Name:_________________________

Blood Notes Packet

12.1 Introduction

Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body

Hematophobia = fear of blood

12.2 Blood and Blood Cells

What's in Blood? - blood is a type of connective tissue, composed of scattered cells
within a noncellular matrix (fluid). Composed of 2 basic components
1. Cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) - 45%
2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones,
electrolytes, cellular waste) - 55%
Hematocrit - volume of blood in a sample, should be 45%. The remaining fluid is
plasma (55%). To determine the percentages, blood is placed in a centriguge

Types of Blood Cells

red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)

RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes)

- Shape is biconcave discs
- 5 million per cubic millimter (RBCC = red blood cell count, amount of blood cells in a
cubic millimeter)
- lacking nuclei, they will not divide. Blood cells are formed in the bone marro =
Hematopoeisis.
- blood cells live for about 120 days, then are phagocytized by the liver and spleen
Main Functions
- transports O2 throughout body, and picks up CO2
- Hemoglobin = molecule which combines with O2 to transport it
Oxyhemoglobin - plenty of oxygen, bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin - not carrying much O2, "bluish red"

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Iron is a critical element needed to synthesize hemoglobin and normal RBC. Anemia =
too few RBC
A hormone secreted by the kidneys called Erythropoietin stimulates the formation of
RBC. Process requires Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)

General function - defend the body against disease-causing agents (microorganisms)

Granulocyt
es
(granular
cytoplasm)

1.
Neutrophils

very active in phagocyting bacteria and are

present in large amount in the pus of
wounds, most common, 60% WBC

2.
Eosinophils

attack parasites, control allergic reaction;

2% WBC

produces Heparin (prevents blood clots) and

Histamines (causes inflammatory reaction); less
then 1% WBC
Inflammatory Reaction = blood vessels dilate,
3. Basophils
fluid accumulation and swelling, attraction of
WBCs. At the site of an infection, dead and
damage leukocytes, bacteria and body cells
accumulate = pus

4.
Monocytes
Agranulocy
tes (lacking
granular
cytoplasm) 5.
Lymphocyte
s

precursors of macrophages, phagocytes;

6%

main constituents of the immune system

which is a defense against the attack of
pathogenic micro-organisms such as
viruses, bacteria, fungi and protista.
Lymphocytes yield antibodies and arrange
them on their membrane; 30%

PLATELETS (thrombocytes)

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- help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in damaged blood vessels

12.3 Blood Plasma

- the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water
- transport nutrients, gases, vitamins, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH
Plasma Proteins
1. Albumins - made in liver, maintain osmotic pressure and blood volume (blood
pressure)
2. Globulins - 3 groups: alpha, beta, gamma
a. alpha & beta globulins - from liver, transport lippids and fat-soluble vitamins
b. gamma globulins - from lymphatic tussies, antibodies for immunity
3. Fibrinogen - from liver, largest molecules of plasma proteins - important for blood
clotting. Major event in blood clotting is the changie of fibrogen into fibrin

12.4 Hemostasis
- the process of stopping bleeding. 3 Key Events
- Coagulation causes the formation of a blood clot.
1. Blood vessel spasm - damaged or broken vessels stimule muscle tissue in the walls
of the blood vessels to contract. This slows or stops blood flow, lasts for several
minutes. Also, platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains the muscle
spasm even longer.
2. Platelet plug formation - platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to
each other to form a "plug"
3. Blood coagulation - most effective, forms a blood clot (hematoma). Injury causes an
increase in the release of coagulants. Main event - conversion of fibrinogen into long
protein threads called fibrin.
Tissue damage = prodction of prothrombin activator (calcium ions must be present)
Prothrombin - converted to thrombin
Thrombin acts as a enzyme to cause change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets
and blood cells to form a hematoma
Thrombus = a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
Embolus = when the clot moves and becomes lodged in another place

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Blood Crossword

Down
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
9.
11.
13.
16.
19.
20.

causes vasospasm
"bleeder's disease"
low red blood cell count
cancer of the blood
thrombocytes (common word)
clear, liquid portion of blood
cell that "eats" other cells
circulate in body and attach to foreign substances
the process where bleeding is stopped
cell surface markers
Movie: My ___ Valentine
organ that breaks down old, worn out blood

Across
2.
5.
8.
10.
12.
14.
15.
17.
18.
21.
22.

binds to oxygen
red blood cells
percentage of blood cells and plasma in sample
wbc that attacks parasites
where new blood cells are created
shape of a red blood cell
clumping of blood cells from an immune response
queen thought to be original carrier of hemophilia
abnormal blood clot
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin
disease that causes rbc's to be abnormally
shaped: __ Cell Disease
23. white blood cells
24. wbc's that produce antibodies

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BLOOD DISORDERS
ANEMIA
o Iron-Deficiency Anemia (most common)
o Aplastic Anemia - bone marrow does not produce enough RBC
o Hemorrhagic anemia - due to extreme blood loss
o Pernicious anemia - B12 deficiency
o Sickle Cell Anemia (genetic)
LEUKEMIA
o Type of cancer
o Overproduction of immature white blood cells
o They take the place of RBCs
o Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemothemotherapy, radiation
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Sometimes called "mono" or "the kissing disease," is an infection usually caused by the
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
EBV is very common, and many people have been exposed to the virus at some time in
childhood.
BLOOD POISONING - SEPTICEMIA
o An infection enters the blood stream, can be deadly
o Treated with antibiotics
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
o Low production of Platelets, Causing bleeding or bruising

The Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic Disorder, Abnormally shaped blood cells
Parents can be carriers (asymptomatic)
Sickle Cell Anemia is actually codominant
AA = normal
Aa = sickle cell trait (few symptoms)
aa = sickle cell anemia
Symptoms and Complications of Sickle Cell Anemia: pain,
lethargy, anemia, organ failure, stroke

Name:_________________________

The Genetics of Hemophilia

Hemophilia is sex-linked, meaning it is carried on the X chromosome.
Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease
Males can be normal or have the disease, but they cannot be carriers because they
only have a single X chromosome. (Males are XY, females are XX)
When a female with hemophilia has children, she will pass the gene to each of her
sons.
This shows a cross between a female who is a carrier and a normal male.

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Genetics of Blood Disorders

SHOW ALL WORK!
1. If a female is a carrier for hemophilia X H X h and is married to a man with
hemophilia X h Y , what is the probability that she will have a daughter with
hemophilia?

2. A normal female marries a man who has hemophilia . (Youll need to figure out
the genotypes). What percentage of their sons will have hemophilia?

3. If a female has hemophilia and is married to a normal man.....

What percentage of her sons will have hemophilia?
What percentage of her daughters will have hemophilia?

4. A woman with sickle cell anemia is married to a man who is a carrier for the trait.
( a a x A a). What is the chance of their children having sickle cell anemia?

5. What is the chance that two people (both being carriers for sickle cell anemia) will
have a child with the disease?

6, What is the chance that a female who is a carrier for sickle cell anemia will have a
child with sickle cell anemia if she marries a normal man?

7. Von Willebrand Disease is an autosomal dominant disorder (not located on the sex
chromosomes) where blood will not clot properly.
What would be the two possible genotypes of a person who has the disorder?
If a person is heterozygous for the trait (having the disease) is married to a normal
spouse (dd), what is the chance that their children will have the disorder.

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BLOOD TYPING
1901 - Austrian Karl Landsteiner
discovered human blood groups
Blood Type is Controlled by 3 Alleles
Alleles: A, B, O
A & B are codominant
O is recessive

Blood Transfusions
Blood that has antibodies on it that is not
recognized by the body will be attacked
by your immune system
O is the Universal Donor because a person with this type of blood does not have
antigens on the surface of the blood cells - hence will not cause an immune reaction in
the patient.
AB is the universal Acceptor because this person will not have an immune reaction to A,
B, AB, or O
*Just remember, the antigens on the surface of your cells (or donated cells) will cause a
reaction if your immune system does not recognize them as being part of you. Hence, if
you are Type A, and transfused with Type B, your body will mobilize a massive immune
response against the "invading" blood. This will cause coagulation of blood and death.
----- AGGLUTINATION (the clumping of red
blood cells following a transfusion reaction;
fatal

Rh Factor (Rh = rhesus

monkey)
A person can have surface Rh
antigens (and be Rh +) or no

likely

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antigens (and be Rh - )
Rh factor is caused by a dominant allele and is inherited like any other trait.
Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother's
immune system to attack the fetus. There are drugs that will suppress this reaction.
*This condition is called Erythroblastosis fetalis . Doctors can prevent this reaction by
giving the woman an injection that will suppress her immune reaction.

Blood Safety
Blood can carry diseases and health care professionals must be careful when working
with blood. A bloodborne pathogen is any disease causing agent that is present in the
blood and can be transferred from one person to another.
HEPATITIS B (HBV)
HEPATITIS C (HCV)
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
MALARIA

Testing Your Blood

A test kit can be used to test your blood type. It involves pricking your finger and placing
a drop of blood on a card that will react to a serum on the card that contains antibodies.
You will be given the opportunity to test your blood type using this technique.

Name:_________________________

Blood Type Problems

1. List all the possible genotypes for each of the 4 blood types:
Type O ____________
Type A ____________
Type B ____________
Type AB ____________
SHOW WORK!
2. A man with AB blood is married to a woman with AB blood. What blood types will their
children be and in what proportion?

3. A man who has type B blood (genotype: BB) is married to a woman with type O
blood. What blood type will their children have?

4. A woman with type A blood (genotype: AO) is married to a type B person (genotype:
BO). What blood types will their children have?

5. A woman with type A blood is claiming that a man with type AB blood is the father of
her child, who is also type AB. Could this man be the father? Show the possible
crosses; remember the woman can have AO or AA genotypes.

6. A man with type AB blood is married to a woman with type O blood. They have two
natural children, and one adopted child. The children's blood types are: A, B, and O.
Which child was adopted?

7. A person with type A blood (unknown genotype) marries a person with type O blood.
What blood types are possible among their children. (Show 2 crosses

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8. Two people, both with AB blood have four children. What blood types should the
children be?

9. A person with type B blood (genotype BO) has children with a type AB person. What
blood types are possible among their children?

10. A person with type O blood is married to a person with type A blood (unknown
genotype). They have 6 children, 3 of them have type A blood, three of them have type
O blood. What is the genotype of the two parents?

11. A person has type B blood. What are ALL the possible blood types of his parents.
Show the crosses to prove your answer.

12. A man of unknown genotype has type B blood, his wife has type A blood (also
unknown genotype). List ALL the blood types possible for their children. (you may need
to do multiple crosses to consider the different possible genotypes of the parents)

13. Two people with type O blood have three children. How many of those three
children also have type O blood?

14. Why is a person with type O blood called a universal donor?

15. Why is a person with type AB blood called a universal acceptor?

Name:_________________________

Blood Study Guide

1. Describe a blood sample (with percentages)
2. Describe the shape of a blood cell.
3. List and describe types of white blood cells (both common and medical names)
4. What are platelets?
5. Describe the events in blood clot formation.
6. List the 4 blood types and their associated genotypes.
7. Describe how antibodies and antigens work (related to blood transfusions)
8. What is plasma and what is it composed of?
9. What is sickle cell anemia? How is it inherited (genetics)?
10. What is hemophilia? How is it inherited (genetics)?
11. What is the Rh factor? How can it affect a pregnancy?
12. What is leukemia?
13. What is anemia (general)?
14. What is septicemia?
15. What causes coagulation? What chemical prevents it?
16. What organ removes damaged or old blood cells?
17. List the plasma proteins.
18. What are blood-borne pathogens?
19. Be able to do a variety of genetic crosses (punnett squares) to show what blood
types are possible. Ex. AB x O
20. Describe the events of hemostasis.

Name:_________________________

WORD BANK
red blood cells | homeostasis | albumins |biconcave disc | bone marrow | transport nutrients | hemoglobin | monocytes | defend
against diseases | plasma | leukocytes | spleen | phagocytes | inflammatory reaction | water | platelets | hematopoeisis | eosinophils |
oxygen | nucleus | hemostasis | globulins | antibodies