causes redness of the skin)
Fracture/break (to break a bone)
Unconscious (person is not awake but not asleep and will not wake
up; does not respond)
Giving birth/ labour; pregnancy (baby is growing inside a woman for
9 months)
Heart attack (the heart gets damaged/ hurt)
Cut (to break the skin with a sharp object such as knife, scissors,
scalpel)
Burn (when you hurt/injure yourself by touching something very hot.
Your skin gets red and sore)

Expressing health problems

I am feeling bad/dizzy/weak.
I am drowsy.
I cut my finger.
I have a cough.
I have a toothache.
I burnt my hand/leg.
I have diahrrea.
I have a sore throat/my throat hurts.
I have a headache/my head hurts.
I have a fever/a runny nose.
My nose is congested.
I have a cold/a flu.
I have broken my arm.
Im bleeding.
I have a backache/my back hurts.

Capitolul II- Medical interview

1.

Miscellaneous

Hello? What is your name and surname? How old are you?
Where do you feel the pain?

2.

General health questions:

How much do you weigh?

Do you feel a lack of energy?
Do you have any fever? How much? Since when?

Do you sweat?
Do you have rigors?

3.

Past medical history

Have you had all the childhood diseases?

Have you had any surgery?
When? Which? appendix/tonsils/hernia/tumour/other (show me your scar)
Did you ever/Do you complain of- diabetes/high blood pressure/rheumatic fever/gout/asthma/sexually
transmitted diseases/tuberculosis?
Have you been travelling abroad? When? Where?
Do you have any bleeding tendencies? What is your blood group?
Have you ever been hospitalized? Where/When?

4.

Family history

Are your parents alive?

If not, at what age did they die?
What was the cause of their death? Accident/heart problems/cancer/infectious disease/ hereditary disease?
Which? Others
Do you have any brothers or sisters? Are they healthy? Are they alive? If not, why did they die?

5.

Habits
Do you smoke? If so, how many cigars a day/pipes?
Do you drink alcohol? How many glasses a day of wine/beer/whiskey, spirits?
Since when?
Are you a drug addict? Since when?
If you are not a drug addict now, have you ever been one?

6.

Drug history

Are you on any treatment? Tablets? Injections? antibiotics/insulin?oral

contraceptives/steroids/antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, oral antidiabetic drugs, others? Name it.

For which part of the body do you take it? Show me with your hand, please? Have you ever been under
medication in the past? Which one? Name it.
Show me the medicine containers.

7.

Immunizations:

Are you up to date in the immunization against- diphtheria/tetanus/whooping

cough/poliomyelitis/typhoid/smallpox/tuberculosis/hepatitis?

Medical record

Capitolul II- Medical interview

8.

Miscellaneous

Hello? What is your name and surname? How old are you?
Where do you feel the pain?

9.

General health questions:

How much do you weigh?

Do you feel a lack of energy?
Do you have any fever? How much? Since when?
Do you sweat?
Do you have rigors?

10. Past medical history

Have you had all the childhood diseases?
Have you had any surgery?
When? Which? appendix/tonsils/hernia/tumour/other (shoe me your scar)
Did you ever/Do you complain of- diabetes/high blood pressure/rheumatic fever/gout/asthma/sexually
transmitted diseases/tuberculosis?

Have you been travelling abroad? When? Where?

Do you have any bleeding tendencies? What is your blood group?
Have you ever been hospitalized? Where/When?

Medical record

Task:

Role play: Work in pairs with your partner and imagine you are a nurse. Act out a dialogue with your
patient, meaning your colleague.

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

Here is a list of some of the most common supplies found in doctor's offices, operating rooms, and medical kits.
Study the vocabulary and try the matching exercise.
antiseptic

liquid used to sterilize (clean) the surface of the skin

bandage

a cloth covering that is placed over a wound to prevent bleeding, swelling and infection

bandage scissors

tool used to cut bandages

blood pressure
monitor

a tool that measures the force of blood flow through a person's body

dressing

protective covering that is placed over a wound

elastic tape

a thin roll of stretchy material that is sticky on one side

eye chart

a poster of letter, word, and number combinations of various sizes used to test a person's
eyesight

forceps

instrument used during operations and medical procedures (assists the doctor in pulling,
holding, and retrieving)

gauze

thin, netted material used for dressing wounds

hypodermic needle

sharp pointed metal piece that pricks the skin (attached to a syringe), used for taking
blood or administering medicine

IV bag

the pouch that contains liquids to be pumped into a patient's body

medicine cup

small plastic measuring cup

microscope

equipment that makes small things appear larger than they are

otoscope

a device used for looking into a patient's ears

oxygen mask

equipment that fits over the nose and mouth and supplies oxygen

privacy screen

an object that is used to separate the doctor and patient from others in an open room

scales

a device that measures a person's weight

stethoscope

equipment for listening to a person's heart and lungs

syringe

a cylinder-shaped piece that attaches to a needle and can be filled with liquid

table and head-rest

paper

paper that is placed on an examining table or head-rest to prevent the spread of germs

test tube

glass cylinder that is filled with blood or other liquids and can be capped and placed in a
storage area

thermometer

an instrument used to check a person's body temperature

vial

a small bottle or container used for storing liquids

Match the comments with the supplies that are needed:

1 I can't catch my breath.

a table and head-rest paper

2 Prepare the examining table for the next patient.

b thermometer

3 We'll have to get a blood sample.

c oxygen mask

4 I need to sterilize the wound.

d hypodermic needle

5 We'll have to feed him with liquids.

e bandage scissors

6 Let's find out your weight.

f scales

7 I need to examine the patient in private.

g eye chart

8 Let's check your vision.

h antiseptic

9 Let's see if you are running a fever.

i IV bag

10 Can you cut this gauze for me?

j privacy screen

Match the words from column A to the definitions of column B:

A.
1. drain
2. drip
3. defibrillator
4. stitch
5. prosthesis
6. spatula
7. incubator
8. scrubs
9. ventilator
10. scalpel
11. prescription
12. surgery
B.
a. a short piece of thread that is used for joining someones skin together after it has been cut
b. a machine that pushes air in and out of someones lungs when they cannot breath on their own
c. a small stick used by doctors to hold your tongue down so that they can examine your throat

d. a small sharp knife used by a doctor for doing an operation

e. the special clothes worn by doctors and nurses when they do a medical operation

f. a piece of equipment used in a hospital for putting a liquid such as medicine directly into your body
g. a tube that carries liquid away from your body, for example one that carries blood away from an injury
h. a piece of equipment for giving the heart an electric shock to make it start to beat normally again
i. the work done by a surgeon
j. A written order for the preparation and administration of a medicine or other treatment
k. a piece of hospital equipment that ill or premature babies lie in to be kept warm and given treatment
l. an artificial body part

The respiratory system

The respiratory system is made up of organs and tissues that help you breath. The main parts of this system are the
airways, the lungs and linked blood vessels, and the muscles that enable breathing.
The Respiratory System

Figure A shows the location of the respiratory structures in the body. Figure B is an enlarged view of the airways,
alveoli (air sacs), and capillaries (tiny blood vessels). Figure C is a closeup view of gas exchange between the
capillaries and alveoli. CO2 is carbon dioxide, and O2 is oxygen.
Airways
The airways are pipes that carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs. They also carry carbon dioxide, a waste gas, out of
your lungs. The airways include your:

Nose and linked air passages (called nasal cavities)

Mouth

Larynx

Trachea

Tubes called bronchial tubes or bronchi, and their branches

Air first enters your body through your nose or mouth, which wets and warms the air. (Cold, dry air can irritate your
lungs.) The air then travels through your voice box and down your windpipe. The windpipe splits into two bronchial
tubes that enter your lungs.
A thin flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers your windpipe when you swallow. This prevents food and drink
from entering the air passages that lead to your lungs.
Except for the mouth and some parts of the nose, all of the airways have special hairs called cilia (SIL-e-ah) that are
coated with sticky mucus. The cilia trap germs and other foreign particles that enter your airways when you breathe
in air.
These fine hairs then sweep the particles up to the nose or mouth. From there, they're swallowed, coughed, or
sneezed out of the body. Nose hairs and mouth saliva also trap particles and germs.
Lungs and Blood Vessels
Your lungs and linked blood vessels deliver oxygen to your body and remove carbon dioxide from your body. Your
lungs lie on either side of your breastbone and fill the inside of your chest cavity. Your left lung is slightly smaller
than your right lung to allow room for your heart.
Within the lungs, your bronchi branch into thousands of smaller, thinner tubes called bronchioles. These tubes end
in bunches of tiny round air sacs called alveoli
Each of these air sacs is covered in a mesh of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The capillaries connect to a
network of arteries and veins that move blood through your body.
The artery and its branches deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide (and lacking in oxygen) to the capillaries that
surround the air sacs. Inside the air sacs, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air. At the same time, oxygen
moves from the air into the blood in the capillaries.

The oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart through the pulmonary vein and its branches. The heart pumps the
oxygen-rich blood out to the body. The lungs are divided into five main sections called lobes. Some people need to
have a diseased lung lobe removed. However, they can still breathe well using the rest of their lung lobes.
Muscles Used for Breathing
Muscles near the lungs help expand and contract (tighten) the lungs to allow breathing. These muscles include the:

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

Muscles in the neck and collarbone area

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below your lungs. It separates the chest cavity from the abdominal
cavity. The diaphragm is the main muscle used for breathing.
The intercostal muscles are located between your ribs. They also play a major role in helping you breath.
Beneath your diaphragm are abdominal muscles. They help you breathe out when you're breathing fast (for example,
during physical activity).
Muscles in your neck and collarbone area help you breath in when other muscles involved in breathing don't work
well, or when lung disease impairs your breathing.
Disorders of the respiratory system can be classified into four general areas:

Obstructive conditions (e.g., emphysema, bronchitis, asthma attacks)

Restrictive conditions (e.g., fibrosis, sarcoidosis, alveolar damage, pleural effusion)
Vascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension)
Infectious, environmental and other "diseases" (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis, asbestosis, particulate
pollutants): Coughing is of major importance, as it is the body's main method to remove dust, mucus,
saliva, and other debris from the lungs. Inability to cough can lead to infection. Deep breathing exercises
may help keep finer structures of the lungs clear from particulate matter, etc.

The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to microbes due to the extensive surface area, which is why the
respiratory system includes many mechanisms to defend itself and prevent pathogens from entering the body.
Common Respiratory Disorders Include:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Irritation of the lungs can lead to asthma,
emphysema, and chronic bronchitis and people can develop two or three of these together.
Chronic Bronchitis - Any irritant reaching the bronchi and bronchioles will stimulate an increased
secretion of mucus. In chronic bronchitis the air passages become clogged with mucus, and this leads to a
persistent cough.
Emphysema - The delicate walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the gas exchange area of the lungs.
The condition develops slowly and is seldom a direct cause of death.
Asthma - Periodic constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles makes it more difficult to breath.
Pneumonia - An infection of the alveoli. It can be caused by many kinds of both bacteria and viruses.
Tissue fluids accumulate in the alveoli reducing the surface area exposed to air. If enough alveoli are
affected, the patient may need supplemental oxygen.

Remember:
The SINUSES are hollow spaces in the bones of the head. Small openings connect them to the nasal cavity. The
functions they serve are not clearly understood, but include helping to regulate the temperature and humidity of air
breathed in, as well as to lighten the bone structure of the head and to give resonance to the voice.
The NASAL CAVITY (nose) is the preferred entrance for outside air into the Respiratory System. The hairs that
line the inside wall are part of the air-cleansing system.
Air also enters through the ORAL CAVITY (mouth), especially in people who have a mouth-breathing habit or
whose nasal passages may be temporarily obstructed, as by a cold.
The ADENOIDS are overgrown lymph tissue at the top of the throat. When they interfere with breathing, they are
generally removed. The lymph system, consisting of nodes (knots of cells) and connecting vessels, carries fluid
throughout the body. This system helps resist body infection by filtering out foreign matter, including germs, and
producing cells (lymphocytes) to fight them.
The TONSILS are lymph nodes in the wall of the pharynx that often become infected. They are an unimportant part
of the germ-fighting system of the body. When infected, they are generally removed.
The PHARYNX (throat) collects incoming air from the nose and passes it downward to the trachea (windpipe).
The EPIGLOTTIS is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea, closing when anything is swallowed
that should go into the esophagus and stomach.
The LARYNX (voice box) contains the vocal cords. It is the place where moving air being breathed in and out
creates voice sounds.
The ESOPHAGUS is the passage leading from the mouth and throat to the stomach.
The TRACHEA (windpipe) is the passage leading from the pharynx to the lungs.
The RIBS are bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity. They move to a limited degree, helping the lungs to
expand and contract.
The trachea divides into the two main BRONCHI (tubes), one for each lung. These, in turn, subdivide further into
bronchioles.

The RIGHT LUNG is divided into three LOBES, or sections.

The left lung is divided into two LOBES.
The PLEURA are the two membranes, that surround each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the chest
wall.
The bronchial tubes are lined with CILIA (like very small hairs) that have a wave-like motion. This motion
carries MUCUS (sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out into the throat, where it is either coughed up or
swallowed. The mucus catches and holds much of the dust, germs, and other unwanted matter that has invaded the
lungs and thus gets rid of it.
The DIAPHRAGM is the strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. By
moving downward, it creates suction to draw in air and expand the lungs.
The smallest subdivisions of the bronchi are called BRONCHIOLES, at the end of which are the alveoli (plural of
alveolus).
The ALVEOLI are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air breathed in. The CAPILLARIES are blood
vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to them by the
PULMONARY ARTERY and taken away by the PULMONARY VEIN. While in the capillaries the blood
discharges carbon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.

-Respiratory system: medical interview

Problems of respiratory system: cough, sputum, haemopthysis, dyspnoea, wheezing.

1,Cough- can be dry or wet, during the day or night, in the morning , in the afternoon.
Does anything relieve the coughing? Is it painful?

2. Sputum:

Do you bring up any sputum?

What is the quantity per day- minimum, moderate, large?
The colour of it- white, yellow, green , dirty
How long have you been spitting- years/months/days/hours?

3. Haemoptysis

Have you ever coughed up blood?

What quantity was produced- minimal, moderate, large?
What colour was it- pink and frothy/red streaks in the mucus/clots of red blood/clots of black blood?
Since when did you have been spitting blood-years, days, months, hours?

4. Dyspnoea:

Do you get breathless?

Does it occur after exertion/when you walk/when you climb upstairs?
Do you feel short of bread when you are sitting/lying down flat?
Do you wake up at night short of breath?
Can you sleep flat?

5.

Wheezing

Do you ever get a wheeze?

Does it occur- during inspiration/during expiration only/during both phases of expiration?
Is it continous/intermittent?
Does wheezing occur- at night time/at day time/permanently/during spring/summer/autumn/winter?
Does anything provoke is such as: dust, pollen, animals, certain medicines (aspirin, antibiotics, , others, some
stressful situations, infections?

Is it eased by some medicines? Which one?

6.

Pain in the chest

Do you suffer from a chest pain?

Where does it hurt?
When did the pain start?
Did the pain begin little by little or suddenly?
Does the pain prevent you from carrying out your activities?

7.

Nature of the pain

Is it a mild discomfort?
Is it a nagging pain?
Is it a stitch?
Is it throbbing/constricting?
Does it fluctuate?
Does it increase steadily?
What brings the pain on? What makes it worse? Coughing? Deep inspiration?

8.

End of the pain

Did the pain end/cease spontaneously?
Does anything ease the pain- sitting, staying still, pain killers?
Does the pain spread-to the back?
to the shoulder?
to the arms?
to the jaws?