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Auditory Models - Part 3

Middle Ear
outer ear
middle ear
nerve
inner ear
auditory
pinna
eustachian
tube
ear canal
(external
auditory
meatus)
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.1
Middle Ear
eustachian
tympanic
membrane
stapes
malleus
incus
oval window
round window
ossicles
tube
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.2
Ossicles
lateral process
articular surface
neck
manubrium
umbo
head
anterior process
long
process
lenticular
process
short
process
body
articular
surface
Malleus and incus
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.3
Ossicles
head
superior
inferior
neck
posterior
crus
footplate
anterior
crus
posterior
crus
Stapes (smallest bone!)
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.4
Tympanic Membrane
a
s
p
i
pars flaccida
lateral process
of the malleus
manubrium
of the malleus
bony tympanic
ring
annular ligament
pars tensa
umbo
View on the tympanic membrane
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.5
Tympanic Membrane
ear canal
tympanic
membrane
140
30
Specic properties of the tympanic membrane
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.6
Tympanic Membrane

manubrium
ant. quadrant
post. quadrant
F
Curved membrane principle
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.7
Joints
malleus
incus
articular
cartilage
layers
elastic
tissue
capsule
elastic
tissue
capsule
Malleus-incus (MI-) joint
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.8
Joints
head of
stapes
lenticular
process
tissue
capsule
tissue
capsule
stapedius
tendon
articular
cartelage
layer
Incus-stapes (IS-) joint
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.9
Joints
stapes footplate
joints inner
ear
middle
ear
Stapedio-vestibular joint
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.10
Functions
efcient transfer of sound from outer ear to inner ear
most efcient in frequency range 500 . . . 4000Hz
impedance matching from air (low impedance)
to uid (high impedance)
size of the eardrum: 500mm
2
size of oval window 25mm
2
compensation of pressure changes
via eustachian tube
overload protection
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.11
Impedance Matching
Impedance transformation: Z
t
= Z
s

A
s
l
i
A
t
l
m

2
A
t
A
s
l
i
l
m
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.12
Middle Ear Reex
Also called: acoustic reex, stapedius reex
muscle between stapes and wall of middle ear cavity: stapedius
contraction less motion of stapes
reex not under our concious control
activated by loud noise
too slow for sudden, very intensive sounds
e.g. gunshots, hammer blows
also activated when we speak
inuence on own speech perception
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.13
Middle Ear Reex
muscle
te
n
d
o
n
m
u
scle
tendon
CT scan and microscopic section of stapes and stapedius
muscle
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.14
Middle Ear
Special properties
low mass
low inertia
center of mass is very close to axis of rotation
reduction of bone-conducted sounds
e.g. blood ow, air ow, chewing
birds, reptiles only have one bone
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.15
Middle Ear Models
Signal transmission
LTI system under normal hearing conditions
frequency response
f [Hz]
dB
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
10 100 1k 10k
6 dB/oct
Model frequency response for outer and middle ear (Baumgarte)
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.16
Middle Ear Models
Mechanical behavior Finite Element Models
different levels of accuray and completeness
size of elements (rigid ossicles)
completeness (e.g. skull)
applications
implantable hearing aids
prostethes
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.17
Middle Ear Models
BOHEAR - BOchum Head and EAR Model
modular
includes outer ear and inner ear (partly)
includes skull
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.18
Middle Ear Models: BOHEAR
Pressure in the ear canal for different frequencies
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.19
Middle Ear Models: BOHEAR
Geometry of middle ear model
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.20
Middle Ear Models: BOHEAR
CT slices
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.21
Middle Ear Models: BOHEAR
Modes of the skull, excited at 2 kHz on the forehead
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.22
Middle Ear Models: Ferrazzini
rigid ossicles
details of tympanic membrane
joints and articulations
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.23
Middle Ear Models: Ferrazzini
radial fibres
transversal fibres
circular fibres
parabolic fibres
Details used in TM modelling
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.24
Middle Ear Models: Ferrazzini
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.25
Middle Ear Models: Ferrazzini
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.26
Middle Ear Models: Ferrazzini
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.27
Middle Ear Models: Ferrazzini
Details of the model: soft tissue layer for IM-joint
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.28
Middle Ear - Impairments
auditory
cortex
middle
ear
cochlear
nucleus
medial
geniculate
nucleus
central auditory
nervous system
sensorineural
system conductive system
outer ear
cochlea
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.29
Middle Ear - Impairments
70
-
60
-
50
-
40
-
30
-
20
-
10
-
0
0
35
ABG
0
55
tested by air
conductive
hearing loss
mixed
hearing loss
sensorineural
hearing loss
tested by bone
conductive
mechanism
sensorineural
mechanism
outer ear
and
middle ear
inner ear
and
auditory nerve
ABG ABG
50
Detection of conductive hearing loss
with the air-bone gap (ABG)
AudioLabs
Bernd Edler, Auditory Models - SS 2014 - Page 3.30

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