THERMODYNAMICS II

CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

EMD5M5A

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1.0 Title




MEC 554-THERMALFLUIDS LAB
THERMODYNAMICS II LAB

CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT
EXCHANGER

LECTURER: SITI HAJAR BINTI MOHD YUSOP

THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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2.0 Abstract

In this experiment, we investigate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance
characteristics of a counter flow concentric tube exchanger and parallel flow tube heat
exchanger. During this experiment, we need to record the temperature different by increased
the volumetric flow rates of 2000, 3000 and 4000 cm
3
/min for both flow of heat exchanger.
After that, we need to calculate the following heat exchanger performance factors: power
emitted, power absorbed, power lost, efficiency, logarithmic mean temperature different and
overall heat transfer coefficient. Generally it can be said that all factors that effects the heat
exchanger performance which is power emitted, power absorbed, power lost efficiency (),
logarithmic mean temperature difference (
m
), and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) were
increased as hot fluid volumetric flow rate increased.












THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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Table of Contents

1.0 Title............................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................................ 4
List of figure ......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 Introduction and Applications ................................................................................................... 6
4.0 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 8
5.0 Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 9
6.0 Experimental Procedures ..................................................................................................... 12
6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup ............................................................................................... 12
6.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 14
7.0 Result ........................................................................................................................................ 15
7.1 Data recorded ....................................................................................................................... 15
7.2 Sample calculation ................................................................................................................ 16
7.3 Analysis result ....................................................................................................................... 19
8.0 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 23
9.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 23
10.0 References ................................................................................................................................ 24
11.0 Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 25


THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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List of Symbols
A Area over which force (F) acts (m2)
E Elastic modulus (GPa)
F Force (N)
(

Initial dimension in direction i (mm)

T Specimen thickness (m)

Rate of chart displacement (mm/min)

Rate of sample displacement (mm/min)

w Specimen width (m)

Displacement of chart (mm)

Displacement of sample (mm)

Strain

=0 Predicted strain at zero stress

Normal strain in direction i

E Error in the predicted elastic modulus (GPa)
F Error in the force (N)

Change in dimension in direction i (mm)

t Error in the specimen thickness (m)
w Error in the width (m)

=0 Error in the predicted strain at zero stress

Error in the predicted intercept of stress-stain data (MPa)
Error in the stress (MPa)
Predicted intercept of stress-strain data (MPa)
Engineering stress (MPa)

Yield point (MPa)

Ultimate strength (MPa)

THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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List of figure
Figure 1: Space heater ............................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2: Cara radiator ............................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: Packaged Annular-Space Pastuerizer and Sterilizer ................................................................ 7
Figure 4: Anaerobic Digestion ................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 5: Recuparator ............................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 6: Heat exchanger temperature profiles and Fluid Flow Direction ............................................. 9
Figure 7: Heat exchanger apparatus system diagram (schematic diagram) ......................................... 12
Figure 8: Heat exchanger system .......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 9: Temperature control .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 10: Cold fluid volumetric flow rate control ................................................................................ 13
Figure 11: Valve diagram for parallel flow and counter flow ............................................................... 13
Figure 12: Hot fluid volumetric flow rate control ................................................................................. 13
Figure 13: Graph 1................................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 14: Graph 2................................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 15: Graph 3................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 16: Graph 4................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 17: Graph 5................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 18: Graph 6................................................................................................................................. 22









THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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3.0 Introduction and Applications
A heat exchanger is a specialized device that assists in transfer of heat from one fluid
to the other. In some cases, a solid wall may separate the fluids and prevent them from
mixing. In other designs, the fluids may be in direct contact with each other. In the most
efficient heat exchangers, the surface area of the wall between the fluids is maximized while
simultaneously minimizing the fluid flow resistance. Fins or corrugations are sometimes used
with the wall in order to increase the surface area and induce turbulence.
The types of heat exchangers to be tested in this experiment are called parallel-flow
and counter-flow concentric tube heat exchangers. In a parallel-flow heat exchanger, the
working fluid flow in the same direction as it is for counter-flow but, at opposite direction.
The figure below briefly explains the fluid flowing path from both heat exchangers.
There are some important variables or properties that influence the performance of a
heat exchanger. Those variables include the physical properties, the mass flow rates, and the
inlet temperature of the fluids, type of materials used, the configuration and area of the heat
transfer surfaces, and the extent of scale or deposits on the heat transfer surfaces, and the
ambient conditions.
The attempt to match the heat transfer hardware to the heat transfer requirements
within the specified constraints has resulted in numerous types of innovative heat exchanger
design. In the design of heat exchange equipment, heat transfer equations are applied to
calculate this transfer of energy so as to carry it out efficiently and under controlled
conditions. The equipment goes under many names, such as boilers, pasteurizers, jacketed
pans, freezers, air heaters, cookers, ovens, space heaters and so on. The range is too great to
list completely. Perhaps the most commonly known heat exchanger is a car radiator, which
cools the hot radiator fluid by taking advantage of air flow over the surface of the radiator.
Last but not least, Heat exchangers are found widely scattered throughout the food process
industry.


THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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Figure 2: Cara radiator
Figure 1: Space heater
Figure 4: Anaerobic Digestion Figure 3: Packaged Annular-Space Pastuerizer and
Sterilizer
Figure 5: Recuparator
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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4.0 Objectives

The purpose of this experiment is to:
1) To determine which configuration parallel or counter flow is more effective at
transferring heat.
2) To demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of
a parallel-flow concentric tube heat exchanger and also on the counter-flow
concentric tube heat exchanger.
3) To experience the concentric tube heat exchanger in practical.
4) To gain more knowledge and understanding of the concentric tube heat exchanger.









THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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5.0 Theory

There are two types of flow that being investigated in this experiment which are
parallel flow and counter flow. The figures below shows the differences between the two
flow.















The simplest heat exchanger is one for which the hot and cold fluids move in the same
or opposite directions in a concentric tube (or double-pipe) construction. In the parallel-flow
arrangement, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and
leave at the same end. In the counter flow arrangement, the fluids enter at opposite ends, flow
in opposite directions, and leave at opposite ends.

Figure 6: Heat exchanger temperature profiles and Fluid Flow Direction
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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There are several important formulas or equations to calculate the performance
characteristics for both parallel-flow and counter-flow concentric tube heat exchangers. The
performance required are power emitted, power absorbed, power lost efficiency (),
logarithmic mean temperature difference (
m
), and overall heat transfer coefficient (U). The
The Efficiency for the Cold Medium is:

The Efficiency for the Hot Medium is:

The Mean Temperature Efficiency is:

The Power Emitted is given below (where

h
is the Volumetric Flow Rate of the hot
fluid):

)
The Power Absorbed is given below (where

c
is the Volumetric Flow Rate of the cold
fluid):

)
The Power Lost is therefore:

The Overall Efficiency () is:




THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (
m
) is:

) (

)
[
(

)
(

)
]


The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) is:

Where the Surface Area (A
s
) for this heat exchanger is 0.067 m
2
To obtain the value of Density for both hot water and cold water (
h
&
c
) and Specific
Heat of Hot Water (C
ph
), the method of interpolation is required. As for the Specific Heat
of Cold Water (C
pc
), the value is given in the Property Tables.










THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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6.0 Experimental Procedures
6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup






Figure 8: Heat exchanger system
Figure 7: Heat exchanger apparatus system diagram (schematic
diagram)
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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Figure 9: Temperature control
Figure 12: Hot fluid volumetric flow rate
control
Figure 10: Cold fluid volumetric flow
rate control
Figure 11: Valve diagram for parallel flow and counter flow
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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6.2 Procedure

1. The experiment for counter-flow heat exchanger operation had been configure.
The required hot water inlet temperature was set to Th,in = 60 c with the
decade switch. The cold water volumetric flow rate ( Vc ) also set to run at a
constant 2000 cm
3
/min.
2. The hot fluid volumetric flow rate (Vh) was initially set to 1000 cm
3
/min. The
six temperature readings in the following table was recorded. The readings for
volumetric flow rates of 2000, 3000 and 4000 cm
3
/min was repeated.
3. Values for density (

and

) and constant pressure specific heat (

and

)
for the cold fluids at a temperature of

and for the hot fluids at a

temperature of

was discovered.
4. The following heat exchanger performance factors such as power emitted,
power absorbed, power lost, efficiency (), logarithmic mean temperature
difference (

), and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) had been calculated

and recorded in the tables by using the data.
5. The result was discussed by comparing the effect of changing the volumetric
flow rate of the hot fluid on each of these heat exchanger performance factors.









THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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7.0 Result
7.1 Data recorded
A. Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger in Parallel Flow

V
h

(cm
3
/min)
T
h,in
(
0
C) T
h,mid
(
0
C) T
h,out
(
0
C) T
c,in
(
0
C) T
c,mid
(
0
C) T
c,out
(
0
C)
1000 60 47 46 28 31 33
2000 60 53 52 28 34 36
3000 60 53 54 28 34 37
4000 60 54 55 28 35 39
Table 1: Data for parallel flow
From table A-9 ( Properties of saturated water )
At T
c,in
= 28C &T
h,in
= 60C
Properties are:

c
= 996.4 kg/m
3
C
pc
= 4178.8 J/kg.K

h
= 983.3 kg/m
3
C
ph
= 4185 J/kg.K

B. Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger in Counter Flow

V
h

(cm
3
/min)
T
h,in
(
0
C) T
h,mid
(
0
C) T
h,out
(
0
C) T
c,in
(
0
C) T
c,mid
(
0
C) T
c,out
(
0
C)
1000 60 51 48 27 30 34
2000 60 53 61 27 32 37
3000 60 53 53 27 33 38
4000 60 54 54 27 34 39
Table 2: Data for counter flow
From table A-9 ( Properties of saturated water )
At T
c,in
= 27C &T
h,in
= 60C.
Properties are:

c
= 996.6 kg/m
3
C
pc
= 4179.2 J/kg.K

h
= 983.3 kg/m
3
C
ph
= 4185 J/kg.K

THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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7.2 Sample calculation

A. Experiment A: [Example of parallel-flow at 2000 cm
3
/min (3.333 x 10
-5
m
3
/s)]

i. Power emitted

( )



ii. Power absorbed
Power Absorbed = V
c

c
C
pc
(T
c,out
T
c,in
)
= (3.333 x10
-5
) (996.4) (4178.8) (36 - 28)
= 1110.25 W


iii. Power lost
Power lost = Power Emitted Power Absorbed
= (1097.25 1110.25) W

= -13 W


iv. Efficiency ()

% 101
% 100
1097.25
1110.25
% 100
=
=
=
ed PowerEmitt
bed PowerAbsor
q



THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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v. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (T
m
)
C
T T
T T
T T T T
T
T
T T
T
o
out c out h
in c in h
out c out h in c in h
m
08 . 23
16
32
ln
16 32
) (
) (
ln
) ( ) (
ln
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
2
1
2 1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
(
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
= A


vi. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)

) . /( 98 . 717
) 08 . 23 )( 067 . 0 (
1110.25
2
C m W
T A
bed PowerAbsor
U
o
m s
=
=
A
=

vii To calculate the efficiency for the cold medium, n
c

= 25 %
viii To calculate the efficiency for the hot mecium, n
h

= 18.75 %
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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viii To calculate the mean temperature effieiency, n
mean

= 31.25 %

B. Experiment B
Calculate all heat exchanger performance factors which are power emitted,
power absorbed, power lost, efficiency (), logarithmic mean temperature
difference (

), and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) exactly the same as

experiment A.













THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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7.3 Analysis result

A. Experiment A: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger in Parallel Flow
V
h

Power
Emitted

Power
Absorbed
Power
Lost
Efficiency T
m
U

n
c

n
h

n
mean

(cm
3
/min)
(W) (W) (W) (, %) (C) W/(m
2
.
0
C)
% % %
1000 614.72 693.89 -79.17 112.88 22.20 466.51 15.63 43.75 29.69
2000 1097.25 1110.25 -13 101 23.08 717.98 25 25 25
3000 1234.53 1110.22 124.31 89.93 24.47 677.17 28.13 18.75 23.44
4000
1372.69 1526.56 -153.87 111.21 23.87 954.52 34.38 15.63 25.01


B. Experiment B: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger in Counter Flow

V
h

Power
Emitted

Power
Absorbed
Power
Lost
Efficiency T
m
U

n
c

n
h

n
mean

(cm
3
/min)
(W) (W) (W) (, %) (C) W/(m
2
.
0
C)
% % %
1000 526.9 971.73 -44.3 184.42 23.41 619.54 21.21 36.36 28.79
2000 1234.41 1388.19 -153.78 112.46 28.14 736.29 30.30 -3.03 13.64
3000 1440.29 1527.01 -86.72 106.02 23.94 952.01 33.33 21.21 27.27
4000
1372.69 1665.83 -18.96 101.15 23.87 1041.61 36.36 18.18 27.27



THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
P
o
w
e
r


E
m
i
t
t
e
d
,

(
W
)

Volumetric Flow Rate,(Vh), m/s
Graph of Power Emitted,(W) vs Volumetric Flow
Rate,(m/s)
Parallel flow
Counter flow
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
P
o
w
e
r


A
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
,

(
W
)

Volumetric Flow Rate,(Vh), m/s
Graph of Power Absorbed,(W) vs Volumetric Flow
Rate,(m/s)
Parallel flow
Counter flow



Figure 13: Graph 1
Figure 14: Graph 2
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
P
o
w
e
r


A
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
,

(
W
)

Volumetric Flow Rate,(Vh), m/s
Graph of Power Absorbed,(W) vs Volumetric Flow
Rate,(m/s)
Parallel flow
Counter flow
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
(
%
)

Volumetric Flow Rate,(Vh), m/s
Graph of Efficiency,(%) vs Volumetric Flow
Rate,(m/s)
Parallel flow
Counter flow



Figure 15: Graph 3
Figure 16: Graph 4
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
L
o
g
a
r
i
t
h
m
i
c

M
e
a
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

(

m
)


Volumetric Flow Rate,(Vh), m/s
Graph of Logarithmic Mean Temperature vs
Volumetric Flow Rate,(m/s)
Parallel flow
Counter flow
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
O
v
e
r
a
l
l

H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

(
U
)

Volumetric Flow Rate,(Vh), m/s
Graph of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)
vs Volumetric Flow Rate,(m/s)
Parallel flow
Counter flow


Figure 17: Graph 5
Figure 18: Graph 6
THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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8.0 Discussion
This part of report is individually hand written. The result of each member is attched with
this report.
9.0 Conclusion
This part of report is individually hand written. The result of each member is attched with
this report.


THERMODYNAMICS II
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
EMD5M5A

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10.0 References

Websites:
1) Car radiator diagram downloaded from :
http://www.northernradiators.co.uk/cms_media/images/250x250_fitbox-
nrg_car_radiators2.jpg [Accessed 18/10/14]
2) Introduction for heat exchanger:
http://www.nzifst.org.nz/unitoperations/httrapps1.htm [Accessed 18/10/14]
3) Heat exchanger applications:
http://www.fivesgroup.com/FivesCryogenie/EN/Expertise/Products/HeatExchangerA
pplications/Pages/Applicationsofheatexchangers.aspx [Accessed 18/10/14]
4) Space heater diagram:
http://sustainability.williams.edu/files/2010/02/space-heater.jpg [Accessed 18/10/14]

Books:
1) Eastop & McConkey, Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists 5
th

Edition, Prentice Hall, 1993.
2) Yunus A. Vengeland Micheal A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering
Approach,7
th
edition in SI units, 2011 , The McGraw-Hill Companies.
3) Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach Sixth Edition (SI Units), Yunus A.
Cengel & Michael A. Boles).



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CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
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11.0 Appendices