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TRANSMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OPTICAL FIBERS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The most important properties that affect system
performance are fiber attenuation and dispersion.
Attenuation
Reduces the amount of optical power transmitted by the fiber.
Controls the distance an optical signal (pulse) can travel as shown
in Fig. 3.1.
Dispersion
Spreads the optical pulse as it travels along the fiber.
(This spreading of the signal pulse) reduces the system
bandwidth or the information-carrying capacity of the fiber.
Figure 3.2: Pulse spreading and power loss along an optical fiber
3.2 ATTENUATION
Attenuation is the loss of optical power as light travels
along the fiber
(3.1)
In (dB km-1)
dB L = 10 log 10
Pi
Po
(3.2)
3.2 ATTENUATION
These mechanisms are influenced by the :
material composition
preparation and purification technique
waveguide structure.
They may be categorized within several major areas which
include :
material absorption
material scattering (linear and nonlinear scattering)
curve and micro-bending losses
mode coupling radiation losses
losses due to leaky modes.
There are also losses at connectors and splices.
The compositional
variations may be
reduced by improved
fabrication
= 1 . 7 0 . 85
(3.3)
PB = 4.4 x 10-3 d2 2 v dB W
(3.4)
http://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/fiber-types.htm
PR = 5.9 x 10-2d2dB W
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
A fiber nonlinearity similar to SBS but
having a much higher threshold. This
mechanism can also cause power to be
robbed from shorter wavelength signals
and provide gain to longer wavelength
signals.
(3.5)
Figure 3.6 shows the attenuation for low loss single mode fiber
3 n 12
4
(n
2
1
n 22
3
2
(3.6)
d2n/d2 0
(3.7)
DM
L
d
n1
2
c
d
L DM
d 2 n1
c d2
(ns/km)
(ps/nm/km)
Fig. 3.8:
d2/d2 0
(3.12)
Multimode fibers
the majority of modes propagate far from cutoff
almost free of waveguide dispersion
it is generally negligible compared with material dispersion
(= 0.1 to o.2 ns/km)
(3.13)
Figure 3.9:
Using the ray theory model, the fastest and slowest modes
propagating in step index fiber may be represented by the
axial ray and the extreme meridional ray which is incident at
the core-cladding interface at the critical angle, c respectively
shown in Figure 3.10.
Figure 3.10:
t min
L
=
c / n1
(3.14)
n2
L / cos
n1
=
=
c / n1
c / n1
L/
t max
cos
t max
L / 2
L1
Ln
=
cn
2
1
2
(3.15)
Distance = 2L1
= L / cos
sin c = n2 / n1 = cos
(tmax-tmin)/L = Ts/L
= n12/cn2 - n1/c
= n1 (n1 n2) / cn2
= (n1 / c)
= (NA)2 / 2cn1
This expression gives the pulse spread per unit length that can be
used to estimate maximum pulse broadening due to intermodal
dispersion in MMF.
Therefore, in MMF all three dispersion mechanism exist
simultaneously that is material dispersion, waveguide dispersion,
and multimode dispersion.
s =
Ln 1
2 3c
L ( NA )
4 3 n1 c
ns
BT = 1/2 bits/s
BT = 0.2/ bits/s
The table below shows the types of fiber and the kinds
dispersion present in each of them respectively:
Fiber Type
Multimode
Dispersion Present
DM, DW, Modal
DM, DW, Modal
DM,DW
Fiber
SI- MMF(sec)
Delay difference
Non Overlapping
GRIN-MMF(sec)
n1
g =
L
8c
n1 L
g =
20c 3
1
BT =
2
0.2
BT =
L( NA) 2
s
L( NA) 2 Ln1
=
s =
s =
=
2cn1
c
4 3cn1 2 3
2
T = (C2 + n2 )1/2
where:
C is the intramodal or chromatic broadening and
n is the intermodal broadening (s for MM-SI and g for
MM-GRIN
The intramodal term c consist of pulse broadening due to
both material and waveguide dispersion.
However, since waveguide dispersion is generally negligible
compared with material dispersion in multimode fibers, then
c = m .