395

A
Conversion Factors
Note on Tables:

Entries in the same row are equivalent. For example, in Table A. 1, 1 m = 3.281 ft, 1 mile = 1.609 103 m, etc. Exact numerical values are printed in bold type;
others are given to four significant figures.

Table A. 1 Length (L)

metre
(m)

inch
(in.)

foot
(ft)

mile

micrometre
(l~m)
(formerly micron)

angstrom
(A)

1
2.54)<10 -2
3.048)< 10 - l
1.609 103
10 -6
10 -1~

3.937 101
1
1.2)< 101
6.336 x 104
3.937 10 -5
3.937 x 10 -9

3.281
8.333)<10 -2
1
5.28 103
3.281 x 10 -6
3.281 10 -1~

6.214)< 10 -4
1 . 5 7 8 x 10 -5
1.894 x 10 -4
1
6.214 x 10 -1~
6.214)< 10 -14

106
2 . 5 4 x 104
3 . 0 4 8 105
1.609 x 109
1
10 -4

1010
2 . 5 4 1 10 s
3.048)< 109
1.609 x 1013
104
1

cubic foot
(ft3)

cubic inch
(in. 3)

imperial
gallon

US gallon
(USgal)

Table A.2 Volume (L 3)

cubic metre
(m 3)

litre (l or L)
or cubic
decimetre*

(UKgal)

(dm3)
1
10 -3

103
1

3.531 101
3.531 10 -2

6.102 104
6.102)< 101

2.200 102
2.200 x 10 -1

2.642 102
2.642)< 10 -1

2.832 10 -2
1.639)<10 -5
4.546)< 10 -3
3.785 10 -3

2.832 x 101
1.639x 10 -2
4.546
3.785

1
5 . 7 8 7 1 10 -4
1.605 10 -1
1.337 10 -1

1.728 x 103
1
2.774 x 102
2.31 x 102

6.229
3.605)<10 -3
1
8.327 x 10 -1

7.481
4.329
1.201
1

-3

* The litre was defined in 1964 as 1 dm 3 exactly.

Table A.3 Mass (M)

kilogram
(kg)

gram
(g)

pound
(lb)

ounce
(oz)

tonne
(t)

imperial ton
(UK ton)

atomic
mass unit*

1
10 -3
4.536
2.835
103
1.016
1.661

103
1
4.536
2.835
106
1,016
1.661

2.205
2.205 10 -3
1
6.25 10 -2
2.205 103
2.240 103
3.661 10 -27

3.527 101
3.527 10 -2
1.6 101
1
3.527)< 104
3.584 104
5.857)< 10 -26

10 -3
10 -6
4.536)< 10 -4
2.835 10 -5
1
1.016
1.661 10 -30

9.842 10 -4
9.842 10 -7
4.464 x 10 -4
2.790 x 10 -5
9.842 10 -1
1
1.634)< 10 -30

6.022
6.022
2.732
1.707
6.022
6.119)<

10 -1
10 -2
103
10 -27

x 102
x 101
106
x 10 -24

* Atomic mass unit (unified); 1 u = 1/12 of the rest mass of a neutral atom of the nuclide 12C in the ground state.

(u)

1026
1023
1026
1025
1029
1029

Appendices

39 6

Table A.4 Force (LMT -2)

newton
(N, kg m s -2)

kilogram-force
(kgf)

pound-force
(lbf)

dyne
(dyn, g cm s -2)

poundal
(pdl, lb ft s -2)

1
9.807
4.448
10 -5
1.383 x 10 - l

1.020 x
1
4.536 x
1.020
1.410x

2.248 10 - l
2.205
1
2.248 10 -6
3.108 x 10 -2

105
9.807 x 105
4.448 x 105
1
1.383 x 104

7.233
7.093 x 101
3.217x 101
7.233 x 10 -5
1

10 -1
10 - l
10 -6
10 -2

Table A.5 Pressure and stress (L- 1MT- 2)

pascal
(Pa,
N m- 2
J m- 3
k g m - l s -2 )

pound force
per inch 2
(psi,
lbf in.- 2)

kilogram
force per
metre 2
(kgf m - 2)

standard
atmosphere
(atm)

dyne
per cm 2
(dyn c m - 2)

torr
(Torr,
mmHg)*

inches of
water**
(inH20)

bar

1
6.895
9.807
1.013
10 -1
1.333
2.491
105

1.450x
1
1.422 x
1.470 x
1.450x
1.934 x
3.613 x
1.450x

1.020 x
7.031 x
1
1.033 x
1.020 x
1.360 x
2.540 x
1.020x

9.869x
6.805x
9.678 x
1
9.869 x
1.316x
2.458 x
9.869 x

101
6.895
9.807
1.013
1
1.333
2.491
106

7.501 x 10 -3
5.171x 101
7.356 x 10 -2
7 . 6 x 102
7.501 x 10 -4
1
1.868
7.501 102

4.015 x
2.768x
3.937 x
4.068
4.015 x
5.352 x
1
4.015 x

10 -5
6.895
9.807
1.013
10 -6
1.333
2.491
1

x 103
x 105
x 102
x 102

10 -4
10 -3
10 ~
10 -5
10 -2
10 -2
10 !

10 - l
102
104
10 -2
10 !
I0 ~
104

10 -6
10 -2
10 -5
10 -7
10 -3
10 -3
10 - !

x 104
x 101
x 106
x 103
x 103

10 -3
I01
10 -2
102
10 -4
10 -1
102

* m m H g refers to Hg at 0~ 1 Torr = 1.00000 mmHg.

** in.H20 refers to water at 4~

TableA.6 Surface tension (MT -2)

newton per metre
(N m - l, kg s- 2,
J m - 2)

dyne per centimetre

(dyn c m - l, g s - 2,
erg c m - 2)

kilogram-force
per metre
( k g f m - l)

1
10 -3
9.807

103
1
9.807 x 103

1.020 x 10 -1
1.020 10 -4
1

Table A.7 Energy, work and heat (L2MT -2)

joule
(J, N m,
Pa m 3,
W s,
kgm2s -2)

kilocalorie*
(kcal)

British
thermal
unit
(Btu)

1
4.187 X 103
1.055 X 103
1.356
1.013X 102
3 . 6 x 106
10 -7

2.388 x
1
2.520 x
3.238X
2.420X
8.598 x
2.388 x

9.478 x
3.968
1
1.285x
9.604X
3.412 x
9.478 x

10 -4
10 -1
10 -4
10 -2
102
10 -11

* International Table kilocalorie (kcal IT)

10 -4

10 -3
10 -2
103
10 -11

foot poundforce

litre
atmosphere
(1 atm)

kilowatt
hour
(kWh)

erg
(dyn cm)

7.376 X 10 -1
3.088 X 103
7.782 102
1
7.473X 101
2.655 x 106
7.376 x 10 -8

9.869 x
4.132 x
1.041 x
1.338X
1
3.553 x
9.869 x

2.778 X 10 -7
1.163 X 10 -3
2.931 x 10 -4
3.766X 10 -7
2.815
-5
1
2.778 x 10 -14

107
4.187 x 101~
1.055 x 10 l~
1.356X 107
1.013X 109
3 . 6 x 1013
1

10 -3
101
101
10 -2
104
10 -1~

x 10 -2
x 10 -5

x 10 -3
10 -3

Appendices

397
,.,

,,

,,

Table A.8 Power (L2MT -3)

watt
(W, J s- 1,
kg m 2 s -3)

kilocalorie
per min
(kcal min-1)

foot poundforce per

second
(ft lbfs-1)

horsepower
(British)
(hp)

metric
horsepower
(-)

British
thermal
unit per
minute
(Btu m i n - 1)

kilogram-force
metre per
second
(kgfm s-1)

1
6.978x
1.356
7.457x
7.355x
1.758 x
9.807

1.433
1
1.943 x
1.069x
1.054x
2.520 x
1.405x

7.376x 10 -1
5.147x 101
1
5 . 5 x 102
5.425x 102
1.297x 101
7.233

1.341
9.358x
1.818 x
1
9.863x
2.358 x
1.315x

1.360x
9.487x
1.843 x
1.014
1
2.391
1.333x

5.687
3.968
7.710 x
4.241 x
4.183x
1
5.577x

1.020x 10 -1
7.116
1.383 x 10 -1
7.604x 101
7 . 5 x 101
1.793
1

101
102
102
101

10 -2
10 -2
101
101
10 -1
10 -1

-3
10 -2
10 -3
10 -1
10 -2
10 -2

10 -3
10 -2
10 -3

10 -2
10 -2

Table A.9 Dynamic viscosity (L- 1MT- 1)

pascal second
(Pas, N s m -2 ,
k g m - 1 s -1 )

poise
( g c m - I s -1 ,
dyn s cm -2 )

centipoise
(cP)

kgm -l h -l

lb ft -1 h - l

1
10 -1
10 -3

101
1
10 -2

103
102
1

2.778 x 10 -4
4.134 x 10 -4

2.778 x 10 - 3

2.778 x 1O- 1

4.134 x 10 -3

4.134x 10 -1

3.6 103
3 . 6 x 102
3.6
1
1.488

2.419 x 103
2.419 x 102
,2.419
6.720 x 10 -1
1

Table A. 10 Plane angle (1)

radian
(rad)

revolution
(rev)

degree
(~

minute

second

1
6.283
1.745x 10 -2
2.909 x 10 -4
4.848 x 10 -6

1.592 x
1
2.778x
4.630
7.716x

5.730 x 101
3.6 102
1
1.667 x 10 -2
2.778 x 10 -4

3.438 x 103
2.160 x 104
6x101
1
1.667 x 10 -2

2.063 x 105
1.296 106
3 . 6 x 103
6 x 10 l
1

10-1
10 -3
10 -5
10 -7

Table A. 11 Illuminance (L-2j)

lux or lumen
per metre 2
(Ix or lm m-2)

foot-candle
(fc, lm fi-2)

1
1.076 x 101

9.290 10 -2
1

(')

(")

-2
10 -2
101
101
10 -1