J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol. 1(1), 41-46 (2009).

FUZZIFICATION OF CAYLEY'S AND LAGRANGE'S

THEOREMS
Thampy Abraham* and Souriar Sebastian**
*Department of Mathematics
St. Peter's College, Kolenchery -682 311, Kerala (India)
E-mail: drthampyabraham@yahoo.com
**Department of Mathematics
St. Albert's College, Ernakulam-682 018, Kerala (India)
ABSTRACT
The notion of fuzzy subsets was introduced by L.A.Zadeh
in 1965.In 1971, Rosenfeld defined the fuzzy subgroups and gave
some of its properties. Fuzzy versions of various algebraic structures
have been studied by Mathematicians like Abu Osman, Katsaras
and Liu and Gu Wenxiang. G. Frobenius developed the theory of group
representations at the end of the 19th century. As a continuation of
these works, in this paper, we fuzzify the famous theorems due to
Cayley and Lagrange in group theory in a different way. The theory
of group representations has applications in several branches of
Mathematics and practical Physics. So the study of its fuzzy version
is expected to have many practical applications.
Key words: Fuzzy subroup, Fuzzy homomorphism, Fuzzy
representation, Fuzzy order.

1. INTRODUCTION
The notion of fuzzy subsets was
introduced by L.A. Zadeh14 in 1965. In 1971,
Rosenfeld7 defined the fuzzy subgroups and
gave some of its properties. Fuzzy versions of
various algebraic structures have been studied
by Mathematicians like Abu Osman, Katsaras
and Liu and Gu Wenxiang. Reports of some
works done by the author/s in this area are

contained in 9 to 13. G. Frobenius developed

the theory of group representations at the end
of the 19th century. As a continuation of these
works, in this paper, we fuzzify the famous
theorems due to Cayley and Lagrange in group
theory in a different way. The theory of group
representations has applications in several
branches of Mathematics and practical Physics.
So the study of its fuzzy version is expected to
have many practical applications.

[ 42 ]
2. Preliminaries :
Let X be a non-empty set. A function
: X [0,1] is called a fuzzy subset of X.
The set of all fuzzy subsets of X is usually
denoted by F(X).
2.1. Definition7. A fuzzy subset of
a group G is called a fuzzy subgroup of G if,
for all x, yG, (xy) (x) (y) and (x-1)
= (x).
2.2. Definition2,9. Let be a fuzzy
subset of a set S. Then for t [0,1],the set
t = {x S | (x) t} is called a level subset
of .

subgroup of a group G. Given x G, the least

positive integer n such that (xn) = (e) is
called the fuzzy order of x with respect to .
If no such n exists, x is said to have infinite
fuzzy order with respect to . The fuzzy order
of x with respect to is denoted by FO (x).
2.6 Definition 4. Let be a fuzzy
subgroup of G. The least positive integer n such
that (xn) = (e) for all x G, is called the
order of , denoted by O(). If no such n exists,
is said to have an infinite order.
2.7. Proposition4. Let be a fuzzy
subgroup of a group G. If (xm) = (e) for
some x G, then FO (x) divides m.

The level subsets t, t [0, (e)] of a

fuzzy subset are called level subgroups of
in G. It can be seen that the level subgroups
of a given fuzzy subgroup form a chain.

2.8. Proposition. Let be a fuzzy

subgroup of G. If (xm) = (e) for all x G,
then FO (x)|m. Proof follows from 2.7.

2.3 Definition6. A fuzzy subgroup

of G is called a fuzzy normal subgroup if
(xy)=(yx) for all x,y G.

2.9. Theorem6. Let f be a homomorphism defined from a group G into a group G'.
Then for every fuzzy subgroup of G, f () is
a fuzzy subgroup of G'.

2.4 Definition3. Let f be a function

defined from X to Y. The image of a fuzzy
subset on X under f is the fuzzy subset f()
of Y defined by
f ()(y) = V{(x): x f -1(y)} for all y R(f)
= 0, otherwise
The pre-image of the fuzzy subset
on Y under f is fuzzy subset f -1 () of X
defined by
f -1 ()(x) = V{f (x)}, x X
4

2.5 Definition . Let be a fuzzy

2.10. Theorem6. Let f be a homomorphism defined from a group G into a group

G'.Then for every fuzzy subgroup of G', f -1
() is a fuzzy subgroup of G.
2.11. Definition1. Let G be a group
and M be a vector space over a field K. A
linear representation of G with representation
space M is a homomorphism of G into GL(M)
where GL(M) is a group of units in Homk
(M,M), called the general linear group.
2.12. Definition6. Let G and G' be
groups. Let be a fuzzy group on G and be

[ 43 ]
a fuzzy group on G'. Let f be a group homomorphism of G onto G'. Then f is called a weak
fuzzy homomorphism of into if f ()
. We say that is weak fuzzy homomorphic
to and write ~ .
The homomorphism f :G G' is a
fuzzy homomorphism of onto if f ()= .
We say that is fuzzy homomorphic to n and
write

Hence f () = and therefore, f is a fuzzy

homomorphism of onto .
2.14. Definition8. Let G be a group,
M be a vector space over a field K and T : G
GL(M) be a linear representation of G in
M. Let be a fuzzy group on G and be a
fuzzy group on G). Then the representation T
is a fuzzy representation if T is a fuzzy
homomorphism of onto .

Let f :G G' be an isomorphism.

Then f is a weak fuzzy isomorphism if f ()
and f is a fuzzy isomorphism if f () = .

2.15. Example. Let G be the additive

group of in and M be a vector space over R.

2.13. Example. Let G be the multiplicative group R{0} and G' be the multiplicative group {1,-1}.

Let T : G GL(M) be defined by

T(x)=Tx where TX(m)=xm for x G and m
M. Then T is a representation. Now define
on G by

Define f : G G' by

1, if x is even
(x) =

1, if x is rational

1/2, if x is odd

f (x) =
-1, if x is irrational
Then f is a group homomorphism.
Let be the fuzzy group on G defined by
1, if x is rational
(x) =
1/2, if x is irrational
Let be the fuzzy group on G' defined by
(-1) = 1;

(-1)=1/2.

Then we obtain f () as follows:

f () (1) = V { (x) : x f -1 (1) } = 1
f () (-1) = V { (x) : x f -1 (-1) } = 1/2

Then is a fuzzy subgroup of G.

Let be the fuzzy group on T(G) =
{Teven, Todd), defined by (Teven) = 1 and
(Todd) = 1/2. We get T() as follows
T()(y) = V { (x) : x T-1(y) }, y T(G')
T()(Teven) = V{ (x) : x T-1(Teven)} =1
T()(Todd) = V{ (x) : x T-1(Todd)} =1/2
Therefore T() = . So T is a fuzzy
homomorphism of onto and hence T is a
fuzzy representation.
We omit the proof of the following theorem
which is straight forward.
2.16 Theorem. Let be a fuzzy

[ 44 ]
subgroup of G and let N be a normal subgroup
of G. Define by {[x]} = v {(z) | z [x]}
for all x G, where [x] denotes the coset xN.
Then is a fuzzy subgroup of G/N.
The fuzzy subgroup defined on G/N
is called the quotient fuzzy subgroup or factor
fuzzy subgroup of the fuzzy subgroup of G
relative to the normal subgroup N of G and is
denoted by /N.
2.17. A fundamental theorem of
fuzzy representations10. Let G be a group and
M be a vector space over a filed K. If T : G
GL(M) is a fuzzy representation of G, then
: G/NGL(M) is a fuzzy representation of
G/N where N is a normal subgroup of G.
2.18. Corollory10. Let T be a homomorphism of a group G into a group G' and T
be a fuzzy homomorphism of onto where
is a fuzzy subgroup of G and is a fuzzy
subgroup of T(G). Then : G/N G' is a
fuzzy homomorphism of onto where is a
fuzzy subgroup of G/N and N is a normal
subgroup of G.
2.19. Corollory10. Let T be a homomorphism of a group G onto a group G' and K
be the kernel of T. If T is a fuzzy homomorphism of onto where is a fuzzy subgroup
of G and is a fuzzy subgroup of G', then :
G/K G' is a fuzzy isomorphism of onto
where is a fuzzy subgroup of G/K.
3. Fuzzification of Cayley's and Lagrange's
Theorems :
We know that T is a fuzzy representation of a group G with representation space
M if T is a homomorphism of G into the general

linear space GL(M) and T() = , where is

a fuzzy subgroup of G and n is a fuzzy subgroup
of T(G).When GL(M) is replaced by a group
G', T will be merely a fuzzy homomorphism of
onto . In this section we analyse the fuzzy
homomorphism between fuzzy groups and
order of a fuzzy group and try to fuzzify the
famous theorems due to Cayley and Lagrange
in group theory.
3.1. Cayley's theorem5. Every finite
group is isomorphic to a subgroup of A(s) for
some appropriate set S, where A(S) is the set
of all automorphisms of S.
3.2. Fuzzification of Cayley's theorem.
If is an isomorphism of a finite group G onto
a subgroup of A(G),the group of automorphisms of G, then is a fuzzy isomorphism of
onto where is a fuzzy subgroup of G and
n is a fuzzy subgroup of (G).
Proof:
Let be a fuzzy subgroup of G and n
be a fuzzy subgroup of (G) defined by (tg)
= (g), for g G, tg A(G). Let be the
isomorphism defined from G to (G) by (g)
= tg, where tg is an automorphism
()(tg) = V{ (g) | g -1(tg)}
= (g), since s an isomorphism
For tg , th (G),
() (tg th)=()tgh = (gh)
(g) (h)
() (tg) () (th)
() (tg)-1 = () (tg-1)
= (g-1)
= (g)
= ()(tg).

[ 45 ]
Therefore is a fuzzy isomorphism of onto
.
3.3. Example. Let G = {1,-1}, (G)
= A(G) = {t1,t -1},
: G A (G) be defined by (g) = tg . Then
is an isomorphism.
Consider on G by (1) = 1, (-1) =
1/2. Then is a fuzzy subgroup of G. Let be
a fizzy subgroup defined on the range A(G) of
by (t1) = 1 and (t-1)=1/2. We have to show
that is a fuzzy isomorphism. i.e to prove
that () = .
() (t1) = V{(x) | x -1(t1)} = 1
() (t-1)= V{(x) | x -1(t-1)} = 1/2
Hence ()=. Therefore is a fuzzy isomorphism of onto .
5

3.4. Lagrange's Theorem . If G is a

finite group and H is a subgroup of G, then
O(H)|O(G).
3.5. Theorem. Let H be a subgroup
of a group G and let n be the order of a fuzzy
subgroup of G. If O (|H) exists then O (|H)
| O().

Then (|H) (xm) = (e) x H, if

(x ) =(e) x H. Then m is the fuzzy order
of at least one element x in H. Now FO (x)
=m and (xm)= (e) x G. So by proposition
2.7, m I n i.e., O (|H) | O ().
m

3.6. Definition1. Two representations

T and T' with spaces M and M' are said to be
equivalent if there exists a K-isomorphism S
of M onto M' such that T'(g)(S)=ST(g), g G
3.7. Definition. Let G be a group and
be a fuzzy subgroup of G. Two fuzzy representations T and T' of G with spaces M and M'
are said to be equivalent if
T

-1

()(x) = T '-1()(x),

where and are fuzzy subgroups defined

on T (G) and T' (G) respectively.
3.8. Remark. The relation 'equivalent'
of fuzzy representations is an equivalence
relation.
3.9. Definition. Let T be a fuzzy
representation of a group G with representation
space M and N be a subgroup of G. Then the
restriction of T on N is defined as
(T |N)(x) = T (x) , x N

Proof : Let O() = n. Then (x ) =

(e) x G.
H is a subgroup of G. Therefore for x
H, x, x2, .. H
If O (|H) exists , then O (|H) n.
If O (|H) = n, then O (|H) | O ().
O (|H) < n, let O (|H) = m.

3.10. Proposition. If T is a fuzzy

representation of G with representation space
M and N is a subgroup of G, T|N is a fuzzy
representation on N.
Proof: Since T is a fuzzy representation, there exists fuzzy subgroups and of
G and T(G) such that T() = . We have to

[ 46 ]
show that T | N is a fuzzy representation.
For y T (G),
(T | N) ()(y) = V {(x) | x (T | N)-1 (y)}
= V {(x) | (T | N) (x) = y}
= V{(x) | T (x) = y, x N}
= V{(x) | T (x)=y, y T(N)}
= | T (N) (y).
( T | N) () = | T (N) .
Therefore T|N is a fuzzy homomorphism of |N
onto |T (N). .Hence T|N is a fuzzy representation
of |N onto |T (N).
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