RP A203 - 2013 07

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

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DNV-RP-A203
Technology Qualiica!ion
"#$% 20&3
' De! No()*e Ve(i!a) AS "uly 20&3
Any co++en!) +ay ,e )en! ,y e-+ail !o rules@dnv.com
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FOREWORD
DNV i) a glo,al -(o.i/e( o *no0le/ge o( +anaging (i)*1 To/ay2 )ae an/ (e)-on)i,le ,u)ine)) con/uc! i) ,o!h a licen)e
!o o-e(a!e an/ a co+-e!i!i.e a/.an!age1 Ou( co(e co+-e!ence i) !o i/en!iy2 a))e))2 an/ a/.i)e on (i)* +anage+en!1 3(o+
ou( lea/ing -o)i!ion in ce(!iica!ion2 cla))iica!ion2 .e(iica!ion2 an/ !(aining2 0e /e.elo- an/ a--ly )!an/a(/) an/ ,e)!
-(ac!ice)1 Thi) hel-) ou( cu)!o+e() )aely an/ (e)-on)i,ly i+-(o.e !hei( ,u)ine)) -e(o(+ance1 DNV i) an in/e-en/en!
o(gani)a!ion 0i!h /e/ica!e/ (i)* -(oe))ional) in +o(e !han &00 coun!(ie)2 0i!h !he -u(-o)e o )aegua(/ing lie2 -(o-e(!y
an/ !he en.i(on+en!1
DNV )e(.ice /ocu+en!) con)i)! o a+ong o!he() !he ollo0ing !y-e) o /ocu+en!)4
5 Service Specifications. P(oce/u(al (e6ui(e+en!)1
5 Standards. Technical (e6ui(e+en!)1
5 Recommended Practices. 7ui/ance1
The S!an/a(/) an/ Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice) a(e oe(e/ 0i!hin !he ollo0ing a(ea)4
A8 Qualiica!ion2 Quali!y an/ Sae!y Me!ho/ology
98 Ma!e(ial) Technology
C8 S!(uc!u(e)
D8 Sy)!e+)
E8 S-ecial 3acili!ie)
38 Pi-eline) an/ Ri)e()
78 A))e! O-e(a!ion
:8 Ma(ine O-e(a!ion)
"8 Cleane( Ene(gy
O8 Su,)ea Sy)!e+)
#8 #ncon.en!ional Oil ; 7a)
ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, 'uly $%(&
)*#N+,- . )/,NT . !age &
CHANGES CURRENT
General
Thi) /ocu+en! )u-e()e/e) DNV-RP-A2032 Dece+,e( 20&21
Te<! aec!e/ ,y !he +ain change) in !hi) e/i!ion i) highligh!e/ in (e/ colou(1 :o0e.e(2 i !he change) in.ol.e
a 0hole cha-!e(2 )ec!ion o( )u,-)ec!ion2 no(+ally only !he !i!le 0ill ,e in (e/ colou(1
Main changes
Deini!ion) ha.e ,een u-/a!e/1
The *ey -h(a)e =Ne0 Technology> i) a.oi/e/ in !hi) e/i!ion2 a) i! i) no! !he /a!e a! 0hich a )olu!ion i)
/e.elo-e/ !ha! go.e(n) 0he!he( o( no! Technology Qualiica!ion i) (e6ui(e/1 The !i!le o !hi) Reco++en/e/
P(ac!ice ha) ,een change/ acco(/ingly1
In a//i!ion !o !he a,o.e )!a!e/ +ain change)2 e/i!o(ial co((ec!ion) +ay ha.e ,een +a/e1
Editorial Corrections
)ontents . !age 0
CONTENTS
C:AN7ES ? C#RRENT 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 3
1 !re"ace #
$ %ntrod&ction #
21& 7ene(al 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111@
212 Technology Qualiica!ion Re)ul!) an/ !hei( #)e 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&0
213 Docu+en!a!ion Re6ui(e+en!) an/ Coni/en!iali!y1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&0
21A Ve(iica!ion an/ Thi(/ Pa(!y In.ol.e+en! 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&2
' Technolog( )&ali"ication A**roach and !rinci*les 1'
+ Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra, 1+
A1& Technology De.elo-+en! an/ Qualiica!ion P(og(e)) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&A
A12 Con!en!) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a+11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&A
A13 C(i!ical Pa(a+e!e() $i)!1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&@
A1A Qualiica!ion Tea+1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&@
- The .asic Technolog( )&ali"ication !rocess 1/
# Technolog( )&ali"ication 0asis 11
@1& In!(o/uc!ion1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&B
@12 Technology De)c(i-!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&B
@13 Pe(o(+ance De)c(i-!ion 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&B
/ Technolog( Assess,ent $2
C1& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111120
C12 Technology Co+-o)i!ion Analy)i) 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111120
C13 Technology Ca!ego(iDa!ion11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112&
C1A I/en!iica!ion o Main Challenge) an/ #nce(!ain!ie) E:AFID8 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111122
3 Threat Assess,ent $'
G1& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111123
G12 Reine/ Technology Co+-o)i!ion Analy)i) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111123
G13 I/en!iica!ion o 3ailu(e Mo/e) 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111123
G1A Con)e6uence o 3ailu(e11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112H
G1H P(o,a,ili!y o 3ailu(e 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112@
G1@ Ri)* A))e))+en! 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112C
1 Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan $1
B1& In!(o/uc!ion11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112B
B12 Selec!ion o Qualiica!ion Me!ho/) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112B
B13 Pa(a+e!e( Eec!) an/ Mo/el) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111130
B1A E<-e(i+en!al Me!ho/) 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113&
B1H Docu+en!e/ E<-e(ience 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113A
B1@ Me!ho/) !o Docu+en! #nce(!ain!y2 P(o,a,ili!y o 3ailu(e an/ Ma(gin) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113A
12 E4ec&tion o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan '#
&01& In!(o/uc!ion11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113@
&012 3ailu(e Mo/e De!ec!ion Du(ing Qualiica!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113@
&013 Collec!ion an/ Docu+en!a!ion o Da!a11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113@
11 !er"or,ance Assess,ent '3
&&1& In!(o/uc!ion11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113G
&&12 Relia,ili!y 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113G
&&13 Deci)ion-+a*ing111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113B
A**endi4 A Chec5list 6 Fail&re Mechanis,s 6 Data 0ase +2
A1& 3ailu(e +echani)+) chec*li)! 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A0
A**endi4 0 %te,s o" Concern Ca&ses o" Fail&re Mechanis,s Technolog( De7elo*,ent Stage +$
91& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A2
912 Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A2
913 Ran*ing o 3ailu(e Mo/e) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A3
91A Technology De.elo-+en! S!a!e) an/ Rea/ine)) $e.el)1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 AA
A**endi4 C E4a,*les o" A**lication +/
C1& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 AC
C12 A Su,)ea 9oo)!e( Pu+-2 3(a+o1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 AC
C13 Qualiica!ion o Ma))--(o/uce/ Co+-onen!) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 H@
C1A A )u,)ea +ul!i-ha)e -u+-I K.J(ne( Eu(e*a11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 HC
A**endi4 D Co,*&ter So"t8are #3
)ontents . !age 1
D1& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @G
D12 Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @G
D13 S-ecial To-ic)11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 C2
D1A E<a+-le) o So!0a(e Relia,ili!y Analy)i) 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 CH
A**endi4 E Use o" Historical Relia.ilit( Data /#
E1& E.alua!ion o !he 6uali!y o !he /a!a,a)e) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 C@
E12 E<a+-le o e<!(ac!ing Da!a (o+ a Da!a,a)e 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 CC
A**endi4 F %ntrod&ction to S(ste,s6Engineering A**roaches /3
31& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 CG
312 A +o/el ,a)e/ a--(oach1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 CB
313 7oal +o/elling 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 CB
31A $in*ing e.i/ence !o lea goal) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 CB
31H Sy)!e+a!ic elici!a!ion o e<-e(! o-inion) o ho0 0ell a.aila,le e.i/ence ulil) lea goal) 11111111111111 G0
31@ P(o-aga!ion o goal ulil+en! an/ unce(!ain!y !o o.e(all goal) 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 G0
C:AN7ES ? :ISTORIC 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 G&
-ec.( !reface . !age 2
1 !re"ace
The o,Kec!i.e o !hi) (eco++en/e/ -(ac!ice i) !o -(o.i/e !he in/u)!(y 0i!h a )y)!e+a!ic a--(oach !o
!echnology 6ualiica!ion2 en)u(ing !ha! !he !echnology unc!ion) (elia,ly 0i!hin )-eciie/ li+i!)1
The a--(oach i) a--lica,le o( co+-onen!)2 e6ui-+en! an/ )y)!e+)2 0hich a(e no! al(ea/y co.e(e/ ,y a
Vali/a!e/ )e! o Re6ui(e+en!) E)uch a) an a--lica,le )!an/a(/81
G&idance note9
DNV Se(.ice S-eciica!ion DNV-DSS-A0& LTechnology Qualiica!ion Manage+en!L /e)c(i,e) ho0 DNV can a))i)!
0i!h !echnology 6ualiica!ion )houl/ )uch a))i)!ance ,e (e6ue)!e/ ,y !he u)e( o !hi) (eco++en/e/ -(ac!ice1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
$ %ntrod&ction
$1 General
$11 Goal o" technolog( :&ali"ication
Technology 6ualiica!ion i) !he -(oce)) o -(o.i/ing !he e.i/ence !ha! a !echnology 0ill unc!ion 0i!hin
)-eciie/ o-e(a!ional li+i!) 0i!h an acce-!a,le le.el o coni/ence1
$1$ Moti7ation
I+-le+en!a!ion o !echnology in!(o/uce) unce(!ain!ie) !ha! i+-ly (i)* o( i!) /e.elo-e()2 +anuac!u(e()2
.en/o()2 o-e(a!o() an/ en/-u)e()1 Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice )ho0) ho0 !he)e (i)*) can ,e +anage/ ,y !he
-(o.i)ion o e.i/ence !o (e/uce unce(!ain!ie)1
Conce-!) 0i!h 0ell-*no0n an/ -(o.en !echnology a(e o!en -(ee((e/ !o )olu!ion) 0i!h ele+en!) o non--(o.en
!echnology2 e.en i !he la!!e( -(o.i/e) )igniican! o-e(a!ional i+-(o.e+en! o( co)!-eiciency1 Technology
6ualiica!ion can ena,le i!) i+-le+en!a!ion2 !he(e,y hel-ing !o c(ea!e ne0 ,u)ine)) o--o(!uni!ie) o( i+-(o.e
)ae!y2 (elia,ili!y o( -(oi!a,ili!y1
$1' O.;ecti7e o" this Reco,,ended !ractice
The o,Kec!i.e o !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice i) !o -(o.i/e a )y)!e+a!ic a--(oach !o !echnology 6ualiica!ion in
a +anne( !ha! en)u(e) !(acea,ili!y !h(oughou! !he -(oce))2 (o+ !he /e!e(+ina!ion o unc!ion)2 !a(ge!) an/
e<-ec!a!ion) !o (ele.an! ailu(e +o/e)2 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) an/ e.i/ence1
I!) ai+ i) !o en)u(e !ha! !he ailu(e +o/e) an/ !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) a(e (ele.an! an/ co+-le!e1 Thi)2 in
!u(n2 )houl/ i+-(o.e coni/ence in no.el !echnology2 an/ i+-(o.e !he li*elihoo/ o i!) co++e(ciali)a!ion1
Thu)2 !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice a//) .alue ,y ,o!h acili!a!ing !he /e.elo-+en! o !echnology an/ ,y
un/e(-inning i!) ,u)ine)) ca)e1
$1+ Sco*e
Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice i) in!en/e/ o( 6ualiica!ion o !echnologie) !ha! a(e no! co.e(e/ ,y e<i)!ing2
.ali/a!e/ (e6ui(e+en!)2 an/ 0he(e ailu(e -o)e) (i)* !o lie2 -(o-e(!y o( !he en.i(on+en!2 o( -(e)en!) inancial
(i)*1
G&idance note9
E.en !hough in/i.i/ual co+-onen!) in a )y)!e+ +igh! ,e 6ualiie/ o( -(o.en2 i !hey a(e a))e+,le/ in a /ie(en! 0ay2
!he )y)!e+ a) a 0hole +ay (e6ui(e !o ,e 6ualiie/1 The )a+e a--lie) !o 6ualiie/ o( -(o.en !echnology in a change/
en.i(on+en!1
A -(oce)) o( 6ualiica!ion o co+-u!e( )o!0a(e i) ou!line/ in A--1D1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice can ,e u)eul o( !he 6ualiica!ion o !echnologie) 0he(e !he ,e)! 0ay !o )ho0
co+-liance !o e<i)!ing (e6ui(e+en!) o( )!an/a(/) i) no! o,.iou)1
Technology 6ualiica!ion i) no(+ally -(ece/e/ ,y a conce-! /e.elo-+en! )!age an/ an e.alua!ion )!age2 in
0hich !he +ain -(inci-le) o( i!) e.alua!ion a(e /e!e(+ine/1 The)e -(inci-le) )houl/ ,e e/ in!o !he Technology
Qualiica!ion P(oce)) .ia !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ESec1@81
$1- 0asis "or the :&ali"ication
No.el !echnologie) a(e gene(ally no! co.e(e/ ,y e)!a,li)he/ co/e) an/ -(oce/u(e) E.ali/a!e/ (e6ui(e+en!)81
The 6ualiica!ion )hall !he(eo(e ,e ,a)e/ on unc!ional )-eciica!ion) /eine/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion
9a)i) E)ee Sec1@81
-ec.$ 3ntroduction . !age 4
$1# Who *er"or,s :&ali"ication<
The o0ne(2 ,uye(2 /e.elo-e( o( a !hi(/ -a(!y can -e(o(+ !he 6ualiica!ion1
$1/ Who .ene"its "ro, the Reco,,ended !ractice<
The Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice o( !echnology 6ualiica!ion )e(.e)4
5 The +anuac!u(e(2 0ho oe() !echnology !o !he +a(*e! an/ !he(eo(e nee/) !o /i)-lay -(oo o i!ne)) o(
-u(-o)e2 an/Mo( /ocu+en!a!ion o a gi.en !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!a!e1
5 The co+-any !ha! in!eg(a!e) !he !echnology in!o a la(ge( )y)!e+2 an/ nee/) !o e.alua!e !he eec! on !he
!o!al )y)!e+ (elia,ili!y1
5 The en/-u)e( o !he !echnology 0ho 0i)he) !o o-!i+i)e !he ,enei!) o hi) in.e)!+en! !h(ough )elec!ion
,e!0een co+-e!ing !echnologie) o( !o c(ea!e ne0 ,u)ine)) ,y /oing !hing) in an i+-(o.e/ 0ay1
$13 Alternati7e ,ethods
Al!e(na!i.e +e!ho/) !o !ho)e /e)c(i,e/ in !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice +ay ,e u)e/ -(o.i/ing !ha! !hey a(e
)u--o(!e/ ,y e6ui.alen! e.i/ence o !he )ui!a,ili!y o !hei( a--lica!ion1
$11 Str&ct&re o" this Reco,,ended !ractice
Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice i) o(gani)e/ in!o !0o -a(!)4
5 An in!(o/uc!ion ESec1& !o Sec1A8 in 0hich !he -hilo)o-hy an/ -(inci-le) o Technology Qualiica!ion a(e
-(e)en!e/ an/ !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) in!(o/uce/1
5 The +ain ,o/y con!aining !he /e)c(i-!ion o !he 0o(* in.ol.e/ in !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion
P(oce)) an/ Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e) ESec1H !o Sec1&&81
The Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice !e<! gi.e) o-!ion) o( !he )ae)! an/ +o)! co)!-eicien! 0ay o /e.elo-ing an/
i+-le+en!ing no.el !echnology in !he o-inion o DNV1 Su--le+en!a(y a/.ice o( e<-lana!ion i) in)e(!e/ in !he
!e<! in !he ollo0ing 0ay4
G&idance note9
E<a+-le o )u--le+en!a(y !e<! in gui/ance no!e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The a--en/ice) con!ain a//i!ional ino(+a!ion an/ ou!line o e<a+-le) an/ !e+-la!e)1 The -(oce)) o(
Technology Qualiica!ion o co+-u!e( )o!0a(e i) ou!line/ in A--1D1
$112 De"initions and a..re7iations
The ollo0ing /eini!ion) a(e ,a)e/ on gene(ally (ecogni)e/ /eini!ion) o !e(+) a) a/a-!e/ !o !hei( u)e in !hi)
Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
Term Definition
A(gu+en! De+on)!(a!ion o ho0 E.i/ence )u--o(!) a Clai+ in Con!e<!1
Coni/ence In )!a!i)!ic)2 coni/ence i) a +ea)u(e o !he (elia,ili!y o an e)!i+a!e an/ can ,e 6uan!iie/ ,y
)!an/a(/ +e!ho/)1 In !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice2 !he !e(+ coni/ence i) u)e/ in a ,(oa/e( )en)e
!o /eno!e !he le.el o coni/ence a /eci)ion-+a*e( ha) in a !echnology1 Such coni/ence i) u)ually
+ea)u(e/ 0hen /eci)ion) a(e +a/e2 e1g1 0he!he( !o in.e)! in !he !echnology o( no!2 o( i+-le+en!
i!2 o( !o )u,Kec! i! !o ce(!ain 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
Con!e<! Ci(cu+)!ance) o( ac!o() (ela!ing !o Technology1
C(i!ical -a(a+e!e( A -a(a+e!e( !ha! can lea/ !o an unacce-!a,le le.el o ailu(e2 o( (i)*2 ei!he( alone o( in
co+,ina!ion 0i!h o!he( -a(a+e!e() !ha! ha.e a )i+ila( le.el o (i)* o( ailu(e1
Ele+en! The !e(+ ele+en! i) u)e/ !o +a*e un)-eciic (ee(ence !o unc!ion) o( )u,-unc!ion)2 )u,-)y)!e+)
o( co+-onen!)2 -(oce)) )e6uence) o( o-e(a!ion)2 o( e<ecu!ion -ha)e)1
E+-i(ical e.i/ence E.i/ence accu+ula!e/ !h(ough o,)e(.a!ion) o -heno+ena !ha! occu( in !he na!u(al 0o(l/2 o(
0hich i) e)!a,li)he/ ,y e<-e(i+en!a!ion in a la,o(a!o(y o( o!he( con!(olle/ con/i!ion)1
Enhancing
!echnology
A !echnology !ha! -(o.i/e) enhance/ ca-a,ili!ie) !o a u)e( co+-a(e/ !o e<i)!ing -(o.en
!echnologie)1
Ena,ling !echnology An ena,ling !echnology i) an in.en!ion o( inno.a!ion !ha! can ,e a--lie/ !o /(i.e (a/ical change
in !he ca-a,ili!ie) o a u)e(1 3o( an ena,ling !echnology !he(e i) no -(o.en all-,ac* )olu!ion !ha!
can ,e a/o-!e/ )houl/ 6ualiica!ion o !he ena,ling !echnology ail1
E.i/ence The e.i/ence u)e/ o( 6ualiica!ion inclu/e) e+-i(ical e.i/ence2 -(e/ic!ion) u)ing -(o.en +o/el)
an/ e<-e(! Ku/ge+en!1
3ailu(e $o)) o !he a,ili!y o an i!e+ !o -e(o(+ !he (e6ui(e/ E)-eciie/8 unc!ion 0i!hin !he li+i!) )e! o(
i!) in!en/e/ u)e1 Thi) occu() 0hen !he +a(gin E!o ailu(e8 i) nega!i.e1
3ailu(e (e6uency The nu+,e( o ailu(e) /i.i/e/ ,y !he !i+e Ecalen/a( o( o-e(a!ional81
3ailu(e +echani)+ The -hy)ical2 che+ical2 !e+-o(al o( o!he( -(oce)) !ha! lea/) o( ha) le/ !o a ailu(e1
3ailu(e +o/e The o,)e(.e/ +anne( o ailu(e Eon a )-eciie/ le.el81
3ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y The -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e occu((ing 0i!hin a )-eciie/ !i+e -e(io/2 o( a! a )-eciie/ con/i!ion
Ee1g1 a! !he )!a(! o an engine81
3unc!ion A -u(-o)e o( 0hich )o+e!hing i) /e)igne/ o( e<i)!)1
3unc!ional
)-eciica!ion
The -e(o(+ance !ha! a !echnology ha) !o achie.e 0i!hin )e! en.i(on+en! an/ o-e(a!ional
con/i!ion)
7oal The o.e(all !a(ge! o an ac!i.i!y
Ma(gin E!o ailu(e8 The /ie(ence ,e!0een !he u!ili)a!ion a! ailu(e an/ !he (e6ui(e/ u!ili)a!ion in !he in!en/e/ u)e1
Nhen ei!he( !he u!ili)a!ion a! ailu(e o( !he (e6ui(e/ u!ili)a!ion i) unce(!ain2 )o i) !he +a(gin1 Then
!he +a(gin can ,e (e-(e)en!e/ ,y i!) -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion1 Performance margin an/ )ae!y
+a(gin a(e )-ecial ca)e)1
Mile)!one A -oin! in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e !ha! )igniie) an ag(ee/ 6ualiica!ion )!a!e
ha) ,een achie.e/ an/ 0hich +ay ,e u)e/ !o !(igge( o!he( e.en!) )uch a) (ecogni!ion2 (e0a(/ an/
u(!he( in.e)!+en! ESec1H8
Mo/el Ma!he+a!ical /e)c(i-!ion o( e<-e(i+en!al )e!-u- )i+ula!ing a unc!ion o !he !echnology1 Mo/el)
!a*e accoun! o (ele.an! eec!) o !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() o( !he +o/elle/ unc!ion1
Pa(a+e!e( A /e!e(+ining cha(ac!e(i)!ic o !he !echnologyO) unc!ion2 u)e o( en.i(on+en!1
Pa(a+e!e( eec! The eec!) o .a(ia!ion o a -a(a+e!e( 0i!hin !he li+i!) o (ele.ance o( !he !echnology an/ i!) u)e1
Pe(o(+ance The -e(o(+ance o a !echnology i) i!) a,ili!y !o -(o.i/e i!) )-eciie/ unc!ion)1 The)e unc!ion)
con!(i,u!e !o )ae!yM(elia,ili!y a) 0ell a) !he ou!-u! o( .alue gene(a!e/ ,y !he )y)!e+2 e6ui-+en!
o( co+-onen! 0hen in o-e(a!ion1
Pe(o(+ance +a(gin The /ie(ence ,e!0een !he achie.e/ -e(o(+ance an/ !he )-eciie/ -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!1
Nhen ei!he( !he achie.e/ -e(o(+ance o( !he )-eciie/ -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en! i) unce(!ain2 )o
i) !he -e(o(+ance +a(ginI in 0hich ca)e i! can ,e (e-(e)en!e/ ,y i!) -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion1
Qualiica!ion ac!i.i!y Ac!i.i!ie) ai+e/ a! -(o.i/ing e.i/ence !ha! ailu(e +o/e) a(e a/e6ua!ely a//(e))e/2 Ee1g1 !e)!)2
analy)e)2 /ocu+en!a!ion o -(e.iou) e<-e(ience an/ /e.elo-+en! o o-e(a!ional -(oce/u(e)81
Qualiica!ion -ha)e The ,a)ic !echnology 6ualiica!ion -(oce)) a) -e(o(+e/ !o ,(ing !he !echnology (o+ one
6ualiica!ion-)!a!e +ile)!one !o !he ne<! +ile)!one1
Qualiica!ion
-(og(a++e
&8 Succe))i.e -e(o(+ance o !he ,a)ic !echnology 6ualiica!ion -(oce)) 0i!h inc(e+en!al
6ualiica!ion +ile)!one) a! inc(ea)ing le.el o /e!ail1
28 Succe))i.e -e(o(+ance o !he ,a)ic !echnology 6ualiica!ion -(oce)) o( 6ualiica!ion 0i!h
inc(e+en!al i+-(o.e+en! o !he 6ualiica!ion li+i!)1
Qualiica!ion !ea+ The a--oin!e/ !ea+ o -eo-le 0i!h (ele.an! *no0le/ge2 )*ill) o( e<-e(ience !o ca((y ou! !he
6ualiica!ion1
Qualiica!ion )!age &8 The ,a)ic !echnology 6ualiica!ion -(oce)) a) -e(o(+e/ !o i+-(o.e !he )-eciie/ li+i!)
0i!hin 0hich !he !echnology i) 6ualiie/1
28 Technology 6ualiica!ion o( )!(ic!e( li+i!) !han !he inal goal1
Qualiica!ion )!a!e The +ile)!one a! co+-le!ion o a 6ualiica!ion -ha)e1
Relia,ili!y The a,ili!y o an i!e+ !o -e(o(+ a (e6ui(e/ unc!ion un/e( gi.en con/i!ion) o( a gi.en !i+e
in!e(.al o( a! a )-eciie/ con/i!ion1 In 6uan!i!a!i.e !e(+)2 i! i) one E&8 +inu) !he ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y1
Ri)* The 6uali!a!i.e o( 6uan!i!a!i.e li*elihoo/ o an acci/en! o( un-lanne/ e.en! occu((ing2 con)i/e(e/
in conKunc!ion 0i!h !he -o!en!ial con)e6uence) o )uch a ailu(e1 In 6uan!i!a!i.e !e(+)2 (i)* i) !he
-(o,a,ili!y o a /eine/ ailu(e +o/e !i+e) i!) con)e6uence2 )ee Sec1PG1@Q1
Ri)* con!(ol +ea)u(e Tho)e +ea)u(e) !a*en !o (e/uce !he (i)*) !o !he o-e(a!ion o !he )y)!e+2 an/ !o !he heal!h an/
)ae!y o -e()onnel a))ocia!e/ 0i!h i! o( in i!) .icini!y ,y4
5 (e/uc!ion in !he -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e
5 +i!iga!ion o !he con)e6uence) o ailu(e
G&idance note9
The u)ual o(/e( o -(ee(ence o (i)* (e/uc!ion +ea)u(e) i)4
a8 inhe(en! )ae!y
,8 -(e.en!ion
c8 /e!ec!ion
/8 con!(ol
e8 +i!iga!ion
8 e+e(gency (e)-on)e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Relia,ili!y The a,ili!y o an i!e+ !o -e(o(+ a (e6ui(e/ unc!ion un/e( gi.en con/i!ion) o( a gi.en !i+e in!e(.al
o( a! a )-eciie/ con/i!ion1 In 6uan!i!a!i.e !e(+)2 i! i) one E&8 +inu) !he ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y1
Term Definition
The ollo0ing a,,(e.ia!ion) a(e u)e/4
Sae!y The )!a!e o ,eing )ae1 A !echnology i) )ae i i! 0ill no! ail un/e( o(e)eea,le /e+an/)2 lea/ing
!o lo)) o lie2 inKu(y2 nega!i.e en.i(on+en!al i+-ac!2 o( unacce-!a,le econo+ic lo))I an/ i i! i)
unli*ely !o ail un/e( e<!(ao(/ina(y ci(cu+)!ance)1
Sae!y +a(gin The /ie(ence ,e!0een ca-aci!y an/ /e+an/ Ee1g1 loa/ eec!81 Nhen ei!he( !he ca-aci!y o(
/e+an/ i) unce(!ain2 )o i) !he +a(gin1 Then !he +a(gin can ,e (e-(e)en!e/ ,y i!) -(o,a,ili!y
/i)!(i,u!ion1 ES-ecial ca)e o Performance argin18
Su,)!an!ia!e To /e+on)!(a!e ,y E.i/ence an/ A(gu+en! o( a /eine/ Con!e<!1
Technology A 0ay !o -(o.i/e a 3unc!ion E)uch a) ,y co+,ining +e!ho/)2 !echni6ue)2 )*ill)2 e6ui-+en!2 !ool)
o( +a!e(ial)81
Technology
Qualiica!ion
The -(oce)) o -(o.i/ing !he e.i/ence !ha! !echnology 0ill unc!ion 0i!hin )-eciie/ li+i!) 0i!h
an acce-!a,le le.el o coni/ence1
G&idance note9
Technology Qualiica!ion can ,e )een a) !he -(oce)) o )u,)!an!ia!ing a Clai+ a,ou!
-(o.i)ion o 3unc!ion2 0hich i) no! co.e(e/ ,y Vali/a!e/ Re6ui(e+en!) al(ea/y1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
The ,ench+a(* again)! 0hich !he )ucce)) o !he -e(o(+ance o !he !echnology i) +ea)u(e/
ESec1@81
Technology
Qualiica!ion
P(og(a++e
The (a+e0o(* in 0hich !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) e<ecu!e/ a) /e!aile/ in Sec1A1
Technology
Qualiica!ion Plan
The 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) )-eciie/ 0i!h !he -u(-o)e o gene(a!ing 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence an/ !he
logical /e-en/encie) ,e!0een !he in/i.i/ual -iece) o 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence1
Th(ea! A -o!en!ial (i)* 0i!h )igniican! unce(!ain!y a,ou! !he con)e6uence o ailu(e o( li*elihoo/ o
occu((ence !ha! (e6ui(e) u(!he( in.e)!iga!ion !o ei!he( 6uan!iy a) a (i)* o( (e+o.e (o+ u(!he(
con)i/e(a!ion1
#nce(!ain!y A )!a!e o ha.ing li+i!e/ *no0le/ge !ha! +a*e) i! i+-o))i,le !o e<ac!ly /e)c(i,e !he e<i)!ing )!a!e
o( u!u(e ou!co+eE)81
Vali/a!e To )u,)!an!ia!e !ha! )o+e!hing i) (ele.an! an/ co+-le!e1
Ve(iica!ion Coni(+a!ion ,y e<a+ina!ion an/ -(o.i)ion o o,Kec!i.e e.i/ence !ha! )-eciie/ (e6ui(e+en!)
ha.e ,een ulille/ EISO GA024&BBA81
C3D Co+-u!a!ional 3lui/ Dyna+ic)
DNV De! No()*e Ve(i!a)
3AT 3ac!o(y Acce-!ance Te)!
3EM 3ini!e Ele+en! Me!ho/
3MEEC8A 3ailu(e Mo/e)2 Eec! Ean/ C(i!icali!y8 Analy)i)
3T 3aul! T(ee
:AFID :AFa(/ IDen!iica!ion
:AFOP :AFa(/ an/ OPe(a,ili!y )!u/y
IMO In-u!MOu!-u!
$C$ $ie!i+e a! !he acce-!a,le Coni/ence $e.el
MTT3 Mean Ti+e To 3ailu(e
NDT Non-De)!(uc!i.e Te)!ing
P3D P(o,a,ili!y o 3ailu(e on De+an/
QAMQC Quali!y A))u(anceMQuali!y Con!(ol
RAMES8 Relia,ili!y2 A.aila,ili!y2 Main!aina,ili!y Ean/ Sae!y8
R9D Relia,ili!y 9loc* Diag(a+
RP Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice
S:E Sae!y2 :eal!h an/ En.i(on+en!
SRA S!(uc!u(al Relia,ili!y Analy)i)
TA Technology A))e))+en!
TQ Technology Qualiica!ion
TQ9 Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
TQP Technology Qualiica!ion Plan
TR$ Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el E)ee A--en/i< P91AQ8
Term Definition
-ec.$ 3ntroduction . !age (%
$$ Technolog( )&ali"ication Res&lts and their Use
The (e)ul! o !he 6ualiica!ion i) /ocu+en!a!ion o e.i/ence !ha! !he !echnology +ee!) !he )-eciie/
(e6ui(e+en!) o( !he in!en/e/ u)e2 i+-lying4
5 !he -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o( !he )e(.ice lie!i+e i) /e!e(+ine/ an/Mo(2
5 !he (elia,ili!y i) /e!e(+ine/ an/Mo(
5 )uicien! +a(gin) a(e /eine/ again)! )-eciie/ ailu(e +o/e) o( !o0a(/) )-eciie/ -e(o(+ance !a(ge!)1
O(2 in !he ca)e !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!) )houl/ ail2 !he (e)ul! i) /ocu+en!a!ion o all !he collec!e/ e.i/ence
an/ i/en!iica!ion o !ho)e )-eciie/ (e6ui(e+en!) !ha! 0e(e +e! an/ !ho)e !ha! 0e(e no! +e! u)ing !he a.aila,le
(e)ou(ce)1
The 6ualiica!ion (e)ul!) can ,e u)e/4
5 a) an acce-!ance o( i+-le+en!a!ion o !echnology
5 a) !he ,a)i) o( co+-a(ing al!e(na!i.e !echnologie)
5 a) in-u! in !he e.alua!ion o !he (elia,ili!y o a la(ge( )y)!e+1
5 a) /ocu+en!a!ion o !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!a!e
5 in /ocu+en!ing (egula!o(y co+-liance1
$' Doc&,entation Re:&ire,ents and Con"identialit(
$'1 Doc&,entation to .e *ro7ided
Docu+en!a!ion o( !he !echnology ,eing 6ualiie/ )houl/ con!ain all !he ino(+a!ion (e6ui(e/ !o a))e)) i!)
no.el a)-ec!) a! a le.el o /e!ail )ui!a,le o( i!) e<i)!ing )!age o /e.elo-+en!1 All e.i/ence on 0hich !he
6ualiica!ion 0a) ,a)e/ )houl/ ,e -(e)en!1 Each )!e- o !he Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )houl/ -(o.i/e )uicien!
!(an)-a(ency !o allo0 in/e-en/en! a))e))+en! o !he 6ualiica!ion conclu)ion)1 All /ocu+en!) )hall ,e *e-! u-
!o /a!e !h(oughou! !he Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
The /ocu+en!a!ion )hall -(o.i/e !(acea,ili!y (o+ !he 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence .ia !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)2 !he
ailu(e +o/e)2 !he (e6ui(e+en!) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)2 !h(ough !o !he 6ualiica!ion
conclu)ion)1 I! )hall )ho0 !he (ea)oning u)e/ !o /e+on)!(a!e ulil+en! o !he (e6ui(e+en!) Ei1e1 e<-(e)) !he
A(gu+en!81
The inal )e! o /ocu+en!) no(+ally inclu/e) ollo0ing4
Technology:
5 Ou!line o !he goal1
5 3unc!ional )-eciica!ion1
5 7ene(al a((ange+en! /(a0ing) 0i!h -o)i!ion nu+,e() (ela!e/ !o -a(! li)! an/ +a!e(ial) i/en!iica!ion2 an/
lay-ou! /(a0ing)1
5 Ma!e(ial) )-eciica!ion) inclu/ing /ocu+en!a!ion o !hei( -e(o(+ance in !he in!en/e/ o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)
an/ 0he!he( o( no! )e(.ice e<-e(ience in !he)e con/i!ion) e<i)!)1 Thi) inclu/e) all ino(+a!ion (e6ui(e/ !o
en)u(e !(acea,ili!y (o+ !he )-eciica!ion) all !he 0ay !h(ough !o +anuac!u(ing an/ a))e+,ly1
5 De!aile/ /(a0ing) o i!e+) )u,Kec! !o 6ualiica!ion1
5 P(oce)) an/ in)!(u+en! /iag(a+) inclu/ing con!(ol an/ )ae!y )y)!e+)1
5 Quali!y a))u(ance -lan1
Docu+en!a!ion o !he 6ualiica!ion )hall inclu/e !he ollo0ing2 0he(e a--lica,le4
Design criteria:
5 Ree(ence) 0i!h Ku)!iica!ion !o a--lie/ )!an/a(/)2 (ule) an/ (egula!ion)1
5 Ree(ence !o o!he( c(i!e(ia1
Documentation of !ey items in the Technology "ualification Process described in this Recommended Practice:
5 The co+-o)i!ion o !he !echnology an/ e.alua!ion o no.el ele+en!) ESec1C81
5 Th(ea! a))e))+en! inclu/ing )-eciica!ion o -e()onnel co+-e!ence an/ ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e( ESec1G81
5 $i)! o all a))u+-!ion) +a/e in !he inal !h(ea! a))e))+en!1
5 All 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence ,(ough! in!o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
5 De)c(i-!ion an/ Ku)!iica!ion o +e!ho/) E-(oce/u(e)2 e<-e(ience2 analy)i) an/ !e)!)8 a--lie/ in !he
6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) ESec1B81
5 All (e)ul!) (o+ !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
5 Docu+en!a!ion o (e)ul!ing -(o,a,ili!ie) o2 o( +a(gin) !o2 ailu(e +o/e)2 o( +a(gin) !o )-eciie/ +ini+u+
-e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!) ESec1&081
5 $i+i!ing .alue) E+a<i+u+ o( +ini+u+8 o( unc!ion) in !he analy)e) an/ !e)!)2 )uch a) !he ca-aci!y o a
-u+- ESec1&081
5 Sy)!e+ (elia,ili!y ESec1&&81
-ec.$ 3ntroduction . !age ((
anufacturing and installation:
5 +anuac!u(ing an/ a,(ica!ion -(oce/u(e)
5 )-eciica!ion) o +a!e(ial Einclu/ing ce(!iica!e) a) (ele.an!8
5 +anuac!u(ing (eco(/)
5 -e()onnel 6ualiica!ion (eco(/)
5 in)!alla!ion -(oce/u(e) an/ (eco(/)
#peration:
5 (ele.an! o-e(a!ional -(oce/u(e)
5 )e(.ice con!e<! 0i!h (ange o allo0a,le en.i(on+en!al an/ o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)
5 con/i!ion +anage+en! -(og(a++e 0i!h )-eciica!ion o in!en/e/ in)-ec!ion2 +ain!enance an/ (e-ai(
)!(a!egy an/ in)-ec!ion an/ +ain!enance -(oce/u(e)1
Revisions:
5 Reco(/) o all /ocu+en! (e.i)ion) inclu/ing con!en! o (e.i)ion1
$'$ Con"identialit(
Coni/en!iali!y )hall no! li+i! !he /ocu+en!a!ion (o+ ,eing +a/e a.aila,le o( !he Technology Qualiica!ion
P(oce))1
G&idance note9
I! i) a))u+e/ !ha! coni/en!iali!y ag(ee+en!) )hall ,e in -lace ,e!0een -a(!ie)1 Sc(u!iny o !he /ocu+en!a!ion ,y
6ualiica!ion !ea+ +ay ollo0 !h(ee al!e(na!i.e (ou!e)4
- An o-en 6ualiica!ion )che+e1 Thi) i+-lie) !ha! all ino(+a!ion i) a.aila,le !o !he 6ualiica!ion !ea+1
- A 6ualiica!ion o-en !o a !hi(/ -a(!y an/ in/i.i/ual e<-e(!) 0ho a(e (ecogni)e/ ,y all -a(!ie) in.ol.e/1
- The o(iginal 6ualiica!ion /ocu+en!a!ion i) no! acce))i,le1 3ull unc!ion an/ en/u(ance !e)!) acco(/ing !o !he
)-eciica!ion) +u)! /ocu+en! !he 6ualiica!ion2 in a//i!ion !o !he )u--lie(O) )!a!e+en! o 6ualiica!ion1
The la!!e( no(+ally i+-lie) +o(e e<!en)i.e !e)!ing1 The)e !e)!) )hall /e+on)!(a!e acce-!a,le +a(gin) o( all
con/i!ion)2 i1e1 all a--lica,le co+,ina!ion) o c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()1 A +ini+u+ o ino(+a!ion +u)! ,e a.aila,le !o
allo0 i/en!iica!ion o !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() an/ c(i!ical co+,ina!ion) in o(/e( !o )-eciy !he !e)!)1 3o( e6ui-+en!2 i!
u(!he( i+-lie) !e)!ing o a )uicien! nu+,e( o uni!) !o /e.elo- )!a!i)!ical /a!a an/ -a(a+e!e( eec!) a) (ele.an!1 Thi)
+e!ho/ i) )o+e!i+e) u)e/ o( elec!(onic )y)!e+)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
$'' Re"erencing :&ali"ication e7idence
The 6ualiica!ion )hall -(ee(a,ly ,e -e(o(+e/ 0i!h (ee(ence !o gene(ally (ecogni)e/ an/ Ku)!iie/ )!an/a(/)2
in/u)!(y -(ac!ice) o( )-eciica!ion)1 3o( !echnology 0he(e !he(e i) no )!an/a(/2 in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o(
)-eciica!ion a.aila,le2 con)i/e(a!ion )houl/ ,e gi.en !o u)ing /ocu+en!) /e)c(i,ing co+-a(a,le !echnologie)2
in 0hich ca)e only !he (ele.an! -a(!) )hall ,e u)e/ an/ clea(ly (ee(ence/1
G&idance note9
S!an/a(/) o( =!o-)i/e)> e6ui-+en! an/ )y)!e+) /o no! co.e( a--lica!ion) =)u,)ea> an/ =/o0n-hole>1 The(eo(e2 only
(ele.an! -a(!) )houl/ ,e (ee(ence/1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
I !he)e /ocu+en!) ail !o -(o.i/e all !he ino(+a!ion nee/e/2 6ualiica!ion can ,e ,a)e/ on /e+on)!(a!ing
e6ui.alence 0i!h !ho)e /ocu+en!)1 In !ha! ca)e !he (e6ui(e+en!) !o 0hich e6ui.alence i) /e+on)!(a!e/ )hall ,e
clea(ly (ee(ence/1 In ca)e !he(e i) no co+-a(a,le )!an/a(/2 in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o( )-eciica!ion2 6ualiica!ion
)hall ,e ,a)e/ /i(ec!ly on e.i/ence (o+ e)!a,li)he/ enginee(ing -(ac!ice2 analy)e) an/ !e)!)1
Ta,le 2-& li)!) )o+e )!an/a(/) !ha! can ,e a--lica,le a) 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence -(o.i/e/ !ha! !he !echnology i)
0i!hin !he )co-e o !he )!an/a(/1
3u(!he( gui/ance o( !echnology 6ualiica!ion can ,e oun/ in !e<! ,oo*) in !he o-en li!e(a!u(e1 Ta,le 2-2
-(o.i/e) )o+e e<a+-le)1
-ec.$ 3ntroduction . !age ($
$+ =eri"ication and Third !art( %n7ol7e,ent
A !hi(/ -a(!y i) !y-ically a))igne/ !o4
5 A))e)) !he (ele.ance an/ co+-le!ene)) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e an/ !he ac!i.i!ie) in
!he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1
5 Pe(o(+ in/e-en/en! analy)e) an/ !e)!) !o .e(iy !he .ali/i!y o !he 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence an/ conclu)ion)1
5 A))e)) an/ 0i!ne)) !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) o( )-eciic analy)e) an/ !e)!) !o coni(+
co+-liance 0i!h !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
5 Coni(+ co+-liance 0i!h )-eciie/ )!an/a(/)1
The)e .e(iica!ion ac!i.i!ie) )hall ollo0 a -lan1 Thi) -lan )hall clea(ly i/en!iy !he ele+en! o !echnology
6ualiica!ion ,eing a//(e))e/1 The .e(iica!ion )hall ,e )u--o(!e/ ,y a (e-o(! o( )!a!e+en! 0hich )a!i)ac!o(ily
co.e() !he con!en! o !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
All ele+en!) o !he !echnology !ha! a(e con)i/e(e/ -(o.en )hall ,e .e(iie/ !o ,e in co+-liance 0i!h .ali/a!e/
(e6ui(e+en!) (o+ )oun/ enginee(ing -(ac!ice)2 a--lica,le )!an/a(/ o( -e(o(+ance (eco(/ !ha! /e+on)!(a!e)
!he nece))a(y e.i/ence1
Ta.le $61 So,e standards that are a**lica.le as :&ali"ication e7idence *ro7ided that the technolog( is 8ithin the
sco*e o" the standard
$d. %o. %ame
DNV-OS DNV )e(ie) o O)ho(e S!an/a(/)
DNV-RP DNV )e(ie) o Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice)
DNV Rule) DNV Rule) o( Cla))iica!ion
DNV CN DNV )e(ie) o Cla))iica!ion No!e)
DNV-RP-D20& In!eg(a!e/ So!0a(e-De-en/en! Sy)!e+)2 200B1
API RP &CN A+e(ican Pe!(oleu+ In)!i!u!e2 Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice o( Su, )ea P(o/uc!ion Sy)!e+
(elia,ili!y an/ Technical Ri)* Manage+en!2 200B
9S HC@0 Relia,ili!y o )y)!e+)2 e6ui-+en! an/ co+-onen!)
- Pa(! H 7ui/e !o ailu(e +o/e)2 eec! an/ c(i!icali!y analy)i) E3MEA an/ 3MECA8
- Pa(! G 7ui/e !o a))e))+en! o (elia,ili!y o )y)!e+) con!aining )o!0a(e
IEC @0300-& De-en/a,ili!y +anage+en!1
IEC @&H0G In!e(na!ional Elec!(o !echnical Co++i))ion2 3unc!ional )ae!y o elec!(icalMelec!(onicM
-(og(a++a,le elec!(onic )ae!y (ela!e/ )y)!e+)2 -a(! &-C2 2000
IEEE &0@& In)!i!u!e o Elec!(ical an/ Elec!(onic) Enginee()2 IEEE &0@&2 S!an/a(/ o( a So!0a(e
Quali!y Me!(ic) Me!ho/ology2 &BBG
ISOMIEC 7ui/e BG-34200G 7ui/e !o !he E<-(e))ion o #nce(!ain!y in Mea)u(e+en!) E200G81
ISOMIEC B&2@ In!e(na!ional O(ganiDa!ion o( S!an/a(/iDa!ion2 So!0a(e enginee(ing -- P(o/uc! 6uali!y1
ISO &A22A Pe!(oleu+ an/ ga) in/u)!(ie) -
Collec!ion an/ e<change o (elia,ili!y an/ +ain!enance /a!a o( e6ui-+en!1
ISOMIEC 2C002 In!e(na!ional O(ganiDa!ion o( S!an/a(/iDa!ion2 Co/e o P(ac!ice o( Ino(+a!ion Secu(i!y
Manage+en!2 200H
ISOMIEC A20&0 In!e(na!ional O(ganiDa!ion o( S!an/a(/iDa!ion2 Sy)!e+) an/ So!0a(e Enginee(ing --
Reco++en/e/ -(ac!ice o( a(chi!ec!u(al /e)c(i-!ion o )o!0a(e-in!en)i.e )y)!e+)2 200C
F-0&@ NORSOK STANDARD2 Regula(i!y Manage+en! ; Relia,ili!y Technology
Ta.le $6$ So,e te4t .oo5s *ro7iding g&idance that is &se"&l in technolog( :&ali"ication
Coo*e2 R1M12 &'perts in (ncertainty: #pinion and Sub)ective Probability in Science* O<o(/ #ni.e()i!y P(e))2 &BB&
Ma/)en2 :1 O1I K(en*2 SI $in/2 N1 C12 ethods of Structural Safety. Do.e( Pu,lica!ion)2 200@
-ec.& Technology 7ualification #pproach and !rinciples . !age (&
' Technolog( )&ali"ication A**roach and !rinci*les
A )y)!e+) a--(oach i) i+-le+en!e/ in !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice !o en)u(e !ha! !he unc!ional )-eciica!ion
an/ a))ocia!e/ ailu(e +echani)+) a(e (ele.an! an/ co+-le!e1 The gene(al a--(oach )hall ,e a) ollo0)4
5 The Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )hall ,e ,a)e/ on a )y)!e+a!ic2 (i)* ,a)e/ a--(oach an/ -e(o(+e/
,y a 6ualiica!ion !ea+ -o))e))ing all (e6ui(e/ co+-e!encie)1
5 The !echnology )hall ,e )c(eene/ !o i/en!iy !he no.el ele+en!)2 a) !he)e con!ain !he +o)! )igniican!
unce(!ain!y1 Thi) unce(!ain!y can ,e a))ocia!e/ 0i!h !he !echnology i!)el2 i!) in!en/e/ u)e o( !he in!en/e/
o-e(a!ing en.i(on+en!1 Qualiica!ion eo(!) )hall ocu) on !he)e no.el ele+en!)1
5 Nhen unce(!ain!ie) a(e la(ge2 i!e(a!ion) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )houl/ ,e -e(o(+e/ !o
/e!ec! an/ co((ec! o( /e.ia!ion)1
5 Po))i,le ailu(e +o/e) o !he !echnology )hall ,e i/en!iie/1 Thei( c(i!icali!y )hall ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,a)e/ on
!hei( (i)* an/ -(ee(a,ly !hei( con!(i,u!ion !o !he o.e(all )y)!e+ (i)*1
5 3ailu(e +o/e) !ha! a(e no! i/en!iie/ +ay -o)e a (i)*1 Thi) (e)i/ual (i)* i) +i!iga!e/ ,y en)u(ing !ha! !he
(ele.an! co+-e!encie) a(e u)e/2 ,y challenging +in/-)e!) an/ c(i!ical a))u+-!ion) /u(ing 6ualiica!ion
Ee1g1 ,y co+-onen! !e)!) an/ -(o!o!y-e !(ial)8 an/ ,y a/o-!ing an e.olu!iona(y a--(oach 0i!h inc(e+en!al
/e.elo-+en! an/ ini!ial u)e in con/i!ion) 0he(e (i)* i) li+i!e/1
5 Ele+en!) o !he !echnology !ha! a(e no! no.el )hall ,e .e(iie/ )e-a(a!ely2 in co+-liance 0i!h a .ali/a!e/
)e! o (e6ui(e+en!) E)uch a) (o+ an a--lica,le )!an/a(/ o( o!he( )-eciica!ion8 u)ing !he )a+e le.el o
)c(u!iny !ha! 0oul/ ,e a--lie/ 0hen .e(iying -(o.en !echnologie)1
5 The le.el o !he 6ualiica!ion eo(! )hall ,e )uicien! !o accoun! o( !he unce(!ain!y a))ocia!e/ 0i!h !he
!echnology an/ +ee! !he unc!ional )-eciica!ion2 Ee1g1 (elia,ili!y2 )ae!y an/ -e(o(+ance81 7(ea!e(
unce(!ain!y (e6ui(e) la(ge( eo(!) o( highe( +a(gin) !o +ee! a gi.en (e6ui(e+en!1 :ighe( le.el o
o-!i+i)a!ion (e6ui(e) +o(e eo(!) !o (e/uce unce(!ain!ie) !o an acce-!a,le le.el1
5 Nhen -(ac!ica,le2 analy)e) )hall ,e u)e/ !o ulil !he (e6ui(e+en!) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
ESec1@81
5 E<-e(! Ku/ge+en! u)e/ a) 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ !(acea,le1
5 Con)i/e(a!ion o QAM QC (e6ui(e+en!) o( +anuac!u(ing2 a))e+,ly2 in)!alla!ion2 )!a(!-u-2 co++i))ioning2
in)-ec!ion2 (e-ai( an/ /eco++i))ioning o )y)!e+)2 e6ui-+en! o( co+-onen!) )hall ,e co.e(e/ ,y !he
6ualiica!ion i !he)e /e.ia!e (o+ !he -(ac!ice) gi.en ,y .ali/a!e/ )e!) o (e6ui(e+en!)2 )uch a) a--lica,le
)!an/a(/)1
The ollo0ing -(inci-le) go.e(n 6ualiica!ion acco(/ing !o !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice4
5 An o.e(all2 i!e(a!i.e 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy )hall ,e i+-le+en!e/ !o !a*e !he !echnology (o+ i!) e<i)!ing
)!a!e o /e.elo-+en! an/ 6ualiica!ion !o !he !a(ge! 6ualiica!ion )!a!e2 a) /e!e(+ine/ ,y i!) Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
5 S-eciica!ion) an/ (e6ui(e+en!) )hall ,e clea(ly /eine/2 6uan!iie/ an/ /ocu+en!e/1
5 The -e(o(+ance +a(gin) )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ ,a)e/ on (ecogniDe/ +e!ho/) an/ )!an/a(/)2 o( ,a)e/ on !he
co+,ina!ion) o all unce(!ain!ie) o !he /a!a2 o-e(a!ion2 analy)e) an/ !e)!)1
5 The 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) Eanaly)i)2 !e)!ing2 /ocu+en!a!ion o -(e.iou) e<-e(ience2 e!c18 )hall ai+ a!
challenging !he ailu(e +o/e) o( !he (ange o con/i!ion) e<-ec!e/ in u)e1
5 The e.i/ence -(o.i/e/ an/ !he a))ocia!e/ unce(!ain!ie) )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ !(acea,le2 along 0i!h !he
e)!a,li)he/ )ae!y an/ -e(o(+ance +a(gin)1
5 Mo/el -(e/ic!ion) )hall ,e .e(iie/ ,y e+-i(ical e.i/ence Eei!he( -(o.i/e/ a) -a(! o !he 6ualiica!ion o(
0i!h (ee(ence !o -(e.iou) 0o(*81
5 Nhen )e(.ice e<-e(ience i) u)e/ a) e.i/ence2 i! )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ .ali/a!e/I !he e<-e(ience +u)! ,e
(ele.an! an/ a! *no0n o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)Men.i(on+en!al con/i!ion) an/ +u)! challenge !he c(i!ical
ailu(e +o/e) o !he !echnology1
5 The +a!e(ial2 unc!ional -a(a+e!e() an/ li+i!) u)e/ in analy)e) Ee1g1 yiel/ )!(eng!h2 (ic!ion ac!o()2 an/
!he(+al e<-an)ion coeicien!)8 )hall ,e ,a)e/ on /a!a (o+ !e)!)2 (ecogniDe/ li!e(a!u(e o( ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,y
e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! ,a)e/ on )uch /a!a1
5 Nhen unce(!ain c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() go.e(n ailu(e +o/e) !h(ea!ening lie o( !he en.i(on+en!2 !he -a(a+e!e(
eec!) )hall ,e ,a)e/ on e+-i(ical e.i/ence2 an/ no! )u,Kec!i.e E6uali!a!i.e8 Ku/ge+en! alone1
5 The 6ualiica!ion conclu)ion) inclu/ing any (e6ui(e+en!) !o +anuac!u(ing2 a))e+,ly2 in)!alla!ion an/
o-e(a!ion o !he !echnology )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/1
-ec.0 Technology 7ualification !rogramme . !age (0
+ Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra,,e
The Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a+ -(o.i/e) a (a+e0o(* o( +anaging 6ualiica!ion -(og(e))1
+1 Technolog( De7elo*,ent and )&ali"ication !rogress
The unce(!ain!ie) an/ ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y gene(ally /ec(ea)e a) a !echnology e.ol.e) !h(ough )!age) o
/e.elo-+en! an/ a) *no0le/ge an/ e.i/ence i) gene(a!e/ !h(ough !echnology 6ualiica!ion1 The Technology
Qualiica!ion P(oce)) can ,e (un !h(oughou! !he /e.elo-+en! o !he !echnology2 o( ,e )!a(!e/ a! any !i+e in !he
/e.elo-+en!1 3igu(e A-& illu)!(a!e) !ha! unce(!ain!y an/ !he -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e a(e (e/uce/ a) 6ualiica!ion
-(og(e))e)2 un!il a (e+aining ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y i) /e!e(+ine/1 In ca)e) 0he(e !he !echnology /e.elo-) in
-a(allel 0i!h !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)2 !he unce(!ain!y 0ill o!en inc(ea)e 0hen +o/iica!ion) a(e in!(o/uce/2
,eo(e ,eing (e/uce/ ,y u(!he( 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
Fig&re +61
%ll&stration o" :&ali"ication *rogress "or de7elo*,ent *hases re*resented .( a series o" ,ilestones >MS?
The unce(!ain!y i) )ho0n in 3igu(e A-& a) -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y unc!ion)1 Qualiica!ion i) conclu/e/ 0hen !he
(e6ui(e+en!) o( )ucce))2 a) lai/ /o0n in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)2 ha.e ,een (eache/1 Thi) -(oce))
i) .i)uali)e/ in 3igu(e A-& ,y !he -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y unc!ion o !he ailu(e +a(gin E/eine/ in Sec1P21&1&0Q82
,eing nega!i.e 0hen ailu(e occu()1 Qualiica!ion conclu/e) E)ucce)) occu()8 0hen a /eine/ -a(! o !he !ail
e<!en/) ,elo0 De(o1
In !he ea(ly )!age) o /e.elo-+en!2 a))e))+en! o !he !echnology /e-en/) hea.ily on e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! Eo!en
(ee((e/ !o a) 6uali!a!i.e a))e))+en!81 The +ain o,Kec!i.e i) !o i/en!iy !he +ain unce(!ain!ie)1 Su,)e6uen!ly2
!he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) a//(e))e) !he +o)! i+-o(!an! unce(!ain!ie) an/ g(a/ually (e-lace) e<-e(!
Ku/ge+en! 0i!h e+-i(ical e.i/ence Eo!en (ee((e/ !o a) 6uan!i!a!i.e e.i/ence81 :o0e.e(2 an ele+en! o
Ku/ge+en!) 0ill al0ay) (e+ain2 a) !he (e-o(!) an/ )!a!e+en!) )u--o(!ing !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
)hall o!en /e-en/ on !he in!e(-(e!a!ion o e+-i(ical e.i/ence1
+$ Contents o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra,,e
A Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a+ )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ !o )u--o(! !he +anage+en! o !he Technology
Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 Nhe(e a--lica,le2 i! )hall (elec! !he i!e(a!i.e na!u(e o !echnology /e.elo-+en! a)
illu)!(a!e/ in !he e<a+-le in 3igu(e A-21 The -(og(a+ )hall al)o con!(ol !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) an/ co+-ly
0i!h )!e-) lai/ /o0n in !he (a+e0o(* oun/ in 3igu(e H-&1 Ele+en!) !o ,e inclu/e/ in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e co+-(i)e4
5 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy
5 c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()
5 /eci)ion ga!e)
5 !he 6ualiica!ion !ea+ a--oin!e/ !o ca((y ou! !he 6ualiica!ion
5 (e)ou(ce) nee/e/ E-eo-le2 )o!0a(eMha(/0a(e2 co+-e!encie) e!c18
5 (ole) Ee1g1 /e.elo-e(2 in/e-en/en! (e.ie0e(2 )u,Kec! +a!!e( e<-e(!) -(o.i/ing e<-e(ienceManalogue)2
in/e-en/en! e<-e(! con)ul!e/ !o enhance coni/ence in e.i/ence an/ conclu)ion)2 -(o.i/e() o e.i/ence8
5 (e)-on)i,ili!ie) E)-eciy (e6ui(e+en!)2 co+-le!ion o 0o(*2 .e(iica!ion2 +a*e /eci)ion)8
5 in.ol.e+en! o )!a*ehol/e()2 )uch a) -a(!ne()2 clien!)2 en/ u)e()2 )u,-con!(ac!o()2 au!ho(i!ie)2 !hi(/ -a(!ie)
5 (egula!o(y (e6ui(e+en!)
5 ,u/ge! con)!(ain!)
5 )che/ule an/ +ile)!one)

Technology development phases with qualification milestones
5 QAMQC an/ S:E (e6ui(e+en!)
5 )u--ly chain (i)*)
5 in!e(ac!ion 0i!h !echnology an/ ,u)ine)) /e.elo-+en! -(oce))e) on-going in -a(allel 0i!h !he Technology
Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e1
The Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e )houl/ inco(-o(a!e a 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy !ha! )ho0) ho0 !he
!echnology )hall ,e !a*en (o+ i!) e<i)!ing )!age o /e.elo-+en! !o i!) goal1 In!e(i+ +ile)!one) (e-(e)en!ing
)igniican! achie.e+en! )houl/ ,e e)!a,li)he/1 Nhe(e -o))i,le2 /eci)ion ga!e) Ea! 0hich *ey /eci)ion) !o acce-!
o( (eKec! a cou()e o /e.elo-+en!2 o( e6ually in.e)! +o(e !i+e an/ +oney8 )houl/ ,e lin*e/ !o !he achie.e+en!M
non-achie.e+en! o !he)e +ile)!one)1
Fig&re +6$
%ll&stration o" Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra,,e iterating thro&gh three *hases@ each o" 8hich incl&des a c(cle
o" the .asic Technolog( )&ali"ication !rocess detailed in Fig&re -61 that re:&ires to .e s&ccess"&ll( concl&ded
.e"ore going on to the ne4t *hase
G&idance note9
Thi) )e6uence o 6ualiica!ion /e.elo-+en! +ay inclu/e /e-loy+en! in con!(olle/ con/i!ion) !ha! a(e go.e(ne/ ,y
)!(ic! li+i!a!ion)1 Then e<-e(ience (o+ u)eMo-e(a!ion in !ho)e con/i!ion) can ,e u)e/ !o u(!he( (e/uce unce(!ain!ie)
in a )u,)e6uen! i!e(a!ion ,y -(o.i/ing ino(+a!ion on o-e(a!ing -(oce/u(e) an/ li+i!a!ion)1
Such 6ualiica!ion /e.elo-+en! +ay ,e acili!a!e/ ,y !a*ing !he !echnology !h(ough /eine/ /e.elo-+en! )!age) )uch
a) a -(o!o!y-e )!age 0he(e !he )olu!ion i) /e.elo-e/2 a !echnical e.alua!ion )!age an/ an o-e(a!ional e.alua!ion )!age1
A/.an!age) in /eining +ile)!one) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e inclu/e !he +ea)u(e+en! o -(og(e))I
!he (e.ie0 o !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy again)! !i+eline) an/ /eci)ion ga!e)I an/ !he (e.ie0 o !echnology
/e.elo-+en! -(og(e)) again)! a ,u)ine)) -lan1
I! i) co++on in !he in/u)!(y !o u)e Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el) ETR$)2 )ee A--1 P91AQ8 a) a +ean) o illu)!(a!ing
!he /e.elo-+en! )!age o a !echnology1 The TR$) Ea) /eine/ in A--1 P91AQ8 /e)c(i,e 0ha! ,(oa/ly nee/) !o ,e /one
!o (each !he )u,)e6uen! le.el1 TR$) can ,e u)e/ !o +a- ou! !he -ha)e) o a Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e2
-(o.i/ing !ha! !hey inclu/e )uicien! /e!ail2 inclu/ing !he acce-!ance c(i!e(ia o( each le.el1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The (ele.an! a--(o.al au!ho(i!y o( !he in!en/e/ )e(.ice )houl/ ,e i/en!iie/1 In a//i!ion2 !he i+-lica!ion) o
!he a--lica,le (egula!ion)M Ku(i)/ic!ion on !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) )houl/ ,e )ho0n1
I !he !echnology i) an enhancing !echnology2 0he(e a -(o.en all-,ac* )olu!ion e<i)!)2 !he !echnology
6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy )houl/ inco(-o(a!e !he -o))i,ili!y !o (e.e(! !o !he all-,ac* )olu!ion1 3o( ena,ling
!echnologie)2 0he(e no all-,ac* )olu!ion e<i)!) an/ !he ea)i,ili!y o !he conce-! /e-en/) on a )ucce))ul
ou!co+e o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e2 !he !echnology +u)! ully )a!i)y i!) Technology
Figure 4-2
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)2 I i! /oe) no!2 a /eci)ion )hall ha.e !o ,e +a/e 0he!he( !o a/o-!e/ i! a) i! i)2 E0i!h a
co++en)u(a!e (e/uc!ion in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)82 al!e( i! o( (eKec! i!1
G&idance note9
Suicien! !i+e2 eo(! an/ (e)ou(ce) )houl/ ,e alloca!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan !o unco.e( any
un/a+en!al la0) o( -(ohi,i!i.e o,)!acle) a) ea(ly a) -o))i,le in !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e i) a li.ing /ocu+en! !ha! )houl/ ,e u-/a!e/ a!e( each 6ualiica!ion
-ha)e !o accu(a!ely (elec! !he )!a!u) o !he !echnology1
+' Critical !ara,eters Aist
The c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() li)! /ocu+en!) li+i!) !ha! +u)! no! ,e e<cee/e/ ei!he( o( o( ,y !he !echnology1 :ence2
0hen !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e ha) ,een co+-le!e/2 !he ,oun/a(y li+i!) o( !he c(i!ical
-a(a+e!e() 0ill (e-(e)en! !he li+i!) o( 6ualiica!ion o( o-e(a!ing en.elo-e 0i!hin 0hich !he !echnology i)
con)i/e(e/ 6ualiie/1
Key -a(a+e!e() )uch a) /i+en)ioning loa/)2 ca-aci!ie)2 ,oun/a(y con/i!ion) an/ unc!ional (e6ui(e+en!) )hall
,e )u++a(i)e/ in a c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() li)! u)e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 Thi) en)u(e) !ha! !he
(ele.an! in-u! -a(a+e!e() u)e/ o( analy)e) an/ !e)!) a(e u-/a!e/2 a) change) in /e)ign o( -(oce/u(e) a(e +a/e1
The c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() o( ailu(e +echani)+) +u)! ,e i/en!iie/1 The c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() li)! )hall inclu/e !he
li+i!)M ,oun/a(ie) o !he)e -a(a+e!e()1 Nhe(e !he 6ualiica!ion co.e() a (ange Ee1g1 )iDe) o !he -(o/uc! o(
+a!e(ial g(a/e)8 !he)e (ange) )houl/ ,e /eine/ ,y !hei( (e)-ec!i.e c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()1 3o( unce(!ain
-a(a+e!e()2 a.aila,le ino(+a!ion a,ou! !he le.el o unce(!ain!y )houl/ ,e inclu/e/1
G&idance note9
The 6ualiica!ion eo(! can ,e )i+-liie/ ,y na((o0ing /o0n o-e(a!ional li+i!a!ion)2 )iDe) con)i/e(e/2 e!c1 Such
li+i!a!ion) )houl/ !hen ,e )-eciie/ in !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e( li)!1 The con)e6uence) o !he)e li+i!a!ion) )houl/ ,e
a))e))e/ !o )ee i !hey +e(i! !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() li)! )houl/ ,e e)!a,li)he/ in !he ini!ial -ha)e o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
I! i) an!ici-a!e/ !ha! ,o!h !he -a(a+e!e() an/ !hei( li+i!) )hall ,e (eine/ o( change/ a) !he Technology
Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e -(og(e))e) an/ !he un/e()!an/ing o !he ailu(e +o/e) an/ +echani)+) /e.elo-)1
++ )&ali"ication Tea,
The +e+,e() o !he 6ualiica!ion !ea+ )hall ,e i/en!iie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e an/ !hei(
(e)-ec!i.e e<-e(!i)e /ocu+en!e/1 All c(i!ical a(ea) )hall ,e co.e(e/ ,y !he 6ualiica!ion !ea+2 inclu/ing
+anuac!u(e an/ en/ u)e1 The e<-e(!i)e )houl/ al)o co.e( (egula!o(y (e6ui(e+en!) o( !he !echnology in i!)
in!en/e/ u)e1
G&idance note9
An en/ u)e( )houl/ ,e inclu/e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion !ea+ !o -(o.i/e o-e(a!ional e<-e(ience1
Ca(e )houl/ ,e e<e(ci)e/ !o en)u(e !ha! !he !ea+ inclu/e) in/e-en/en! e<-e(!) ca-a,le o challenging !ea+ +e+,e()
0i!h .e)!e/ in!e(e)!)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
-ec.1 The basic Technology 7ualification !rocess . !age (4
- The .asic Technolog( )&ali"ication !rocess
The ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) co+-(i)e) !he ollo0ing +ain )!e-) .i)uali)e/ in 3igu(e H-&4
5 Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)4 E)!a,li)h a 6ualiica!ion ,a)i) i/en!iying !he !echnology2 i!) unc!ion)2 i!)
in!en/e/ u)e2 a) 0ell a) !he e<-ec!a!ion) !o !he !echnology an/ !he 6ualiica!ion !a(ge!)1
5 Technology A))e))+en!4 A))e)) !he !echnology ,y ca!ego(iDing !he /eg(ee o no.el!y !o ocu) !he eo(!
0he(e !he (ela!e/ unce(!ain!y i) +o)! )igniican! an/ i/en!iy !he *ey challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie)1
5 Th(ea! A))e))+en!4 A))e)) !h(ea!) an/ i/en!iy ailu(e +o/e) an/ !hei( (i)*)1
5 Technology Qualiica!ion Plan4 De.elo- a -lan con!aining !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) nece))a(y !o a//(e))
!he i/en!iie/ (i)*)1
5 E<ecu!ion o !he -lan4 E<ecu!e !he ac!i.i!ie) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1 E.i/ence i)
collec!e/ !h(ough e<-e(ience2 nu+e(ical analy)e) an/ !e)!)1
Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en!4 A))e)) 0he!he( !he e.i/ence -(o/uce/ +ee!) !he (e6ui(e+en!) o !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
Fig&re -61
Ste*s in the .asic Technolog( )&ali"ication !rocess
Each )!e- o !he -(oce)) )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ +a*ing !he conclu)ion) !(acea,le1 The (e6ui(e/ le.el o /e!ail o(
/ocu+en!a!ion !en/) !o inc(ea)e a) !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) -(og(e))e)1
3ee/,ac* loo-) ,e!0een !he )!e-) i+-ly !ha! !he -(oce)) i) i!e(a!i.e in na!u(e1 Con)i/e(a!ion )houl/ ,e gi.en
!o /e)ign +o/iica!ion !o i+-(o.e )ae!y2 -e(o(+ance2 longe.i!y2 co)! an/ ea)e o +anuac!u(e o( o-e(a!ion2
a+ong)! o!he()1 Mo/iica!ion o )-eciica!ion) +ay al)o !a*e -lace1 Such +o/iica!ion 0ill !(igge( ull o(
-a(!ial i!e(a!ion) o !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) in o(/e( o( !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
!o ,e )a!i)ie/1 The nee/ o( an/ nu+,e( o i!e(a!ion) 0ill /e-en/ on ac!o() )uch a)4
5 change) in ,oun/a(y con/i!ion)
5 change) !o !he !echnology Ee1g1 conce-! i+-(o.e+en!)8 +o!i.a!e/ ,y 6ualiica!ion (e)ul!) o( e<!e(nal
ac!o()
5 any change) nee/e/ !o accoun! o( 6ualiica!ion (e)ul!) e1g1 !ho)e !ha! lie ou!)i/e !he )-eciie/ li+i!)
Eacce-!ance c(i!e(ia8
5 change) in (elia,ili!y an/M o( -e(o(+ance e<-ec!a!ion) o !he !echnology1
I!e(a!ion) )hall ,e u)e/ !o inco(-o(a!e !h(ea!) a) !hey a(e i/en!iie/I ne0 *no0le/ge (o+ o!he( 6ualiica!ion
ac!i.i!ie)I +o(e /e!aile/ *no0le/ge a,ou! !he !echnologyI an/ ca-!u(e 0hen an/ ho0 !he !echnology ha) ,een
+o/iie/1 All +o/iica!ion) )hall ,e i/en!iia,le an/ !(acea,le an/ )hall ,e (elec!e/ in !he u-/a!e/ Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 Thei( i+-ac! )hall ,e a))e))e/ again)! !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 Mo/iica!ion
!o !he !echnology )hall2 0hen (ele.an!2 ha.e a /eine/ -u(-o)e e1g14

Qualification Basis
Set the requirements
Technology Assessment (TA)
Novelty and prohibitive obstacles
Qualification plan (Q)
Select qualification methods
Threat Assessment
!ailure modes and ris"s
#$ecution of the plan
%ollect evidence
erformance assessment
&erify compliance with requirements
'
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(equirements
met)
Technology Qualified (TQ)
*es
No
-ec.1 The basic Technology 7ualification !rocess . !age (5
5 (e+o.e a ailu(e +o/e
5 (e/uce !he -(o,a,ili!y o occu((ence o( con)e6uence o ailu(e +o/e !o an acce-!a,le le.el1
5 (e/uce !he !o!al conce-! co)!
5 i+-(o.e coni/ence1
Mo/iica!ion) (e6uen!ly occu( /ue !o -(oce))e) ou!)i/e !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )uch a) change)
in ,u)ine)) -lan o( i+-(o.e+en!) in a co+-e!i!o(O) a,ili!y1 The Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e ESec1A8
)houl/ )-eciy !he in!e(ac!ion) 0i!h !he)e e<!e(nal -(oce))e)1
Mo/iica!ion) i+-ly !ha! -(e.iou) )!e-) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) nee/ !o ,e u-/a!e/1 The)e
u-/a!e) +ay (ange (o+ !he li+i!e/ u-/a!e o -a(a+e!e() o( (i)* /a!a2 !o +aKo( (e0o(* o /ocu+en!) ,a)e/ on
!he )!e-) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 Rega(/le)) o !he e<!en! o !he u-/a!e)2 !(acea,ili!y +u)! ,e
+ain!aine/1
G&idance note9
Mo/iica!ion) o a -(o!o!y-e 0ill o!en ,e /e)i(a,le /ue !o !he i/en!iica!ion o unnece))a(y la(ge +a(gin) o( )o+e
ailu(e +echani)+)1 Thi) can lea/ !o change in /i+en)ional !ole(ance)2 +a!e(ial) )elec!ion an/ !y-e o co+-onen!
)elec!ion1 The eec!) o )uch change) +u)! ,e e.alua!e/ !o a.oi/ in.ali/a!ing !he 6ualiica!ion1 Thi) 0ill go.e(n
-o))i,le (e6ui(e+en!) o( ne0 !e)!) o( analy)e)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
So!0a(e can ,e 6ualiie/ acco(/ing !o !he )a+e -(oce))2 ,u! )ince !he /e.elo-+en! -(oce)) o( )o!0a(e /ie()
(o+ !ha! o ha(/0a(e2 gui/ance i) oe(e/ o( )o!0a(e in A--1D1
-ec.2 Technology 7ualification 8asis . !age (6
# Technolog( )&ali"ication 0asis
#1 %ntrod&ction
The -u(-o)e o !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) i) !o -(o.i/e a co++on )e! o c(i!e(ia again)! 0hich all
6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) an/ /eci)ion) 0ill ,e a))e))e/1
The Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) )hall /e)c(i,e !he !echnologyI /eine ho0 !he !echnology 0ill ,e u)e/I !he
en.i(on+en! in 0hich i! i) in!en/e/ u)e/I )-eciy i!) (e6ui(e/ unc!ion)2 acce-!ance c(i!e(ia an/ -e(o(+ance
e<-ec!a!ion)1 Thi) inclu/e) !he -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!) !h(oughou! !he lie cycle o !he !echnology1 The)e
(e6ui(e+en!) )hall ,e ulille/ !h(ough !he )!e-) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
#$ Technolog( Descri*tion
The !echnology )hall ,e una+,iguou)ly an/ co+-le!ely /e)c(i,e/2 !h(ough !e<!2 calcula!ion /a!a2 /(a0ing) an/
o!he( (ele.an! /ocu+en!)1 I! i) i+-o(!an! !ha! !he unc!ional /e)c(i-!ion an/ li+i!a!ion) o !he !echnology a(e
)!a!e/ an/ !ha! all (ele.an! in!e(ace) a(e clea(ly /eine/1 The )-eciica!ion )hall i/en!iy all -ha)e) o !he ne0
!echnologyO) in!en/e/ lie an/ i!) c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()1
I! )hall inclu/e a! lea)! !he ollo0ing i!e+)4
5 gene(al )y)!e+ /e)c(i-!ion
5 )y)!e+ unc!ion) an/ unc!ional li+i!a!ion)
5 cla))iica!ion an/Mo( (egula!o(y (e6ui(e+en!)
5 )!an/a(/) an/ in/u)!(y -(ac!ice)2 o( -a(!) o !he+ in!en/e/ !o ,e u)e/ o( 6ualiica!ion
5 +ain -(inci-le) o( )!o(age2 !(an)-o(!a!ion2 in)!alla!ion2 co++i))ioning2 o-e(a!ion an/ a,an/on+en!
5 +ain!enance an/ o-e(a!ion )!(a!egy
5 ,oun/a(y con/i!ion) inclu/ing in!e(acing )y)!e+ (e6ui(e+en!)2 en.i(on+en! an/ en.i(on+en!al loa/) an/
unc!ional loa/)
5 +ain -(inci-le) o( +anuac!u(ing an/ 6uali!y a))u(ance
5 (ele.an! a(ea) o e<-e(!i)e con)i/e(e/ nece))a(y !o un/e()!an/ !he !echnology
5 al(ea/y e<i)!ing e.i/ence clai+e/ !o )u--o(! !he 6ualiica!ion1
#' !er"or,ance Descri*tion
The /e)c(i-!ion o -e(o(+ance )hall ,e 6uan!i!a!i.e an/ co+-le!e1
G&idance note9
In ca)e 6uan!i!a!i.e +ea)u(e) a(e no! a.aila,le o( )o+e o !he -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!)2 e1g1 in !he ea(ly /e.elo-+en!
-ha)e2 !he 6ualiica!ion 0o(* can ,e ca((ie/ ou! ,a)e/ on 6uali!a!i.e (e6ui(e+en!)2 ,u! a) )oon a) -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!)
can ,e (elia,ly 6uan!iie/ !hey )houl/ ,e en!e(e/ in!o !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) an/ !he i+-lica!ion) e.alua!e/1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) )hall e<-(e)) !he e<i)!ing !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!a!e2 an/ !he (e+aining
+ile)!one) !o co+-le!e !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion1 The)e +ile)!one) )hall ,e lai/ /o0n in 6uan!iia,le !e(+)2
e1g1 ,e (elia,ili!y (e6ui(e+en!) (ela!e/ !o )elec!e/ unc!ion)1 O-!ionally2 !hey +ay inclu/e -(oKec! (i)* i))ue)
)uch a) co)! o.e((un an/ )che/ule (i)*)1
Rele.an! acce-!ance c(i!e(ia )hall ,e )-eciie/2 )uch a)4
5 Relia,ili!y2 a.aila,ili!y an/ +ain!aina,ili!y !a(ge!)1
5 Sae!y2 heal!h an/ en.i(on+en! ES:E8 (e6ui(e+en!)1
5 3unc!ional (e6ui(e+en!) an/ +ain /a!a 6uan!iying !he e<-ec!a!ion) !o !he !echnology1
Relia,ili!y (e6ui(e+en!) +ay ,e )-eciie/ in .a(iou) o(+)1 3o( +e/iu+ an/ high-(i)* ailu(e +o/e)
ESec1PG1@Q8 6uan!i!a!i.e (e6ui(e+en!) )hall ,e )-eciie/1
G&idance note9
E<a+-le) o o(+) o 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y (e6ui(e+en!) a(e4
5 The MTT3 )hall ,e la(ge( !han a )-eciie/ .alue
5 The -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e /u(ing a )-eciie/ (ee(ence -e(io/ Ee1g1 20 yea()8 )hall ,e le)) !han a )-eciie/ .alue
5 E6ui.alence !o !he i+-lici! (elia,ili!y le.el o an a--lica,le in/u)!(y -(ac!ice2 )!an/a(/ o( )-eciica!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
-ec.4 Technology #ssessment . !age $%
/ Technolog( Assess,ent
The -u(-o)e o Technology A))e))+en! i) !o /e!e(+ine 0hich ele+en!) (e6ui(e !echnology 6ualiica!ion2 an/
i/en!iy !hei( *ey challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie)1
/1 %ntrod&ction
The Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) o(+) !he in-u! !o !he Technology A))e))+en!1 The ou!-u! i) an in.en!o(y
o !he no.el !echnology ele+en!)2 an/ !hei( +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie)1 The Technology A))e))+en!
)hall inclu/e !he ollo0ing )!e-)4
5 Technology co+-o)i!ion analy)i) ESec1PC12Q81
5 A))e))ing !he !echnology ele+en!) 0i!h (e)-ec! !o no.el!y E!echnology ca!ego(iDa!ion2 Sec1PC13Q81
G&idance note9
The no.el!y a))e))+en! can ,e co+-le+en!e/ 0i!h an a))e))+en! o !echnology /e.elo-+en! )!age1 A) an o-!ion2
!hi) can ,e ai/e/ ,y u)ing Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el) ETR$)8 acco(/ing !o !he gui/ance -(o.i/e/ in A--1 P91AQ1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
5 I/en!iica!ion o !he +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie) ESec1PC1AQ81
The in-u! !o !he Technology A))e))+en! )hall ,e !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 I! )hall ,e co+-le+en!e/
,y )u--o(!ing /ocu+en!) inclu/ing2 ,u! no! li+i!e/ !o4
5 /e!aile/ /(a0ing) o !he i!e+) !o ,e 6ualiie/
5 /(a0ing) an/ /e)c(i-!ion o con!(ol an/ )ae!y )y)!e+)
5 +a!e(ial )-eciica!ion)
5 ou!line a,(ica!ion -(oce/u(e)
5 ou!line in)!alla!ion -(oce/u(e)
5 ou!line in)-ec!ion an/ +ain!enance -(oce/u(e)1
5 e<i)!ing e.i/ence clai+e/ !o )u--o(! 6ualiica!ion Ee1g1 !e)! (e-o(!) an/ /ocu+en!a!ion o e<-e(ience81
/$ Technolog( Co,*osition Anal(sis
In o(/e( !o ully un/e()!an/ !he no.el ele+en!) o co+-oun/ !echnology an/ -(o.i/e a +ean) o
co++unica!ion ,e!0een -eo-le 0i!h /ie(en! /i)ci-line)2 !he !echnology co+-o)i!ion )hall ,e analy)e/1 Thi)
i) a !o--/o0n a))e))+en! !ha! )!a(!) 0i!h !he )y)!e+-le.el unc!ion) an/ -(ocee/) 0i!h /eco+-o)ing !he
!echnology in!o ele+en!) inclu/ing in!e(ace)1
G&idance note9
In!e(ace) )houl/ =o.e(la-> in o(/e( !o en)u(e !ha! !ho)e (e)-on)i,le o( !he /ie(en! a)-ec!) o !he !echnology o(
)!age) in i!) /e.elo-+en! )hall un/e()!an/ each o!he(1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The !echnology /eco+-o)i!ion )houl/ (en/e( one o( +o(e o !he ollo0ing4
5 3unc!ion) an/ )u,-unc!ion) E0i!hou! (ee(ence !o !he !echnical )olu!ion u)e/ !o /eli.e( !he unc!ion81
5 Su,-)y)!e+) an/ co+-onen!) 0i!h unc!ion)1
5 P(oce)) )e6uence) o( o-e(a!ion)1
5 P(oKec! e<ecu!ion -ha)e)2 ,a)e/ on -(oce/u(e) o( +anuac!u(ing2 in)!alla!ion an/ o-e(a!ion1
Each o !he ele+en!) a,o.e +ay inclu/e ha(/0a(e an/ )o!0a(e1
The !echnology co+-o)i!ion analy)i) )hall co.e( all -ha)e) o !he lie cycle o !he )y)!e+2 e6ui-+en! o(
co+-onen!1 A goal-,a)e/ analy)i) )hall ,e -e(o(+e/ !o i/en!iy all (ele.an! unc!ion)1
G&idance note9
$ie cycle -ha)e) inclu/e4
- /e)ign
- a,(ica!ion an/ !e)!ing
- !(an)-o(!a!ion an/ )!o(age
- in)!alla!ion
- ac!i.a!ion an/ co++i))ioning
- o-e(a!ion an/ +ain!enance
- /eco++i))ioning
- (e!(ie.al an/ a,an/on+en!
A li)! o ailu(e +o/e) )houl/ -(ee(a,ly ,e e)!a,li)he/ ea(ly in !he /e.elo-+en! o !he !echnology an/ )u--le+en!e/
o( u-/a!e/ a) !he -(oce)) -(og(e))e)2 inclu/ing !h(ough !o en/ o !he lie cycle1 A li)! o -o!en!ial ailu(e +o/e) i)
)ho0n in A--1A1 Thi) li)! i) )i+ila( !o !(a/i!ional 3MECA !a,le)2 ,u! inclu/e) a//i!ional ino(+a!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
-ec.4 Technology #ssessment . !age $(
/$1 S(ste, anal(sis &sing ,ain "&nctions and s&.6"&nctions
The unc!ion) a(e cla))iie/ in!o +ain an/ )u,-unc!ion)2 0i!h u(!he( )u,-/i.i)ion a) (e6ui(e/1
G&idance note9
The +ain unc!ion i) a ulil+en! o !he in!en/e/ -u(-o)e o !he !echnology1 The )u,-unc!ion) a(e !he unc!ion) !ha!
)u--o(! o( a// u- !o !he +ain unc!ion1
Each )y)!e+ o( e6ui-+en! i) analy)e/ 0i!h (e)-ec! !o +ain unc!ion)2 e1g1 -u+-ing2 hea! e<changing2 con!ain+en!2
)e-a(a!ion1
The )u,-unc!ion) a(e nece))a(y o( !he )a!i)ac!o(y i+-le+en!a!ion o !he +ain unc!ion2 e1g1 /e-(e))u(i)a!ion2
)hu!/o0n -(oce))2 con!(ol2 con!ain+en!2 +oni!o(ing2 )!a(!-u-1
Nhen /eining ,o!h +ain unc!ion an/ )u,-unc!ion)2 !he /e)c(i-!ion) )houl/ -(o.i/e an)0e() !o !he ollo0ing
6ue)!ion)4
- Nhen i) !he unc!ion )!a(!e/ u-R EMo/e o o-e(a!ion8
- Nha! a(e !he cha(ac!e(i)!ic +o/e) o o-e(a!ionR EAc!ion)8
- Nhen i) !he -(o,le+ )!o--e/
- Nha! i) ,eing !(ea!e/2 !(an)-o(!e/2 +oni!o(e/ o( )!o(e/R EMe/iu+8
- I a -(oce))2 0he(e i) !he +e/iu+ o( ene(gy /eli.e(e/R E3(o+ - !o8
- Nha! a(e !he -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!)R ERe6ui(e+en!)8
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
3o( co+-le< )y)!e+)2 a )y)!e+) enginee(ing a--(oach i) (eco++en/e/ u)ing a hie(a(chical )!(uc!u(e lin*ing
!he !echnology e<-ec!a!ion) Egoal)8 !o unc!ion) an/ )u,-unc!ion)1 A! !he a--(o-(ia!e le.el2 )u,-unc!ion) a(e
/elega!e/ !o ha(/0a(e o( )o!0a(e co+-onen!)1 An in!(o/uc!ion !o )y)!e+) enginee(ing a--(oache) i) -(o.i/e/
in A--131
/$$ S(ste, anal(sis &sing hard8are co,*onents and &nits
The ha(/0a(e )y)!e+ i) )u,/i.i/e/ in!o )u,-)y)!e+) an/ -a(!)2 a) a--(o-(ia!e1 The +ain unc!ion) a(e
/elega!e/ !o !he)e co+-onen!) o( !he in!e(ac!ion ,e!0een !he+1 I! i) e))en!ial !o ca-!u(e ho0 an/ !he le.el a!
0hich !he +ain unc!ion) /e-en/ on !he in!e(ace) an/ in!e(ac!ion) ,e!0een !he co+-onen!)1
/$' Anal(sis o" so"t8are co,*osition
The )o!0a(e i) !y-ically )u,/i.i/e/ in!o all ea!u(e)2 ca-a,ili!ie)2 an/ 6uali!ie) !ha! aec! !he a,ili!y o !he
)o!0a(e !o -e(o(+ i!) in!en/e/ unc!ion eec!i.ely1 An ou!line o 6ualiica!ion o )o!0a(e i) -(o.i/e/ in
A--1D1
/' Technolog( CategoriBation
No.el !echnologie) !y-ically e.ol.e (o+ e<i)!ing -(o.en !echnologie)1 No(+ally only )o+e ele+en!) o !he
!echnology a(e no.el1 #nce(!ain!y i) a))ocia!e/ +ainly 0i!h !he no.el ele+en!)1 In o(/e( !o ocu) on 0he(e
unce(!ain!y i) g(ea!e)!2 !he no.el!y ca!ego(iDa!ion o Ta,le C-& can ,e u)e/1 9o!h !he no.el!y o !he !echnology
i!)el an/ i!) a--lica!ion a(ea aec! !he unce(!ain!y a))ocia!e/ 0i!h !he !echnology1
Ele+en!) ca!ego(iDe/ a) no.el Eca!ego(y 22 3 an/ A8 )hall ,e !a*en o(0a(/ !o !he ne<! )!e- o Technology
Qualiica!ion o( u(!he( a))e))+en!1
Only *no0le/ge an/ e<-e(ience !ha! i) documented* traceable and accessible to the +ualification team )houl/
,e u)e/ !o (e/uce !he /eg(ee o no.el!y1
Thi) ca!ego(iDa!ion in/ica!e) !he ollo0ing4
&8 No ne0 !echnical unce(!ain!ie) E-(o.en !echnology81
28 Ne0 !echnical unce(!ain!ie)1
38 Ne0 !echnical challenge)1
A8 De+an/ing ne0 !echnical challenge)1
Thi) ca!ego(iDa!ion a--lie) !o all o !he !echnology ,eing u)e/2 a) 0ell a) each )e-a(a!e ele+en! o i!1
Co+-o)i!ion analy)i) )i+-liie) !he i/en!iica!ion an/ i)ola!ion o no.el ele+en!)1 The !echnology
ca!ego(iDa!ion /e!e(+ine/ )hall ,e u)e/ !o /i(ec! !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!) ,y ocu)ing on !he /eg(ee o no.el!y2
0hich )hall ,e con)e(.a!i.e1
Ta.le /61 Technolog( CategoriBation
A**lication Area
Degree o" no7elt( o" technolog(
P(o.en $i+i!e/ 3iel/ :i)!o(y Ne0 o( #n-(o.en
Kno0n & 2 3
$i+i!e/ Kno0le/ge 2 3 A
Ne0 3 A A
-ec.4 Technology #ssessment . !age $$
Ca!ego(y & !echnology ele+en!) a(e -(o.en 0i!h no ne0 !echnical unce(!ain!ie)2 0he(e -(o.en +e!ho/) o(
.e(iica!ion2 !e)!)2 calcula!ion) an/ analy)i) can ,e u)e/ !o -(o.i/e !he (e6ui(e/ 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence1 The
in/u)!(y -(ac!ice2 )!an/a(/ o( )-eciica!ion .ali/a!e/ !o ,e a--lica,le o( each -(o.en !echnology ele+en! )hall
,e (eco(/e/ in !he Technology A))e))+en! an/ co+-lie/ 0i!h1 Thi) conclu/e) !he a))e))+en! o -(o.en
ele+en!) a) -a(! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 3u(!he( /e!ailing o !he)e ele+en!) i) han/le/ ,y
o(/ina(y enginee(ing +e!ho/) ou!)i/e !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
G&idance note9
No!e !ha! i! i) i+-o(!an! no! !o o.e(loo* !he -(o.en ele+en!)2 a) !hey +ay ,e c(i!ical o( !he o.e(all -e(o(+ance o
!he !echnology1 The)e ele+en!) )houl/ ,e han/le/ !h(ough !he (egula( /e)ign -(oce))2 en)u(ing co+-liance 0i!h an
a--lica,le )!an/a(/ o( in/u)!(y -(ac!ice2 i+-le+en!ing a/e6ua!e 6uali!y a))u(ance an/ 6uali!y con!(ol !o en)u(e )oun/
enginee(ing /e)ign2 e1g1 in !he o(+ o in/e-en/en! /e)ign .e(iica!ion an/ a,(ica!ion ollo0-u-1 The -(o.en
ele+en!) )hall !hen ,e .e(iie/ acco(/ing !o !ha! )!an/a(/2 in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o( )-eciica!ion )e-a(a!ely an/ .e(iica!ion
o co+-liance )houl/ ,e /one 0i!h !he )a+e le.el o )c(u!iny a) i no !echnology 6ualiica!ion 0e(e in.ol.e/1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
E<i)!ing )!an/a(/)2 )-eciica!ion) an/ in/u)!(y )!an/a(/) /o no! ully co.e( no.el ele+en!)1 They a(e u)e/ in
!he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 ho0e.e(2 !o o(+ a ,ench+a(* again)! 0hich !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i) can ,e )e!1 In!e(ace) ,e!0een !he ele+en!) an/ e<!e(nal in!e(ace) nee/ )-ecial
con)i/e(a!ion1
Ele+en!) in ca!ego(y 2 !o A (e6ui(e !echnology 6ualiica!ion an/ ha.e an inc(ea)ing /eg(ee o !echnical
unce(!ain!y1 Ele+en!) alling in!o !he)e ca!ego(ie) )hall ,e 6ualiie/ acco(/ing !o !he 0o(* -(oce)) /e)c(i,e/
in !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1 The /eine/ ca!ego(iDa!ion +a*e) i! -o))i,le !o /i)!ingui)h ,e!0een !he
no.el!ie) o !he !echnology i!)el an/ i!) a--lica!ion a(ea)2 an/ ocu) on !he a(ea) o +o)! conce(n in an i!e(a!i.e
+anne(1
G&idance note9
A--lica!ion a(ea +ay (ee( !o !he e<-e(ience o !he o-e(a!ing con/i!ion2 o( !he en.i(on+en!2 o( !he -u(-o)e o( 0hich
!he )y)!e+2 e6ui-+en! o( co+-onen! )hall ,e u)e/1 A change in !he en.i(on+en!2 o( /ie(en! a--lica!ion o !he
!echnology2 0ill lea/ !o inc(ea)e/ unce(!ain!y1 The +o)! unce(!ain ca)e i) no e<-e(ience in !he in/u)!(y o( a -a(!icula(
a--lica!ion o !he !echnology in 6ue)!ion2 in 0hich ca)e !he ca!ego(y =Ne0> 0oul/ ,e cho)en o( A--lica!ion A(ea1
The lea)! unce(!ain ca)e i) 0hen !he(e i) )uicien!ly /ocu+en!e/ *no0le/ge o( !he u)e o !he !echnology ele+en! o(
)i+ila( con/i!ion) an/ a--lica!ion)2 in 0hich ca)e !he ca!ego(y =Kno0n> 0oul/ ,e cho)en o( =A--lica!ion A(ea>1
=No.el!y o !he !echnology> (ee() !o !he !echnology i!)el1 A change in any o !he ele+en!) o e<i)!ing !echnology
E-a(!)2 unc!ion)2 -(oce))e)2 )u,)y)!e+)8 0ill lea/ !o inc(ea)e/ unce(!ain!y (e)ul!ing in )elec!ing !he !echnology
no.el!y =$i+i!e/ 3iel/ :i)!o(y> o( =Ne0 o( #n-(o.en>1 The change +ay ,e (ela!e/ !o ha(/0a(e o( )o!0a(e
co+-onen!) o !he !echnology1 Change +ay ,e (ela!e/ !o !echnology ele+en!) )uch a) ne0 a(chi!ec!u(e conigu(a!ion2
)y)!e+ in!e(ace)2 an/ inc(ea)e/ (elia,ili!y (e6ui(e+en!)1 The inc(ea)e/ unce(!ain!y +ay change !he o.e(all
-e(o(+ance o !he !echnology an/ i!) acce-!ance c(i!e(ia1
Technology ca!ego(iDa!ion /oe) no! con)i/e( !he con)e6uence o ailu(e1 A) an e<a+-le2 ca!ego(y A +ay ,e a))igne/
!o a !echnology ele+en! 0he(ea) i!) ailu(e +ay ha.e li!!le eec! on o.e(all )y)!e+ -e(o(+ance1 I con)i/e(e/ o
.alue2 !he co+,ina!ion o !echnology ca!ego(iDa!ion an/ con)e6uence o ailu(e - -o))i,ly in co+,ina!ion 0i!h o!he(
(ele.an! ac!o() o( !he !echnology - +ay ,e u)e/ !o /e!e(+ine !he !echnology c(i!icali!y1 Such c(i!icali!y +ay ,e u)e/
!o -(io(i!i)e 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
/+ %denti"ication o" Main Challenges and Uncertainties >HAC%D?
The +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie) (ela!e/ !o !he no.el !echnology a)-ec!) )hall ,e i/en!iie/ a) -a(! o !he
Technology A))e))+en!1 3o( co+-le< )y)!e+)2 i! i) (eco++en/e/ !ha! !he +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie)
a(e i/en!iie/ ,y ca((ying ou! a high le.el :AFID E:AFa(/ IDen!iica!ion81
G&idance note9
A high le.el :AFID i) a +ean) o i+-(o.ing un/e()!an/ing o a )y)!e+ a! an ea(ly )!age o /e.elo-+en!2 an/ !o
i/en!iy 0hich -a(!) o !he )y)!e+ nee/ !o ,e u(!he( /e.elo-e/ o( /ocu+en!e/ in +o(e /e!ail2 -(io( !o !h(ea!
a))e))+en!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The :AFID can ,e ca((ie/ ou! a) a 0o(*)ho-2 in.ol.ing a -anel o e<-e(!) co.e(ing !he nece))a(y iel/) o
co+-e!ence an/ e<-e(ience1 The iel/) o e<-e(!i)e co.e(e/ ,y each e<-e(! )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ 0i!h (ee(ence
!o (ele.an! !(aining2 0o(* e<-e(ience an/ o!he( (ele.an! (ee(ence)1
-ec.5 Threat #ssessment . !age $&
3 Threat Assess,ent
The o,Kec!i.e o !hi) )!e- i) !o i/en!iy (ele.an! ailu(e +o/e) 0i!h un/e(lying ailu(e +echani)+) o( !he no.el
!echnology ele+en!)2 an/ a))e)) !he a))ocia!e/ (i)*)1
Thi) i) u)e/ a) !he ,a)i) o( /eining an/ -(io(i!i)ing !he ac!i.i!ie) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan ESec1B81
31 %ntrod&ction
The in-u!) !o !he !h(ea! a))e))+en! a(e !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ESec1@8 an/ !he li)! o !he no.el
!echnology ele+en!) /e.elo-e/ in !he Technology A))e))+en! ESec1C81 The ou!-u! i) a ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e(
con!aining all i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e) o conce(n an/ !hei( a))ocia!e/ (i)*)1 Ri)* i) /eine/ ,y !he ailu(e
-(o,a,ili!y an/ con)e6uence o ailu(e a) /e!aile/ in Sec1PG1@Q1 I!) /e!e(+ina!ion )hall ,e un/e(!a*en a) ollo0)4
A ailu(e +o/e a))e))+en! )hall i/en!iy all -o))i,le ailu(e +o/e) 0i!h !hei( un/e(lying ailu(e +echani)+)
an/ )hall !a*e in!o accoun! each o !he -ha)e) in !he )e(.ice lie o a )y)!e+2 e6ui-+en! o( co+-onen!1 The
ailu(e +o/e) )hall ,e (an*e/ ,a)e/ on !hei( (i)* E/eine/ ,y -(o,a,ili!y o occu((ence an/ con)e6uence8 o(
!hei( con!(i,u!ion !o o.e(all (i)*1
All ailu(e +o/e) )hall ,e (egi)!e(e/ an/ han/le/ u)ing an a--(o-(ia!e (egi)!e( !h(oughou! !he Technology
Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 *ee-ing !(ac* o all in-u!) !o - an/ (e)ul!) (o+ - !he a))e))+en!2 inclu/ing change)2
a))u+-!ion)2 (i)* ca!ego(y2 ca!ego(y o !echnology no.el!y2 ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y an/ (ee(ence) !o )ou(ce) o
e.i/ence u)e/ in !he Th(ea! A))e))+en!1 An e<a+-le i) -(o.i/e/ in A--1A1
The Th(ea! A))e))+en! con)i)!) o !he ollo0ing *ey )!e-)4
5 Reine !he !echnology co+-o)i!ion a))e))+en! -e(o(+e/ in !he Technology A))e))+en! )!e-2 i nece))a(y1
5 Deine .a(iou) ca!ego(ie) o -(o,a,ili!y an/ con)e6uence )e.e(i!y1 Thi) i) /one -(io( !o !he i/en!iica!ion
o ailu(e +o/e)1
5 Deine acce-!a,le (i)* ,y con)!(uc!ing a (i)* +a!(i< )ho0ing ully acce-!a,le co+,ina!ion) E=lo0 (i)*>8
an/ unacce-!a,le co+,ina!ion) E=high (i)*>8 a) 0ell a) in!e(+e/ia!e co+,ina!ion) E=+e/iu+ (i)*>8 o !he
-(o,a,ili!y an/ con)e6uence ca!ego(ie)1
5 I/en!iy all -o!en!ial ailu(e +o/e) an/ (an* !hei( (i)* ,y u)ing !he a--(o-(ia!e +e!ho/1
5 3o( each ailu(e +o/e2 (an* !he (i)* ,y a))igning a con)e6uence cla)) an/ -(o,a,ili!y cla))2 o( ,y a))e))ing
!hei( con!(i,u!ion !o o.e(all )y)!e+ (i)*1 Thi) can ,e ,a)e/ on -(e.iou) e<-e(ience2 e<i)!ing e.i/ence an/
e<-e(! Ku/ge+en!)1 In !he la!!e( ca)e2 unce(!ain!ie) )hall ,e (elec!e/ ,y con)e(.a!i.e ca!ego(iDa!ion1
5 S!o(e !he ino(+a!ion o( each ailu(e +o/e in !he ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e(1
The Th(ea! A))e))+en! -(oce)) can ,e ca((ie/ ou! a) 0o(*)ho-)2 in.ol.ing a -anel o e<-e(!) co.e(ing !he
nece))a(y iel/) o co+-e!ence) an/ e<-e(ience)1 7ui/ance on a))e))+en! o co+-u!e( )o!0a(e i) -(o.i/e/ in
A--1D1
3$ Re"ined Technolog( Co,*osition Anal(sis
The !echnology co+-o)i!ion analy)i) ESec1PC12Q8 )hall ,e (e.ie0e/ a) -a(! o !he Th(ea! A))e))+en!2 an/
(eine/ a) nece))a(y1
3' %denti"ication o" Fail&re Modes
E<-e(! Ku/ge+en! i) an e))en!ial -a(! o !he Th(ea! A))e))+en!1 Qualiie/ -e()onnel )hall ,e u)e/ !o i/en!iy
-o!en!ial ailu(e +o/e)2 inclu/ing (oo! cau)e)2 an/ ailu(e +echani)+1 A))e))+en! o !he -(o,a,ili!y an/
con)e6uence) o ailu(e )hall al)o ,e +a/e1 The e<-e(ience an/ a!!ain+en! o !he 6ualiie/ -e()onnel )hall ,e
/ocu+en!e/1 The /ocu+en!a!ion )hall co.e( all !he ele+en!) co.e(e/ ,y !he ailu(e +o/e e.alua!ion1
A )y)!e+a!ic a--(oach o( i/en!iica!ion o -o))i,le ailu(e +o/e) an/ !hei( (ela!e/ ailu(e +echani)+) )hall
,e e)!a,li)he/ an/ /e)c(i,e/1
3ailu(e +o/e i/en!iica!ion )hall a))ign con)e(.a!i.e -(o,a,ili!ie) an/ con)e6uence)1 The u-/a!ing o !he
-(o,a,ili!ie) an/ con)e6uence) )hall !hen con)i/e( !he 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence an/ accoun! o( ea!u(e) )uch a)
in)!alla!ion2 +ain!enance -(og(a++e) an/ con/i!ion +oni!o(ing1 Qualiica!ion e.i/ence i) /i)cu))e/ in Sec1B1
G&idance note9
Thi) )y)!e+a!ic can ,e ,a)e/ on !(a/i!ional 3MECA ,y in/i.i/ual) o( in g(ou- 0o(* )i+ila( !o :AFOP )e))ion)1
7(ou- )e))ion) +igh! i+-(o.e !he i/en!iica!ion o -o))i,le ailu(e +o/e) in a !echnology co.e(ing )e.e(al
!echnological /i)ci-line)1
To -(e.en! !he o+i))ion o co+-oun/ eec!) cau)e/ ,y !he a))u+-!ion !ha! +i!iga!ing ac!ion) 0ill ha.e !a*en -lace2
i! i) (eco++en/e/ !ha! !he /ocu+en!a!ion )hall clea(ly )ho0 !he e.olu!ion o !he ailu(e +o/e)1
In gene(al2 a ailu(e can ,e i/en!iie/ a) a ailu(e +o/e2 a ailu(e cau)e2 a ailu(e eec!2 a ailu(e +echani)+2 0i!h !he
a (oo! cau)e ,eing !(acea,le2 )ee 3igu(e G-&1
-ec.5 Threat #ssessment . !age $0
Fig&re 361
Relationshi* .et8een "ail&re ca&se@ ,ode and e""ect
3igu(e G-& !(ace) !he (ela!ion)hi- ,e!0een a (oo! cau)e an/ !he e.en!ual con)e6uence) o !he ailu(e +echani)+ in a
ha(/0a(e a))e+,ly1 The ailu(e +echani)+ in !he )econ/ colu+n i) )ou(ce o !he ailu(e cau)e in !he !hi(/ colu+n1
The ailu(e eec! on !he )eal2 )u, uni! E-u+-8 an/ e6ui-+en! E-u+- 0i!h in)!(u+en!) lu,(ica!ion8 i) )ho0n in each
o !he le.el)1 Such )y)!e+ /eco+-o)i!ion )hall ,e -e(o(+e/ /o0n !o !he le.el o !he c(i!ical ailu(e +echani)+)1 Thi)
ena,le) a )y)!e+a!ic chec* o !he +a(gin !o ailu(e a) co.e(e/ ,y Sec1B1 The)e (ela!ion) a(e /ocu+en!e/ in a 3ailu(e
Mo/e Eec! Analy)i) E3MEA8 a) )ho0n in A--1A1
Ree(ence) o( 3MEAM3MECA4
- 9S HC@02 Pa(! H2 7ui/e !o ailu(e +o/e)2 eec!) an/ c(i!icali!y analy)i)
- IEC-@0300-B2 Pa(! 34 A--lica!ion gui/e - Sec!ion B4 Ri)* analy)i) o !echnological )y)!e+)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
3'1 Threat assess,ent ,ethods
The(e a(e )e.e(al !h(ea! o( ailu(e +o/e i/en!iica!ion !echni6ue) in co++on u)e1 The )elec!ion o +e!ho/
)houl/ !a*e in!o con)i/e(a!ion !he co+-le<i!y an/ +a!u(i!y o !he co+-oun/ !echnology1 The !h(ea! a))e))+en!
)hall co.e( all no.el ele+en!) /eine/ in !he !echnology co+-o)i!ion analy)i)1 The ou!-u! i) a (eco(/ Eailu(e
+o/e (egi)!e(8 o all i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e)2 ailu(e +echani)+)2 con)e6uence) an/ -(o,a,ili!ie) an/ !hei(
a))ocia!e/ (i)*1 Va(iou) +e!ho/) o( (i)* analy)i) can ,e u)e/ o( !he Th(ea! A))e))+en!1 Ta,le G-& li)!) )o+e
o !he a/.an!age) an/ /i)a/.an!age) o /ie(en! +e!ho/)1
Ta.le 361 Ad7antages and disad7antages 8ith di""erent threat assess,ent ,ethods
ethod ,dvantages -hallenges and/or Disadvantages
3ailu(e Mo/e2 Eec! an/
C(i!icali!y Analy)i) E3MECA8
Sy)!e+a!ic an/ )i+-le !o a--ly In.e)!iga!ing ONE ailu(e +o/e a! a !i+e +ay
no! i/en!iy c(i!ical co+,ina!ion) o ailu(e)
:aDa(/ an/ O-e(a,ili!y )!u/y
E:AFOP8
Sy)!e+a!ic +e!ho/ 0hich ena,le)
i/en!iica!ion o !he haDa(/ -o!en!ial o
o-e(a!ion ou!)i/e !he /e)ign in!en!ion
o( +alunc!ion o in/i.i/ual i!e+)
Re)ou(ce con)u+ing
Re6ui(e) /e!aile/ ino(+a!ion o( -(o/ucing
u)eul (e)ul!)1
E<-e(ience/ acili!a!o( (e6ui(e/
3aul! T(ee Analy)i) E3TA8 Tho(ough in.e)!iga!ion o Eal(ea/y8
i/en!iie/ inci/en!
No! a--lica,le o( i/en!iying Ene08 inci/en!)1
Ti+e con)u+ing !o )e! u-
No! )ui!a,le o( accu(a!ely +o/elling all !y-e)
o )y)!e+)
S!(uc!u(e/ 0ha!-i chec*li)!
ESNI3T8
A--lica,le e.en i /e!aile/ /e)ign
ino(+a!ion i) no! a.aila,le
E<-e(ience/ acili!a!o( e))en!ial2 a) 0ell a)
goo/ chec*li)!)
O-e(a!ional P(o,le+ Analy)i)
EOPERA8
E+-ha)i) on !he -(o/uc! in!e(ace) E+-ha)i) on !echnical -(o,le+) an/ hu+an
e((o( 0i!hou! going in!o /e!ail) a,ou! cau)e)
In/e-en/en! (e.ie0 Can ,e +o(e !i+e eicien! o( le))
(e)ou(ce /e+an/ing
No! a) +ul!i/i)ci-lina(y an/ (o,u)! a) o!he(
!echni6ue)
3tem level
9seal:
-ubunit
9pump:
,;uipment
9pump with
instruments
lubrication:
No total
shutdown
3nternal
leakage
<eakage
from sealing
=ailure
>echanism
oot
)auses
3nternal
leakage
No total
shutdown
<eakage from
sealing
3nternal
leakage
=ailure
,ffects
" !oor
" usage outside
specification
" ?rong
specification
" )orrosion
"
" *ardening
" ,tc.
=ailure
)ause
=ailure
)ause
=ailure
,ffects
=ailure
>ode
=ailure
>ode
3+ Conse:&ence o" Fail&re
Con)e6uence) o ailu(e )hall2 0hen (ele.an!2 ,e /e!aile/ o(4
5 !he unc!ion) o !he !echnology i!)el
5 i+-ac! on )u((oun/ing an/ in!e(acing )y)!e+)
5 o-e(a!ion an/ (e-ai(
5 )ae!y2 heal!h an/ en.i(on+en! ES:E81
I! i) (eco++en/e/ !ha! !he)e con)e6uence) a(e (eco(/e/ a) e)!i+a!e) o +one!a(y lo))2 a) !hi) !en/) !o hel- !he
6ualiica!ion !ea+ (ela!e !he +agni!u/e o !he (i)*) !o !he co)! an/ -(ac!ica,ili!y o !hei( +i!iga!ion1
G&idance note9
One 0ay !o ca!ego(i)e !he con)e6uence g(ou-) i) a) ollo0)4
Con)e6uence o( no.el !echnology4
- in)igniican!
- (e/uce/ -a(! o +ain unc!ion
- lo)) o -a(!) o +ain unc!ion
- lo)) o +ain unc!ion
- lo)) o +ain unc!ion an/ /a+age !o in!e(acing an/ )u((oun/ing )y)!e+)1
Con)e6uence) o( )u((oun/ing an/ in!e(acing )y)!e+4
- no eec! on in!e(acing an/ )u((oun/ing )y)!e+)
- in)igniican! eec! on in!e(acing an/ )u((oun/ing )y)!e+)
- )hu!/o0n o in!e(acing an/ )u((oun/ing )y)!e+)
- no!icea,le /a+age !o in!e(acing an/ )u((oun/ing )y)!e+
- )e.e(e /a+age !o in!e(acing an/ )u((oun/ing )y)!e+1
3u(!he( econo+ic con)e6uence) a(e4
- lo)! -(o/uc!ion
- (e-ai( o-!ion) an/ )-a(e -a(!)
- +o,ili)a!ion an/ (e-ai( !i+e
- /a+age !o (e-u!a!ionM,(an/1
Each o !he a,o.e econo+ic con)e6uence) aec!) ,u/ge! an/ !i+eline1 De!e(+ining +one!a(y con)e6uence) ena,le)
co)! e)!i+a!e) !o ,e +a/e1 Thi) can hel- !(igge( /e)ign (e.i)ion)2 0hich 0oul/ ,e +o(e e<-en)i.e !o (e)ol.e la!e(1
Selec!ion o a !y-ical )a+-le in)!alla!ion i) ,eneicial o( -(o.i/ing a co)! e<a+-le1 Co)! .a(ie) o.e( !i+e an/ loca!ion1
A) an e<a+-le2 o( /ee- 0a!e( an/ )u,)ea 0ell )y)!e+)2 !he co)! o !he .e))el hi(e 0ill no(+ally /o+ina!e1
The con)e6uence cla))e) o( !he S:E a(ea a(e no(+ally4
- :eal!h ; Sae!y ? -o!en!ial o( -e()onnel inKu(ie) an/ a!ali!ie)1
- En.i(on+en! ? -o!en!ial o( en.i(on+en!al eec!)1
An e<a+-le o o.e(all con)e6uence cla))e) i) -(o.i/e/ in Ta,le G-21 The eec! o inclu/ing a//i!ional con)e6uence
ca!ego(ie) !o !ho)e (ela!e/ !o )ae!y Ee1g1 /elayM/o0n!i+e an/ (e-u!a!ion8 i) !ha! !he Qualiica!ion P(oce)) can /eine
6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) !o accoun! o( !he)e a)-ec!) !ha! co+e in addition !o !ho)e ac!i.i!ie) nee/e/ !o accoun! o(
)ae!y1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Con)e6uence cla))e) )hall ,e cho)en in each in/i.i/ual ailu(e +o/e u)ing e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! an/ e<-e(ience1
Thi) )hall ,e /one o( !he )y)!e+ a) )-eciie/ 0i!hou! accoun! o any -(o-o)e/ )aegua(/) !ha! ha.e no! ye!
,een a/o-!e/ an/ )-eciie/1
G&idance note9
The ollo0ing gene(ic e<a+-le o 6uali!a!i.e con)e6uence cla))e) in Ta,le G-2 i) )ho0n o( illu)!(a!ion only an/ +u)!
no! ,e a/o-!e/ 0i!hou! a))e))ing a--lica,ili!y !o !he -a(!icula( ca)e an/ i!) in!en/e/ u)e an/ o-e(a!ing en.i(on+en!1
In Ta,le G-22 !he nu+,e( o /eine/ cla))e) ha) ,een (e/uce/ ,y co+,ining )e.e(al !y-e) o con)e6uence) in!o one
)e! o cla))e)1 A )ingle cla)) (e-(e)en!) )-eciic con)e6uence) o( -eo-le2 en.i(on+en!2 /elayM/o0n!i+e an/Mo(
(e-u!a!ion1 Ni!hin one con)e6uence cla))2 !he con)e6uence) o all !y-e) ha.e ,een /eine/ in o(/e( !o (e-(e)en!
)i+ila( le.el) o )e.e(i!y1
I! i) i+-o(!an! !ha! o( a -a(!icula( e.en! 0i!h +o(e !han one !y-e o i+-ac!2 !he !y-e o i+-ac! gi.ing !he highe)! cla))
)hall ,e go.e(ning !he )ingle con)e6uence cla))1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
3- !ro.a.ilit( o" Fail&re
3-1 General
P(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ o( each ailu(e +o/e1 The ea(ly !echnology /e.elo-+en! -ha)e)
Econce-!8 coul/ u)e 6uali!a!i.e +ea)u(e)1 A) !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) -(og(e))e)2 6uan!i!a!i.e
e.i/ence )houl/ ,e collec!e/ in o(/e( !o /e+on)!(a!e !ha! !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ha) ,een +e!1
G&idance note9
Thi) /e+on)!(a!ion +ay !a*e !he o(+ o /e)c(i,ing !he ailu(e +o/e) ,y !hei( lie!i+e -(o,a,ili!y-/en)i!y
/i)!(i,u!ion)2 o( ,y )ho0ing !ha! e)!a,li)he/ )!an/a(/) o( )-eciica!ion) ha.e ,een u)e/2 o( !ha! )oun/ enginee(ing
-(ac!ice ha) ,een ollo0e/1 Me!ho/) o( /ocu+en!ing 6uan!i!a!i.e ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y a(e /i)cu))e/ in Sec1 PB1@Q1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Docu+en!a!ion o 6uan!i!a!i.e ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y )hall ,e ,a)e/ on e.i/ence )uch a)4
5 !e)! (e)ul!)
5 nu+e(ical analy)i) ,a)e/ on (ecogni)e/ +e!ho/)
5 (ele.an!2 /ocu+en!e/ e<-e(ience
5 enginee(ing Ku/ge+en! ,y 6ualiie/ -e()onnel1
I e.i/ence )u--o(!ing ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y e)!i+a!e) i) lac*ing2 con)e(.a!i.e e)!i+a!e) )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/1 The
/eg(ee o con)e(.a!i)+ )hall (elec! !he le.el o unce(!ain!y an/ hence inc(ea)e 0i!h no.el!y Eca!ego(y 2 !o A81
The con)e(.a!i)+ o a))u+-!ion) )hall ,e )u,)!an!ia!e/1
The e)!i+a!e/ -(o,a,ili!y o a ailu(e +o/e )hall ,e )-li! in ailu(e -(o,a,ili!ie) (ela!e/ !o each i/en!iie/ ailu(e
+echani)+2 )ee 3igu(e G-&1
No(+ally !he -(o,a,ili!y 0oul/ ,e e<-(e))e/ a)4
5 -(o,a,ili!y 0i!hin )e(.ice lie2 o( -e( yea( o o-e(a!ion
5 -(o,a,ili!y on )y)!e+ ac!i.a!ion
5 -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion o( !he lie!i+e o !he )y)!e+1
3o( (i)*-(an*ing2 a /i(ec! -(o,a,ili!y a))e))+en! can ,e u)e/2 i1e1 (elia,ili!y Ku/ge+en! ,y 6ualiie/ -e()onnel1
E<-e(! Ku/g+en!) )houl/ al)o ,e a--lie/ /u(ing -lanning an/ ga!he(ing o (elia,ili!y /a!a !o a))e)) (ele.ance2
an/ -o))i,ly )ugge)! a/Ku)!+en!) o e.i/ence ,a)e/ on -a(!ially (ele.an! /a!a2 in o(/e( !o accoun! o(
/ie(ence) in (ela!ion !o !he )y)!e+ !o ,e 6ualiie/1
I! i) i+-o(!an! !o a.oi/ ,ia)e) !ha! in gene(al +ay ,e ea)ily in!(o/uce/ 0hen /ealing 0i!h e<-e(! o-inion)1
G&idance note9
7ui/ance on e<-e(! elici!a!ion an/ ho0 !o /eal 0i!h )u,Kec!i.e o-inion) in (elia,ili!y in gene(al can ,e oun/ in !he
o-en li!e(a!u(e2 e1g1 Coo* E&BB&81
Ta.le 36$ E4a,*le o" "ail&re conse:&ence classes "or the s&rro&nding s(ste, that ,a( .e a**lica.le "or a
technolog( &sed in oil e4*loration or trans*ort
S
e
7
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r
i
t
(
Con)e6uence Ca!ego(ie)
!eo*le En7iron,ent
Dela( D
Do8nti,e
Re*&tation
& No o( )u-e(icial inKu(ie) Sligh! eec! on en.i(on+en!
S & 99$ E,a((el o oil8
S 2 hou() Sligh! i+-ac!I local -u,lic
a0a(ene)) ,u! no -u,lic conce(n
2 Sligh! inKu(y2 a e0 lo)!
0o(* /ay)
Mino( eec!
Non-co+-liance S H 99$
S & /ay $i+i!e/ i+-ac!I local -u,lic
conce(n - +ay inclu/e +e/ia
3 MaKo( inKu(y2 long !e(+
a,)ence
$ocaliDe/ eec!
S-ill (e)-on)e (e6ui(e/
S H0 99$
& - &0 /ay) Con)i/e(a,le i+-ac!I (egional
-u,licM)ligh! na!ional +e/ia
a!!en!ion
A Single a!ali!y o(
-e(+anen! /i)a,ili!y
MaKo( eec!
Signiican! )-ill (e)-on)e
S&00 99$
&0 - @0 /ay) Na!ional i+-ac! an/ -u,lic
conce(nI +o,iliDa!ion o ac!ion
g(ou-)
H Mul!i-le a!ali!ie) Ma))i.e eec! /a+age o.e(
la(ge a(ea T&00 99$
T @0 /ay) E<!en)i.e nega!i.e a!!en!ion in
in!e(na!ional +e/ia
E<-ec!a!ion) o( !a(ge! ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y ,a)e/ on enginee(ing Ku/ge+en! an/ ino(+a!ion (o+ /a!a,a)e) a(e
co++only u)e/ in !he initial /e.elo-+en! -ha)e)1 The o)ho(e in/u)!(y o!en u!ili)e) !he ollo0ing /a!a,a)e) in !he
ini!ial -ha)e2 ,eo(e a ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y ha) ,een -(o.en ,y ac!ual e<-e(ience2 analy)i) o( !e)!4
OREDA ? O)ho(e Relia,ili!y Da!a ? The /a!a a(e a.aila,le in han/,oo*) -u,li)he/ 200B1 Ino(+a!ion i) a.aila,le
on !he In!e(ne! a//(e))4 h!!-4MM0001o(e/a1co+Mhan/,oo*1h!+l1
NE$$MASTER ? Relia,ili!y o Nell Co+-le!ion E6ui-+en!1 Da!a can ,e +a/e a.aila,le on an elec!(onic o(+a!
.ia !he ollo0ing In!e(ne! a//(e))4 h!!-4MM0001e<-(o)o!1co+M-(o/uc!)M0ell+a)!e(1h!+l1
S#9 SEA MASTER ? Relia,ili!y o Su, )ea E6ui-+en!1 Da!a can ,e +a/e a.aila,le on an elec!(onic o(+a! .ia !he
ollo0ing In!e(ne! a//(e))4 h!!-4MM0001e<-(o)o!1co+M-(o/uc!)M)u,)ea+a)!e(1h!+l1
PDS :an/,oo*4 20&02 Relia,ili!y Da!a o( Con!(ol an/ Sae!y Sy)!e+ So!0a(e1 In!e(ne! a//(e))4
h!!-4MM)in!e1o(gMP(oKec!0e,MPDS-Main-PageMPDS-:an/,oo*)M1
3u(!he( /a!a,a)e) a(e4
:RDA2 9RITIS: TE$ECOMM#NICATIONS P$C1 :an/,oo* o (elia,ili!y2 A)co!4 $on/on Ino(+a!ion ERo0)e Mui(81
3ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y ,a)e/ on ino(+a!ion (o+ /a!a,a)e) o!en nee/) a/Ku)!+en!) ,eo(e ,eing a--lie/ !o ne0 )y)!e+)2
/ie(en! u)e2 /ie(en! en.i(on+en! e!c1 An e<a+-le o )uch a/Ku)!+en! i) illu)!(a!e/ in Ta,le G-31 I! i) o u!+o)!
i+-o(!ance !o un/e()!an/ an/ i/en!iy 0he!he( !he (e-o(!e/ /a!a in !he /a!a,a)e can ,e u)e/ !o (e-(e)en! !he
!echnology2 o( i )o+e ailu(e +o/e) +ay ,e inco((ec!ly (e-(e)en!e/ /ue !o /ie(ence) in u)e1
The ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y ,a)e/ on )uch gene(al /a!a,a)e) o( e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! )houl/ ,e u-/a!e/ ,a)e/ on !e)!) o(
/ocu+en!a!ion in !he la!e( -ha)e) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
3ailu(e (e6uency -e( &0
@
h()
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
3-$ )&alitati7e *ro.a.ilit( classes
Quali!a!i.e -(o,a,ili!y cla))e) +ay ,e u)e/ !o e)!a,li)h ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y in ea(ly /e.elo-+en! -ha)e)1 The
cla))e) +u)! ,e cho)en in each in/i.i/ual ca)e u)ing e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! an/ -(e.iou) e<-e(ience1
G&idance note9
Ta,le G-A )ho0) an e<a+-le o gene(ic 6uali!a!i.e -(o,a,ili!y cla))e)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
3# Ris5 Assess,ent
A 6uali!a!i.e +e!ho/ !o /e!e(+ine !he (i)* le.el can ,e u)e/ in o(/e( !o (an* (i)* an/ ocu) 6ualiica!ion eo(!)
0he(e !he ,enei!) a(e g(ea!e)!1 The (i)*) a(e ca!ego(iDe/ a) illu)!(a!e/ in 3igu(e G-21 The (i)* ca!ego(iDa!ion
)houl/ ,e a/a-!e/ !o i! !he ca)e ,eing con)i/e(e/1 The a/a-!e/ +a!(i< )hall go.e(n !he Technology
Qualiica!ion Plan 0i!h (e)-ec! !o -(io(i!y2 0i!h ocu) on !he highe)! (i)*1 I! )hall /eine high con)e6uence (i)*)
a) +e/iu+ o( high (i)*2 (ega(/le)) o -(o,a,ili!y cla))2 !o en)u(e !ha! high?con)e6uenceMlo0--(o,a,ili!y (i)*)
a(e a//(e))e/ ,y !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) an/ no! /i)+i))e/2 ,a)e/ on lo0 -(o,a,ili!y1
Ta.le 36' E4a,*le on ad;&st,ent o" "ail&re "re:&enc( "or gi7en co,*onent >E4a,*le@ trans"or,er?
Sub.component Reference data Data +ualification
%o. of failure /ailure fre+. ,d)ustment factor %ew failure fre+. -omments
Pene!(a!o( H 01H0 H 21H0 Ne0 )e(.ice 0i!h highe(
-(e))u(e /ie(ence
Cooling )y)!e+ 3 0130 & 0130 No /ie(ence
Nin/ing @ 01@0 &M3 0120 Si+-le( )y)!e+2 !hu)
(e/uce/ ailu(e
(e6uency
S0i!ch 2 0120 0 0 3ailu(e +o/e no! li*ely
!o occu( in !hi) )i!ua!ion
O!he( &0 &100 2 2100 Con)e(.a!i.e e)!i+a!e
a) o( ne0 )e(.ice
To!al 2@ 21@0 H100
Ta.le 36+ E4a,*le o" *ro.a.ilit( classes
No Descri*tion
1 3ailu(e i) no! e<-ec!e/ E-

S &0
?A
8
$ An inci/en! ha) occu((e/ in in/u)!(y o( (ela!e/ in/u)!(y E&0
?A
S -
S &0
?3
8
' :a) ,een e<-e(ience/ ,y +o)! o-e(a!o() E&0
?3
S -
S &0
?2
8
+ Occu() )e.e(al !i+e) -e( yea( -e( o-e(a!o( E&0
?2
S -
S &0
?&
8
- Occu() )e.e(al !i+e) -e( yea( -e( acili!y E&0
?&
S -
8
Fig&re 36$
Ris5 ,atri4E AFAo8@ MFMedi&,@ HFHigh
The ailu(e +o/e) a(e (an*e/ acco(/ing !o (i)* ca!ego(y1 3ailu(e +o/e) 0i!h +e/iu+ an/ high (i)* a(e
con)i/e(e/ critical an/ )hall ,e co.e(e/ ,y !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan ESec1B81 3ailu(e +o/e) 0i!h lo0
(i)* can ,e conclu/e/ ,a)e/ on 6uali!a!i.e a))e))+en! ,y 6ualiie/ -e()onnel1 3ailu(e +o/e) 0i!h lo0 (i)* )hall
no! ,e /ele!e/ (o+ !he li)! o -o))i,le ailu(e +o/e)1
The (i)* e)!i+a!e) )hall ,e u-/a!e/ /u(ing !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 u!ili)ing 6ualiica!ion
e.i/ence an/ ino(+a!ion (o+ +i!iga!ing ac!ion) !ha! ,eco+e a.aila,le !h(ough !he Technology Qualiica!ion
P(oce))1
The (i)* a))e))+en! )hall ,e -e(o(+e/ a! !he le.el o /e!ail (ele.an! o( !he (e)-ec!i.e /e.elo-+en! -ha)e1
A )y)!e+ o( !(ac*ing each ailu(e +o/e an/ ailu(e +echani)+ )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ Ean e<a+-le i) )ho0n in
A--1A81 The -u(-o)e o !hi) )y)!e+ i) !o +ain!ain !(acea,ili!y ,ac* !o each ailu(e +o/e an/ +echani)+2 (o+
i/en!iica!ion2 !h(ough change2 !o !he .e(iica!ion !ha! !he (i)* ha) ,een a//(e)) a) !he Technology Qualiica!ion
P(oce)) i) ollo0e/1 Thi) )y)!e+ )hall inclu/e4
&8 All i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e) an/ +echani)+)1
28 P(o,a,ili!y e)!i+a!e o( each ailu(e +o/eM +echani)+1
38 9a)i) o( !he -(o,a,ili!y e)!i+a!e2 !(acing /ocu+en!a!ion (e.i)ion) an/ i+-le+en!a!ion o +i!iga!ing ac!ion)1
A8 The /eg(ee o no.el!y !o 0hich !he ailu(e +o/e (ela!e) Eca!ego(y 2 !o A81 Thi) ai/) ocu) on !he no.el
ele+en!)1

Increasing li5elihood

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-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age $6
1 Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan
A Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )hall ,e /e.elo-e/ !o -(o.i/e !he e.i/ence nee/e/ !o +anage !he c(i!ical
ailu(e +o/e) i/en!iie/ acco(/ing !o Sec1PG1@Q1 The /e.elo-+en! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )houl/
,e an i!e(a!i.e -(oce))1
11 %ntrod&ction
The )elec!e/ 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/) )hall ,e )-eciie/ a) ac!i.i!ie) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1 A
6ualiica!ion +e!ho/ )hall ,e /e)c(i,e/ in )uicien! /e!ail !o ca((y ou! !he ac!i.i!ie) an/ o,!ain (elia,le
e.i/ence1 The)e ac!i.i!ie) -(o.i/e e.i/ence !o /ocu+en! co+-liance 0i!h !he (e6ui(e+en!) o !he Qualiica!ion
9a)i)1 The 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) )hall ,e !(acea,le ,ac* !o !he ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e( /e.elo-e/ /u(ing !h(ea!
a))e))+en!1 The (ea)oning (ela!ing !he -iece) o e.i/ence !o !he ailu(e +o/e) )hall ,e -(e)en!e/1
G&idance note9
An e<a+-le -lan o( 6ualiica!ion o a )u,)ea ,oo)!e( -u+- i) )ho0n in A--1C1
3o( co+-onen!) -(o/uce/ in la(ge nu+,e() an/ u)e/ in /ie(en! !y-e) o )y)!e+)2 !he nee/ o( )!an/a(/i)a!ion an/
!he(e,y co)! (e/uc!ion o!en go.e(n) !he 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy2 a) in/ica!e/ in A--1C1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The ollo0ing )u,-)ec!ion) a//(e)) .a(iou) a)-ec!) !o ,e con)i/e(e/ in !he )-eciica!ion o 6ualiica!ion
ac!i.i!ie)1
The Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )houl/ (elec! !he i!e(a!i.e na!u(e o !he o.e(all 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy
ESec1A8 an/ o !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) ESec1H82 )ee*ing !o (e/uce !he la(ge)! unce(!ain!ie)
i()!1 An o.e(all Mile)!one Plan i) (eco++en/e/ !o (elec! !he cho)en )!(a!egy !o0a(/) !he o.e(all goal)1
De!aile/ -lan) )houl/ ,e /e.elo-e/ o( a (ea)ona,le -e(io/ Ee1g1 un!il a!!ain+en! o !he ne<! +aKo( +ile)!one81
The +aKo( +ile)!one) )houl/ ,e conclu/e/ 0i!h an in/e-en/en! (e.ie01
De.elo-+en! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan con)i)!) o !he ollo0ing +ain ac!i.i!ie)4
5 :igh-le.el -lanning !o i+-le+en! !he o.e(all 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy1
5 Analy)i) an/ )elec!ion o 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/) !o -(o.i/e !he e.i/ence nee/e/ o( each ailu(e +o/e1
5 De.elo- !he (ea)oning !ha! connec!) !he e.i/ence -(o/uce/ ,y !he 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/) !o !he
(e6ui(e+en!) )e! in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
5 De.elo- /e!aile/ )-eciica!ion) o 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
The /e!aile/ )-eciica!ion o 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) )hall e<-lici!ly )-eciy4
5 The e.i/ence !o ,e -(o/uce/ ,y each 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!y1
5 The ailu(e +o/e) each -iece o e.i/ence (ela!e) !o1 EA(gu+en!18
5 The (ea)oning !ha! (ela!e) !he -iece) o e.i/ence !o !he ailu(e +o/e)1 EA(gu+en!18
5 The (ea)oning !ha! (ela!e) !he e.i/ence !o !he (e6ui(e+en!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
EA(gu+en!181
5 Succe)) c(i!e(ia o( !hi) e.i/ence in +ee!ing !he (e6ui(e+en!)1 ECon!e<!18
The Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )hall ,e (e.i)e/ a) nece))a(y1 Nhen !he !echnology ha) ,een )ucce))ully
/e+on)!(a!e/ !o ha.e (eache/ a +aKo( +ile)!one2 /e!aile/ -lan) can ,e /e.elo-e/ o( (eaching !he ne<! +aKo(
+ile)!one accoun!ing o( 0ha! ha) ,een lea(n!1
G&idance note9
The choice o +e!ho/) !o achie.e 6ualiica!ion 0ill /e-en/ on !he na!u(e o !he (e6ui(e+en!) )!a!e/ in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 3o( in)!ance2 (elia,ili!y !a(ge!) (e6ui(e 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y -(e/ic!ionI an/ !he +e!ho/) !o
gene(a!e /a!a 0ill /e-en/ u-on !he !y-e o (e6ui(e/ in-u!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
1$ Selection o" )&ali"ication Methods
Qualiica!ion +e!ho/) )hall ,e )-eciie/ !ha! -(o.i/e e.i/ence o( each i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e2 )ho0ing !ha!
!he (e6ui(e+en!) )!a!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ha.e ,een +e!1
I a 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y !a(ge! i) )!a!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)2 !hen a 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y
+e!ho/ i) (e6ui(e/ !o /ocu+en! ulil+en! o !he !a(ge!2 e1g1 ,y /e!e(+ina!ion o a lie!i+e -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y
/i)!(i,u!ion o( !he (ele.an! ailu(e +o/e)1
3o( each ailu(e +o/e o conce(n2 i! )houl/ ,e /e!e(+ine/ i !he ailu(e +echani)+) can ,e +o/elle/ ,y
(ecogniDe/ an/ gene(ally acce-!e/ +e!ho/)1 Then a /e!aile/ -lan o( !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) can ,e
e)!a,li)he/ ,y u)e o e<i)!ing )!an/a(/)2 )-eciica!ion) o( (ecogni)e/ in/u)!(y -(ac!ice) !ha! ha.e ,een
.ali/a!e/ o( a--lica,ili!y1
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &%
The ollo0ing +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/2 )e-a(a!ely o( in co+,ina!ion2 !o -(o.i/e 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence4
5 Analy)i)M enginee(ing Ku/ge+en! o -(e.iou)2 /ocu+en!e/ e<-e(ience 0i!h )i+ila( e6ui-+en! an/
o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)1
5 Analy!ical +e!ho/) )uch a) han/,oo* )olu!ion)2 +e!ho/) (o+ e<i)!ing )!an/a(/)2 e+-i(ical co((ela!ion)
o( +a!he+a!ical o(+ula)1
5 Nu+e(ical +e!ho/)2 )uch a) -(oce)) )i+ula!ion +o/el)2 C3D2 3EM2 co((o)ion +o/el)2 e!c1
5 E<-e(i+en!al +e!ho/) a) /i)cu))e/ in Sec1PB1AQ1
5 In)-ec!ion) !o a)ce(!ain !ha! )-eciica!ion) a(e co+-lie/ 0i!h o( a))u+-!ion) .ali/1
5 De.elo-+en! o ne0 o( +o/iie/ QAMQC (e6ui(e+en!) o( +anuac!u(ing M a))e+,ly1
5 De.elo-+en! o (e6ui(e+en!) !o in)-ec!ion2 +ain!enance an/ (e-ai(1
5 De.elo-+en! o )-a(e) -olicy1
5 De.elo-+en! o o-e(a!ing -(oce/u(e) (e)ul!ing (o+ !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
G&idance note9
O-e(a!ional -(oce/u(e) a(e i+-o(!an! ele+en!) o a (elia,le !echnology1 They +u)! ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ i+-le+en!e/
0hen !he !echnology i) /e-loye/1 I+-le+en!a!ion )houl/ co.e( !he en!i(e )u--ly chain an/ (ecei.ing o(gani)a!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
5 De.elo-ing +o/iica!ion) !o !he !echnology a(i)ing (o+ !he a,o.e !ha! 0oul/ )-a0n a ne0 i!e(a!ion in !he
!echnology 6ualiica!ionM/e.elo-+en! cycle1
G&idance note9
The )elec!ion o 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/) an/ (e6ui(e/ )co-e /e-en/) on !he (i)* o !he a))ocia!e/ ailu(e +o/e2
!echnology ca!ego(y2 an/ le.el o coni/ence in !he +e!ho/)1 The o,Kec!i.e i) !o )-eciy a Technology Qualiica!ion
Plan !ha! -(o.i/e) !he +o)! (elia,le e.i/ence a) co)!-eec!i.ely a) -o))i,le1 The )elec!ion o !he +e!ho/) )houl/
!he(eo(e ,e ,a)e/ on o-!i+iDa!ion o (ela!e/ co)! .e()u) accu(acy1 Each 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/ can a//(e)) )e.e(al
ailu(e +o/e)1 Thu)2 !he +e!ho/) )houl/ ,e )elec!e/ in a )y)!e+a!ic +anne( !o (e/uce unnece))a(y o.e(la--ing1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Al!e(na!i.e +e!ho/) )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/ o( !he +o)! e<-en)i.e 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence1
G&idance note9
&8 $ea)! co)! 0ill +ainly ,e o,!aine/ ,y !he u)e o !ho(ough2 !heo(e!ical analy!ical +o/el)1 Su,)e6uen! unce(!ain!ie)
can ,e ocu)e/ an/ (e)ol.e/ ,y o-!i+i)e/ !e)!)1 EThe al!e(na!i.e 0oul/ ,e +o(e e<!en)i.e !e)!) !o /e!e(+ine
/e-en/encie) an/ ailu(e +o/e)18
28 I! 0oul/ no(+ally ,e ,eneicial o( +anuac!u(e() !o )!an/a(/i)e !he 6ualiica!ion )che+e o( )+all co+-onen!)1
The(e,y !he +a(gin) o( )o+e a--lica!ion) +ay ,e unnece))a(y high2 ,u! Ku)!iie/ ,y !he !o!al co)! (e/uc!ion2 e1g14
-i-e i!!ing) o( elec!(onic co+-onen!)81
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
1' !ara,eter E""ects and Models
The 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) +u)! accoun! o( !he eec!) o unce(!ain!ie) in !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() E-a(a+e!e(
eec!)81
I a -(o.en nu+e(ical o( analy!ical +o/el e<i)!) !o )i+ula!e a ailu(e +echani)+ in !he in!en/e/ en.i(on+en!2
!ha! +o/el can ,e u)e/ !o a))e)) !he -a(a+e!e( eec!) a))ocia!e/ 0i!h !ha! ailu(e +echani)+1
I coni/ence i) lac*ing in !he a.aila,le +o/el2 i! +u)! ,e -(o.en ,y !e)!) !o .ali/a!e !he -(e/ic!ion) in !he
(ele.an! -a(a+e!e( (ange co.e(ing )ho(!-!e(+ an/ long-!e(+ ,eha.iou(1
I no a--lica,le +o/el e<i)!) o( !he -a(a+e!e( eec!) !hen i! can ,e /e.elo-e/1 The .ali/i!y o !he ne0 +o/el
)hall ,e -(o.en !h(ough 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
The -(o.en nu+e(ical o( analy!ical +o/el )hall ,e u)e/ !o e)!a,li)h !he -a(a+e!e() 0i!h !he highe)! i+-ac! on
!he lie!i+e an/ (elia,ili!y o !he !echnology1
The ollo0ing +o/el-,a)e/ 6ualiica!ion a--(oach )hall ,e (elec!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan4
5 #!ili)e o( /e.elo- +o/el) o !he c(i!ical ailu(e +o/e) u)ing2 !o !he e<!en! -o))i,le2 +o/el) !ha! ha.e ,een
-(o.en1
5 I/en!iy unce(!ain!ie) in !he +o/el) an/ +o/el in-u! /a!a1
5 Cha(ac!e(iDe in-u! /a!a o( +o/el) 0i!h !he a))ocia!e/ unce(!ain!y1
5 9uil/ coni/ence in !he +o/el)1 Thi) i) achie.e/ !h(ough 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) !ha! challenge !he+ ,y
co+-a(ing +o/el -(e/ic!ion) 0i!h (ele.an! e.i/ence2 e1g1 (o+ e<-e(i+en!) -e(o(+e/ a) -a(! o !he
6ualiica!ion2 -u,li)he/ /a!a o( )e(.ice e<-e(ience1
5 #)e +o/el !o 6uan!iy -a(a+e!e( eec!)1
Se(.ice e<-e(ience (o+ o!he( in/u)!(ie) +ay ,e .ali/a!e/ !o ,e (ele.an! an/ hence u)e/ a) ,a)i) o( ,uil/ing
coni/ence in 6ualiica!ion +o/el)1
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &(
G&idance note9
The(e e<i)!) a (ange o analy!ical +o/el) o ailu(e +echani)+)1 So+e +e!ho/) a(e )ui!e/ !o -(e/ic!ing !he -(o,a,ili!y
o occu((ence o !he c(i!ical ailu(e +echani)+1 O!he( analy!ical +e!ho/) can no! /i(ec!ly -(e/ic! a ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y1
:o0e.e(2 i !he +e!ho/ i) e+-i(ically Ku)!iie/ !o (ela!e !o -(o,a,ili!y - an/ i) gene(ally (ecogni)e/ an/ acce-!e/ - a
co((ec! a--lica!ion o !he +e!ho/ can ,e u)e/ !o /e!e(+ine a ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y1
An e<a+-le o )uch analy!ical +e!ho/) i) +echanical )!(e)) calcula!ion +e!ho/) u)e/ o( -(e))u(e .e))el) acco(/ing
!o a -(e))u(e .e))el )!an/a(/1 P(o.i/e/ !he(e a(e no +a!e(ial /e!e(io(a!ion o( a!igue +echani)+)2 )!(e)) calcula!e/ !o
,e ,elo0 !he acce-!ance c(i!e(ion a))u(e) a )ae -(e))u(e .e))el 0i!hin !he )!an/a(/O) li+i!a!ion2 an/ hence a
-(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e le)) o( e6ual !o !ha! /eine/ o( i+-lie/ ,y !he )!an/a(/1 In !hi) ca)e2 !he -(e))u(e .e))el can ,e
!a*en !o ha.e !he ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y )-eciie/ in2 o( i+-lie/ ,y !he )!an/a(/1 3ailu(e +echani)+) (ela!e/ !o /e)ign2
+anuac!u(ing2 a--lica!ion an/ acci/en!)2 ho0e.e(2 a(e -o))i,le )ou(ce) o ailu(e !ha! al)o nee/ !o ,e !a*en in!o
accoun!1 The)e -(o,a,ili!ie) +ay ,e (e/uce/ ,y 6uali!y con!(ol2 .e(iica!ion ac!i.i!ie)2 an/ o-e(a!ional -(oce/u(e)1
The eec!) o )uch +i!iga!ing ac!ion) can ,e inclu/e/ ,a)e/ on /ocu+en!e/ e<-e(ience o( enginee(ing Ku/ge+en!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
In ca)e a (ea)ona,le +o/el canno! ,e e)!a,li)he/2 !he -a(a+e!e( eec!) can ,e e)!a,li)he/ ,y 6ualiica!ion !e)!)
ESec1PB1AQ81
Nhen a--lica,le2 con)e(.a!i.e e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! ,a)e/ on e+-i(ical /a!a +ay ,e u)e/ !o e)!a,li)h !he c(i!ical
-a(a+e!e( eec!) o( !he ailu(e +echani)+)1 An e<a+-le i) -(o.i/e/ in A--en/i< PC12Q1 E<-e(! Ku/ge+en!
(e6ui(e) 6ualiie/ -e()onnel1
3o( !he analy)i) o )o!0a(e (elia,ili!y2 )-eciic +e!ho/) a--ly E)ee A--1D81
The )y)!e+ )en)i!i.i!y !o unce(!ain!ie) o !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/2 an/ !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()
li)! u-/a!e/1
#nce(!ain!ie) in nu+e(ical calcula!ion) )hall ,e e)!i+a!e/ ,a)e/ on !he -o))i,le unce(!ain!ie) in !he4
5 in-u! -a(a+e!e()
5 analy!ical +e!ho/
5 (e)ul! -(e)en!a!ion1
The (e)ul!ing unce(!ain!y o !he analy)i) )hall ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,a)e/ on (ecogni)e/ +e!ho/)1
G&idance note9
Te+-e(a!u(e i) an e<a+-le o a co++on cau)e o unce(!ain!y1 The !e+-e(a!u(e coul/ aec! each -a(! in a
+ea)u(e+en! )e!-u- !he )a+e /i(ec!ion an/ !he(e,y cau)e a la(ge( e((o( !han a))u+e/1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
1+ E4*eri,ental Methods
E<-e(i+en!) a(e an e))en!ial -a(! o +o)! 6ualiica!ion)2 an/ ai+ !o -(o.i/e !he e<-e(i+en!al e.i/ence on
0hich 6ualiica!ion i) ,a)e/1
1+1 General
The e<!en! o !he e<-e(i+en!al !e)!) (e6ui(e/ !o o,!ain 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence o( !he !echnology /e-en/) on
!he !echnology !y-e2 coni/ence in analy)e)2 !he le.el o o-!i+i)a!ion ai+e/ o(2 an/ !he e<!en! o /ocu+en!e/
e<-e(ience 0i!h )i+ila( !echnology1 The !e)! -(og(a++e )hall )-eciy4
5 The !e)!) !o ,e ca((ie/ ou!1
5 The -u(-o)e o each !e)! 0i!h (ee(ence !o !he !a(ge!e/ ailu(e +o/e) an/ (e6ui(e+en!) in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
5 Acce-!ance c(i!e(ia o( !he (e)ul!) in o(/e( !o +ee! !he !a(ge!e/ (e6ui(e+en!)1
5 $i+i!ing .alue) o( /e)ign o !he !e)! Ee1g1 +a<i+u+ loa/81
5 The -a(a+e!e() !o ,e +ea)u(e/ an/ (eco(/e/1
5 The accu(acy (e6ui(e+en!) !o +ea)u(e+en!)1
5 The +e!ho/ o analy)i) o !he (eco(/e/ /a!a1
5 The (ea)oning !ha! (ela!e) !he /a!a !o !he ailu(e +o/e) an/ !he (e6ui(e+en!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
E<-e(i+en!)M !e)!) )hall ,e -lanne/ a) -a(! o !he 6ualiica!ion1 The -u(-o)e o 6ualiica!ion !e)!) can ,e !o4
&8 E<-lo(e no.el ele+en!) o !he !echnology2 an/ hel- i/en!iy ailu(e +o/e) an/ +echani)+) o (ele.ance1
28 P(o.i/e e+-i(ical e.i/ence o( unc!ionali!y an/ (elia,ili!y a))e))+en!1
38 I/en!iy o( .e(iy !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() an/ !hei( )en)i!i.i!ie)1
A8 Cha(ac!e(i)e in-u! -a(a+e!e() o( +o/el)1
H8 Challenge +o/el -(e/ic!ion) o ailu(e +echani)+)1 To challenge !he +o/el)2 !he !e)!) )houl/ co.e(
e<!(e+e .alue) o !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() 0i!h (e)-ec! !o !he 6ualiica!ion ,a)i)1
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &$
The)e 6ualiica!ion !e)!) o(+ !he ,a)i) o( - an/ /e!e(+ine !he ou!co+e o - !he 6ualiica!ion1
Technology 6ualiica!ion +ay al)o )-eciy !e)!) !o ,e -e(o(+e/ a!e( 6ualiica!ion i) co+-le!e/ a) a con/i!ion
o( /e-loying !he !echnology1 Thi) i) /i)cu))e/ in Sec1PB1A1AQ1
Each 6ualiica!ion !e)! )hall ,e /e)igne/ !o +ee! a -a(!icula( nee/ a(i)ing (o+ !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion1
T(acea,ili!y .ia i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e) !o (e6ui(e+en!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) )hall
,e -(o.i/e/1 I a )!an/a(/i)e/ !e)! i) i/en!iie/ !ha! a//(e))e) a )i+ila( i))ue2 i!) (ele.ance o( !he 6ualiica!ion
nee/) )hall ,e .ali/a!e/1 The )!an/a(/i)e/ !e)! )hall ,e a+en/e/ o( (e/e)igne/ i i! /oe) no! )a!i)y !he
6ualiica!ion nee/)1
G&idance note9
S!an/a(/i)e/ !e)!) a(e /e.elo-e/ o( a nee/ !ha! e<i)!e/ 0hen !he !e)! )!an/a(/ 0a) 0(i!!en2 ine.i!a,ly in (ela!ion !o a
!echnology !ha! e<i)!e/ a! !ha! !i+e1 Ra(ely a(e !he)e !e)!) e6ually 0ell )ui!e/ !o no.el !echnologie)1 I! i) a co++on
+i)!a*e in !echnology 6ualiica!ion !o u)e a -a(!icula( !e)! +e(ely ,ecau)e i! i) )!an/a(/i)e/2 an/ !he(e,y ailing !o
a//(e)) !he 6ualiica!ion nee/) -(o-e(ly1
,ccelerated tests can (e/uce !e)! !i+e an/ co)!1 Such !e)!) a(e ,eneicial 0hen a -(o.en -a(a+e!e( +o/el e<i)!) an/
!he unce(!ain!y o +o/el -(e/ic!ion) e)!a,li)he/1 I! i) a co++on +i)!a*e !o (ely on accele(a!e/ !e)! +e!ho/) !ha! a(e
no! -(o.en1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Coni/ence in !he e<-e(i+en!al e.i/ence )hall ,e en)u(e/ ,y in/e-en/en! (e.ie0 o !e)! )-eciica!ion)2
inclu/ing in)!(u+en!a!ion an/ 6uali!y a))u(ance o !he !e)! ac!i.i!ie)2 an/ in/e-en/en! 0i!ne))ing o !e)!) a)
a--(o-(ia!e1
The accu(acy !ole(ance o each +ea)u(e+en! (e)ul! )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ ,a)e/ on a li)! o !he unce(!ain!y o(
each co+-onen!1 Thi) +ay aec! !he (e6ui(e/4
5 cali,(a!ion accu(acy
5 )en)o( accu(acy
5 )ignal -(oce))ing accu(acy
5 (eco(/ing accu(acy
5 (ea/ing accu(acy1
1+$ Characterisation tests
Cha(ac!e(i)a!ion !e)!) /e!e(+ine !he in-u!) !o !he 6ualiica!ion +o/el)1 The)e !e)!) )hall e)!a,li)h !he *ey
-a(a+e!e() !o ,e u)e/ in !he /e)ign2 0hen !hey a(e no! a.aila,le in (ecogni)e/ an/ acce-!e/ li!e(a!u(e2 o( (o+
/ocu+en!e/ e<-e(ience1
G&idance note9
E<a+-le) inclu/e +a!e(ial cha(ac!e(i)a!ion !e)!) !ha! a(e u)e/ !o e)!i+a!e !he +a!e(ial -(o-e(!ie) Einclu/ing !hei(
unce(!ain!y82 !e)!) !o cha(ac!e(i)e !he che+ical (eac!i.i!y o )u,)!ance) u)e/ in !he !echnology2 an/ ageing !e)!) u)e/
!o e)!i+a!e ho0 )uch ,a)ic -(o-e(!ie) /e.elo- 0i!h !i+e un/e( con!(olle/ con/i!ion)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
1+' Co,*onent tests and *rotot(*e tests
P(o!o!y-e) o co+-onen!)2 e6ui-+en! o( )y)!e+) +ay ,e )u,Kec!e/ !o e<-e(i+en!al e.alua!ion ei!he( in a
la,o(a!o(y o( in !(ial) in con!(olle/ )i!ua!ion) 0he(e (i)*) can ,e +anage/1
The (e6ui(e+en!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) )hall ,e u)e/ 0i!h !he co((e)-on/ing ailu(e
+o/e) !o /e!e(+ine )ucce)) c(i!e(ia o( co+-onen! an/ -(o!o!y-e !e)!)1 Te)!ing !o ailu(e i) !he only 0ay !o
/i(ec!ly +ea)u(e !he +a(gin !o ailu(eI an/ !e)!ing !o ailu(e g(ea!ly enhance) !he .alue o !he !e)! co+-a(e/ !o
a unc!ionali!y !e)! !ha! only -(o.i/e) e.i/ence o no ailu(e a! !he !e)!e/ con/i!ion)1
In !he ea(ly -ha)e) o 6ualiica!ion2 !he -u(-o)e o co+-onen! an/ -(o!o!y-e !e)!) can ,e !o e<-lo(e no.el
ele+en!) o !he !echnology2 an/ hel- i/en!iy (ele.an! ailu(e +o/e) an/ +echani)+)2 o( e<-lo(e !he c(i!ical
-a(a+e!e() an/ !hei( eec!)1 I +o/el) a(e /e.elo-e/ a) -a(! o !he 6ualiica!ion2 !hey nee/ !o accoun! o( !he
c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()1
Ano!he( -u(-o)e o co+-onen! an/ -(o!o!y-e !e)!) i) !o challenge +o/el -(e/ic!ion)1 Reco(/ing) o (e)-on)e)
an/ ailu(e) in !he !e)!) -(o.i/e )!(ong ,a)i) o( co+-a(i)on 0i!h +o/el -(e/ic!ion)1
P(o.i/e/ !ha! !he !e)! con/i!ion) a(e )uicien!ly clo)e !o !he in!en/e/ )e(.ice con/i!ion)2 )uch !e)!) can ,e
(ega(/e/ a) -hy)ical +o/el) !ha! /i(ec!ly -(o.i/e e.i/ence o !he -e(o(+ance o !he !echnology1 I )uicien!
!e)!) can ,e ao(/e/ !o -(o.i/e )!a!i)!ically )igniican! e)!i+a!e) o !he ,eha.iou( o !he !echnology2 )uch !e)!)
can alone con)!i!u!e !he e.i/ence (e6ui(e/ o( !he co((e)-on/ing ailu(e +o/e1
Co+-onen! an/ -(o!o!y-e !e)!) can o!en no! ,e ao(/e/ in )uicien! nu+,e()1 The .alue o li+i!e/ !e)!) can
,e i+-(o.e/ concen!(a!ing !o .ali/a!ion o +o/el)1 I .ali/a!ion i) )ucce))ul2 !hen !he +o/el +ay ,e inclu/e/
in !he 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence1 Di)ag(ee+en! ,e!0een +o/el -(e/ic!ion an/ e<-e(i+en!al e.i/ence )houl/
)-a0n ne0 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) Ei!e(a!ion)8 !o (e)ol.e !he /i)ag(ee+en!1
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &&
P(o!o!y-e an/ co+-onen! !e)!) a(e (eco++en/e/ !o -(o.i/e a))u(ance again)! -o!en!ial uni/en!iie/ ailu(e
+o/e)2 -a(!icula(ly i +a!e(ial) a(e no.el o( u)e/ in en.i(on+en!) 0he(e (ele.an! )e(.ice e<-e(ience i) lac*ing1
Te)! i!e+) )hall ,e -(o/uce/ u)ing !he )a+e (a0 +a!e(ial) an/ co+-onen!)2 acco(/ing !o !he )a+e
+anuac!u(ing -(oce/u(e)2 an/ !o !he )a+e 6uali!y )!an/a(/) a) )-eciie/ o( u)e in !he ac!ual -(o/uc!ion unle))
!he)e a)-ec!) a(e a))e))e/ )-eciically2 an/ /ocu+en!a!ion i) -(o.i/e/ !ha! !he !e)! i!e+ i) )ae2 (e-(e)en!a!i.e
an/ con)e(.a!i.e o( i!) -u(-o)e o( -e(io/ o u)e1 The ac!ual !ole(ance) achie.e/ o( all c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() )hall
,e (eco(/e/ o( each !e)! i!e+1 Ma!e(ial) (e.ie0 an/ +anuac!u(ing (e.ie0) )hall ,e -lanne/ !o en)u(e !ha! !he
!e)! o,Kec!) a(e in acco(/ance 0i!h )-eciica!ion)1
3o( ca)e) 0i!h acce-!a,le ailu(e con)e6uence)2 .e(iica!ion can ,e o,!aine/ in ac!ual )e(.ice a) an al!e(na!i.e
!o -(o!o!y-e !e)!)1
1++ Other tests
The !echnology 6ualiica!ion +ay i/en!iy ce(!ain con/i!ional !e)!) on a)--(o/uce/ -(o/uc!) !o +ee! ce(!ain
acce-!ance c(i!e(ia1 A) )uch !hey a(e no! 6ualiica!ion !e)!)1 E<a+-le) inclu/e4
&8 Quali!y a))u(ance !e)!) -e(o(+e/ /u(ing +anuac!u(ing a!e( !he in.ol.e/ !echnologie) ha.e ,een
6ualiie/ !ha! coni(+) co+-liance 0i!h !he conclu)ion) (o+ !he 6ualiica!ion1
28 3ac!o(y acce-!ance !e)!) E3AT8 -(io( !o each /eli.e(y a) a 6uali!y a))u(ance +ea)u(e !o (e/uce !he
-(o,a,ili!y !ha! /eec!) )li- !h(ough !o )e(.ice1
38 P(e an/ -o)! in)!alla!ion !e)!) o !he ull a))e+,ly !o .e(iy !he )oun/ne)) -(io( !o an/ a!e( !he co+-le!e/
in)!alla!ion1
A8 Pilo! a--lica!ion (e-(e)en!) !he i()! u)e2 an/ can !he(eo(e ,e -lanne/ a) an a/.ance/ !e)! !o gain +o(e
e<-e(ience 0i!h !he )y)!e+2 en)u(ing !ha! all a)-ec!) o a co+-le< )y)!e+ ha) ,een !a*en in!o accoun!1
H8 Te)!) !o ,e /one a) -a(! o +ain!enance !o coni(+ !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion con/i!ion) a(e +ain!aine/ /u(ing
)e(.ice E)uch a) NDT8 e!c1
An e))en!ial -a(! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) !o )-eciy !he)e !e)!) an/ !he acce-!ance c(i!e(ia
o( i+-le+en!a!ion o !he !echnology1
The -u(-o)e o )uch !e)!) i) !o -(o.i/e e.i/ence !o .e(iy !ha! !he inal -(o/uc! co+-lie) 0i!h !he a))u+-!ion)
o !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion1 Non-cono(+ance (e6ui(e) (eKec!ion o )-eciic -(o/uc!2 +o/iica!ion) !o !he
e6ui-+en! o( (e-6ualiica!ion !o change/ con/i!ion)1
:o0e.e(2 0hen -e(o(+e/ a!e( conclu/ing !he 6ualiica!ion2 !he)e !e)!) -(o/uce e.i/ence !ha! +ay ,e (ele.an!
o( !he 6ualiica!ion )!a!u)1 Such e.i/ence +ay ,e !a*en in!o a (e-6ualiica!ion !ha! +ay lea/ !o change) in !he
o-e(a!ional en.elo-e2 !e)! (e6ui(e+en!)2 o( +ain!enance an/ in)-ec!ion (e6ui(e+en!)1 Nhen in!en/e/ u)e/ o(
!hi) -u(-o)e2 !he)e !e)!) )hall ,e ca(eully /e)igne/ !o challenge !he +o/el -(e/ic!ion) u)e/ a) ,a)i) o(
6ualiica!ion o( !o challenge )-eciic ailu(e +echani)+)1
3u(!he( /i)cu))ion i) -(o.i/e/ in !he ollo0ing1
"uality assurance tests
Quali!y a))u(ance !e)!) a(e -e(o(+e/ /u(ing +anuac!u(ing !o coni(+ co+-liance o !he a)--(o/uce/ -(o/uc!
0i!h )-eciica!ion)1
G&idance note9
Quali!y a))u(ance !e)!) )hall ,e u)e/ !o .e(iy !he 6uali!y o )u--lie/ )u,)y)!e+) Eco+-onen!)82 0hen !hi) i) (e6ui(e/
!o +anage c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 e1g1 +a!e(ial -(o-e(!ie)2 /i+en)ional accu(acy2
con!a+ina!ion le.el o hy/(aulic lui/)2 elec!(ical (e)i)!ance81
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
/actory acceptance tests
3ac!o(y acce-!ance !e)!) E3AT8 )hall -(o.i/e a) +uch e.i/ence a) -o))i,le !ha! !he )y)!e+2 e6ui-+en! o(
co+-onen! i) i! o( -u(-o)e an/ -e(o(+) acco(/ing !o i!) unc!ional )-eciica!ion ,eo(e i! lea.e) !he ac!o(y1
The !e)!) (e-(e)en! -a(! o !he Quali!y Con!(ol -(oce/u(e1 They )hall -(o.i/e coni/ence !ha! g(o))
+anuac!u(ing /eec!) a(e no! -(e)en!1 The i!e+) !o ,e inclu/e/ in !he !e)!) )hall ,e !ho)e i/en!iie/ in !he
Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 #n/e(!a*ing a 3AT clea(ly /elinea!e) (e)-on)i,ili!y an/ (e/uce)
unce(!ain!y1
G&idance note9
A ac!o(y acce-!ance !e)! can ,e -e(o(+e/ 0he(e -(ac!ical in o(/e( !o (e/uce /a+age -(o,a,ili!y o( unce(!ain!y in
!he 6ualiie/ -(o/uc!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Pre and post installation tests
P(e an/ -o)! in)!alla!ion !e)!) )hall -(o.i/e e.i/ence !ha! !he -e(o(+ance o !he a)-/eli.e(e/ an/ in)!alle/
!echnology cono(+) !o Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 The)e !e)!) (e-(e)en! a -a(! o !he Quali!y Con!(ol
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &0
-(oce/u(e an/ -(o.i/e coni/ence !ha! g(o)) a))e+,ly /eec!) a(e no! -(e)en!1 All !he i!e+) i/en!iie/ in !he
Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )houl/ ,e inclu/e/ o.e( an/ a,o.e any )uch !e)!ing !ha! 0oul/ no(+ally ,e
un/e(!a*en o( -(o.en !echnology1
Pilot ,pplication
Pilo! a--lica!ion) a(e in!en/e/ !o inc(ea)e !he coni/ence in !he (elia,ili!y !h(ough /ocu+en!a!ion !ha! all
ailu(e +o/e) ha.e ,een a//(e))e/ a--(o-(ia!ely in !he -(io( 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)2 a) 0ell a) (e/ucing !he
-(o,a,ili!y o un/e!ec!e/ ailu(e +o/e)1
1- Doc&,ented E4*erience
Rele.an! e<-e(ience /a!a can ,e a .alua,le )ou(ce o e.i/ence 0hen -e(o(+ance o co+-onen!) o( unc!ion)
)hall ,e /ocu+en!e/1 E.en i e<i)!ing hi)!o(ical /a!a i) no! /i(ec!ly a--lica,le !o no.el !echnology2 i! can
-(o.i/e .alua,le in-u! !o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))4
5 :i)!o(ical /a!a can ,e o,!aine/ an/ a/Ku)!e/ !o i! !he no.el !echnology ,y e.alua!ing !he (e)-ec!i.e
/ie(ence) in eec! o !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()1
5 :i)!o(ical /a!a +ay ,e a.aila,le o( )u,-)y)!e+)2 unc!ion)2 o( in/i.i/ual co+-onen!) o !he no.el
!echnology1 Thi) can ,e u!iliDe/ 0hen !he no.el !echnology i) )u,/i.i/e/ in!o +anagea,le ele+en!) a) -a(!
o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 e)-ecially in ca)e) 0he(e !he no.el !echnology con)i)!) o )u,-
)y)!e+)2 unc!ion) an/ co+-onen!) !ha! a(e -(o.en2 ,u! -u! !oge!he( in a ne0 an/ /ie(en! 0ay1
:ence2 hi)!o(ical /a!a can ,e ei!he( ,e /i(ec!ly a--lie/ !o -a(!) o !he !echnology2 o( a--lie/ 0i!h )o+e
a/Ku)!+en! !o !a*e /ie(ence) in conigu(a!ion o( a--lica!ion in!o accoun!1 A--1E inclu/e) a +o(e /e!aile/
/i)cu))ion on !hi) )u,Kec!1 See al)o gui/ance no!e in Sec1PG1H1&Q1
1# Methods to Doc&,ent Uncertaint(@ !ro.a.ilit( o" Fail&re and Margins
The (ele.an! )ou(ce) o unce(!ain!y o( !he 6ualiica!ion )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/1
G&idance note9
#nce(!ain!ie) a(e !y-ically (ela!e/ !o !he ollo0ing -a(a+e!e()4
Robustness
- in-u! -a(a+e!e()
- e((oneou) o-e(a!ion
- in!e(ace)
- lui/ lo0 an/ en.i(on+en!
- loa/)
- analy)i)
- !e)!)
- a,(ica!ion !ole(ance)
- !(an)-o(!a!ion
- in)!alla!ion
- o-e(a!ion
- e<!(e+e li+i!
- co+,ine/2 o.e(all +a(gin) an/ (elia,ili!y1
argins towards typical failure modes
- +a!e(ial /eg(a/a!ion
- e<cee/ing !ole(ance li+i!)
- elec!(ical in)ula!ion /eg(a/a!ion
- clogging
- lea*
- (o!o( /yna+ic) -ailu(e
- )!(eng!h )!a!ic - ailu(e
- )!(eng!h /yna+ic - ailu(e
- i+-ac! (e)i)!ance - ailu(e
- -a(!icle in!e(ac!ion) - ailu(e
- +echani)+) - ailu(e
- unc!ion ailu(e
- -o0e( ailu(e
- con!(ol an/ )en)o( ailu(e)1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Con.en!ional enginee(ing +e!ho/) no(+ally e<-(e)) )ae!y +a(gin) a) =)ae!y ac!o()> !ha! accoun! o( !he
un/e(lying unce(!ain!ie)1
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &1
I! i) acce-!a,le !o a/o-! !he +a(gin) )-eciie/ in a .ali/a!e/ )e! o (e6ui(e+en!) E)uch a) an a--lica,le )!an/a(/2
in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o( )-eciica!ion82 -(o.i/e/ unce(!ain!ie) accoun!e/ o( ,y !he +a(gin) ,e !he )a+e a) !ho)e o
!he no.el !echnology1 Thi) e.alua!ion )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ a) -a(! o !he .ali/a!ion o (e6ui(e+en!)1
I !he unce(!ain!ie) accoun!e/ o( ,y !he )!an/a(/2 in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o( )-eciica!ion /ie( (o+ !ho)e o !he
no.el !echnology2 !he )a+e +a(gin) )hall no! ,e u)e/ /i(ec!ly1 I! i) !hen acce-!a,le !o )u,)!an!ia!e !ha! an
e6ui.alen! )ae!y le.el i) achie.e/ a) !he le.el i+-lie/ ,y !he (ele.an! )!an/a(/2 in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o(
)-eciica!ion1
I no (ele.an! )!an/a(/2 in/u)!(y -(ac!ice o( )-eciica!ion i) a.aila,le2 !he -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e )hall ,e
/e!e(+ine/ ,a)e/ on ,e)! in/u)!(y -(ac!ice1
G&idance note9
The(e a(e ou( a--(oache) !o /e!e(+ining !he -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e4
&8 Enginee(ing Ku/ge+en!1
28 S!a!i)!ical e.i/ence (o+ !e)!ing o( iel/ e<-e(ience1
38 P(o,a,ili!ie) /eine/ !h(ough a--lica!ion o )!an/a(/)1
A8 P(o,a,ili!ie) oun/ ,y )!(uc!u(al (elia,ili!y +e!ho/) E-(o,a,ili)!ic +e!ho/81
A -(o,a,ili!y ,a)e/ on enginee(ing Ku/ge+en! 0ill in )o+e o(+ ,e ,a)e/ on )!a!i)!ical e.i/ence !h(ough e<-e(ience1
Pe()onal 6ualiica!ion) a(e hence o i+-o(!ance a) /i)cu))e/ in Sec1PA1AQ1 Thi) i+-lie) !ha! !he(e i) a )igniican!
unce(!ain!y !o !he e)!i+a!e/ -(o,a,ili!y2 0hich )hall ,e con)e(.a!i.e1
S!a!i)!ical e.i/ence (o+ !e)!ing o( iel/ e<-e(ience can ,e han/le/ ,a)e/ on ISOO) =7ui/e !o !he E<-(e))ion o
#nce(!ain!y in Mea)u(e+en!)>1
S!(uc!u(al (elia,ili!y a))e))+en! can ,e ca((ie/ ou! ,a)e/ on DNV Cla))iica!ion No!e 301@ o( o!he( e)!a,li)he/
in/u)!(y -(ac!ice1 The +e!ho/ i) illu)!(a!e/ in 3igu(e B-&2 0he(e S i) !he -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he loa/
eec!2 an/ R i) !he -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he (e)i)!ance1
3o( ailu(e +echani)+ material plastic yield* S i) !he -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he )!(e)) in (e)-on)e !o !he
a--lie/ loa/2 an/ R i) !he -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he yiel/ )!(e))1 3ailu(e occu() 0hen S e<cee/) R a)
illu)!(a!e/ ,y !he (ange 0he(e !he /i)!(i,u!ion) o.e(la- 0i!h a non-negligi,le -(o,a,ili!y1 Quan!iica!ion o !he
-(o,a,ili!y u)e) !he Koin! -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion
R2S
1
Fig&re 161
The *ro.a.ilit( densit( distri.&tions according to *ro.a.ilistic design@ indicating the range 8here the
distri.&tions o7erla* 8ith a non6negligi.le *ro.a.ilit( densit(
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
S R f
R*S
0r*s1
R*S
-ec.(% ,@ecution of the Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &2
12 E4ec&tion o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan
&'ecution of the Technology "ualification Plan should document the performance margins for the failure
modes of concern.
121 %ntrod&ction
The e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan u)ually (e-(e)en!) !he +ain co)! in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion -(oce))2 an/ +ay ,e !i+e con)u+ing co+-a(e/ !o !he -(e.iou) )!e-)1 I! i) !he(eo(e i+-o(!an! !ha!
!he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) a(e 0ell cho)en an/ -lanne/ in o(/e( !o /e(i.e !he +a<i+u+ .alue (o+ !he
in.e)!+en! in !i+e an/ (e)ou(ce)2 ,y gene(a!ing !he ino(+a!ion nee/e/ !o a//(e)) !he i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e)1
The e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan con)i)!) o !he ollo0ing *ey )!e-)4
5 Ca((ying ou! !he ac!i.i!ie) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1
5 Collec!ing an/ /ocu+en!ing !he /a!a gene(a!e/ ,y !he (e)-ec!i.e 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
5 En)u(ing !(acea,ili!y o !hi) /a!a1
5 De!e(+ining !he -e(o(+ance +a(gin o( each ailu(e +o/e1
G&idance note9
I !he(e i) a /elay ,e!0een !he /e.elo-+en! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan an/ i!) e<ecu!ion2 i! i) (eco++en/e/
!ha! i! )houl/ ,e (e.ie0e/ !o en)u(e !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) )!ill -(o-e(ly a//(e)) !he ailu(e +o/e) o conce(n4
5 Chec*M .e(iy !ha! !he -lanne/ ac!i.i!y o( each ailu(e +o/e 0ill a//(e)) !he -e(o(+ance +a(gin) o conce(n1
Nill !he -lanne/ !e)! in/ !he -e(o(+ance +a(gin !o !he )-eciie/ o-e(a!ional (e6ui(e+en!) 0i!h !he /e)i(e/ le.el
o coni/enceR
5 Chec* !ha! !he o-e(a!ional li+i!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) a(e co((ec! o( each ailu(e +o/e
o conce(n1 Chec* 0i!h !he C(i!ical Pa(a+e!e() $i)!1
5 Ve(iy !ha! !he -lanne/ !e)!) 0ill .ali/a!e !he analy!ical +o/elE)81
5 Ve(iy !he le.el o accu(acy1
5 Ou!line 0ha! i) )uicien! e.i/ence an/ ho0 e.i/ence )houl/ ,e gene(a!e/ an/ /ocu+en!e/1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The ac!i.i!ie) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )hall ,e e<ecu!e/ a) )-eciie/2 unle)) !he /e.ia!ion i)
-lanne/ i1e1 i! )!e+) (o+ !he i!e(a!ion -(oce))1
The a))u+-!ion) an/ con/i!ion) !ha! nee/ !o ,e ulille/ ,y !he 6ualiie/ !echnology )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/1
12$ Fail&re Mode Detection D&ring )&ali"ication
3ailu(e +o/e) /e!ec!e/ /u(ing !he 6uali!y con!(ol a! +anuac!u(ing2 6ualiica!ion !e)!)2 a,(ica!ion acce-!ance
!e)!) o( la!e( o-e(a!ion) )hall ,e (eco(/e/ an/ /ocu+en!e/1 The /ocu+en!a!ion )hall inclu/e !he /a!e /e!ec!e/2
!he /e)c(i-!ion o !he ailu(e +o/e2 o!he( o,)e(.a!ion) an/ !he i/en!i!y o !he o(igina!o(1
Nhen a ailu(e o( ailu(e +o/e i) /e!ec!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 !he occu((ence o !he
ailu(e +o/e )hall ,e e.alua!e/ 0i!h (ega(/ !o !he !h(ee ollo0ing ca)e)4
&8 3ailu(e +o/e occu((e/ 0i!hin !he e<-ec!e/ (e6uency o occu((ence acco(/ing !o !he analy)i)1
28 3ailu(e +o/e occu((e/ 0i!h a highe( (e6uency o occu((ence1
38 3ailu(e +o/e ha) no! ,een con)i/e(e/1
In ca)e & no u(!he( ac!ion nee/) !o ,e !a*en1 In ca)e 2 !he ,a)ic a))u+-!ion) o( !he (e6uency o occu((ence
)hall ,e (e-e.alua!e/1 Thi) (e-e.alua!ion )hall inclu/e i+-lica!ion) o( all +o/el) u)e/1 In ca)e 3 !he ailu(e
+o/e nee/) !o ,e con)i/e(e/ an/ i oun/ (ele.an! +u)! ,e inclu/e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
12' Collection and Doc&,entation o" Data
The /ocu+en!e/ e.i/ence (o+ !he e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )hall ena,le !he
-e(o(+ance a))e))+en! )!e- !o ,e ca((ie/ ou!1 The /a!a collec!ion an/ i!) /ocu+en!a!ion )houl/ ,e -e(o(+e/
a! !he le.el o /e!ail (ele.an! o( !he /e.elo-+en! )!age o !he !echnology1
The 6uali!y o !he /a!a gene(a!e/ an/ co+-liance 0i!h !he )-eciica!ion in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan
)hall ,e e.alua!e/1
The ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e( ESec1PG1&Q8 )hall ,e u)e/ !o ollo0 u- !he /a!a collec!ion an/ !he o.e(all 6ualiica!ion
o !he !echnology1
G&idance note9
An elec!(onic /a!a,a)e +ay ,e u)e/ o( !hi) -u(-o)e 0hen !he !echnology ha) +any -a(!)2 )u,-)y)!e+) o( ailu(e
+o/e)2 i1e1 in e<ce)) o 2H1 The -u(-o)e o !hi) /a!a,a)e i) !o4
Kee- !(ac* o !he 6ualiica!ion /e.elo-+en! o( each ailu(e +o/e an/ o( each -a(! )u,-)y)!e+1
An elec!(onic /a!a,a)e )hall ,e a((ange/ !o allo0 o( au!o+a!ic )o(!ing 0i!h !he -u(-o)e !o e<!(ac! an/ -(e)en! *ey
/a!a an/ i))ue) in -(io(i!y1 Thi) can inclu/e4
-ec.(% ,@ecution of the Technology 7ualification !lan . !age &4
&8 !he ailu(e +echani)+) 0i!hin !he +e/iu+ an/ high (i)* a(ea
28 !he ailu(e +echani)+) 0i!h )ho(!e)! !i+e !o ailu(e
38 !he -a(!) o( )u,-)y)!e+) 0i!h )ho(!e)! !i+e !o ailu(e
A8 -a(!) )u,Kec! !o )i+ila( !y-e ailu(e +echani)+)
H8 co++on-+o/e ailu(e)
@8 !he ailu(e +echani)+) (ela!e/ !o !he (i)* ca!ego(iDa!ion o !he !echnology1
A--en/i< A illu)!(a!e) a )i+-le o(+ o )uch an elec!(onic /a!a,a)e chec*li)! ,a)e/ on a )-(ea/-)hee! 0i!h /a!a,a)e
acili!ie)1 Thi) allo0) o( )o(!ing ,a)e/ on ino(+a!ion in any o !he colu+n)1
Each (e.i)ion o !he chec*li)! )hall ,e i/en!iie/ a) 0ell a) !he )ou(ce) o( in-u! in!o !he chec*li)!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
In o(/e( !o en)u(e !(acea,ili!y2 !he /a!a )hall ,e o(ganiDe/ in )uch a +anne( !ha! !he(e i) a clea( lin* ,e!0een
!he )!e-) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))2 (o+ !he Technology Qualiica!ion ,a)i) !o Pe(o(+ance
A))e))+en!1 I! )hall ,e -o))i,le !o !(ace !he !h(ea!) !ha! ha.e ,een i/en!iie/2 ho0 !hey ha.e ,een a//(e))e/
E!e)!)2 analy)i)2 -(e.iou) e<-e(ience2 e!c182 0ha! e.i/ence ha) ,een /e.elo-e/ E!e)! an/ analy)i) (e-o(!)82 an/
ho0 !ha! e.i/ence +ee!) (e6ui(e+en!) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
Thi) -(o.i/e) o--o(!uni!y o( in/e-en/en! (e.ie0 o !he 6ualiica!ion conclu)ion) an/ 0ill ena,le (eu)e o
e.i/ence in u!u(e -(oKec!)2 e1g1 6ualiica!ion o (eine/ .e()ion) o !he !echnology o( o!he( !echnology ,a)e/
on ele+en!) o !hi) !echnology1
-ec.(( !erformance #ssessment . !age &5
11 !er"or,ance Assess,ent
The o,Kec!i.e o Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en! i) !o +ea)u(e )ucce)) ,y (e.ie0ing !he a.aila,le 6ualiica!ion
e.i/ence ESec1&08 again)! !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ESec1@81 In !he inal i!e(a!ion2 !hi) i+-lie)
coni(+a!ion !ha! !he !echnology +ee!) all i!) (e6ui(e+en!)2 an/ ,o!h (i)* an/ unce(!ain!y ha.e ,een (e/uce/
!o acce-!a,le le.el)1 In ea(lie( i!e(a!ion)2 0he(e heal!h2 )ae!y o( !he en.i(on+en! )hall no! ,e co+-(o+i)e/2 a
Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en! can inclu/e a Ku/ge+en! !ha! !he (i)* an/ unce(!ain!y (ela!ing !o !he (e+aining -a(!
o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan i) acce-!a,le1
111 %ntrod&ction
The -u(-o)e o !hi) Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en! i) !o -(o.i/e coni/ence an/ (e+o.e unce(!ain!y (o+ !he lin*)
,e!0een !he e.i/ence2 ailu(e +o/e) an/ !he (e6ui(e+en!) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 I !he
a))e))+en! conclu/e) !ha! )o+e unc!ional (e6ui(e+en!) o !he !echnology a(e no! +e!2 (i)* con!(ol o-!ion)
E+o/iica!ion o !he !echnology8 an/ u(!he( 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) can ,e i/en!iie/1 Thi) can inclu/e
!igh!ening o !he o-e(a!ing en.elo-e2 o( !o enhance in)-ec!ion2 +ain!enance an/ (e-ai( )!(a!egie) !o +ee! !he
(e6ui(e+en!) ,a)e/ on !he e<i)!ing e.i/ence1 I none o !he)e a(e ea)i,le2 !he Technology Qualiica!ion ha)
aile/1
Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en!) can al)o ,e ca((ie/ ou! a! /eine/ -oin!) /u(ing o-e(a!ion2 !o coni(+ !ha! !he
o-e(a!ion) a(e 0i!hin !he a))u+-!ion) con!aine/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
Key )!e-) o !he Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en! a(e !o4
5 In!e(-(e! !he e.i/ence in !he )-eciic con!e<! o !he !echnology2 !o accoun! o( )i+-liica!ion) an/
a))u+-!ion) +a/e 0hen !he e.i/ence 0a) gene(a!e/2 an/ li+i!a!ion) an/ a--(o<i+a!ion) in !he +e!ho/)
u)e/1
5 Coni(+ !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) ha.e ,een ca((ie/ ou!2 an/ !ha! !he acce-!ance c(i!e(ia ha.e ,een
+e!1 A *ey -a(! o !hi) coni(+a!ion i) !o ca((y ou! a ga- analy)i) !o en)u(e !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence
o( each i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e ESec1G8 +ee!) !he acce-!ance c(i!e(ia1
5 Pe(o(+ a )en)i!i.i!y analy)i) o (ele.an! -a(a+e!e( eec!)1
5 A))e)) !he coni/ence !ha! ha) ,een ,uil! in!o !he 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence !h(ough !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
Thi) )hall con)i/e( !he e<!en! !o 0hich !e)! )-eciica!ion) ha.e ,een in/e-en/en!ly (e.ie0e/2 an/ !e)!)
0i!ne))e/ ,y an in/e-en/en! -a(!y1
5 Co+-a(e !he ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y o( -e(o(+ance +a(gin o( each i/en!iie/ ailu(e +o/e o conce(n 0i!h !he
(e6ui(e+en!) lai/ /o0n in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 E.i/ence )hall ,e -(o-aga!e/ o( in/i.i/ual
ele+en!) o no.el !echnology an/ (e.ie0e/ again)! !he en!i(e )y)!e+ co.e(e/ ,y !he Technology
Qualiica!ion1
Nhen -a(a+e!e( eec!) a(e -(e/ic!e/ ,y +o/el)2 !he a))e))+en! +u)! inclu/e .ali/a!ion o !he +o/el) u)e/1
Nhen )e(.ice (eco(/) a(e u)e/ in !he a))e))+en!2 !he con/i!ion) in 0hich !he (eco(/ing) 0e(e +a/e )hall ,e
accoun!e/ o(I an/ !he a))e))+en! )hall con)i/e( ho0 !he in!en/e/ )e(.ice con/i!ion) /ie(1
Nhen e.i/ence (o+ co+-onen! o( -(o!o!y-e !e)!) i) u)e/2 !he a))e))+en! )hall accoun! o( !he ac!ual
!ole(ance) achie.e/ in !he o,Kec!) !e)!e/2 (ela!i.e !o !he !ole(ance) )-eciie/ o( !he !echnologyI !he(e,y
accoun!ing o( any /e.ia!ion) ,e!0een !he -e(o(+ance o !he !e)! o,Kec!) an/ !ho)e al(ea/y in -(o/uc!ion1
The 6ualiica!ion conclu)ion) +igh! (e-(e)en! a )ae )e(.ice en.elo-e E!ha! 0oul/ -e(+i! )ae o-e(a!ion a! an
acce-!a,le le.el o (i)*8 ,eyon/ !he o-e(a!ing con/i!ion) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 Thi)
can )i+-liy (e-6ualiica!ion o( +o/iie/ o-e(a!ing c(i!e(ia2 i1e1 a 0i/e( )e(.ice con!e<!1
11$ Relia.ilit(
11$1 General
I a (elia,ili!y !a(ge! i) )!a!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)2 !hen a 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y a))e))+en!
)hall ,e ca((ie/ ou!2 !a*ing in!o accoun! ino(+a!ion (o+ !he e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1
3o( !i+e-/e-en/en! ailu(e)2 !he e)!i+a!e/ !i+e !o ailu(e )hall ,e (ee((e/ !o a )-eciie/ !i+e (ee(ence2 e1g1 !he
o.e(all E!o!al8 )y)!e+ lie!i+e o( -lanne/ !i+e !o +ain!enance1
The o.e(all ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y o a )y)!e+ i) go.e(ne/ ,y4
5 !he ailu(e +o/e) o !he in/i.i/ual co+-onen!) in !he )y)!e+
5 !he -(o,a,ili!y o !he)e ailu(e +o/e)
5 !he lie!i+e -(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion2 0hich i) a unc!ion o !i+e2 )-ecial o-e(a!ion) o( o!he(
-a(a+e!e()
5 any /e-en/encie) ,e!0een co+-onen!) o( co++on cau)e) !ha! +ay lea/ !o +ul!i-le ailu(e +o/e)
5 !he con)e6uence o ailu(e +o/e) on !he )y)!e+ ailu(e (e6uency !a*ing in!o accoun! (e/un/ancy1
Se.e(al e)!a,li)he/ +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/ !o e)!i+a!e (elia,ili!y1 They a(e ,(iely /e)c(i,e/ in !he ollo0ing1
-ec.(( !erformance #ssessment . !age &6
11$$ %n*&t data
The (elia,ili!y analy)i) )hall ,e ,a)e/ on !he ailu(e +o/e) e)!a,li)he/ acco(/ing !o Sec1G1 The (elia,ili!y
analy)i) )hall ,e ,a)e/ on !he e.i/ence ga!he(e/ /u(ing e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
11$' Methods
Co++on +e!ho/) o( e)!i+a!ion o !he )y)!e+ (elia,ili!y a(e4
5 Relia,ili!y ,loc* /iag(a+ !echni6ue ER9D82 0hich con)i/e() )y)!e+ 0i!h co+-onen!) in )e(ie) an/
-a(allel1
5 3aul! !(ee analy)i) E3TA82 0hich con)i/e() co+,ina!ion) o )u,)y)!e+)2 lo0e(-le.el aul!) an/ co+-onen!
aul!)1 3TA i) a !o--/o0n analy)i)2 an/ !he(eo(e ha) !o ,e (e-ea!e/ o( each !o- e.en!1
5 Mon!e Ca(lo )i+ula!ion o R9D)2 3T) o( +o(e co+-le< )y)!e+) u!iliDing )o+e )ui!a,le )o!0a(e !ool1
The )!an/a(/ oun/ ,e)! !o /e)c(i,e !he)e )y)!e+) i)4 9S HC@04 Pa(! 2 E&BBA82 Relia,ili!y o )y)!e+)2 e6ui-+en!
an/ co+-onen!)2 Pa(! 21 7ui/e !o a))e))+en! o (elia,ili!y1
ISO 20G&H /e)c(i,e) !he +o/elling o -(o/uc!ion )y)!e+)1
G&idance note9
A (elia,ili!y goal +igh! ,e B0U -(o,a,ili!y o no !o!al unc!ion ailu(e 0i!hin !he )-eciie/ !i+e1
Many ailu(e +echani)+) a(e (ela!e/ !o !i+e an/ o-e(a!ion)1 They ha.e an inc(ea)ing -(o,a,ili!y o occu((ence 0i!h
)e(.ice lie1 In !he analy)i)2 !hi) eec! i) /e)c(i,e/ ,y !he -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion1 :ence i! i) o -a(!icula( i+-o(!ance
!o e)!a,li)h a /i)!(i,u!ion o( !he ailu(e 0i!h highe)! (i)*1
3ailu(e) occu((ing in !he ea(ly -ha)e) o o-e(a!ion a(e o!en (ela!e/ !o +anuac!u(e o( in)!alla!ion1 A high 6uali!y o
-(e-in)!alla!ion chec*) an/ !e)!) u-on in)!alla!ion 0ill (e/uce )uch (i)*1 The(eo(e !he analy)i) )houl/ inclu/e a ocu)
on !he eec!) o )uch chec*) an/ !e)!)2 a) 0ell a) 6uali!y +anage+en! -(ac!ice) !o -(e.en! aul!) (o+ occu((ing in
!he i()! -lace1
3o( a co+-le< )y)!e+2 !he )y)!e+ (elia,ili!y an/ i!) a))ocia!e/ /i)!(i,u!ion +ay ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,y )i+ula!ion
!echni6ue)1
A co+-le< )y)!e+ ha) +any ailu(e +o/e)2 each 0i!h i!) a))ocia!e/ ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion1 The )y)!e+
(elia,ili!y an/ i!) a))ocia!e/ /i)!(i,u!ion +ay ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,y Mon!e Ca(lo )i+ula!ion !echni6ue)1 The )y)!e+
(elia,ili!y i) calcula!e/ a la(ge nu+,e( o !i+e)1 3o( each calcula!ion a ne0 ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y i) /e!e(+ine/ o( each
ailu(e +o/e /(a0n (o+ !he )!a!i)!ical /i)!(i,u!ion o !ha! -a(!icula( ailu(e +o/e1 The (e)ul!ing )y)!e+ (elia,ili!y
.alue) a// u- !o o(+ a ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion o( !he o.e(all )y)!e+1 The )y)!e+ +ean !i+e !o ailu(e an/
o!he( )!a!i)!ical -a(a+e!e()2 )uch a) lo0e( acce-!ance 6uan!ile2 )ay2 B0U -(o,a,ili!y o no ailu(e2 +ay ,e calcula!e/
,a)e/ on !hi) /i)!(i,u!ion1
The(e i) a (ange o co+-u!e( -(og(a+) on !he +a(*e! o( !hi) -u(-o)e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Nhen (ele.an! (elia,ili!y /a!a a(e lac*ing2 )!(uc!u(al (elia,ili!y a))e))+en! ESRA8 +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/ !o
e)!i+a!e !he (elia,ili!y o no.el )!(uc!u(al ele+en!) an/ co+-onen!)1 SRA i) ,a)e/ on +o/el) o !he ailu(e
+echani)+)1 So+e gene(al -(inci-le) a(e -(o.i/e/ in ISO 23BA4 7ene(al P(inci-le) on Relia,ili!y o(
S!(uc!u(e)2 0he(ea) +o(e -(ac!ical gui/ance i) -(o.i/e/ ,y DNV Cla))iica!ion No!e 301@4 S!(uc!u(al
Relia,ili!y Analy)i) o Ma(ine S!(uc!u(e)1 The)e +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/ 0hene.e( a ailu(e +o/e can ,e
(e-(e)en!e/ a) a li+i! )!a!e unc!ion E+o/el8 o(+ula!e/ in !e(+) o (an/o+ .a(ia,le) !ha! (e-(e)en! !he (ele.an!
)ou(ce) o unce(!ain!y1
11' Decision6,a5ing
The Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en! conclu/e) 0i!h !he a--oin!e/ /eci)ion-+a*e( conclu/ing 0he!he( o( no! a
)-eciic +ile)!one E6ualiica!ion )!a!e8 in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e ha) ,een (eache/1
In gene(al2 !he /eci)ion-+a*ing i) ,a)e/ on4
5 De+on)!(a!ion o co+-liance 0i!h !he (e6ui(e+en!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
5 "u/ge+en! - -(e)en!e/ ,y e<-e(!) o( an in/e-en/en! -a(!y ? 0he!he( o( no! !he )-eciie/ /e.elo-+en! )!age
ha) ,een (eache/1
5 The coni/ence !ha! !he /eci)ion-+a*e() ha.e ac6ui(e/ !h(ough !hei( ,e!!e( un/e()!an/ing o !he no.el
!echnology1
Thi) -o)i!i.e o( nega!i.e ou!co+e con)!i!u!e) !he /eli.e(a,le o Technology Qualiica!ion a) /e)c(i,e/ in !hi)
Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice2 an/ i) !he only +ea)u(e o !he coni/ence !ha! ha) ,een e)!a,li)he/ in !he !echnology1
#pp.# )hecklist " =ailure >echanisms " Data 8ase . !age 0%
A!!END%G A CHECHA%ST 6 FA%AURE MECHAN%SMS 6 DATA 0ASE
A1 Fail&re ,echanis,s chec5list
Ta,le A-& (e-(e)en!) a !a,le layou! co+,ining /a!a nee/e/ !o ollo0 u- ailu(e +echani)+) a) 0ell a) gene(al
3MEA ? 3MECA /a!a1 I! i) -(ac!ical !o a((ange !hi) in a /a!a,a)e !o ena,le au!o+a!ic )o(!ing an/ ollo0 u-
!he ailu(e +o/e) o conce(n2 ailu(e +echani)+)2 an/ i!e+) o ne0 !echnology1 The 3MEA ? 3MECA /a!a
a(e no(+ally o in!e(e)! in !he ea(ly /e.elo-+en! -ha)e)2 0hen (i)* i) a))ocia!e/ 0i!h ca!ego(ie) o( -(o,a,ili!y
an/ con)e6uence1
The le! -a(! o !he !a,le (ela!e) !o !he (elia,ili!y /a!a collec!ion2 0hen ocu) i) on /ocu+en!ing lie!i+e o( !he
ailu(e +echani)+)1 The /e)i(a,le /eg(ee o co+-le!ene)) 0hen illing ou! !he !a,le /e-en/) on !he la!e( u)e
an/ !he e<-ec!e/ (e)ul!) (o+ au!o+a!ic )o(!ing1 Ne0 line) nee/ !o ,e in)e(!e/ in !he !a,le /u(ing !he
/e.elo-+en! an/ 6ualiica!ion1 The -(ac!ical i/en!iica!ion o !he line) 0ill !he(eo(e ,e !he -a(! nu+,e( an/
ailu(e +echani)+ !y-e1 The ID nu+,e( only ollo0) !he )e6uence o in)e(!)2 unle)) i! i) /eci/e/ !o u)e a
)e6uen!ial nu+,e( lin*e/ only !o !he -a(! nu+,e( an/ ailu(e +o/e1
Ter, De"inition
$D I/en!iica!ion nu+,e(
/ailure
echanism Type/
Root cause
See RP
Part %o The -a(! nu+,e(E)8 i/en!iying !he -a(!) on an a((ange+en! /(a0ing E-o)i!ion nu+,e()8 o(
)u,)y)!e+ i/en!iica!ion on a )che+a!ic )y)!e+ a((ange+en!
Ris! -at. Ri)* Ca!ego(y4
5 $ V $o0
5 M V Me/iu+ o(
5 : V :igh
Au!o+a!ically calcula!e/ ,a)e/ on !he (e6uency an/ con)e6uence ca!ego(y a! !he en/ o !he !a,le1
%ovelty -ategory No.el!y ca!ego(y o( !he !echnology4 Ranging (o+ & !o A acco(/ing !o !he Sec1PC13Q1
TT/ Mean Ti+e To 3ailu(e1 The a.e(age !i+e !o ailu(e2 e1g1 e<-ec!ancy o a -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion2 i)
a u)eul -a(a+e!e( (o+ !he -(o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion1
2-2 $ie!i+e a! !he acce-!a,le coni/ence le.el /eine/ ,y !he acce-!ance -e(cen!ile2 3ig13-&1 E1g1 !he
lie!i+e a! a coni/ence le.el2 e1g1 BHU2 0ill change /u(ing !he 6ualiica!ion a) !he lie!i+e
-(o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion i) i+-(o.e/1
argin Ma(gin ,e!0een o-e(a!ing con/i!ion an/ ailu(e con/i!ion a) /e!e(+ine/ in !he (elia,ili!y /a!a
collec!ion1 Thi) i) in -a(!icula( (ele.an! o( ailu(e +echani)+) 0hich a(e no! /ue !o /eg(a/a!ion an/
o( 0hich =3ailu(e Ra!e> ,eco+e) i((ele.an!1
-omment Co++en!) nee/e/ !o un/e()!an/ !he ino(+a!ion gi.en1
Source The )ou(ce o( 3ailu(e (a!e) an/ Ma(gin /e!e(+ina!ion E/ocu+en! (ee(ence82 a) 0ell a)
i/en!iica!ion o !he -e()on +a*ing !he la)! (e.i)ion1
Rev $a)! (e.i)ion nu+,e( o( !he -a(!icula( ailu(e +echani)+1
Date Da!e o la)! (e.i)ion1
/ailure ode I/en!iica!ion o !he ailu(e +o/e
Detection Po))i,le +e!ho/ a))u+e/ o( /e!ec!ion o !he ailu(e +o/e
&ffect The eec! on !he o.e(all )y)!e+1
#perating phase The o-e(a!ional -ha)e o( 0hich !he ailu(e +o/e i) a))e))e/1
Service life Ta(ge! )e(.ice lie o( co+-onen!Munc!ion1
Revised
/re+uency
category
An u-/a!e/ ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y ca!ego(y /eine/ acco(/ing !o !he (i)* +a!(i<1 In-u! ino(+a!ion i)
(o+ MTT3 o( $C$1
Revised -ons.
category
An u-/a!e/ con)e6uence ca!ego(y acco(/ing !o !he (i)* +a!(i<1
$nitial /re+uency
category
The ini!ial ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y ca!ego(y1 Thi) i) -a(! o !he 6uali!y con!(ol !o !(ac* change)1 A chec*
!o en)u(e !ha! !he ailu(e +o/e i) con)i/e(e/ a!e( change)M+o/iica!ion1
$nitial -ons.
category
The ini!ial con)e6uence ca!ego(y1 Re1 a,o.e1

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Ta.le A61
$nformation for the reliability data collection ,dditional information for /&-,
$D
/ailure
mechanism
type / Root
cause
Part
%o:
Ris!
-at.
%ovelty
-at.
TT/ 2-2 argin -omment Source Rev Date
/ailure
ode
Detection &ffect
#perating
phase
Service
life
Revised
/re+uency
category
Revised
-ons.
category
$nitial
/re+uency
category
$nitial
-ons.
category
#pp.8 3tems of )oncern . )auses of =ailure >echanisms . Technology Development -tage . !age 0$
A!!END%G 0 %TEMS OF CONCERN CAUSES OF FA%AURE
MECHAN%SMS TECHNOAOGI DE=EAO!MENT STAGE
01 %ntrod&ction
$i)!e/ in !hi) a--en/i< a(e chec*li)!) !o ,e u)e/ a) gui/ance !o /ie(en! )ec!ion) o !hi) Reco++en/e/
P(ac!ice1 They a(e +ean! !o hel- !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) ei!he( ,y )i+-le o( lea/ing 6ue)!ion)2
o( /eine/ i))ue) !ha! can ea)ily ,e o.e(loo*e/ in a co+-le< !echnology1 The li)!) a(e +ean! a) e<a+-le) an/
a(e !he(eo(e no! co+-le!e1 The hea/ing) o !he ollo0ing +ain )ec!ion) (elec! !he (ela!e/ hea/ing) in !he +ain
-a(! o !he Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
0$ Technolog( )&ali"ication 0asis
0$1 S(ste, descri*tion
The ollo0ing i) (ela!e/ !o )-eciica!ion) o )y)!e+)Mco+-onen!)4
0$$ Uncertainties
The ollo0ing chec*li)! )u++a(i)e) i!e+) !ha! )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/ con!inuou)ly !h(oughou! !he /e)ign
-(oce)) 0i!h (ega(/) !o inhe(en! unce(!ain!ie)1
S(ste, descri*tion
Ca-aci!ie) ECa-aci!y (e6ui(e+en!) an/ li+i! con/i!ion) )hall ,e clea(ly )!a!e/ in !he )y)!e+ )-eciica!ion8
Ce(!iica!e)2 a--(o.al
Co+-onen! li)!)
Connec!ion)MIn!e(ace
Deli.e(y ESco-e8
Di+en)ion)
En.i(on+en!al /a!a o o-e(a!ion
3ailu(e (a!e2 lie!i+e2 a.aila,ili!y
3unc!ion /e)c(i-!ion
IMO )ignal)
In)!alla!ion
In)!(u+en!a!ion
$ayou!2 /(a0ing)
Main!enance
Moun!ing
O-e(a!ion
O-e(a!ion +anual
O-e(a!ion li+i!)
PID /ocu+en!a!ion
Pu(-o)e o !he )y)!e+
Sae!y )y)!e+)
S!an/a(/)2 (ule) an/ (egula!ion)
Sy)!e+ )-eciica!ion)
Ven/o( in!e(ace)
Analy)i)
Dyna+ic (e)-on)e)
In-u! -a(a+e!e()
In)!alla!ion
In!e(ace)
Ven/o( /eli.e(ie)
$oa/)
Sea ,e/
Te)!)
Ti+e E!o co+-le!ion2 lie!i+e2 o( o-e(a!ion8
#pp.8 3tems of )oncern . )auses of =ailure >echanisms . Technology Development -tage . !age 0&
0' Ran5ing o" Fail&re Modes
The ailu(e cau)e) ha.e ,een g(ou-e/ in ca!ego(ie)2 li*e !y-e o e6ui-+en! e!c1
0'1 Fail&re ca&ses
Materials
9(i!!le (ac!u(e
Ca!ho/ic -(o!ec!ion
Co((o)ion
E(o)ion
E<-lo)i.e /eco+-(e))ion
3a!igue
:
2
S in!e(nal an/ e<!e(nal
Ma!e(ial co+-a!i,ili!y
Ma!e(ial /eg(a/a!ion an/ ageing EMe!allic +a!e(ial)2 -oly+e()2 an/ co+-o)i!e)
Mechanical -(o-e(!ie) an/ !e+-e(a!u(e
Mig(a!ion in !he(+al in)ula!ion an/ ,uoyancy +a!e(ial)
S0elling
Mechanical e:&i*,ent
9alance
9ea(ing)
Ca.i!a!ion
I+-ac!
Ma!ingMin!e( acing
Mig(a!ion cau)ing lea*
O-e(a!ion
The(+al e<-an)ion
Vi,(a!ion
Na!e( loc*
Nea(
Electrical !o8er s(ste,s
Ageing
Connec!o() E+a!ing2 +alunc!ion8
Elec!(ical in)ula!ion /eg(a/a!ion
:igh .ol!age
$o0 .ol!age
Mig(a!ion
T(an)+i))ion lo))e)
O*tical s(ste,s
Ca,le ,(ea*
Ca,le lo))
Connec!o() lo))e)
Elec!(o-o-!ical e6ui-+en! +alunc!ion
!ne&,atic s(ste,s
Clogging
Con!a+ina!ion an/ con/en)a!ion
Con!(ol )y)!e+ lo))
P(e))u(e lo))
#pp.8 3tems of )oncern . )auses of =ailure >echanisms . Technology Development -tage . !age 00
0'$ F&nctional ele,ents
0'' %nter"acing *o8er and control s(ste, "ail&re
0+ Technolog( De7elo*,ent States and Readiness Ae7els
In/u)!(y u)e) Technology Readiness 2evels ETR$8 a) a +ea)u(e o a !echnologyL) 6ualiica!ion /e.elo-+en!
)!a!e1 The Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el can ,e /eine/ ,o!h o( a )y)!e+ an/ o( co+-onen!)1 The )cale .a(ie)
(o+ (ough i/ea) !o iel/ -(o.en !echnology2 an/ !he le.el i) no(+ally /e!e(+ine/ ,y !he a+oun! o( )cale o
-e(o(+e/ !e)!)1
Va(iou) )cale) an/ /e)c(i-!ion) a(e in u)e ,y !he in/u)!(y !o/ay1 I! )houl/ ,e .e(iie/ !ha! !he )cale !o ,e u)e/
/eine) (ele.an! (ea/ine)) le.el) o( !he !echnology ,eing 6ualiie/1
The gene(ic TR$ /eini!ion) u)e/ in in/u)!(y can ,e aligne/ 0i!h !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!a!e)2 (e1 3igu(e
A-21 9ecau)e !he acce-!ance c(i!e(ia a(e a+,iguou)2 i! i) /iicul! !o /e!e(+ine 0hen each TR$ ha) ,een
(eache/1 I i! i) (e6ui(e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e !o i/en!iy TR$)2 !hen -(oKec! )-eciic
acce-!ance c(i!e(ia )houl/ ,e /e.elo-e/ o( each (ele.an! TR$1
TR$) -(o.i/e a high-le.el +ea)u(e o !he -(og(e)) o !he !echnology /e.elo-+en!2 an/ !he a))ocia!e/
6ualiica!ion )!a!e2 )ui!a,le o( co+-a(ing )i+ila( !echnologie)1
Nhen Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el i) u)e/ in conKunc!ion 0i!h 6ualiica!ion o !echnology !o co++unica!e !he
H(dra&lic s(ste,s
Clogging
Con!a+ina!ion
Con!(ol )y)!e+ lo))
:y/(aulic lui/ /eg(a/a!ion an/ ageing
P(e))u(e lo))
!rocess
Clogging
Con!a+ina!ion
3lui/ lo0 change)
:y/(a!e)
In!e(nal lui/ -ha)e change)
$ea*
Re+o.al o clog)
San/
Scaling
Na<
=endor deli7eries
$ac* o un/e()!an/ing o in!e(ace) 0i!h /eli.e(e/ -a(!)
$ac* o un/e()!an/ing o .en/o( (e6ui(e+en!)
Ro!o( /yna+ic)
Seal)
5 S!a!ic )o! )eal)
5 Dyna+ic )o! )eal)
5 S!a!ic ha(/ )eal)
5 Dyna+ic ha(/ )eal)
5 Dyna+ic lui/ )eal)
Soil in!e(ac!ion)
S!(eng!h /yna+ic
S!(eng!h )!a!ic
Elec!(ic -o0e(
Elec!(onic con!(ol an/ )en)o( ailu(e)
:y/(aulic
Manual
So!0a(e
6ualiica!ion )!a!e2 i! )hall ,e .e(iia,le !h(ough e.i/ence (o+ 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) acco(/ing !o !hi)
Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
E<-e(ience ha) )ho0n !ha! high ocu) on TR$ a))e))+en!) can (e6ui(e a lo! o !i+e an/ (e)ou(ce) an/ /oe) no!
con!(i,u!e !o enhancing !he !echnology1
3o( !hi) (ea)on i! i) (eco++en/e/ !o co+-le+en! !he u)e o TR$) 0i!h o!he( 0ay) o a))e))ing 6ualiica!ion
)!a!u)1 Tha! can ,e -(og(e)) !o0a(/) )-eciie/ +ile)!one)2 -(oKec! (i)* a))e))+en! conce(ning )che/ule an/
,u/ge! (i)*)2 an/ a))e))+en! !he (i)* o ailing !o achie.e 6ualiica!ion1
Ta,le 9-& )ho0) !he TR$) /eine/ in ,y #S DoD Technology Rea/ine)) A))e))+en! ETRA8 De)*,oo* E"uly
200B81 They a(e )u--o(!e/ ,y /e!aile/ gui/ance in !he De)*,oo* on !he u)e o !he TR$) !ha! i) (ele.an! o( !he
in!en/e/ +ili!a(y a--lica!ion a(ea)1 Ta,le 9-2 ,elo0 )ho0) !he TR$) /eine/ in API &CN2 Reco++en/e/
P(ac!ice o( Su,)ea P(o/uc!ion Sy)!e+ Relia,ili!y an/ Technical Ri)* Manage+en! E200B81 De!aile/ gui/ance
)i+ila( !o !ha! in !he DoD De)*,oo* i) no! a.aila,le o( )u,)ea )y)!e+)1 The)e !a,le) a(e )ho0n o( ino(+a!ion
-u(-o)e only1
Ta.le 061 TRAs de"ined .( US DoD
TRA US DoD Des5.oo5 Descri*tion "or hard8are
0 JNot &sedK
& 9a)ic -(inci-le) o,)e(.e/ an/
(e-o(!e/
$o0e)! le.el o !echnology (ea/ine))1 Scien!iic (e)ea(ch ,egin) !o ,e
!(an)la!e/ in!o a--lie/ (e)ea(ch an/ /e.elo-+en! ER;D81 E<a+-le) +igh!
inclu/e -a-e( )!u/ie) o a !echnologyO) ,a)ic -(o-e(!ie)1
2 Technology conce-! an/Mo(
a--lica!ion o(+ula!e/
In.en!ion ,egin)1 Once ,a)ic -(inci-le) a(e o,)e(.e/2 -(ac!ical a--lica!ion)
can ,e in.en!e/1 A--lica!ion) a(e )-ecula!i.e2 an/ !he(e +ay ,e no -(oo o(
/e!aile/ analy)i) !o )u--o(! !he a))u+-!ion)1 E<a+-le) a(e li+i!e/ !o analy!ic
)!u/ie)1
3 Analy!ical an/ e<-e(i+en!al
c(i!ical unc!ion an/Mo(
cha(ac!e(i)!ic -(oo o conce-!1
Ac!i.e R;D i) ini!ia!e/1 Thi) inclu/e) analy!ical )!u/ie) an/ la,o(a!o(y
)!u/ie) !o -hy)ically .ali/a!e !he analy!ical -(e/ic!ion) o )e-a(a!e ele+en!)
o !he !echnology1 E<a+-le) inclu/e co+-onen!) !ha! a(e no! ye! in!eg(a!e/ o(
(e-(e)en!a!i.e
A Co+-onen! an/Mo( ,(ea/,oa(/
.ali/a!ion in a la,o(a!o(y
en.i(on+en!
9a)ic !echnological co+-onen!) a(e in!eg(a!e/ !o e)!a,li)h !ha! !hey 0ill 0o(*
!oge!he(1 Thi) i) (ela!i.ely =lo0 i/eli!y> co+-a(e/ 0i!h !he e.en!ual )y)!e+1
E<a+-le) inclu/e in!eg(a!ion o =a/ hoc> ha(/0a(e in !he la,o(a!o(y1
H Co+-onen! an/Mo( ,(ea/,oa(/
.ali/a!ion in a (ele.an!
en.i(on+en!
3i/eli!y o ,(ea/,oa(/ !echnology inc(ea)e) )igniican!ly1 The ,a)ic
!echnological co+-onen!) a(e in!eg(a!e/ 0i!h (ea)ona,ly (eali)!ic )u--o(!ing
ele+en!) )o !hey can ,e !e)!e/ in a )i+ula!e/ en.i(on+en!1 E<a+-le) inclu/e
=high-i/eli!y> la,o(a!o(y in!eg(a!ion o co+-onen!)1
@ Sy)!e+M)u,)y)!e+ +o/el o(
-(o!o!y-e /e+on)!(a!ion in a
(ele.an! en.i(on+en!
Re-(e)en!a!i.e +o/el o( -(o!o!y-e )y)!e+2 0hich i) 0ell ,eyon/ !ha! o TR$
H2 i) !e)!e/ in a (ele.an! en.i(on+en!1 Re-(e)en!) a +aKo( )!e- u- in a
!echnologyO) /e+on)!(a!e/ (ea/ine))1 E<a+-le) inclu/e !e)!ing a -(o!o!y-e in
a high-i/eli!y la,o(a!o(y en.i(on+en! o( in a )i+ula!e/ o-e(a!ional
en.i(on+en!1
C Sy)!e+ -(o!o!y-e /e+on)!(a!ion
in an o-e(a!ional en.i(on+en!
P(o!o!y-e nea( o( a! -lanne/ o-e(a!ional )y)!e+1 Re-(e)en!) a +aKo( )!e- u-
(o+ TR$ @ ,y (e6ui(ing /e+on)!(a!ion o an ac!ual )y)!e+ -(o!o!y-e in an
o-e(a!ional en.i(on+en! Ee1g12 in an ai(c(a!2 in a .ehicle2 o( in )-ace81
G Ac!ual )y)!e+ co+-le!e/ an/
6ualiie/ !h(ough !e)! an/
/e+on)!(a!ion
Technology ha) ,een -(o.en !o 0o(* in i!) inal o(+ an/ un/e( e<-ec!e/
con/i!ion)1 In al+o)! all ca)e)2 !hi) TR$ (e-(e)en!) !he en/ o !(ue )y)!e+
/e.elo-+en!1 E<a+-le) inclu/e /e.elo-+en!al !e)! an/ e.alua!ion EDT;E8
o !he )y)!e+ in i!) in!en/e/ 0ea-on )y)!e+ !o /e!e(+ine i i! +ee!) /e)ign
)-eciica!ion)1
B Ac!ual )y)!e+ -(o.en !h(ough
)ucce))ul +i))ion o-e(a!ion)
Ac!ual a--lica!ion o !he !echnology in i!) inal o(+ an/ un/e( +i))ion
con/i!ion)2 )uch a) !ho)e encoun!e(e/ in o-e(a!ional !e)! an/ e.alua!ion
EOT;E81 E<a+-le) inclu/e u)ing !he )y)!e+ un/e( o-e(a!ional +i))ion
con/i!ion)1
Ta.le 06$ TRAs de"ined in A!% 1/N
TRA A!% 1/N
0 Un*ro7en Conce*t
9a)ic R;D2 -a-e( conce-!
& !ro7en Conce*t
P(oo o conce-! a) a -a-e( )!u/y o( R;D e<-e(i+en!)
2 =alidated Conce*t
E<-e(i+en!al -(oo o conce-! u)ing -hy)ical +o/el !e)!)
3 !rotot(*e Tested
Sy)!e+ unc!ion2 -e(o(+ance an/ (elia,ili!y !e)!e/
A En7iron,ent Tested
P(e--(o/uc!ion )y)!e+ en.i(on+en! !e)!e/
H S(ste, Tested
P(o/uc!ion )y)!e+ in!e(ace !e)!e/
@ S(ste, %nstalled
P(o/uc!ion )y)!e+ in)!alle/ an/ !e)!e/
C Field !ro7en
P(o/uc!ion )y)!e+ iel/ -(o.en
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 04
A!!END%G C EGAM!AES OF A!!A%CAT%ON
C1 %ntrod&ction
Thi) a--en/i< inclu/e) e<a+-le) o !he a--lica!ion o !he +e!ho/) /e)c(i,e/ in !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice
o( (eal e6ui-+en! a) an e<!en/e/ gui/ance4
5 a )u,)ea ,oo)!e( -u+-2 3(a+o Ein)!alle/ on $ueng8
5 6ualiica!ion o a co+-onen! !o ,e +a))--(o/uce/ an/ u)e/ in /ie(en! )y)!e+)
5 a )u,)ea +ul!i-ha)e -u+-I K.J(ne( Eu(e*a E/e+on)!(a!o( o( !he /e.elo-+en! -(oKec!81
C$ A S&.sea 0ooster !&,*@ Fra,o
C$1 %ntrod&ction
-.3.4.4 &'ample
Thi) e<a+-le -u+- i) )i+ila( !o a -u+-2 0hich ha) ,een in o-e(a!ion )ince "anua(y &BBG in 330+ 0a!e( /e-!h
in !he Sou!h China Sea2 on !he iel/ !e(+e/ =$ueng>1 The -u+- ha) ,een /e)igne/ an/ +anuac!u(e/ ,y 3(a+o
Enginee(ing AS1
-.3.4.3 ,pplied data
The !echnical /a!a u)e/ in !hi) e<a+-le i) ,a)e/ on ino(+a!ion gene(ally a.aila,le on !he In!e(ne!1 The
a.aila,le (eal /a!a i) !he(eo(e li+i!e/1 Nhen )u--le+en!a(y /a!a i) nee/e/ o( illu)!(a!ion2 !he /a!a i) ,a)e/ on
a))u+-!ion) an/ ,e)! gue))e)1 :ence2 !hi) e<a+-le i) no! (ela!e/ !o !he ac!ual ca)e1
-.3.4.5 The e'ample set in the development time frame
The e<a+-le i) a))u+e/ !o ha.e -a))e/ a conce-! -ha)e an/ i) in!o !he /e.elo-+en! an/ enginee(ing -ha)e1
Th(oughou! !he e<a+-le2 /ie(en! )!e-) in !hi) -ha)e ha.e ocu)e/ on ho0 !o gi.e !he ,e)! e<a+-le) 0hen
u)ing !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
C$$ Technolog( )&ali"ication 0asis >Sec#?
-.3.3.4 6eneral
3o( a gene(al a((ange+en! o !he -u+- )ee 3igu(e C-31 The -u+- con)i)!) o a--(o<i+a!ely &00 i!e+) an/ H00
-a(!) Ee1g1 inclu/ing nu+,e( o ,ol!)81
-.3.3.3 -ontents of the specification
The /a!a an/ /ocu+en!a!ion li)!e/ in Ta,le C-& +u)! ,e +a/e a.aila,le o( !he Technology Qualiica!ion
P(oce))2 an/ a) !he )-eciica!ion o !he )u,)ea ,oo)!e( -u+-2 6ualiie/ acco(/ing !o !he Reco++en/e/
P(ac!ice1
Ta.le C61 A ta.le o" t(*ical re:&ired data "or the di""erent *hases o" o*eration
7ooster pump main technical
data:
Drawings
ethod of operation
3ac!)4 3lo0 (a!e4 &30 +
3
Mh
Ma<i+u+ -(e))u(e4 22G ,a(
P(e))u(e g(a/ien!4 3H ,a(
Ma< /e-!h4 330 +
Se(.ice lie4 C yea()
O-e(a!ing !e+-e(a!u(e4 AC
Me/iu+4 7a)2 oil2 0a!e( +i<!u(e
-: le.el4 H-B
Ma< 7OR4 CU
Ma< :
2
S4 H --+
Ma< CO
2
4 FF
Ma< -a(!icle )iDe4 WW
Ma< -a(!icle (a!e4 %%
Se-a(a!e in)!alla!ion Me!ho/
Ma<i+u+ loa/)4
Ma<i+u+ 0a.e heigh!)4
Ma<i+u+ )ea cu((en!)4
Ma<i+u+ lan/ing )-ee/4
Tool an/ .e))el (e6ui(e+en!)
The -u+- i) !o 0o(* in an/ con)i)! o !he ollo0ing en.i(on+en!) an/ !echnology a(ea)4
-.3.3.5 -ritical parameters list
The /i+en)ioning loa/) an/ o-e(a!ional -a(a+e!e() a(e !o ,e inclu/e/ in a li)! !o ,e u)e/ !o chec* !ha! !he)e
ha.e ,een con)i/e(e/ an/ a//(e))e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion !e)!)2 an/ !ha! any change !o !he)e -a(a+e!e() i)
(elec!e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
-.3.3.8 "ualification team
C$' Technolog( Assess,ent >Sec/?
The Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice -(o-o)e) !0o 0ay) o )u,/i.i/ing !he )y)!e+I ,a)e/ on unc!ion) o( ,a)e/ on
ha(/0a(e co+-onen!)1 9o!h !he -(o-o)e/ +e!ho/) a(e )ho0n ,elo01 The ,enei! o !he unc!ional a--(oach i)
!ha! ea(ly in !he o.e(all -(oce)) one i/en!iie) ailu(e +o/e) on a unc!ional le.el1
The )u,)ea +ul!i-ha)e -u+- i) co+-o)e/ o i!e+) no(+ally oun/ in hy/(oca(,on--(oce))ing -u+-) in
gene(al1 The !echnology no.el!y ca!ego(y i) 3 /ue !o !he ollo0ing4 The -u+- !y-e i) (ecen!ly -u! in u)e in a
no.el a--lica!ion a(ea E)u,)ea81
The =no.el> an/ c(i!ical ea!u(e) a(e4
5 :igh (elia,ili!y i) (e6ui(e/1 The(e,y )!an/a(/ co+-onen!) (e6ui(e )-ecial con)i/e(a!ion)1
5 So+e a(ea) E)u,-a))e+,lie)8 o !he -u+- /e)ign a(e no! )!an/a(/ i))ue1
5 The +ain!enance -hilo)o-hy i) no! )!an/a(/ Ea) o( a !o-)i/e a--lica!ion81
O-e(a!ion S!a(! $oa/)
Val.e )!a!u)
3lo0 con/i!ion)
Po0e( con)u+-!ion
S!o- E-lanne/8 $oa/)
3lo0 /a!a
Po0e( nee/
Shu!-in o-e(a!ion Me/iu+ /a!a
Shu!-in )hoc*
E+e(gency )hu!/o0n Po0e(
3lo0 -(o-e(!ie)
Va(ia!ion o loa/ 3lo0 /a!a
Me/iu+
Po0e(
P(e-in)!alla!ion 3ull !e+-la!e /e)c(i-!ion
Main!enance -hilo)o-hy !o!al
In!e(ace Oil an/ lu,(ica!ion
Po0e(
Sealing
S-ecial !ool)
Ve))el (e6ui(e+en!)
Me/iu+
Ta.le C6$ A list o" technologies and en7iron,ents
$tem Sub)ect
& Su,)ea o-e(a!ion) E330 + /e-!h2 in)!alla!ion) an/ (e!(ei.al8
2 Pu+- /e)ign
3 Mul!i -ha)e lo0
A Elec!(ically -o0e(e/ E(o+ !o-)i/e) uni!2 high .ol!age an/ elec!(ical +o!o( /e)ign8
H Con!(ol an/ Con/i!ion +oni!o(ing
Ta.le C6' The "ollo8ing tea, is assigned to esta.lish the "ail&re ,odes and "ail&re
,echanis, >See C=Ls >not enclosed??
Personnel Sub)ect $tems 9ears e'perience/ &ducation
M()1 $a()en Su,)ea enginee( & &22 Enginee(
M(1 Ol)en P(oce)) enginee( 3 G2 M1Sc
M()1 :an)en Elec!(ical -o0e( )y)!e+) A &02 D(1Ing
M(1 Pe/e()en Main!enance an/ con/i!ion +oni!o(ing H @2 91Sc
M()1 :al.o()en Ma!e(ial) enginee( 2 &H Me!allu(gi)!
Ta.le C61 A ta.le o" t(*ical re:&ired data "or the di""erent *hases o" o*eration >Contin&ed?
7ooster pump main technical
data:
Drawings
ethod of operation
5 The -u+-e/ lui/ i) no! con.en!ional2 an/ +ay change o.e( !i+e1
Mo)! o !he i!e+) o !he -u+-) a(e -(o.en in !y-ical en.i(on+en!)1 9u! !he high (elia,ili!y (e6ui(e+en! in
)u,)ea a--lica!ion)2 ho0e.e(2 lea/) !o !he /eini!ion o !he i!e+) an/ )u,-a))e+,lie) in!o !0o ca!ego(ie)4
a8 I!e+) 0i!h no /e!e(io(a!ing +echani)+) -(o.i/e/ !hey a(e -(o!ec!e/ again)! co((o)ion an/ ha.e )uicien!
)!(eng!h1
,8 I!e+) 0i!h an o-e(a!ing lie go.e(ne/ ,y 0ea(2 a!igue2 e(o)ion2 changing o -(o-e(!ie) an/ o!he(
/e!e(io(a!ing +echani)+)1
3o( -ategory a8 !he /e)ign )!an/a(/ an/ li+i!ing con/i!ion) )hall ,e a//(e))e/1
-ategory b8 (e6ui(e) -a(!icula( a!!en!ion /ue !o !he high (elia,ili!y (e6ui(e+en!2 an/ i) !he(eo(e con)i/e(e/ a)
=no.el !echnology> in !he ollo0ing1
The)e ca!ego(y i!e+) a) 0ell a) a))e+,lie) an/ -e(o(+ance) )hall ,e ollo0e/ u- ,y a =Quali!y -lan>1
E4a,*les9
The enclosure for the electrical motor:
I!) -u(-o)e i) !o +ain!ain a -(e))u(e ,a((ie(2 !(an)e( o(ce) (o+ in)!alla!ion !ool2 in!e(nal -a(!) an/ in/uc!ion
o(ce)2 -(o!ec!2 an/ !(an)e( hea!1 3u(!he( i! )hall *ee- !he in!e(nal -a(!) in -o)i!ion2 inclu/ing 0hen /elec!e/1
The)e a(e i!e+)2 0hich can ,e a//(e))e/ in !he 6uali!y -lan an/ ollo0e/ u- acco(/ing !o )!an/a(/ u)e/
-(oce/u(e)1 The(e,y !he li+i!ing con/i!ion can ,e e)!a,li)he/ ,y ai/ o gene(ally (ecogni)e/ )!an/a(/) an/
+a(gin !o a li+i! !ha! can ,e .e(iie/1
The +ain /i+en)ioning an/ +a!e(ial )elec!ion i) !he(e,y go.e(ne/ ,y a -(e))u(e .e))el o( )!(uc!u(al )!an/a(/
0i!h a//i!ion) (o+ a co((o)ion -(o!ec!ion )!an/a(/ Egal.anic co((o)ion an/ hy/(ogen e+,(i!!le+en! ,y
ca!ho/ic -(o!ec!ion8 an/ (ela!e/ a))u+-!ion)1 The (elia,ili!y o !hi) i!e+ can ,e gi.en !he ,e)! (a!ing2 ca!ego(y
&1 The ollo0ing u- o !he =6uali!y -lan> (e-(e)en!) !he unce(!ain!y a(ea o( !hi) co+-onen!1
7olts
9ol!) u)e/ o( connec!ing !he +ain co+-onen!) can ,e )u,Kec! !o !he )a+e -(oce/u(e a) a,o.e1 In a//i!ion !he
(e6ui(e/ -(e!en)ion nee/) !o ,e Ku)!iie/ an/ a//(e))e/ in !he 6uali!y -lan1
9a)e/ on !he a,o.e )c(eening an/ !he i!e+) oun/ c(i!ical in (ega(/ !o (elia,le )e(.ice /u(ing !hei( )e(.ice lie
cycle2 !he i!e+) !o ,e con)i/e(e/ +o(e !ho(oughly o( 6ualiica!ion a(e4
a8 I!e+) )u,Kec! !o a,(a)i.e 0ea(4 /yna+ic )eal)2 ,ea(ing)2 +a!ing )u(ace)1
,8 I!e+) aec!e/ ,y i+-ac! loa/) /u(ing in)!alla!ion1
c8 I!e+) )u,Kec! !o e(o)ion4 i+-elle(2 )!a!o(1
/8 I!e+) )u,Kec! !o a!igue4 ,all an/ (olle( ,ea(ing)2 )ha!1
e8 I!e+) )u,Kec! !o +a!e(ial -(o-e(!y change) a) unc!ion o !i+e an/ en.i(on+en!4 -oly+e( )eal)2 elec!(ical
in)ula!ion
8 I!e+) )u,Kec! !o lea*4 +echanic )eal )y)!e+2 -oly+e( )eal )y)!e+)2 (e)-on)e) !o con/i!ion) cau)e/ ,y
e<-an)ion)2 !ole(ance)2 !e+-e(a!u(e2 -(e))u(e2 lui/)2 !i+e1
3u(!he(2 eec!) (o+ !he )y)!e+ (e)-on)e on each i!e+ an/ !he )y)!e+ (e)-on)e) !he+)el.e) !o ,e 6ualiie/4
a8 Pu+- ca-aci!y a) unc!ion o lui/ !y-e1
,8 Mo)! e<!(e+e lui/ con/i!ion) cau)ing i+-ac!)2 e(o)ion2 ca.i!a!ion2 co((o)ion1
c8 Mo!o( an/ -u+- !e+-e(a!u(e a) unc!ion o no(+al an/ e<!(e+e o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)1
/8 Nea( (a!e o )eal) an/ ,ea(ing a) unc!ion o lu,(ica!ion no(+al an/ e<!(e+e 6uali!y1
e8 $ea* (a!e o )eal) /ue !o .i,(a!ion) an/ 0ea(1
8 Co((o)i.e -(o!ec!ion )y)!e+ inclu/ing -o))i,le elec!(o+agne!ic eec!) (o+ !he -o0e(1
g8 Elec!(ical -o0e( e<!(e+e con/i!ion)1
h8 Sha! un,alance an/ )!(aigh!ne))1
i8 In)!alla!ion an/ (e-lace+en! con/i!ion) con)i/e(ing +a(ine g(o0!h2 0a!e( ,loc*ing2 clea(ance !ole(ance)2
cu((en! an/ 0a.e con/i!ion)1
K8 P(o!ec!ion (o+ li*ely )iDe) o /(o--e/ an/ /(agge/ o,Kec!)1
*8 $i*ely o-e(a!ional ailu(e)1
l8 $i*ely )en)o( an/ +oni!o(ing ailu(e)1
-omponent and unit system method 0Sec.PC1212Q1
3o( (ela!i.ely li+i!e/ )y)!e+)2 a) !hi) -u+-2 i! +ay ,e -(ac!ical !o ini!ially con)i/e( !he in/i.i/ual co+-onen!)
an/ !hei( ailu(e +o/e)1 A /i)a/.an!age o !hi) a--(oach can ,e !ha! co+,ine/ an/ o.e(all ailu(e +o/e) +ay
,e o.e(loo*e/ un!il la!e in !he /e)ign -(oce))1
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 1%
Thi) +e!ho/ can ,e ,a)e/ on !he i!e+ li)! (o+ !he gene(al a((ange+en! /(a0ing o !he -u+- +o!o( a))e+,ly
an/ a li)! o -o))i,le con/i!ion) an/ highe( le.el an/ )y)!e+ ailu(e +o/e) !ha! can ha.e a nega!i.e eec! on
!he i!e+)1
The i()! )!e- i) !o /i.i/e !he )y)!e+ in!o !he )u,/i.i)ion)2 e1g14
5 -u+- uni!
5 +o!o(
5 lu,(ica!ion )y)!e+
5 -o0e( !(an)+i))ion)1
Each )u,/i.i)ion i) /i.i/e/ in!o )u,-co+-onen!)2 Xi!e+)O2 e1g1 i+-elle(2 )ha!2 ,ea(ing)2 )eal)2 an/ Ca)ing e!c1
Each co+-onen! ha) i!) ailu(e +o/e)2 0hich i) )ho0n in Ta,le C-A1 Each ailu(e +o/e ha) )e.e(al (oo! cau)e)
o( ailu(e +echani)+ !y-e) a) i) u(!he( illu)!(a!e/ in !he )a+e !a,le1
/unctional system analysis ESec1C13128
The o,Kec!i.e o !he ollo0ing i) !o i/en!iy ailu(e +o/e) !h(ough )u,-)ec!ioning !he )y)!e+ in!o unc!ion) an/
)u,-unc!ion) un!il !he unc!ion /e-en/) on a co+-onen!1
The -u+-) +ain unc!ion can ,e /i.i/e/ in !h(ee4
5 !(an)-o(! an/ in)!alla!ion
5 o-e(a!ion
5 a,an/on+en!1
The !h(ee unc!ion) a(e u(!he( )u, /i.i/e/ Eno! e<!en)i.e8 acco(/ing !o Ta,le C-A1
Ta.le C6+ F&nctional s&.6sectioning o" the *&,* do8n to "ail&re ,ode and root ca&se A hierarchical n&,.ering
s(ste, is &sed This is not &sed in the FMECA ta.le@ Ta.le C6#
/unction Subfunction
Subfunction/
-omponent
Subfunction/ -omponent/
/ailure mode/Root cause
-omponent//ailure mode/Root cause
T(an)-o(! an/
in)!alla!ion &
Sealing &1& Seal e<!e(nal
&1&1&
$ea*ing +e/iu+ !o
e<!e(nal
&1&1&4 3 I
Sc(a!ch in )ealing )u(ace
Na!e( -(e))u(e /u(ing in)!alla!ion unol/ing )eal
7ui/e &12
Ma!eing &13
$oc*ing &1A
O-e(a!ion 2 Pu+- +e/iu+
21&
P(e))u(i)e
+e/iu+
21&1&
No /ie(en!ial
-(e))u(i)a!ion o( (e/uce/
/ie(en!ial -(e))u(i)a!ion
21&1&4 3 I
9(o*en i+-elle(E)8
21&1&4 3 I a8
3(ac!u(e
a!igue
#n,alance &
P(e))u(e
)u(ge 2
3(ac!u(e colli)ion 3
9ea(ing ailu(e 21&1&4 3 I
,8
9loc*e/ 21&1&4 3 I c8
Co((o)ionMe(o)ion
21&1&4 3 I /8
Re/uce/ -(e))u(i)a!ion
21&1&4 3 II
E(o)ion
Co((o)ion
Clogging
Scale
Ro!a!e
i+-elle(
21&12
$u,(ica!e ,ea(ing
Cool ,ea(ing
Mo!o( o-e(a!e
Con)u+e -o0e(
T(an)e(e !o(6ue (o+
+o!o( !o i+-elle(
S!(uc!u(al in!eg(i!y
Seal +e/iu+
212
In!e(nal )eal
2121&
Seal ,e!0een )!age)
Seal +o!o(
E<!e(nal )eal
21213
Nell +e/iu+
Sea0a!e( inn
Cooling +e/iu+ ou!
A,an/on+en!
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 1(
C$+ Threat assess,ent >Sec3?
The (an*ing o ailu(e +o/e) i) a -(oce)) in )!e-)1 #-/a!e) +u)! ,e ca((ie/ ou! o( all )!e-) in !he o.e(all
-(oce))1 In !he i()! )!e- all ailu(e +o/e) a(e i/en!iie/ an/ !hei( c(i!icali!y i) a))e))e/ ,a)e/ on a) i)2 0i!hou!
!a*ing in!o accoun! any +i!iga!ing +ea)u(e)2 e<ce-! no(+al enginee(ing Ku/ge+en!) o( )!an/a(/ !echnology1
C(i!icali!y a))e))+en! o !he ailu(e +o/e =21&1&4 3 I> i) )ho0n in Ta,le C-H1
The ailu(e +o/e) i/en!iie/ a) +e/iu+ an/ high (i)* a(e con)i/e(e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1
C$- Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan >Sec1?
The ollo0ing o.e(all -lan i) i/en!iie/ o( !he 6ualiica!ion1
Fig&re C61
A sche,atic o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan 8ith the headlines o" the *rocesses
A Technology Qualiica!ion Plan i) /e.elo-e/ ,a)e/ on e<-e(ience)2 nu+e(ical analy)i) an/ !e)!)2
concen!(a!ing +o)! eo(!) on !he +ain i!e+) i/en!iie/ in !he -(oce))2 C121H1
Ta.le C6- A detailed assess,ent o" "ail&re ,ode $119 F% "ro, Ta.le C6+
/ailure mode -ause Root cause
-onse+uence:1
Probability:1
2ocal system Total system
No -(e))u(i)a!ion
21&1&4 3 I
9(o*en i+-elle(
21&1&4 3 I a8
3(ac!u(e a!igue
#n,alance &
H H A
3(ac!u(e a!igue
P(e))u(e )u(ge 2
H H 2
3(ac!u(e colli)ion 3 H H 2
Y The con)e6uence an/ -(o,a,ili!y a(e (ange/ (o+ & !o H 0i!h H ,eing !he +o)! )e.e(e con)e6uence an/ !he highe)! -(o,a,ili!y
E)ee Sec1PC1AQ o( Ta,le C-&81 The)e high -(o,a,ili!ie) a(e (ela!e/ !o !hi) e<a+-le ,eing in !he /e.elo-+en! -ha)e an/ !o a))u(e
!ha! !hey a(e gi.en a!!en!ion1 I! i) an!ici-a!e/ !ha! !he high le.el) o con)e6uence an/ -(o,a,ili!y 0ill (e/uce a) !he 6ualiica!ion
-(oce)) -(ocee/)1
Time #@is
7ualification
8asis
7ualifica"
tion Team
anking of
failure modes
7ualification
8asis
=ail. mode update
>aintenance A
modifications
=ail. mode update
7ualification
process continued/
tests on"going
=ail. mode update
eliability data
collection
eliability
>ile"
stone
Manufacture Detail design
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 1$
The +ain -(inci-le) o !he -lan a(e e1g14
5 To 6ualiy each ailu(e +o/e )e-a(a!ely1 Nu+e(ical analy)i) an/ !he 6uali!y -lan can 6ualiy +o)! o !he+1
The(e,y accele(a!e/ !e)!) o !he -u+- a))e+,ly 0ill no! ,e u)e/ !o )i+ula!e !he lie!i+e1
5 To -e(o(+ e<!en/e/ ac!o(y acce-!ance !e)!) 0hich inclu/e -e(o(+ance +ea)u(e+en!) a) 0ell a)
+ea)u(e+en!) o -a(a+e!e() !ha! can cau)e /e!e(io(a!ion o i!e+)1 The la!!e( can in )u,+e(ge/ -e(o(+ance
!e)!) inclu/e lu,(ica!ion !e+-e(a!u(e2 lea* +ea)u(e+en!)2 lea* (e)-on)e on )ha! .i,(a!ion)1
5 Pe(o(+ance !e)! o !he -u+- 0i!h .a(iou) ga)-!o-oil (a!io) an/ .a(ying o !he c(i!ical -a(a+e!e()1
5 In)!alla!ion !e)!1
-ost reduction
I! i) a))u+e/ !ha! !he +ain unce(!ain!ie) a(e (ela!e/ !o )o+e i!e+) an/ ailu(e +echani)+)2 e1g12 elec!(ical
cou-ling in)ula!ion (e)i)!ance in )al! 0a!e(2 i+-elle( 0ea( ,y )an/ -(o/uc!ion an/ -u+- -e(o(+ance) a! high
ga) oil (a!io) an/ )lugging1 The co)! o -o))i,le unce(!ain!y (e/uc!ion2 ,y u(!he( /e!aile/ 6ualiica!ion )houl/
!he(eo(e ,e e.alua!e/1
$naccuracies and uncertainties
Each nu+e(ical analy)i) an/ !e)!2 0hich inclu/e) +ea)u(e+en!) o -a(a+e!e()2 )hall inclu/e an e)!i+a!e o !he
+agni!u/e o inaccu(acie)1
Test
The a,o.e in/ica!e) !he nee/ o( all !y-e) o !e)!) inclu/ing2 ,a)ic !e)!)2 -(o!o!y-e !e)!) an/ ac!o(y acce-!ance
!e)!)1 The Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) +u)! ,e conclu/e/ ,eo(e inal !e)!) .e(iying !he ac!ual
in)!alla!ion2 an/ -o))i,le -ilo! a--lica!ion2 0hich i) (e-(e)en!e/ ,y !he ea(lie( +en!ione/ in)!alla!ion1
C$# E4ec&tion o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan >Sec12?
Parameter effects
The c(i!ical -a(a+e!e() li)! 0a) (e.i)i!e/ !o en)u(e !ha! all -a(a+e!e() go.e(ning !he c(i!ical ailu(e +o/e) a(e
inclu/e/1 The ollo0ing a--(oach 0a) u)e/4
Fig&re C6$
A "lo8chart sho8ing an a**roach to identi"(ing *ara,eters that are critical "or a "ail&re ,ode
Input:
Type of failure
mechanism
Parameter
dependencies"
,stablish
#nalytical tool
available
Bes
Parameter
dependencies
assessments for
feasibility of
analytical model
development
No
!ractical and
=easible
Apply
engineering
judgement/
e@periences for
estimating the
effects form each
parameter.
Establish
analytical model,
and ;ualify it
No
Bes
Establish
parameter
dependencies
Determine the
parameters having
the largest effect on
uncertainties and
correlations.
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 1&
Many co+-onen!) 0i!h a )e(.ice lie li+i! a(e )elec!e/ acco(/ing !o )u,-)u--lie(O) 6ualiie/ +e!ho/)2 o(
)-eciie/ con/i!ion)1 The 6uali!y o )uch )elec!ion +e!ho/) .a(ie) (o+ !y-e o i!e+) an/ !he )u,-)u--lie(1
E4a,*le9
7earings The -u+- )elec!e/ a) an e<a+-le ha) a )li/ing !h(u)! ,ea(ing ,a)e/ on !il!e/ -a/)1 The lu,(ica!ion
6uali!y2 (unning con/i!ion) an/ (e6uency o )!a(! an/ )!o- go.e(n i!) lie!i+e1
The lie o ,all an/ (olle( ,ea(ing) can ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,a)e/ on o(+ula) gi.en ,y !he )u,-)u--lie(2 0hich
inclu/e)4 (-+2 nu+,e( o cycle)2 !y-e o ,ea(ing2 con)!an! o( /yna+ic an/ )!a!ic loa/ )en)i!i.i!y2 align+en!2
!e+-e(a!u(e2 lu,(ica!ion 6uali!y1 :ence2 !he +ain -a(a+e!e( /e-en/encie) can ,e e)!a,li)he/1
Seals Seal )u--lie() gi.e )elec!ion c(i!e(ia2 ,u! )el/o+ o(+ula) o( lie e)!i+a!ion1 The(eo(e !hi) (e6ui(e)
eo(! in a))e))+en!1 Ni!hou! o(+ula)2 i! i) -o))i,le !o e)!a,li)h i+-o(!an! -a(a+e!e() ,a)e/ on !he )elec!ion
c(i!e(ia an/ enginee(ing Ku/ge+en!1 Thu)2 unce(!ain!ie) a(e la(ge( !han o( !he ,ea(ing)1
$mpeller wear Ma!e(ial lo)) (a!e) can ,e ,a)e/ on /e.elo-e/ o(+ula) an/ e<-e(ience2 0he(e )uch a(e
a.aila,le1
Pump performance $i!e(a!u(e an/ e<-e(ience e)!a,li)h o(+ula) o( -u+- -e(o(+ance1 Mul!i-ha)e (e6ui(e)
-a(!icula( e<-e(ience2 an/ o(+ula)1
argin ; Standard technology
E)!a,li)he/ )!an/a(/) )-eciy /e)ign acce-!ance c(i!e(ia2 0hich inclu/e )ae!y +a(gin) again)! co++on
unce(!ain!ie) in +a!e(ial) an/ loa/)2 e1g1 o( !he enclo)u(e o( !he elec!(ical +o!o(1 3ollo0ing u- a margin !o
!he)e c(i!e(ia !h(oughou! !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) !he(eo(e a))u(e) !ha! !he i!e+ (e+ain) 0i!h a
-(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e /eine/ ,y !he )!an/a(/2 i1e1 one +ay ,e Ku)!iie/ !o u)e -(o,a,ili!y cla)) &1
argin ; Technology that re+uires +ualification
&'ample: Thrust bearing. /ailure type: <ear for sliding bearings 0/or a possible roller bearing: fatigue
caused by rotation at load1
A--1PC121AQ /eine) no.el !echnology o( !hi) e<a+-le2 an/ 0hy !he !h(u)! ,ea(ing i) -u! in !hi) ca!ego(y1 The
!h(u)! ,ea(ing i) o a )li/ing !y-e1
I a (olle( o( ,all ,ea(ing !y-e ha/ ,een )elec!e/2 !he )iDe can ,e oun/ in !he ,ea(ing +anuac!u(e(O) +anual2
0hich no(+ally 0ill co+-ly 0i!h ISO 2G24&BB01 Such a +anual can )!a!e !ha! !he /yna+ic loa/ an/ (o!a!ion
ca-aci!y o !he ,ea(ing i) )-eciie/ a) !he B0U coni/ence in!e(.al2 i1e1 !ha! B0U o a la(ge nu+,e( o ,ea(ing)
)u(.i.e1 3u(!he( i! can )!a!e !ha! H0U o !he ,ea(ing) e<-e(ience a--(o<i+a!ely H !i+e) !hi) )-eciie/ (o!a!ional
lie1
A))u+ing !ha! !he ailu(e) ollo0 a =S!an/a(/ )!a!i)!ical /i)!(i,u!ion>2 !hen !he acceptance percentile a) 0ell
a) !he mean time to failure EMTT38 can ,e e)!a,li)he/ o( !he (olle( ,ea(ing o( !he in!en/e/ o-e(a!ional lie1
A )-eciic =+a(gin> i) !he(eo(e no! (ele.an! in !hi) con!e<!1 The +a(gin i) i+-lici! gi.en in !he percentile an/
MTT31
C$/ !er"or,ance Assess,ent >Sec11?
A))u+ing !ha! each )e-a(a!e ailu(e +o/e 0ill cau)e !he -u+- !o )!o- o( +alunc!ion2 !hen !he -u+- (elia,ili!y
can ,e /e)c(i,e/ ,y !he )u+ o each o !he -(o,a,ili!ie) o( !he ailu(e +o/e)2 i1e1 ,y !he =gene(ic -a(! +e!ho/>1
9o!h !he )u+ o =+ean !i+e !o ailu(e> an/ !he =lo0e( coni/ence in!e(.al> )houl/ ,e calcula!e/1
The a))u+-!ion a,o.e 0ill ,e con)e(.a!i.e an/ !o )o+e e<!en! +i)lea/ing1 I! i) +o(e a--(o-(ia!e !o /i)!ingui)h
an/ /eal )e-a(a!ely 0i!h4
5 (elia,ili!y (ela!e/ !o ailu(e) cau)e/ ,y in)!alla!ion
5 ailu(e) !ha! 0ill no! cau)e lo)! o( (e/uce/ -u+- -e(o(+ance
5 (elia,ili!y o -u+- uni! ,a)e/ only on ailu(e +o/e) cau)ing lo)! o( (e/uce/ -e(o(+ance1
I! i) a))u+e/ !ha! !he iel/ lie i) H yea()1 A (ea)ona,le =lo0e( coni/ence le.el> o( !he -u+- i) a))u+e/ !o ,e
&0U2 i1e1 !ha! !he -u+- -e(o(+) a) in!en/e/ i) e)!i+a!e/ 0i!h B0U (elia,ili!y 0i!hin !hi) !i+e -e(io/ Eone ou!
o &0 ailu(e) 0i!hin !he -e(io/81
A))u+ing u(!he( !ha! only !he &0 +o)! li*ely i!e+ an/ ailu(e +o/e) con!(i,u!e !o !hi) (elia,ili!y2 an/ !ha! !he
con!(i,u!ion (o+ !he (e)! o !he i!e+) a(e calcula!e/ !o ,e in)igniican!1 The (elia,ili!y e)!i+a!e con)e6uen!ly
)houl/ al)o ,e u)e/ a) a loo- in !he ea(ly -ha)e o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 Thi) 0ill acili!a!e a
concen!(a!ion on !he +o)! i+-o(!an! i!e+)2 !ho)e 0i!h lea)! (elia,ili!y an/ 0i!h +o)! unce(!ain!ie)1
Fig&re C6'
A cross section o" the *&,*

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Ta.le C6# Ta.&lated in"or,ation@ FMECA and chec5lists
$nformation for following up by chec!list ,dditional information for /&-,
$D /ailure mechanism type /
Root cause
Part %o:
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Detection &ffect
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&1& Ma!e(ial a!igue2 un,alance/
ca)e/1
I+-elle( M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 C(ac*ing No -u+-ing -(e))u(e 2 H 2 H
&12 Ma!e(ial a!igue2 lui/ ca)e/1 I+-elle( M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 C(ac*ing No -u+-ing -(e))u(e & H & H
&13 9(i!!le (ac!u(e2 #ni/en!iie/
,o/y
I+-elle( M & 9eMo & 2H10G100
9(i!!le
(ac!u(e
No -u+-ing -(e))u(e & H & H
&1A E(o)ionMco((o)ion
I+-elle( M 2 9eMo & 2H10G100
Ma!e(ial
lo))
Re/uce/ -u+-
-(e))u(e
A 2 A 2
&1H Sy)!e+ ailu(e2 Clogging
I+-elle( $ & 9eMo & 2H10G100 9loc*ing
Re/uce/ -u+-
-(e))u(e
& 2 & 2
21& In)!alla!ion /a+age Seal Pu+-lui/
- )ea
M 2 9eMo & 2H10G100 $ea*
$ea* o -u+- lui/ !o
)ea
2 A 2 A
212 E<!(u)ion Seal Pu+-lui/
? )ea
M 3 9eMo & 2H10G100 $ea*
$ea* o -u+- lui/ !o
)ea
2 A 2 A
213 Ageing Seal Pu+-lui/
- )ea
$ & 9eMo & 2H10G100 $ea*
$ea* o -u+- lui/ !o
)ea
& A & A
31& Nea(
Dyna+ical )eal M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 $ea*
$ea* o lu,(ica!ion
in!o -u+- lui/
A 3 A 3
312 Vi,(a!ion
Dyna+ical )eal M 2 9eMo & 2H10G100 $ea*
$ea* o lu,(ica!ion
in!o -u+- lui/
3 3 3 3
313 $ea*
Dyna+ical )eal M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 $ea*
$ea* o lu,(ica!ion
in!o -u+- lui/
2 3 2 3
A1& 3a!igue2 (o!a!ional loa/
T(u)! 9ea(ing M 2
2
H
H
$C$4
B0U
9eMo & 2H10G100 C(ac*ing No -u+-ing -(e))u(e 2 H 2 H
A12 O.e(loa/2 )!a!ic T(u)! 9ea(ing M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 C(ac*ing No -u+-ing -(e))u(e 2 H 2 H
A13 Nea(2 $o))M con!a+ina!ion
o lu,(ica!ion
T(u)! 9ea(ing M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 C(ac*ing No -u+-ing -(e))u(e 2 H 2 H
A1A Nea(2 :igh lu,(ica!ion
!e+-e(a!u(e
T(u)! 9ea(ing M & 9eMo & 2H10G100 C(ac*ing No -u+-ing -(e))u(e 2 H 2 H
$egen/4 : V :igh (i)* ca!ego(y Eo.e( &H8
M V Me/iu+ (i)* ca!ego(y E,e!0een A an/ &H8
$ V $o0 (i)* ca!ego(y Eun/e( A8
C' )&ali"ication o" Mass6*rod&ced Co,*onents
C'1 %ntrod&ction
So+e ne0 !y-e co+-onen!) a(e +a)) -(o/uce/ an/ in!en/e/ o( )e(.ice in )e.e(al !y-e) o )y)!e+)1 The
6ualiica!ion o )uch a co+-onen! (e6ui(e) a (a!ional a--(oach !o co.e( a (ange o )e(.ice)2 /ie(en! loa/ ca)e)
an/ en.i(on+en!)1
The ollo0ing i) an ou!line o )uch a 6ualiica!ion a--(oach1
C'$ The t(*ical *rocess o" a co,*onent :&ali"ication
An e<a+-le o co+-onen! 6ualiica!ion inclu/e)4
&8 Pe(o(+ a component application review: I/en!iica!ion o all loa/)2 con)!(ain!) an/ con/i!ion) !ha! +ay
ha.e an i+-ac! on !he co+-onen! /u(ing i!) )e(.ice lie1
28 E)!a,li)h a +ualification tactic: I/en!iy !he ,e)! a--(oach o( a !ho(ough 6ualiica!ion1
38 Ca((y ou! a component categori=ation: 9a)e/ on !he a--lica!ion (e.ie0 an/ a))e))+en!) o u!u(e nee/)2
ca!ego(iDe !he co+-onen! in!o )!an/a(/ a--lica!ion cla))e)2 o( e<a+-le -(e))u(e2 )iDe2 lui/)1
A8 Deine a +ualification plan1
H8 E<ecu!e !he +ualification tests1
@8 7ene(a!e a +ualification report1
I!e+) & !o @ a,o.e co+-(i)e !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan ESec1B81
C'' O7erall *lanning thro&gh de7elo*ing *roced&res
The /e.elo-+en! an/ 6ualiica!ion o co+-onen!) i) an i!e(a!i.e -(oce)) in.ol.ing all )!age) (o+ )-eciica!ion
!o acce-!ance1 P(oce/u(e) !o a--ly /u(ing !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) +u)! !he(eo(e ,e /e.elo-e/1
C'+ Re:&ire,ent to doc&,entation
The 6ualiica!ion -(oce/u(e) an/ (e-o(!) )hall inclu/e !he co+-onen! ca!ego(iDa!ion /a!a1 E)-ecially i+-o(!an!
i) !o highligh! any change) !o !he ca!ego(iDa!ion a) (e)ul!ing (o+ !he !e)!)1 9eo(e a co+-onen! i) a--(o.e/
o( u)e2 all !he 6ualiica!ion (e-o(!) )hall ,e (e.ie0e/ an/ a--(o.e/1 The (e6ui(e+en!) o( 6ualiica!ion !e)!ing
gi.en he(ein a--ly ,o!h !o co+-any co+-onen!) an/ !o )u,-.en/o(L) co+-onen!)1 The (e6ui(e+en!) )hall ,e
con)i/e(e/ o( each co+-onen! an/ e<ce-!ion) highligh!e/ u)ing !he 6ualiica!ion no!iica!ion )y)!e+1
C'- Accelerated testing
Since co+-onen! e<-ec!e/ )e(.ice lie i) no(+ally long2 accele(a!e/ lie !e)!ing i) (e6ui(e/1 So+e gui/eline)
(ela!e/ !o accele(a!e/ lie !e)!ing )hall ,e /e.elo-e/2 ,u! i! +u)! ,e e+-ha)i)e/ !ha! !he enginee( (e)-on)i,le
o( !he 6ualiica!ion !e)!ing +u)! (e.ie0 !he)e on a ca)e-!o-ca)e ,a)i)1 E<ce-!ion) )hall2 ho0e.e(2 ,e
/ocu+en!e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion !e)! -(oce/u(e an/ (e-o(!1
C'# F&ll6scale testing
I! i) /iicul! !o -(e/ic! all o-e(a!ional con)!(ain!) an/ con/i!ion) o a co+-onen! /ue !o a .a(ie!y o
a--lica!ion)2 an/ )ince )o+e )y)!e+) a(e co+-le< an/ a) )uch ha.e no! ye! ,een -lanne/ o( /e)igne/1 One ,a)ic
(e6ui(e+en! o( 6ualiica!ion !e)!ing i) !he(eo(e !o !e)! !he co+-onen! un/e( con/i!ion) a) clo)e !o !he (eal lie
a) -o))i,le an/ -(ac!ical2 0hile a--lying !he /ie(en! accele(a!e/ loa/) in =(eal> )ucce))ion1 A) an e<a+-le2
a) -a(! o 6ualiying a hy/(aulic cou-ling2 !hi) )houl/ ,e +oun!e/ a) in i!) in!en/e/ lie !o (e.eal any a/.e()e
eec!) (o+ !he loc*ing )y)!e+1
All co+-onen!) )hall a) a( a) -o))i,le ,e 6ualiie/ again)! )!an/a(/ unc!ional (e6ui(e+en!) co+-a!i,le 0i!h
!he c(i!icali!y o !he co+-onen!1
=Te)! !o ailu(e> )houl/ ,e -e(o(+e/ 0hene.e( -(ac!ical !o e)!a,li)h !he (eal li+i!a!ion) o !he co+-onen!1
C'/ S&,,ar( o" co,*onent testing
The 6ualiica!ion ,a)e/ on co+-onen! !e)!ing a) /e)c(i,e/ in !hi) )ec!ion a--lie) !o )!an/a(/ +a))--(o/uc!) an/
)i+-le i!e+)2 i1e1 hy/(aulic -i-ei!!ing1 All o !he -a(!) /e)c(i,e/ a,o.e a(e co.e(e/ in !he Reco++en/e/
P(ac!ice2 al!hough !hi) ou!line /oe) no! ully co.e( !he e<!en)i.e /e.elo-+en! o a Technology Qualiica!ion
9a)i)2 i/en!iying all !he /ie(en! u)e)1
C+ A s&.sea ,&lti*hase *&,*E H7Mrner E&re5a
C+1 M&lti*hase *&,*
-.8.4.4 &'ample
Thi) e<a+-le ocu)e) on /ie(en! a)-ec!) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 The uni! i) in)!alle/ on !he
)ealoo( o( +ul!i-ha)e Ea(,i!(a(y +i< o ga) an/ lui/8 -u+-ing (o+ a hy/(oca(,on (e)e(.oi( /(aine/ !h(ough
)u,)ea 0ell)1
The -u+- i) e6ui--e/ 0i!h au<ilia(y co+-onen!) an/ )y)!e+) )uch a) a -(e))u(e an/ .olu+e co+-en)a!ion
)y)!e+ Ea compensator82 a cooling )y)!e+2 il!e()2 in)!(u+en!a!ion2 -ene!(a!o()2 e!c1 All co+-onen!) a(e
+oun!e/ on a )*i/ an/ -lace/ in a /e/ica!e/ )u,)ea +o/ule (a+e1
The )elec!e/ e<a+-le i) 6ualiica!ion o !he /ia-h(ag+ in !he co+-en)a!o(1 EIn !hi) ca)e a )!eel ,ello0)81
-.8.4.3 Scope of this e'ample
The -u(-o)e o !he ollo0ing i) !o ou!line !he a--lica!ion o !he Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice o(4
5 chec* li)! o( Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)
5 ailu(e +o/e an/ +echani)+ i/en!iica!ion o( a li+i!e/ a(ea E!he ,ello0)8
5 (elia,ili!y /a!a collec!ion o( !he ,ello0)1
The la!!e( ocu) on al!e(na!i.e a--(oache) i) /e-en/en! on !he !y-e) an/ 6uali!y o !he a.aila,le /ocu+en!a!ion1
C+$ A**lied data
The !echnical /a!a u)e/ i) +ainly ,a)e/ on gene(al ino(+a!ion a.aila,le in han/,oo*)2 on !he in!e(ne! an/
,(ochu(e)1
C+' Technolog( )&ali"ication 0asis Chec5 list
The -u(-o)e o !he chec*li)! i) !o *ee- a clea( !(ace o !he -a(a+e!e() !o ,e u)e/ o( !he 6ualiica!ion2 an/
inclu/ing -o))i,le change)1
The chec*li)! )houl/ inclu/e all -a(a+e!e() !ha! /e)c(i,e !he (e6ui(e+en!) o( !he e6ui-+en!1 E<a+-le) o )uch
-a(a+e!e() a(e4
5 )-eciica!ion) E6uan!iie/8 )uch a)
5 in!en/e/ unc!ion o !he e6ui-+en!2 e1g1 ca-aci!y
5 lie!i+e2 e1g1 !a(ge! )e(.ice !i+e2 nu+,e( o cycle) ,eo(e ailu(e
5 loa/)
5 +echanical
5 !he(+al
5 o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)
5 o-e(a!ing -(e))u(e E(ange8
5 !e+-e(a!u(e E(ange8
5 en.i(on+en!1
Ta,le C-@ illu)!(a!e) a !y-ical chec*li)! o( !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
C++ Ran5ing o" "ail&re ,odes
-.8.8.4 Definitions of probability and conse+uence values
The )u,)ea +ul!i-ha)e -u+- +o/ule ha) ,een )u,Kec! !o a ailu(e +o/e eec! an/ c(i!icali!y analy)i)
E3MECA8 u)ing !he ollo0ing ca!ego(ie)4
Probability categories:
& $o0 3ailu(e 0i!hin &0< )e(.ice lie unli*ely
2 Me/iu+ 3ailu(e 0i!hin &0< )e(.ice lie -o))i,le2 ,u! unli*ely 0i!hin )e(.ice lie
3 :igh 3ailu(e 0i!hin )e(.ice lie li*ely
A Ve(y :igh Se.e(al ailu(e) 0i!hin )e(.ice lie li*ely
H ENo! inclu/e/8 3(e6uen! ailu(e) 0i!hin )e(.ice lie li*ely
-onse+uence categories
3o( !he -u(-o)e o !hi) li+i!e/ /e+on)!(a!ion on !he ,ello0)2 ou( ca!ego(ie) 0e(e oun/ !o ,e -(ac!ical1
-.8.8.3 Determination of ris!
-.8.8.3.4 /ailure of modes of concern
The analy)i) )ho0e/ !ha! !he unc!ion o !he co+-en)a!o( 0a) c(i!ical o( !he +ain unc!ion) o !he +o/ule2
an/ !ha! !he unc!ion o a /ia-h(ag+ loca!e/ in)i/e !he co+-en)a!o( 0oul/ ,e c(i!ical o( !he in!en/e/ unc!ion1
Ta,le C-G )ho0) !he (e)ul!) o !he 3MECA o !he ,ello0)1
The con)e6uence o ailu(e o !he ,ello0) i) !ha! !he -(e))u(e co+-en)a!o( canno! -e(o(+ i!) in!en/e/ !a)*2
0hich in !u(n can lea/ !o ailu(e o !he -u+- )eal an/ ,(ea*/o0n o !he -u+-2 i1e1 con)e6uence ca!ego(yI A
.e(y high1
The -(o,a,ili!y !ha! !he i/en!iie/ /a+age +echani)+) 0ill occu( an/ 0ill cau)e ailu(e 0i!hin !he /eine/
)e(.ice lie o !he ,ello0) i) ini!ially /e!e(+ine/ !o ,e lo0 !o +e/iu+ E-(o,a,ili!y ca!ego(ie) & lo0 !o 2
+e/iu+81 The(e a(e )e.e(al (ou!e) !o go o( o,!aining !he (elia,ili!y /a!a2 an/ !he unce(!ain!y can ,e (e/uce/
!o a((i.e a! an acce-!a,le (i)* le.el2 a) )ho0n in !he ollo0ing2 o( !he ,ello0)1
-.8.8.3.3 /ailure mechanisms of concern
Main ailu(e +echani)+) a(e go.e(ne/ ,y4
5 +a!e(ial a!igue
5 ,uc*ling
5 co((o)ion
5 (e!!ing
5 /e-o)i!)1
The ,ello0) a(e in gene(al .e(y )en)i!i.e !o /eec!) li*e /en!)2 )co(e) an/ !o !0i)!ing1 :an/ling /u(ing a))e+,ly
can cau)e !hi)1 I /eec!) o( !0i)!ing e<i)!2 !he -(o,a,ili!y !ha! !hi) 0ill cau)e ailu(e 0i!hin !he /e)ign lie!i+e
o !he ,ello0) ha) ,een Ku/ge/ !o ,e high2 ini!ial -(o,a,ili!y ca!ego(yI 3 high1 A--(o-(ia!e -(oce/u(e) o(
han/ling2 +oun!ing an/ in)-ec!ion2 an/ o( 6ualiica!ion o -e()onnel can (e/uce !hi) ca!ego(y1
O!he( +o(e gene(al2 ,u! i+-o(!an! a)-ec!) a(e4
5 !he /a+age !ole(ance o !he /e)ign E(o,u)!ne))8
5 -o))i,le /e.ia!ion) (o+ no+inal con/i!ion)
5 !he +anuac!u(e(L) e<-e(ience ,ac*g(oun/
5 6ualiica!ion eo(! -u! in!o !he /e)ign an/ !e)!ing o !he /e)ign
5 !he 6uali!y o )!an/a(/) a--lie/ in /e)ign an/ +anuac!u(ing1
The)e a(e u(!he( /eal! 0i!h in !he ollo0ing1
C+- Relia.ilit( data collection
-.8.>.4 Planning
The o,Kec!i.e i) !o -(o.i/e )uicien! /a!a o goo/ enough 6uali!y o( e.alua!ing !he )y)!e+ (elia,ili!y 0i!h
(ega(/ !o !he +o)! c(i!ical ailu(e +o/e) an/ con)e6uence)1
Da!a collec!ion 0ill ai+ a! collec!ing !he /a!a !ha! /e)c(i,e !he -(o,a,ili!y !ha! a ailu(e +echani)+ 0ill
/e.elo- un!il /a+age1 Thi) i+-lie) al)o !he ai+ a! (e/ucing !he unce(!ain!y in /a!a o( a! ge!!ing a ,e!!e(
un/e()!an/ing o ho0 unce(!ain !he ac!ual /a!a a(e1
A stepwise approach i) a--lie/ 0i!h !he ai+ !o -(o.i/e !he nece))a(y an/ )uicien! ,a)i) 0i!h a +ini+u+ o
eo(!)1
-.8.>.3 Technology "ualification 7asis for the -ompensator . 7ellows
-.8.>.3.4 Design
The ollo0ing e<a+-le 0ill ocu) on !he ,ello0)2 an/ con)i/e( !he (e)! o !he -u+- +o/ule only a) a )e! o
,oun/a(y con/i!ion)1
The /ia-h(ag+ con)i)!) o a ,ello0)2 )-(ing)2 an en/ -la!e E-i)!on8 an/ gui/ing1
& $o0 E6ui-+en! ailu(e !ha! /oe) no! cau)e -(o/uc!ion lo)) - no -ollu!ion
2 Me/iu+ E6ui-+en! ailu(e !ha! i) no! c(i!ical2 (e-ai( can 0ai! un!il ne<! in!e(.en!ion - no o( +ino( -ollu!ion
3 :igh E6ui-+en! ailu(e !ha! i) c(i!ical2 (e6ui(e) con!(olle/ )hu! /o0n1 P(o/uc!ion lo)) 0i!hou!
e6ui-+en! /a+age - no o( +ino( -ollu!ion
A Ve(y :igh E6ui-+en! ailu(e !ha! i) .e(y c(i!ical2 (e6ui(e) !ha! !he e6ui-+en! +u)! ,e (e-lace/2 -(o/uc!ion
lo))2 -o))i,le -ollu!ion1
H ENo! inclu/e/8
The ollo0ing igu(e) a(e co-ie/ o(+ !he Ni!Den+ann 7+,: ,(ochu(e1 They illu)!(a!e !y-ical u)e an/ /e)ign
o ,ello0)1
The ,ello0) i) +a/e (o+ A -lie) o Inconel @2H )hee!) o 013 ++ !hic*ne))2 0hich a(e (olle/ an/ 0el/e/ !o
cylin/e() !ha! i! in!o each o!he(2 an/ !hen e<-an/e/ in!o !he inal co((uga!e/ )ha-e1
Fig&re C6+
A s5etch o" a .ello8 installed in a *ress&re ho&sing@ and the cla,*ing o" the .ello8s to the solid str&ct&re
-.8.>.3.3 %umber of operations
The(e ha) ,een /eine/ a !a(ge! lie!i+e o( !he ,ello0) in !e(+) o yea() in )e(.ice an/ !he an!ici-a!e/ nu+,e(
o !y-ical loa/ cycle) /u(ing !ha! -e(io/1 The /e)ign lie!i+e o !he ,ello0) in !e(+) o loa/ cycle) i) !en !i+e)
!he nu+,e( o ull loa/ cycle) an!ici-a!e/ /u(ing i!) !a(ge! lie!i+e1 T0o !y-e) o loa/ cycle) ha.e ,een /eine/2
!he ull )!(o*e cycle an/ !he &0U )!(o*e loa/ cycle1 3o( e.e(y ull )!(o*e loa/ cycle one an!ici-a!e) !ha! 20 loa/
cycle) o &0U o ull )!(o*e 0ill occu(1 Thi) /eini!ion i) con)i/e(e/ !o co.e( ac!ual )!(o*e) 0i!h (e)-ec! !o
a!igue lie1
-.8.>.5 /atigue . The stepwise approach
The )!e-0i)e a--(oach (ela!e/ !o +a!e(ial a!igue /a+age con)i)!) o !he ollo0ing +ain )ou(ce) o /a!a4
&8 Ma!e(ial a!igue )!(eng!h (e-(e)en!e/ ,y )!(ain-nu+,e( o cycle) cu(.e) o( )!(e))-nu+,e( o cycle) cu(.e)
ES-N cu(.e)82 in !hi) ca)e co((ela!e/ 0i!h one ac!ual !e)!1
28 C(ac* ini!ia!ion1
38 C(ac* g(o0!h1
3u(!he( i) con)i/e(e/4
A8 Da+age !ole(ance1
H8 De.ia!ion) (o+ no+inal con/i!ion)1
The al!e(na!i.e2 0hich /e-en/) on i!) 6uali!y i) (e-(e)en!e/ ,y
@8 S!an/a(/) an/ E<-e(ience)1
De)ign acco(/ing !o !he a,o.e i!e+ @ alone coul/ gi.e !he /e)i(e/ (elia,ili!y1 #nce(!ain!ie) 0i!h (e)-ec! !o !he
)!an/a(/ coul/2 ho0e.e(2 lea/ !o )e-a(a!e in.e)!iga!ion) a) in/ica!e/ ,y i!e+ & !o 3 an/ )u--le+en!e/ 0i!h i!e+
A an/ H1
The i!e+) a(e u(!he( /e!aile/ in !he ollo0ing4
Ai"eti,e e7al&ation le7el 1
/atigue lifetime evaluation based on S.% curves:
$ie!i+e e.alua!ion le.el & - 3a!igue lie!i+e e.alua!ion ,a)e/ on S-N cu(.e)4
S-N cu(.e) a(e u)ually ,a)e/ on /a!a (o+ a!igue !e)! )-eci+en)2 an/ (e-(e)en! a )!a!e/ -(o,a,ili!y o
)-eci+en )u(.i.al a! !he )!(ain-(ange an/ nu+,e( o loa/ cycle)1 3o( )!(e))e) ,elo0 !he yiel/ li+i!2 !he )!(ain-
(ange i) -(o-o(!ional !o !he )!(e))-(ange1 The o,)e(.e/ a!igue lie inclu/e) c(ac* ini!ia!ion2 c(ac* g(o0!h an/
inal (ac!u(e o !he )-eci+en)2 0hich o!en a(e cylin/(ical (o/) o a /ia+e!e( o @12C ++1 #)e o S-N cu(.e)
ha) li+i!a!ion) o( e.alua!ion o a!igue lie!i+e o ac!ual con)!(uc!ion)2 in -a(!icula( i !he geo+e!(y i) .e(y
/ie(en! (o+ !ha! o !he !e)! )-eci+en)2 a) !he ca)e 0i!h !hi) +ul!i-laye( ,ello0)1
S-N cu(.e) can ,e u)e/ o( e.alua!ing i !he -(o,a,ili!y o a!igue o !he ,ello0) i) highe( !han /e)i(e/ un/e(
!he gi.en con/i!ion)1
I a!igue lie o !he ,ello0) i) inini!e o( !he +o)! )e.e(e )!(ain-(ange encoun!e(e/ in u)e Eull )!(o*e82 !he
-(o,a,ili!y o a!igue ailu(e i) )o lo0 !ha! !he a!igue e.alua!ion can ,e conclu/e/ a! !hi) le.el1 The e.alua!ion
o /a+age !ole(an! /e)ign E)ee lie!i+e e.alua!ion le.el A8 )!ill ha) !o ,e ca((ie/ ou!1 O!he(0i)e !he a!igue
e.alua!ion ha) !o ,e con!inue/ ,y e.alua!ing !he -(o,a,ili!y o c(ac* ini!ia!ion Elie!i+e e.alua!ion le.el 281
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 2%
Detailed e'ample:
S!(e)) an/ )!(ain /a!a o( !he ,ello0) a(e no! +a/e a.aila,le1 $ie!i+e calcula!ion ,y u)e o S-N /a!a i) !hu)
no! -o))i,le1 :o0e.e(2 one -(o!o!y-e ,ello0) ha) ,een !e)!e/ a! ull )!(o*e2 an/ )u(.i.e/ 20 !i+e) !he /e)ign
nu+,e( o ull )!o*e cycle) 0i!h no in/ica!ion o ailu(e o( a!igue c(ac* ini!ia!ion1 Thi) !e)! (e)ul! can ,e u)e/
in a lie!i+e e.alua!ion2 e1g12 0ill +o(e !e)!) ,e (e6ui(e/ !o en)u(e !ha! !he -(o,a,ili!y o a!igue ailu(e un/e(
/eine/ )e(.ice con/i!ion) i) acce-!a,le1
Fig&re C6-
S6N c&r7e "or %nconel #$- 8ith test res&lt and design 7al&e
The ollo0ing ino(+a!ion i) a.aila,le4
5 S-N cu(.e o( Inconel @2H Ein a $og S - $og N o(+a!84
In !he (egion o in!e(e)!2 !he S-N cu(.e i) o !he o(+
$og EN8 V $og a - + Z $og ES82 0he(e
5 The )ca!!e( in !he o,)e(.e/ cycle) !o ailu(e a! a gi.en )!(ain-(ange can ,e /e)c(i,e/ ,y a no(+al /i)!(i,u!ion
on !he $og N a<i)2 an/ !he )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion o $og N i) $og )1
5 DNV-RP-C203 - 3a!igue )!(eng!h analy)i) o( +o,ile o)ho(e uni!) - gi.e) !y-ical .alue) o( $og ) in !he
(ange 01&G !o 012H1 3o( !he geo+e!(y o !he ,ello0) $og ) V 012 0ill ,e (ele.an!1
5 The -(o!o!y-e ,ello0) ha) ,een !e)!e/ a! 20 !i+e) !he /e)ign nu+,e( o ull )!(o*e cycle) 0i!h no in/ica!ion
o ailu(e o( a!igue c(ac* ini!ia!ion1
3u(!he(+o(e2 !he ollo0ing a))u+-!ion) a(e +a/e4
5 Te)!) o )-eci+en) o Inconel @2H 0oul/ gi.e a )ca!!e( in !he o,)e(.e/ lie!i+e) )i+ila( !o !ha! o )!eel in
cleane/2 a)-(olle/ con/i!ion2 i1e1 $og ) V 0121
5 Only ull )!(o*e cycle) Ea) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)8 aec! !he a!igue lie1
The S-N cu(.e o( Inconel @2H i) )ho0n in 3igu(e C-H 0i!h nu+,e( o cycle) N a) <-a<i) an/ )!(ain-(ange a)
y-a<i)1 The /e)ign nu+,e( o cycle)2 H00 cycle)2 i) +a(*e/ 0i!h an o-en !(iangle2 an/ !he -(o!o!y-e !e)! (e)ul!
i) +a(*e/ 0i!h a ille/ !(iangle1 Since !he(e i) only one !e)! (e)ul! a.aila,le2 !he +ean S-N cu(.e i) /(a0n
!h(ough !hi) -oin! a) a i()! a))u+-!ion1
N V !he +ean nu+,e( o cycle) !o ailu(e un/e( )!(ain-(ange S
S V )!(ain-(ange
a V a con)!an! (ela!ing !o !he +ean S-N cu(.e
+ V !he in.e()e )lo-e o !he S-N cu(.e
(,,C%$
(,,C%&
(,,C%$ (,,C%& (,,C%0 (,,C%1 (,,C%2 (,,C%4 (,,C%5
No. of cycles
S
t
r
a
i
n
r
a
n
g
e
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 2(
Fig&re C6#
!ro.a.ilit( densit( diagra, 8ith Aog s F 2$ and test res&lt at ,ean 7al&e N ' O Aog s
To ge! a ,e!!e( ,a)i) o( e.alua!ing2 i +o(e a!igue !e)!) a(e (e6ui(e/2 a))u+e a) )ho0n in 3ig1C-@ !ha! !he !e)!
(e)ul! i) +uch ,e!!e( !han a.e(age an/ co((e)-on/) !o a lie!i+e !h(ee )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion) ,e!!e( !han !he +ean
lie!i+e1 Thi) i) a .e(y con)e(.a!i.e a))u+-!ion2 a) i! i+-lie) !ha! !he -(o,a,ili!y !ha! !he !e)! (e)ul! i) e.en
,e!!e( !han a))u+e/2 a! only 01&3HU1 The +ean lie!i+e i) !hen 2H&2 cycle) E$og &0000 V $og N [ 3 Z $og )I
$og N V A ? 3 Z 012 V 31A81 A) )ho0n in 3ig1C-@ !he /e)ign nu+,e( o cycle) i) 0ell ,elo0 !h(ee )!an/a(/
/e.ia!ion) ,elo0 !he +ean lie!i+e E$og EN ? 3)8 V $og N ? 3 Z $og ) V 31A ? 3 Z 012 V 21GI N ? 3) V @3& cycle)81
9a)e/ on !he a,o.e a))u+-!ion)2 !he -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e a! @3& cycle) 0ill ,e 01&3HU2 an/ !he -(o,a,ili!y o
ailu(e a! H00 cycle) 0ill ,e e.en lo0e( !han !ha!1
9a)e/ on !he a,o.e (ea)oning2 an/ !he ac! !ha! !he ,ello0) )u(.i.e/ &0000 cycle) 0i!hou! .i)i,le ailu(e
/a+age2 one can conclu/e !ha! ailu(e o !he ,ello0) /ue !o a!igue i) .e(y unli*ely1
G&idance note9
ISO 3DIS 23BA4&BBGEE8 D1H13 - Pa(!ial ac!o( /e)ign4 9aye)ian +e!ho/ /e)c(i,e) a +e!ho/ o( calcula!ing !he /e)ign
.alue gi.en a /e)i(e/ -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e2 one o( +o(e !e)! (e)ul!) an/ a *no0n o(2 in ca)e o +o(e !e)! (e)ul!)2
calcula!e/ )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
6eneral information:
A )i+ila( a--(oach can al)o ,e a--lie/ o( ailu(e +echani)+) /e)c(i,e/ ,y /i)!(i,u!ion unc!ion) .i)uali)e/
on g(a-h) 0i!h linea( )cale)2 o( any !y-e o )cale)2 e1g1 ,y !he W a<i) a) a linea( !i+e )cale an/ nu+,e( o
)!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion) 0i!h linea( (ela!ion1 See =7ui/e !o !he e<-(e))ion o unce(!ain!y in +ea)u(e+en!2 ISO
&BBH> 0hich /eine) =e<-e(i+en!al )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion> =)
!
> (o+ +ea)u(e+en!) a)4
6
*
V +ea)u(e/ .alue
V +ean .alue o +ea)u(e+en!)
n V nu+,e( o +ea)u(e+en!)
* V +ea)u(e+en! no
3o( ino(+a!ion2 a !y-ical no(+al /i)!(i,u!ion unc!ion i) )ho0n in 3igu(e C-C1
%
%,(
%,$
%,&
%,0
(,%%,C%$ (,%%,C%& (,%%,C%0 (,%%,C%1
No. of cycles
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
s
t
2
q
k
( )
1
n 1 ?
------------ q
k
q
? ( )
2
k 1 V
n
V
q

#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 2$
Fig&re C6/
General diagra,s sho8ing9 !ro.a.ilit( densit( and !ro.a.ilit( as "&nction o" standard de7iations
Ai"eti,e e7al&ation le7el $
/atigue lifetime evaluation based on the probability of crac! initiation:
S-N cu(.e) o( c(ac* ini!ia!ion a(e u)ually no! a.aila,le1 The a--(o<i+a!e -o)i!ion o )uch cu(.e) can ,e
/e(i.e/ (o+ ,a)ic *no0le/ge o !he +a!e(ial u)e/ an/ (o+ c(ac* g(o0!h /a!a o( !hi) +a!e(ial1
S-N cu(.e) o( c(ac* ini!ia!ion can ,e u)e/ o( e.alua!ion i a!igue c(ac* ini!ia!ion i) -(o,a,le un/e( !he gi.en
con/i!ion)1
I c(ac* ini!ia!ion i) -(o,a,le o( !he +o)! )e.e(e )!(e)) (ange2 c(ac* g(o0!h /ue !o !hi) )!(e)) (ange an/ al)o
o!he( (ele.an! )!(e)) (ange) +u)! ,e e.alua!e/1
Ai"eti,e e7al&ation le7el '
/atigue lifetime evaluation based on crac! growth:
I c(ac* ini!ia!ion /u(ing !he !a(ge! lie!i+e ha) !o ,e !a*en in!o accoun!2 !he -(o,a,ili!y o !h(ough c(ac*) ha)
!o ,e e.alua!e/1 9o!h !he +o)! )e.e(e )!(e)) (ange an/ o!he( (ele.an! )!(e)) (ange) ha.e !o ,e con)i/e(e/1
#)e o (ac!u(e +echanic) an/ (ela!ion) o !he !y-e can calcula!e c(ac* g(o0!h
/aM/N V C EK8
0he(e
a V c(ac* leng!h a! !he +o+en!
N V nu+,e( o cycle)
C V +a!e(ial con)!an!
K V cyclic )!(e)) in!en)i!y ac!o( (ange
Se.e(al .e()ion) o )uch (ela!ion)hi-) e<i)!2 !he +o)! 0ell *no0n ,eing !he Pa(i) e6ua!ion2 )ee e1g1 :1 O1 3uch)
an/ R1 I1 S!e-hen) =Me!al 3a!igue in Enginee(ing> o( o!he( !e<!,oo*) on a!igue1
Thi) allo0) calcula!ion o !he (ela!i.e con!(i,u!ion !o c(ac* g(o0!h (o+ o!he( loa/ cycle) !han !he +o)! )e.e(e
loa/ cycle2 an/2 0hen !he !h(e)hol/ o( c(ac* g(o0!h i) *no0n2 /e!e(+ina!ion o !he c(ac* )iDe a! 0hich c(ac*
g(o0!h change) (o+ c(ac* ini!ia!ion !o +uch a)!e( a!igue c(ac* g(o0!h1
C(ac* g(o0!h i) an i+-o(!an! a)-ec! in /e!e(+ining !he in!e(.al ,e!0een in)-ec!ion)2 i1e1 !he )ae -e(io/ o
o-e(a!ion a!e( in)!alla!ion o( in!e(.en!ion Ein)-ec!ion81
Ai"eti,e e7al&ation le7el +
Damage tolerance
$ie!i+e e.alua!ion ha) ,een ca((ie/ ou! o( !he ,ello0) in no+inal con/i!ion2 i1e1 !he geo+e!(y o !he ,ello0)2
!he loa/ )i!ua!ion e!c1 a(e a) gi.en in !he /e)c(i-!ion o !he ,ello0)1
In a//i!ion !o !hi)2 !he /a+age !ole(ance o !he /e)ign )houl/ ,e chec*e/1 Thi) +ean) !ha! !he eec! o -o))i,le
la0) (o+ +anuac!u(ing an/ a))e+,ly a(e !o ,e e)!i+a!e/2 an/ al)o -o))i,le /a+age /u(ing o-e(a!ion2 e1g1
o(+a!ion o -i!) /ue !o co((o)ion2 (e!!ing2 e!c1 !ha! can ac! a) ini!ial c(ac*) o( )!(e))-(ai)e()1
$ie!i+e e.alua!ion le.el H
&valuation of deviations from nominal condition
The a,o.e e.alua!ion i) ,a)e/ on no+inal con/i!ion)2 i1e1 !ha! !he geo+e!(y o !he ,ello0)2 !he loa/ )i!ua!ion
e!c1 i) a) a(e a) gi.en in !he /e)c(i-!ion o !he ,ello0)1 The eec! o -o))i,le E(ea)ona,ly -(o,a,le8 /e.ia!ion)
(o+ !hi) )houl/ al)o ,e chec*e/2 e1g1
5 +anuac!u(ing an/ a))e+,ly !ole(ance)2 inclu/ing /e.ia!ion) (o+ a<i-)y++e!(ic con/i!ion)
5 e<ce))i.e loa/) !ha! can ,e cau)e/ ,y no! !y-ical o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)2 +alunc!ion2 e!c1
The la!!e( )hall ,e )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
#pp.) ,@amples of #pplication . !age 2&
Details of e'ample:
The a,(ica!ion -(oce)) )houl/ ,e (e.ie0e/ 0i!h (ega(/ !o !ole(ance) !o ,e )-eciie/1
I! i) *no0n !ha! loa/ing a ,ello0) in !o()ion E!0i)!ing8 in gene(al -(o/uce) e<!(e+ely high )hea( )!(e))e) an/
can g(ea!ly (e/uce ,o!h a!igue lie an/ -(e))u(e ca-aci!y1 The +a<i+u+ allo0a,le !o()ion +o+en! )houl/
!he(eo(e ,e i/en!iie/2 an/ chec*e/ !ha! !he -o))i,le ac!ual !o(6ue i) 0ell ,elo01
The /e)ign o !he a<ial ,ello0) gui/ance2 eec!) (o+ -o))i,le )-(ing) Einclu/ing )-(ing ,(ea*age8 an/ !he
a))e+,ly -(oce/u(e o !he co+-en)a!o( )houl/ a//(e)) !he eec! on !he !o(6ue1 The a,o.e i!e+) 0ill ,e in-u!
!o !he 6ualiica!ion o !he /e)ign o !he co+-en)a!o( an/ !o !he 6ualiica!ion o!he( co+-onen!) o !he
co+-en)a!o(1
Ai"eti,e e7al&ation le7el #
&valuation of the manufacturer?s data* criteria* calculations* testing* e'perience* standards used
The /e)ign o !he ,ello0) can ,e ,a)e/ on a )!an/a(/1 In !hi) con!e<! !he ,ac*g(oun/ o( !he )!an/a(/ 0i!h
(e)-ec! !o lie !i+e e)!i+a!e) )houl/ ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ 6ualiie/1 I no!2 6ualiica!ion o !he )!an/a(/) 0i!h
(e)-ec! !o !he i+-lici! -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e +u)! ,e ca((ie/ ou!1
Details of e'ample:
The +anuac!u(e( o !he ,ello0) o( !he co+-en)a!o( /e)ign) an/ +anuac!u(e) ,ello0) acco(/ing !o !he
=E"MA> )!an/a(/ EE<-an)ion "oin! Manuac!u(e() A))ocia!ion2 Inc1 &BBG81 Thi) )!an/a(/ )ay) !ha! !he a.e(age
a!igue lie!i+e i) e6ual !o !he o( highe( !han !he /e)ign lie!i+e1 DNV e<-e(ience in/ica!e) !ha! !he lie!i+e)
o,)e(.e/ in a!igue !e)!) o ,ello0) a(e u)ually 0ell a,o.e !he /e)ign lie!i+e1
The co+-en)a!o( ,ello0) can al)o /e)igne/ acco(/ing !o a -(o-(ie!a(y )!an/a(/ /e.elo-e/ ,y !he
+anuac!u(e(1 Acco(/ing !o !hi)2 !he ,ello0) ha) a calcula!e/ lie!i+e a,o.e !he /e)ign lie!i+e1 The
+anuac!u(e( )!a!e) !ha! hi) )!an/a(/ i) accu(a!e an/ +o(e con)e(.a!i.e !han !he E"MA )!an/a(/1 Since no
/ocu+en!a!ion on !hi) i) a.aila,le2 i! i) /iicul! !o e.alua!e 0ha! !he calcula!e/ lie!i+e i+-lie) in !e(+) o
-(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e2 e1g1 i !hi) co((e)-on/) !o 30U2 &0U o( )o+e o!he( -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e1
Con)e6uen!ly !he a//i!ional e.alua!ion) gi.en in le.el & i) (e6ui(e/1
-.8.>.8 7uc!ling
9uc*ling o !he ,ello0) coul/ cau)e unc!ional ailu(e o !he co+-en)a!o( ,y hin/e(ing !he (e6ui(e/ +o!ion o
!he ,ello0)1 9uc*ling i) no! acce-!a,le 0i!hin !he lie!i+e o !he ,ello0)1
S-eciica!ion o long lie!i+e) Ehigh nu+,e( o cycle)8 can (e)ul! in a ,ello0)2 0hich i) highly le<i,le an/
coul/ ha.e (e/uce/ )!a,ili!y un/e( -(e))u(e1
The E"MA )!an/a(/ al)o a//(e))e) !he )!a,ili!y o !he ,ello0) ,y o(+ula) an/ c(i!e(ia1 In !hi) ca)e a gui/e i)
u)e/ o( -(e.en!ing (a/ial +o!ion an/ !hu) ,uc*ling o !he ,ello0)1
The -(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e /ue !o in)!a,ili!y i) con)i/e(e/ !o ,e lo01
-.8.>.> -orrosion
Pi!!ing co((o)ion coul/ ,e c(i!ical1 The -i!) !ha! can ac! a) )!(e)) (ai)e() an/ o( ini!ial c(ac*)1 3a!igue c(ac*) can
g(o0 (o+ )uch -i!)1 9ecau)e each -ly i) only 013 ++ !hic*2 co((o)ion -i!!ing can -ene!(a!e an ou!e( -ly o !he
,ello0) an/ allo0 co((o)ion a!!ac* o !he inne( -lie) a) 0ell2 cau)ing lea*age1
Pi!!ing co((o)ion i) no! acce-!a,le 0i!hin !he lie!i+e o !he ,ello0)1 Ma!e(ial )elec!ion an/ con!(ol o !he
en.i(on+en! )houl/ ,e u)e/ !o con!(ol !hi) ailu(e +o/e1
Since ,o!h !he )y)!e+ lui/ an/ !he lui/ in !he co+-en)a!o( hou)ing ha.e lo0 co((o)i.i!y2 !he -(o,a,ili!y o
co((o)ion a!!ac* on !he ,ello0) i) e.alua!e/ a) lo0 un/e( no(+al o-e(a!ing con/i!ion)1
I !he lui/ in !he hou)ing i) -ollu!e/ ,y -(o/uce/ lui/2 !he lui/ ou!)i/e !he ,ello0) 0ill ,eco+e co((o)i.e1
Acco(/ing !o e)!a,li)he/ )e(.ice e<-e(ience in :
2
S )e(.ice2 Inconel @2H ha) -(o.en no! )u)ce-!i,le !o co((o)ion
0hen !he )u(ace ha(/ne)) 3H :RC1 Pi!!ing i) no! (e-o(!e/ !o ,e a -(o,le+1
The lange +a!e(ial i) co((o)ion (e)i)!an!1 3u(!he( gene(al co((o)ion o !he lange i) no! a -(o,le+ ,ecau)e o
!he !hic*ne))1
-.8.>.@ /retting
3(e!!ing coul/ ,e c(i!ical )ince i! can cau)e -i!) !ha! can ac! a) )!(e)) (ai)e() an/ o( ini!ial c(ac*)1 3a!igue c(ac*)
can g(o0 (o+ )uch -i!)1 3(e!!ing coul/ occu( ,e!0een !he -lie) an/ canno! ,e /e!ec!e/ ,y .i)ual in)-ec!ion1
3(e!!ing i) no! acce-!a,le 0i!hin !he lie!i+e o !he ,ello0)1
3(e!!ing 0ea( occu() o(+ (e-ea!e/ )hea( )!(e))e) !ha! a(e gene(a!e/ ,y (ic!ion /u(ing )+all a+-li!u/e
o)cilla!o(y +o!ion o )li/ing ,e!0een !0o )u(ace) -(e))e/ !oge!he( in in!i+a!e con!ac!1 Su(ace c(ac*) ini!ia!e
in !he (e!!ing 0ea( (egion1 The (ela!i.e )li- a+-li!u/e i) !y-ically le)) !han H0 +1 3(e!!ing 0ea( inc(ea)e)
linea(ly 0i!h con!ac! loa/1
The(e )ee+) !o ,e a -o))i,ili!y !ha! con/i!ion) !ha! can cau)e (e!!ing 0ea( +ay e<i)! )o+e0he(e in a +ul!i-
laye( ,ello0)1 Da!a o( e.alua!ing !hi) a(e no! a.aila,le2 an/ c(i!e(ia o( (e!!ing 0ea( a(e .ague1 I! i) no!
-o))i,le !o a((i.e a! any conclu)ion ,a)e/ on a.aila,le /a!a1
3(e!!ing i) no! a//(e))e/ in !he E"MA )!an/a(/1 DNV ha.e no! (eco(/e/ ,ello0) ailu(e) /ue !o (e!!ing1
3(e!!ing i) +o)! -(o,a,ly no! a -(o,le+ in ,ello0)2 ,u! !he(e i) )o+e unce(!ain!y a,ou! !hi)1 Thi) )houl/ ,e
ollo0e/ u- ,y in)-ec!ion) a!e( !e)!1
-.8.>.A ,ccumulation of deposits on/around bellows
Accu+ula!ion o /e-o)i!) on o( a(oun/ !he ,ello0) can cau)e unc!ional ailu(e o !he co+-en)a!o( ,y
hin/e(ing !he (e6ui(e/ +o!ion o !he ,ello0)1
The eec!) o(+ !he en.i(on+en! +u)! ,e e<a+ine/1 I! i) a))u+e/ !ha! !hi) i) only o conce(n in ca)e 0a< o(
hy/(a!e) can o(+2 o( )an/ )e!!le) on !he one )i/e o !he ,ello02 o( con!a+ina!ion o !he clean lui/ on !he o!he(
)i/e1
The(eo(e a )!u/y )houl/ ,e ca((ie/ ou! o( !he -u(-o)e o /e!e(+ining !ha! !he (i)* o( /e-o)i! accu+ula!ion)
i) acce-!a,ly lo01
-.8.>.B -onclusions
The a,o.e /e+on)!(a!ion )ho0) !ha! conclu)ion) (ega(/ing !he (elia,ili!y o co+-onen!) 0i!h (ega(/ !o c(i!ical
/a+age +echani)+) can ,e +a/e e.en 0hen /a!a a(e )-a()e o( lac*ing1 The e.alua!ion -oin!) !o a(ea) 0he(e
,e!!e( /a!a i) (e6ui(e/1
S!an/a(/) u)e/ o( /e)igning +ay ,e ,a)e/ on (elia,ili!y con)i/e(a!ion) o( on e<-e(ience (ega(/ing /e)ign) !ha!
ha.e unc!ione/ acce-!a,ly in )e(.ice1 I )!an/a(/) a(e /ocu+en!e/ an/ .e(iie/2 co+-a(ing 0i!h !he )!an/a(/)
can a))e)) !he (elia,ili!y o !he co+-onen!)1 I )uch )!an/a(/) a(e -(o-(ie!a(y o( no! .e(iie/ !hey a(e o le))
.alue o( (elia,ili!y a))e))+en!1
Re)ul!) o !e)!)2 e.en !hough !he nu+,e( o !e)!) i) a( (o+ )!a!i)!ically )igniican!2 can acili!a!e )uicien!
,ac*g(oun/ o( (elia,ili!y e.alua!ion 0hen co+,ine/ 0i!h (ele.an! o!he( /a!a !han !ho)e (o+ !e)!) alone1
C+# Maintenance and ,odi"ications
The co)! o an in!e(.en!ion o !he )u, )ea +ul!i-ha)e -u+- +o/ule i) )o high !ha! un)che/ule/ in!e(.en!ion)
+u)! ,e a.oi/e/1 Thi) +ean) !ha! all -a(!) o !he +ul!i-ha)e -u+- +o/ule +u)! ha.e a +ini+u+ lie!i+e e6ual
!o o( longe( !han !he !i+e ,e!0een )che/ule/ in!e(.en!ion)1 The co)! o (e-lacing -a(!) an/ co+-onen!) a! !he
in!e(.en!ion i) +a(ginal co+-a(e/ !o !he co)! o ca((ying ou! !he in!e(.en!ion1 Thi) +ean) !ha! !he -u+- +u)!
,e (e-lace/ 0i!h a ne0 o( o.e(haule/ -u+- +o/ule1 The o.e(haule/ +o/ule -a(!) !ha! a(e )u,Kec! !o 0ea( o(
/e!e(io(a!ion ha.e ,een (e-lace/1 9ecau)e un)che/ule/ in!e(.en!ion i) e<!(e+ely co)!ly2 i! i) o i+-o(!ance !o
/e!ec! con/i!ion) !ha! coul/ (e6ui(e in!e(.en!ion ea(ly !o allo0 !i+e o( -lanning1 On !he o!he( han/2 al)e
in/ica!ion) canno! ,e acce-!e/ ,ecau)e o !he co)!)1
9ecau)e !he )u, )ea +ul!i-ha)e -u+- +o/ule i) ne0 !echnology in !he )en)e !ha! i! ha) no! a (eco(/ o -(e.iou)
)ucce))ul u)e )u,)ea2 in!e(.en!ion o( (e-lace+en! i) -lanne/ a! (egula( in!e(.al)1 The /e)ign lie!i+e o !he
,ello0) i) !he )a+e a) !he !a(ge! in!e(.al ,e!0een in!e(.en!ion)1
The analy)i) o !he ,ello0) )ho0) !ha! !he -(o,a,ili!y o( ailu(e 0i!hin !hi) in!e(.al i) )o lo0 !ha! no a//i!ional
in)-ec!ion o( +ain!enance i) (e6ui(e/2 -(o.i/e/ !ha! !he ,ello0) i) a))e+,le/ co((ec!ly acco(/ing !o !he =(igh!>
-(oce/u(e) an/ !ha! no in/ica!ion) o /eec!) 0e(e oun/ a! !he )u,)e6uen! in)-ec!ion1
The unc!ion o !he co+-en)a!o( coul/ ,e +oni!o(e/ ,y a )y)!e+ !ha! con!inuou)ly +ea)u(e) !he -o)i!ion a! !he
en/ o !he ,ello0)1 Thi) 0ill al)o )e(.e a) con/i!ion +oni!o(ing o !he ,ello0)2 )ince lac* o +o.e+en! o(
i((egula( +o.e+en! 0ill )ignal !ha! !he(e i) a -(o,le+1 :ighe( )en)i!i.i!y can -(o,a,ly ,e achie.e/ ,y
co((ela!ing !he +o.e+en! o !he ,ello0) 0i!h o!he( -a(a+e!e() )uch a) -u+- inle! -(e))u(e1
Ta.le C6/ S*eci"ications "or the s&.sea *&,* ,od&le
S-eciica!ion) - Su,)ea Mul!i-ha)e Pu+- Mo/ule
4. Design life time pump module
De)ign lie -u+- +o/ule yea() 2H
De)ign !i+e ,e!0een in!e(.en!ion yea() H
De)ign loa/ ull a+-li!u/e cycle) o ,ello0 ,e!0een
in!e(.en!ion
Cycle) H00
De)ign loa/ &0U a+-li!u/e cycle) o ,ello0 ,e!0een
in!e(.en!ion
Cycle) &0000
3. #perating &nvironment
A+,ien! con/i!ion) ?)!o(age
Mini+u+ ai( !e+-e(a!u(e /eg1 C - 20
Ma<i+u+ ai( !e+-e(a!u(e /eg1 C [ A0
A+,ien! con/i!ion) ?)u,+e(ge/ !e)!ing
Ma<i+u+ 0a!e( /e-!h + &H
Mini+u+ 0a!e( !e+-e(a!u(e /eg1 C [ &
Ma<i+u+ 0a!e( !e+-e(a!u(e /eg1 C [ 20
A+,ien! con/i!ion) ?a! )u,)ea loca!ion o( o-e(a!ion
Ma<i+u+ 0a!e( /e-!h + H00
Mini+u+ 0a!e( !e+-e(a!u(e /eg1 C [ &
Ma<i+u+ 0a!e( !e+-e(a!u(e /eg1 C [ &2
In)!alla!ion
Na.e heigh! + 22H
Ma<i+u+ lan/ing .eloci!y +M) &2G
Ma<i+u+ ho(iDon!al accele(a!ion g 02H
5. Pumped medium specifications
Ma<i+u+ lui/ !e+-e(a!u(e a! 0ellhea/ /eg1 C GH
:
2
S con!en! in ga) -ha)e --+ S 22
Ca(,on /io<i/e in 0ell )!(ea+ +ol U 023 ? &23
O<ygen U 0
Aci/i!y -: H2H - @2H
A.e(age )an/ con!en! E0eigh!8 --+ 20
Ma<i+u+ )an/ -a(!icle )iDe ++ WW
>. Pump parameters
De)ign -oin!
Suc!ion -(e))u(e Eo( a )-eciic a--lica!ion8 ,a(g 2H
Di)cha(ge -(e))u(e Eo( a )-eciic a--lica!ion8 ,a(g @H
De)ign -(e))u(e ,a(g 2H0
:y/(o)!a!ic !e)! -(e))u(e ,a(g A2H
Suc!ion !e+-e(a!u(e Eo( a )-eciic a--lica!ion8 /eg1 C C3
7a) lo0(a!e EA - a+,ien!8 A+
3
Mh H@@
$i6ui/ lo0(a!e A+
3
Mh 3CA
To!al lo0(a!e A+
3
Mh BA0
7a) .oi/ (ac!ion 01@0
7a) /en)i!y *gM+
3
&G23
$i6ui/ /en)i!y *gM+
3
B23
To!al /en)i!y *gM+
3
3CG2G
Pu+- )-ee/ (-+ &G00
Pu+- )ha! -o0e( *N &330
Ma<i+u+ o-e(a!ing -oin!
To!al lo0(a!e a! A0 ,a( /ie(en!ial1 -(e))u(e A+
3
Mh &0@0
Pu+- )-ee/ (-+ 2000
Pu+- )ha! -o0e( *N &AG0

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Ta.le C63 Chec5list Fail&re ,echanis, Data .ase
$D
/ailure
mechanism
type / Root
cause
&+uipment
/ part
R
i
s
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argin -omment Source
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/ailure ode /unction
Ris! reducing
measure
Detection &ffect
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mode
S
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-
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& 9ello0) H
&1& In)!a,ili!y2
,uc*ling
9ello0) $ 2 OK Can ,e an
inhe(en! /e)ign
-(o,le+ a! long
lie!i+e)
Manuac!u(e(2
E"MA
)!an/a(/
9ello0)
)!uc*2 ,loc*e/
Allo0
-i)!on
+o.e+en!
a)
in!en/e/
In!e(nal
gui/e i!!e/1
%e)2
-o)i!ion
)en)o(
/u(ing
o-e(a!ion
$o)) o
-(e))u(e
co+-en)a!ion
No(+al
o-e(a!ion
H & A 2 A
&12 Accu+ula!ion
o /e-o)i!)M
/e,(i) onM
a(oun/
,ello0)
9ello0) $ 2 Se-a(a!e
!a)*
Can occu( i
-(o/uce/ lui/
en!e()
co+-en)a!o(
9ello0)
)!uc*2
,loc*e/2
(e!a(/e/
+o.e+en!
Sa+e a)
&1&
Re.ie0
/e)ign o
co+-en)a!o(
i+-ul)e -i-e2
hea!e(1
In/ica!ion)
,y -o)i!ion
)en)o(
$o)) o
-(e))u(e
co+-en)a!ion
No(+al
o-e(a!ion
H & A 2 A
&13 3o(+a!ion o
0a< M
hy/(a!e) onM
a(oun/
,ello0)
!a)*
Can occu( i
-(o/uce/ lui/
en!e()
co+-en)a!o(
9ello0)
)!uc*2
,loc*e/2
(e!a(/e/
+o.e+en!
Sa+e a)
&1&
A) a,o.e [
lu)hing 0i!h
+e!hanol1
In/ica!ion)
,y -o)i!ion
)en)o(
u-on (e)!a(!
$o)) o
-(e))u(e
co+-en)a!ion
Shu!/o0n H & A 2 A
&1A 3a!igue 9ello0) $ 2 H 9e!!e(
/ocu+en!a!ion
!han E"MA
)!an/a(/
(e6ui(e/1
P(o,a,il!y o
ailu(e SS 022CU2
OK
E"MA ;
3a!igue lie
(e.ie0e/
Deo(+a!ion2
/i)in!eg(a!ion
o ,ello0)
Sa+e a)
&1&
No! (e6ui(e/
i a!igue lie
can ,e
/ocu+en!e/
In/ica!ion)
,y -o)i!ion
)en)o(
$o)) o
-(e))u(e
co+-en)a!ion2
lea*age
No(+al
o-e(a!ion
H & A 2 A
&1H Co((o)ion 9ello0) $ 2 OK 9e!!e(
/ocu+en!a!ion o
co((o)ion
-(o-e(!ie) o
Inconel @2H
(e6ui(e/
Inconel @2H
OK i )u(ace
ha(/ne)) 3H
:RC
Di)in!eg(a!ion
o ,ello0)
Sa+e a)
&1&
No! (e6ui(e/
i co((o)ion
-(o-e(!ie) in
-(o/uce/
lui/ can ,e
/ocu+en!e/
In/ica!ion)
,y -o)i!ion
)en)o(
$o)) o
-(e))u(e
co+-en)a!ion2
lea*age
No(+al
o-e(a!ion
H & A 2 A
&1@ In)!a,ili!y /ue
!o
o.e(-(e))u(e
9ello0) $ 2 OKR Po))i,le /u(ing
)e.e(e !(an)ien!)R
T(an)ien!)
an/ c(i!ical
.alue !o ,e
/ocu+en!e/
Deo(+a!ion
o ,ello0)
Sa+e a)
&1&/
No! (e6ui(e/
i !(ani)en!)
can ,e *e-!
,elo0 )o+e
c(i!ical .alue
In/ica!ion)
,y -o)i!ion
)en)o(
$o)) o
-(e))u(e
co+-en)a!ion
S!a(! u-2
)hu!
/o0n2
!(ani)en!)
H & A
2 9ello0) 2 H

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A
S
21& 3a!igue 9ello0) $ 2 H See A1A See A1A C(ac*ing o
,ello0)
Kee-
)y)!e+ oil
an/ ine(!
oil
E-(o/uce/
lui/8
)e-a(a!e/
See A1A No! unle))
c(ac*
hin/e()
+o!ion o
-i)!on
$ea*age2 )ee
al)o A1A
No(+al
o-e(a!ion
H & A 2 A
212 Co((o)ion
Ecan ac! a)
ini!ial a!igue
c(ac*ing8
9ello0) $ 2 OK See A1H See A1H2 @2H
no! -(one !o
-i!!ing
co((o)ion
Pi!!ing o
,ello0)
-o))i,ly
cau)ing
c(ac*ing
Sa+e a)
21&
See A1H No! unle))
+o!ion o
-i)!on i)
hin/e(e/
$ea*age2 )ee
al)o A1H
No(+al
o-e(a!ion
H & A 2 A
213 3(e!!ing Ecan
ac! a) ini!ial
a!igue
c(ac*ing8
9ello0) $ 2 OKR Docu+en!a!ion
!ha! (e!!ing i) no!
a -(o,le+ o(
,ello0) E/e)ign2
+a!e(ial8
(e6ui(e/
E"MA
)!an/a(/ /oe)
no! /eal 0i!h
c(i!e(ia o(
(e!!ing
C(ac*ing o
,ello0)
Sa+e a)
21&
No! (e6ui(e/
i lo0
-(o,a,ili!y o
(e!!ing can
,e
/ocu+en!e/
No! unle))
c(ac*
hin/e()
+o!ion o
-i)!on
$ea*age2 )ee
al)o A1A
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#pp.D )omputer -oftware . !age 25
A!!END%G D COM!UTER SOFTWARE
D1 %ntrod&ction
Thi) )ec!ion /e)c(i,e) !he -(oce)) o( Technology Qualiica!ion o co+-u!e( )o!0a(e2 ei!he( a) an in/e-en/en!
)y)!e+ o( a) -a(! o a la(ge( )y)!e+1 So!0a(e +ay ,e -(o.i/e/ in +any a--lica!ion)2 inclu/ing4
5 co+-u!a!ional an/ /a!a -(oce))ing )y)!e+)2 no! con!(olling ha(/0a(e
5 )o!0a(e !ha! con!(ol) )-eciic -hy)ical /e.ice)
5 )o!0a(e in ne!0o(*) lin*ing /e.ice) an/ co+-u!a!ional )y)!e+)1
Thi) anne< a//(e))e) Technology Qualiica!ion in all o !ho)e !y-e) o a--lica!ion1
Nhile !he 6ualiica!ion o ha(/0a(e +ay ,e acco+-li)he/ on !he ,a)i) o !he /e!aile/ /e)ign !ha! i) -(o.i/e/
!o !he +anuac!u(e(2 !he /e!aile/ /e)ign o )o!0a(e u)ually i) no! a/e6ua!e o( !hi) -u(-o)e1 Many -e(o(+ance
an/ ,eha.iou(al a)-ec!) o )o!0a(e canno! ,e e.alua!e/ un!il co/e ha) ,een /e.elo-e/ an/ e<ecu!e/1
9ecau)e )o!0a(e /oe) no! go !h(ough a +anuac!u(ing -ha)e E0he(e u(!he( -(o/uc! i+-(o.e+en! i) -o))i,le82
i! i) e))en!ial !ha! )o!0a(e 6uali!y an/ !echnology 6ualiica!ion i))ue) ,e a//(e))e/ /u(ing ini!ial )o!0a(e
/e.elo-+en! an/ !e)!ing1 Mo)! o !he -lanne/ in.e)!+en! in a ne0 )o!0a(e ca-a,ili!y i) e<-en/e/ in -(o/ucing
!he i()! co-y1
#nli*e )o!0a(e2 !he c(ea!ion o each a//i!ional co-y o a ha(/0a(e /e.ice (e6ui(e) a )igniican! in.e)!+en! in
+anuac!u(ing !he ne0 co-y1 A//i!ional co-ie) o !he )o!0a(e a(e nea(ly =(ee>2 al!hough !hey +ay con!ain
=,ug)> 0hich a(e li*e0i)e ea)ily -(o-aga!e/1 So!0a(e ,ug) a(e no! /i)co.e(e/ /u(ing )o!0a(e
=+anuac!u(ing>1
Technology 6ualiica!ion /ie() (o+ !(a/i!ional )o!0a(e 6uali!y a))u(ance in !ha! 6ualiica!ion )!(e))e) (i)*)2
no! Ku)! (e6ui(e+en!)2 an/ a!!e+-!) !o -(o/uce a 6uan!i!a!i.e )!a!e+en! o coni/ence in !he ini)he/ -(o/uc!1
:o0e.e(2 +any o !he )a+e !echni6ue) a(e u)e/1
The)e (eco++en/a!ion) o( So!0a(e Technology Qualiica!ion ,uil/) u-on e)!a,li)he/ gui/ance1
In!e(na!ional )!an/a(/) /e)c(i,e !he !y-ical /i+en)ion) o )o!0a(e 6uali!y EISOMIEC B&2@8 an/ gene(ic
)o!0a(e /e.elo-+en! -(oce))e) EISOMIEC &220C81 The gui/ance in !hi) anne< e+-loy) +any o !he *ey
conce-!) o !ho)e )!an/a(/)1 A--1PD12Q ou!line) !he o.e(all -(oce)) o So!0a(e Technology Qualiica!ion1 I!
-a(allel) !he )!e-) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) /e)c(i,e/ in !he +ain ,o/y o !hi) (eco++en/e/
-(ac!ice1 A--1PD13Q /i)cu))e) )o+e )o!0a(e-)-eciic i))ue) !ha! o!en )u(ace /u(ing So!0a(e Technology
Qualiica!ion eo(!)1
D$ Technolog( )&ali"ication !rocess
The So!0a(e Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) con)i)!) o )i< )!e-)2 a) /e)c(i,e/ ,elo01 A--1PD121CQ
/i)cu))e) conce-! i+-(o.e+en! ,a)e/ on !he Technology Qualiica!ion (e)ul!)1
D$1 Technolog( )&ali"ication 0asis
Technology Qualiica!ion a!!e+-!) !o )u,)!an!ia!e a Clai+ a,ou! -(o.i)ion o unc!ion1 The i()! )!e- in
6ualiica!ion i) !o /eine !he !echnology )-eciica!ion o( ,a)i) o( 6ualiica!ion1 #no(!una!ely2 )o!0a(e
(e6ui(e+en!) o!en a(e e+,e//e/ in o!he( )y)!e+) (e6ui(e+en!)2 (a!he( !han ,eing i/en!iie/ )e-a(a!ely1
Con)e6uen!ly2 i! +ay ,e nece))a(y !o con)oli/a!e ino(+a!ion (o+ +any )ou(ce) in o(/e( !o ,uil/ !he )o!0a(e
!echnology )-eciica!ion1 The )o!0a(e !echnology )-eciica!ion +ay ,e a collec!ion o /a!a2 (a!he( !han a
o(+al /ocu+en!1
Mo)! gui/eline) o( /e.elo-+en! o )o!0a(e-in!en)i.e )y)!e+) (eco++en/ !ha! a unc!ional alloca!ion o
(e6ui(e+en!) !o )o!0a(e an/ ha(/0a(e co+-onen!) ,e /e.elo-e/1 I a.aila,le2 !ha! i) a goo/ )!a(!ing -oin! o(
!he /e.elo-+en! o !he )o!0a(e !echnology )-eciica!ion1 O!he( -o!en!ial )ou(ce) o 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia
inclu/e !he ollo0ing4
5 o-e(a!ion) conce-!
5 unc!ional (e6ui(e+en!)
5 -e(o(+ance (e6ui(e+en!) E!h(ough-u!2 CP# u!iliDa!ion2 (e)-on)i.ene))8
5 /eini!ion) o in!e(ace) an/ /e-en/encie)
5 acce-!ance c(i!e(ia
5 6uali!y an/ )e(.ice le.el o,Kec!i.e)
5 a--lica,le in/u)!(y )!an/a(/) Ee1g12 ISO @&H0G o( )ae!y-c(i!ical )y)!e+)81
The !echnology )-eciica!ion )houl/ i!e+iDe all ea!u(e)2 ca-a,ili!ie)2 an/ 6uali!ie) !ha! aec! !he a,ili!y o !he
)o!0a(e !o -e(o(+ i!) in!en/e/ unc!ion) eec!i.ely1 The)e a(e !he 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia1 DonO! a))u+e !ha!
!he o(+al (e6ui(e+en!) /ocu+en! /e.elo-e/ ,y !he cu)!o+e( o( )u--lie( con!ain) all o !hi) ino(+a!ion1 The
!echnology )-eciica!ion )houl/ inclu/e a unc!ional a(chi!ec!u(e2 !ha! i)2 a +a--ing o 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia !o
unc!ional co+-onen!) o !he )y)!e+1
9ecau)e i! i) -(ac!ically i+-o))i,le !o e<hau)!i.ely !e)! any )o!0a(e o )u,)!an!ial )iDe2 /e.elo-e() )houl/
e+-loy a )y)!e+a!ic a--(oach !o .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion !ha! inco(-o(a!e) +e!ho/) o!he( !han !e)!ing2 a)
0ell1 No! all 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia +ay ,e !e)!e/ o( !e)!a,le1 O!he( .e(iica!ion +e!ho/) +ay ,e u)e/ a)
/i)cu))e/ ,elo01 Technology 6ualiica!ion -(o.i/e) an o.e(all a))e))+en! o i!ne)) o( -u(-o)e u)ing all o
!he a.aila,le an/ a--(o-(ia!e /a!a1
I! +ay ,e hel-ul !o cla(iy )o+e )o!0a(e !e(+inology u)e/ la!e( in !hi) /ocu+en!4
5 3ailu(e ? occu() 0hen !he )o!0a(e o-e(a!e) in a 0ay !ha! ail) !o +ee! i!) (e6ui(e+en!) o( e<-ec!a!ion)
E!he)e a(e i/en!iie/ !h(ough !e)!ing an/ u)age81
5 Deec! ? )o+e!hing in !he co/e o( /ocu+en!a!ion !ha! +u)! ,e change/ in o(/e( !o co((ec! !he ailu(e E!he)e
a(e i/en!iie/ !h(ough -ee( (e.ie0) an/ /e,ugging81
5 P(o,le+ ? a (e-o(! o( (eco(/ o one o( +o(e ailu(e) an/Mo( /eec!)1
The)e !e(+) a(e u)e/ loo)ely in -(ac!ice1 P(o,le+ i) !he +o)! gene(al !e(+1
The 6uali!y /i+en)ion) /eine/ in ISOMIEC B&2@ o!en a(e a u)eul 0ay o o(ganiDing a )o!0a(e !echnology
)-eciica!ion !o en)u(e !ha! all i+-o(!an! )o!0a(e 6uali!y a!!(i,u!e) a(e co.e(e/ ,y !he )-eciica!ion1
A /e)i(e/ Coni/ence $e.el EDNV-RP-D20&8 o( Sae!y In!eg(i!y $e.el EIEC @&H0G8 +ay ,e e)!a,li)he/ /u(ing
!hi) )!e-1 The)e )!an/a(/) /eine ou( le.el) o inc(ea)ing coni/ence an/Mo( )ae!y1 The Technology
Qualiica!ion eo(! )houl/ /e!e(+ine 0he!he( o( no! !he nece))a(y le.el o (elia,ili!y an/ o!he( -e(o(+ance
+ea)u(e) ha) ,een achie.e/ !o +ee! !he )elec!e/ Coni/ence $e.el o( Sae!y In!eg(i!y $e.el1
D$$ Technolog( Assess,ent
A o(+al Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) (eco++en/e/ o( !echnology !ha! i) no! co.e(e/ ,y a )e! o
.ali/a!e/ (e6ui(e+en!)1 Thi) )!e- /e!e(+ine) !he )co-e o !he Technology Qualiica!ion eo(!1 So!0a(e
-ac*age) !ha! a(e u)e/ o( !hei( o(iginal -u(-o)e in !he in!en/e/ en.i(on+en! 0i!hou! +o/iica!ion gene(ally
/o no! (e6ui(e Technology Qualiica!ion1
Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice -(o.i/e) a gene(al algo(i!h+ o( a))e))ing !echnology1 The ollo0ing
(eco++en/a!ion) a(e -(o.i/e/ )-eciically o( )o!0a(e ele+en!)1 Ne0 )o!0a(e )hall ,e ca!ego(iDe/ a) =no.el
o( un-(o.en> E)ee Ta,le in Sec1C1A8 !o /e!e(+ine !he nee/ o( 6ualiica!ion1 Ra!e )u,)!an!ially +o/iie/
)o!0a(e a) =li+i!e/ iel/ hi)!o(y> in !he )a+e !a,le1 Each )o!0a(e co+-onen! )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/ )e-a(a!ely1
Thu)2 )o+e )o!0a(e co+-onen!) +ay (e6ui(e 6ualiica!ion2 0hile o!he() /o no!1
Technology Qualiica!ion +ay ,egin 0i!h )o!0a(e /e)ign ino(+a!ion1 :o0e.e(2 +any i+-o(!an! a)-ec!) o
)o!0a(e ,eha.iou( 0ill no! ,e *no0n un!il )o!0a(e co/e ha) ,een /e.elo-e/ an/ !e)!e/1 A) /i)cu))e/ in
A--1PD131HQ2 one o( ,o!h o !he /e)ign an/ )ou(ce co/e +ay no! ,e a.aila,le o( COTS an/ legacy )o!0a(e1
Qualiica!ion o( !he)e co+-onen!) 0ill ha.e !o ,e ,a)e/ on !he ,eha.iou( o !he )o!0a(e o,)e(.e/ /u(ing
!e)!ing1
D$' Threat Assess,ent
Once !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ha) ,een c(ea!e/2 (i)*) !o achie.ing !he 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia )houl/
,e i/en!iie/1 Thi) can ,e acco+-li)he/ ,y co+,ining a )y)!e+-le.el (i)* analy)i) 0i!h 3MECA) o( )elec!e/
)o!0a(e co+-onen!)2 a) a--(o-(ia!e1 Ri)* analy)i) ac!i.i!ie) hel- !o ocu) !he .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion
ac!i.i!ie) o !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion !ea+1 EThe 6ualiica!ion !ea+ inclu/e) acili!a!o()2 .en/o()2 an/
cu)!o+e( -e()onnel con!(i,u!ing !o !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!y18
The )y)!e+-le.el (i)* analy)i) )houl/ ,e con/uc!e/ u)ing !he DNV analy)i) +e!ho/ an/ )u--o(!ing !ool) Ee1g12
Ea)y Ri)* Manage(81 The i()! )!e-) a(e !o /e.elo- a (i)* !a<ono+y a) 0ell a) c(i!e(ia o( (a!ing !he -(o,a,ili!y
an/ con)e6uence o (i)* i!e+)1 The unc!ional a(chi!ec!u(e o(+) one /i+en)ion o !he (i)* !a<ono+y1 The
)y)!e+-le.el (i)* analy)i) )houl/ a//(e)) a ,(oa/ (ange o -o))i,le o,)!acle) an/ (i)*) a))ocia!e/ 0i!h !he
!echnology2 inclu/ing -(oce))e)2 -e()onnel2 in(a)!(uc!u(e2 an/ (egula!o(y conce(n)1 I! )houl/ no! ,e li+i!e/ !o
!he )co-e o !he )o!0a(e1 Ea)y Ri)* Manage( -(o.i/e) goo/ )u--o(! o( ca-!u(ing an/ !(ac*ing !he (e)ul!) o
!he (i)* analy)i)1
So!0a(e 3MECA) ocu) on in/i.i/ual )o!0a(e-con!(olle/ /e.ice)2 u)ually i/en!iia,le in !he unc!ional
a(chi!ec!u(e1 The )y)!e+-le.el (i)* analy)i) +ay i/en!iy )o+e )y)!e+ co+-onen!) a) -(o,le+a!ic2 an/ !hu)
a--(o-(ia!e o( u(!he( con)i/e(a!ion in a )o!0a(e 3MECA1 So!0a(e )houl/ ,e inclu/e/ in !he 3MECA o(
any )y)!e+ co+-onen! 0he(e )o!0a(e can ini!ia!e o( inhi,i! any )ae!y ac!ion2 e.en i ha(/0a(e ,a((ie() a--ea(
!o ,e in/e-en/en! o !he )o!0a(e1 I !he )che/ule allo0)2 in/i.i/ual )o!0a(e co+-onen!) )houl/ ,e 6ualiie/
,eo(e !hey a(e in!eg(a!e/ in!o !he )y)!e+1
Th(ea! *ey0o(/) +ay ,e hel-ul in (ecogniDing -o!en!ial -(o,le+) /u(ing (i)* analy)i) an/ 3MECA)1
E<a+-le) o )uch *ey0o(/) o( )o!0a(e inclu/e4 (e6ui(e+en!) change)2 ,ue( o.e(lo02 +e+o(y lea*)2
+anual -(oce))e)2 glo,al +e+o(y2 (eu)e2 !i+ing con)!(ain!)2 "a.a2 Vi)ual 9a)ic2 ha(/-co/e/ -a(a+e!e()2 an/
aul! !ole(ance1
Nhene.e( !echnology !ha! (e6ui(e) 6ualiica!ion i) i+-le+en!e/ in a )y)!e+ !ha! in!eg(a!e) ha(/0a(e an/
)o!0a(e2 0i!h a high (e6ui(e/ le.el o coni/ence2 !hen DNV-RP-D20& )houl/ ,e a--lie/2 a) 0ell1 The la(ge)!
,enei!) (e)ul! (o+ a--lying DNV-RP-D20& ea(ly in !he -(oKec!1 A ga- analy)i) ,a)e/ on DNV-RP-D20&
hel-) !o i/en!iy 0ea*ne))e) in !he /e.elo-+en! -(oce)) !ha! +ay allo0 /eec!) !o e)ca-e in!o !he )o!0a(e1
#pp.D )omputer -oftware . !age 4%
A//(e))ing !he)e 0ea*ne))e) hel-) !o (e/uce !he -(o,a,ili!y o occu((ence o )uch ailu(e) gene(ally2 no! !he
li*elihoo/ o any )-eciic ailu(e1 The (i)* analy)i) an/ 3MECA ac!i.i!ie) !y-ically ca((ie/ ou! /u(ing
6ualiica!ion o )o!0a(e i/en!iy )-eciic -o!en!ial ailu(e) !o ,e +i!iga!e/1 DNV-RP-D20& can ,e a--lie/ a!
-(oKec! )!a(! Eo( e<a+-le2 /u(ing .en/o( )elec!ion8 ,eo(e !he (e6ui(e+en!)2 a(chi!ec!u(e2 an/ /e)ign
/ocu+en!) !ha! a(e nee/e/ o( !he /e!aile/ 3MECA) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) acco(/ing !o !hi)
RP a(e a.aila,le1 Thu)2 DNV-RP-D20& i) co+-le+en!a(y !o !hi) one1
3igu(e D-& )ho0) !he (ela!ion)hi- o !he)e Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice) !o Technology Qualiica!ion1 "u)! DNV-
RP-A203 -(o.i/e) -(oce)) gui/ance !o !he TQ eo(!2 DNV-RP-D20& -(o.i/e) gui/ance !o !he )o!0a(e
/e.elo-+en! eo(! an/ al)o -(o.i/e) ino(+a!ion !o !he TQ !ea+ a,ou! !he .e(iica!ion /a!a li*ely !o ,e
a.aila,le1
Fig&re D61
DN= Reco,,ended !ractices Related to Technolog( )&ali"ication
D$+ De7elo* Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan
The Technology Qualiica!ion Plan /e)c(i,e) !he /a!a !o ,e collec!e/ an/ analy)e) !o ,e -e(o(+e/ !o 6ualiy
!he )o!0a(e1 The =+u)! ha.e> )o!0a(e (e6ui(e+en!)2 high -(io(i!y (i)*)2 an/ c(i!ical ailu(e +o/e) Ei/en!iie/
a) /e)c(i,e/ in A--1PD1213Q8 in/ica!e !he *in/) o /a!a (e6ui(e/ o( !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 A--(o-(ia!e /a!a
+u)! ,e collec!e/ !o /e!e(+ine i !he (e6ui(e+en!) a(e )a!i)ie/2 (i)*) ha.e ,een +i!iga!e/ an/ ,a((ie() !o
ailu(e) a(e )ucce))ul1 A So!0a(e Technology Qualiica!ion eo(! +ay inco(-o(a!e /a!a (o+ +any /ie(en!
)ou(ce) 0i!hin a -(oKec!1 In -a(!icula(2 6uali!y a))u(ance2 .e(iica!ion2 an/ .ali/a!ion ac!i.i!ie) !ha! -(oKec!)
no(+ally un/e(!a*e can -(o.i/e .alua,le /a!a o( 6ualiica!ion1 The Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )houl/
i/en!iy !he /a!a !o ,e collec!e/ (o+ !he )o!0a(e /e.elo-+en! -(oce))2 a) 0ell a) !he analy)e) !o ,e -e(o(+e/
on i!1 The -lan )houl/ al)o /e)c(i,e any ac!i.i!ie) nece))a(y !o o,!ain nee/e/ /a!a !ha! i) no! -(o/uce/ na!u(ally
0i!hin !he /e.elo-e(O) -(oce))1 The a,ili!y o !he /e.elo-e()O -(oce)) !o -(o/uce !he /e)i(e/ /a!a can ,e
/e!e(+ine/ .ia a DNV-RP-D20& -(oce)) a))e))+en!1 IEC @&H0G2 Pa(! 32 (eco++en/) .e(iica!ion ac!i.i!ie)
o( /ie(ing Sae!y In!eg(i!y $e.el)1
The Technology Qualiica!ion Plan +u)! i/en!iy an a--(o-(ia!e .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion )!(a!egy o( each
high -(io(i!y (e6ui(e+en!2 (i)* o( ailu(e +o/e1 Qualiica!ion !y-ically in.ol.e) /a!a (o+ !he ollo0ing )ou(ce)4
5 Pee( (e.ie0 (e)ul!)4
5 nu+,e( o /eec!) oun/
5 loca!ion an/ !y-e o /eec!)1
5 P(o,le+ (e-o(!) (o+ !e)!ing4
5 nu+,e( o /eec!) oun/ an/ i<e/
5 loca!ion an/ !y-e o /eec!)1
5 Te)! e.alua!ion (e-o(!)4
5 unc!ionali!y ga-)
5 !e)! co.e(age1
5 Sou(ce co/e analy)i) (e)ul!)4
5 co+-le<i!y
5 .iola!ion) o )!an/a(/)1

Technology
7ualification
-oftware
Development
!"#$%&
T7
!"D$%(
3-D-
Process
Guidance
Verification
Options
Data and TQ
Feedback
Process
Guidance
#pp.D )omputer -oftware . !age 4(
5 Technical -e(o(+ance +ea)u(e)4
5 +e+o(y u!iliDa!ion
5 (e)-on)e !i+e
5 !h(ough-u!
5 CP# u!iliDa!ion1
The Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )houl/ i/en!iy !he 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia2 /a!a !o ,e collec!e/2 an/ analy)e)
!o ,e -e(o(+e/1 I/eally2 !he )o!0a(e ac6ui(e( an/ /e.elo-e( -e(o(+ !he)e ac!i.i!ie) an/ +a*e !he /a!a
a.aila,le o( !he 6ualiica!ion analy)i)1 I !ha! i) no! !(ue2 !hen con)i/e( +a*ing !he)e ac!i.i!ie) -a(! o !he
)o!0a(e !echnology 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 Each ac!i.i!y in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )houl/ ,e lin*e/
!o a co((e)-on/ing (e6ui(e+en!2 (i)*2 o( ailu(e +o/eE)81
A ,a)eline a))e))+en! o )u--lie()O -(oce))e) )houl/ ,e con/uc!e/ !o i/en!iy !hei( 6uali!y ac!i.i!ie) an/ /a!a
!ha! +igh! ,e +a/e a.aila,le o( !he 6ualiica!ion analy)i)1 DNV-RP-D20& -(o.i/e) a (a+e0o(* o(
con/uc!ing )uch an a))e))+en!1 The ,a)eline a))e))+en! )houl/ -(o/uce an e.alua!ion o !he eec!i.ene)) o
!he )u--lie(O) .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion ac!i.i!ie) E0i!h (eco++en/a!ion) o( i+-(o.e+en!82 a) 0ell a) a li)!
o /a!a i!e+) !o ,e con)i/e(e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion analy)i)1 Pa(!icula( a!!en!ion )houl/ ,e -ai/ !o !he -(o,le+
!(ac*ing an/ co((ec!i.e ac!ion )y)!e+) in u)e1
P(o,le+ (e-o(!ing )y)!e+) a(e an i+-o(!an! )ou(ce o ino(+a!ion o( !echnology 6ualiica!ion1 The)e )y)!e+)
!(ac* -(o,le+) oun/ /u(ing -ee( (e.ie0) an/ !e)!ing1 De.elo-e() (ely on !he)e )y)!e+) !o en)u(e !ha! !he
i/en!iie/ -(o,le+) ge! (e)ol.e/ in a !i+ely +anne(1 The !echnology 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!y can u)e !hi)
ino(+a!ion !o hel- !o /e!e(+ine no0 0ell !he !echnology )-eciica!ion i) ,eing )a!i)ie/ an/ !he -(oKec! 6uali!y
!(en/) ? o( e<a+-le2 !h(ough !he u)e o (elia,ili!y +o/el)2 a) /i)cu))e/ la!e(1 A /e)c(i-!ion o each -(o,le+
o( /eec! )houl/ ,e (eco(/e/2 along 0i!h ino(+a!ion )uch a)4
5 $oca!ion in !he )o!0a(e E+o/ule8 o( !e)! ca)e 0he(e !he -(o,le+ 0a) oun/1
5 Se.e(i!y Ei+-ac!8 an/ o( -(io(i!y o -(o,le+1
5 Ty-e o( na!u(e o !he -(o,le+1
5 S!a!u) o -(o,le+ Eo-en2 in 0o(*2 clo)e/81
5 Planne/ i<e/ E(elea)e o( /a!e !o ,e /eli.e(e/81
Main!aining !he in!eg(i!y o !he -(o,le+ (e-o(!ing )y)!e+ i) e))en!ial !o ,o!h !he -(oKec!O) 6uali!y a))u(ance
ac!i.i!y an/ !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion eo(!1
Sou(ce co/e analy)i) in.ol.e) -(oce))ing !he )ou(ce co/e !h(ough a )o!0a(e !ool !o i/en!iy -o!en!ial -(o,le+)
an/ 6uali!y i))ue)1 Thi) i) al)o (ee((e/ !o a) )!a!ic co/e analy)i) ,ecau)e !he )o!0a(e i) no! ,eing e<ecu!e/2 a)
i! 0oul/ ,e /u(ing !e)!ing1 No! all -(o,le+) can ,e /e!ec!e/ 0i!h )!a!ic co/e analy)i)1 The !y-e) o -(o,le+)
)ou(ce co/e analy)i) !ool) +ay in/ inclu/e4
5 Con!(ol lo0 ? un(eacha,le co/e2 an/ loo-) 0i!h +ul!i-le e<i! o( en!(y -oin!)1
5 Da!a u)e ? .a(ia,le) u)e/ 0i!hou! ,eing ini!ialiDe/ an/ .a(ia,le) /ecla(e/ ,u! ne.e( u)e/1
5 In!e(ace) ? incon)i)!encie) in !he .a(ia,le) -a))e/ ,e!0een !0o (ou!ine)2 )uch a) inco((ec! nu+,e( o
.a(ia,le) -a))e/ o( incon)i)!en! .a(ia,le !y-e)1
5 Me+o(y lea*) ? ailu(e !o /e-alloca!e )!o(age a!e( u)e1
O!he( !y-e) o e((o()2 e1g12 +i)!a*e) in algo(i!h+) o( logic canno! ,e /e!ec!e/ ,y )ou(ce co/e analy)i)1 Sou(ce
co/e analy)i) al)o gi.e) in)igh! in!o !he )!(uc!u(e an/ o(+a! o !he co/e !ha! +ay hel- !o i+-(o.e i!)
+ain!aina,ili!y1
Many )ou(ce co/e analy)i) !ool) a(e a.aila,le2 ,o!h (ee an/ co++e(cially1 Ree( !o !hi) 0e,)i!e4
h!!-4MMen10i*i-e/ia1o(gM0i*iM$i)!\o\!ool)\o(\)!a!ic\co/e\analy)i)1
So+e a)-ec!) o )o!0a(e2 e)-ecially algo(i!h+)2 +ay ,e .e(iie/ !h(ough o(+al +e!ho/)1 The)e a(e !ool) an/
!echni6ue) Ee1g12 F8 !ha! can -(o.e !ha! )o!0a(e i) co((ec! 0i!h (e)-ec! !o i!) unc!ional (e6ui(e+en!)1 Ty-ically2
o(+al +e!ho/) a(e e+-loye/ ,y !he /e.elo-e(2 no! a) an a!e(-!he-ac! .e(iica!ion !echni6ue1 :o0e.e(2
e.i/ence o !he u)e o o(+al +e!ho/) +ay ,e con)i/e(e/ /u(ing !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 3o(+al
+e!ho/) gene(ally /o no! a//(e)) -e(o(+ance-(ela!e/ -(o,le+)1
Technology 6ualiica!ion ocu)e) on !he ne0 o( inno.a!i.e a)-ec!) o a )y)!e+ o( -(o/uc!1 The -(oKec! !ea+
+ay a--ly con.en!ional !e)!ing an/ 6uali!y a))u(ance ac!i.i!ie) !o a ,(oa/e( )co-e o !he -(oKec! !han i) (ele.an!
!o !he no.el !echnology1 Technology 6ualiica!ion a--lie) a +o(e (igo(ou) 6uali!y a--(oach !o !he no.el
!echnologie) 0i!hin !he )y)!e+1
D$- E4ec&te Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan
Thi) )!e- con)i)!) o e<ecu!ing !he -lan /e)c(i,e/ in !he -(ece/ing )ec!ion1 Change) !o !he -lan +ay ,e (e6ui(e/
i )o+e o !he -lanne/ /a!a canno! ,e o,!aine/1 I/eally2 !he )o!0a(e /e.elo-+en! !ea+ -e(o(+) !he ac!i.i!ie)
nee/e/ !o gene(a!e !he 6ualiica!ion /a!a a) -a(! o !hei( no(+al ac!i.i!ie)1
#pp.D )omputer -oftware . !age 4$
D$# !er"or,ance Assess,ent
Thi) )!e- in.ol.e) colla!ing (e)ul!) an/ u(!he( analyDing /a!a collec!e/ !h(ough !he e<ecu!ion o !he
Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1 The (e)ul!) o !hi) )!e- a(e /ocu+en!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion
Re-o(!1 :o0e.e(2 )!a!u) (e-o(!)2 )ho0ing -(og(e)) !o0a(/) 6ualiica!ion2 +ay ,e -(o.i/e/ a! /eine/
+ile)!one)1 A) /i)cu))e/ in A--1PD1212Q2 6ualiica!ion +ay ,egin 0i!h )o!0a(e /e)ign2 ,u! inal 6ualiica!ion
(e6ui(e) (e)ul!) (o+ )o!0a(e !e)!ing1
I/eally2 !he 6ualiica!ion (e-o(! )houl/ ,e /e.elo-e/ Koin!ly a+ong all !he )!a*ehol/e()1 :o0e.e(2 )o+e!i+e)
conce(n) o( -(o-(ie!a(y /a!a +a*e !ha! i+-o))i,le1 The 6ualiica!ion (e-o(! )houl/ con!ain !he ollo0ing i!e+)2
a) a +ini+u+4
5 Qualiica!ion c(i!e(ia E!he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)84
5 acce-!ance c(i!e(ia
5 !echnical -e(o(+ance +ea)u(e)
5 6uali!y o,Kec!i.e)
5 (i)* analy)i) (e)ul!)1
5 Sou(ce) o 6ualiica!ion /a!a4
5 ac6ui(e(-)u--lie/ i!e+)
5 .en/o(-)u--lie/ i!e+)
5 6ualiie(-)u--lie/ i!e+)1
5 A))e))+en! o )a!i)ac!ion o 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia4
5 ga-)
5 unce(!ain!ie)1
5 Reco++en/e/ ac!ion)4
5 (i)* +i!iga!ion)
5 co((ec!i.e ac!ion)
5 u(!he( e.alua!ionM6ualiica!ion1
5 P(oKec!ion) o (elia,ili!y an/ +ain!aina,ili!y in o-e(a!ion ESee A--1PD131CQ8
5 P(oKec!e/ lie!i+e un!il o,)ole)cence ESee A--1PD1313Q an/ PD131AQ81
A !ho(ough (e.ie0 o !he 6ualiica!ion (e-o(! ,y all )!a*ehol/e() i) (eco++en/e/ ,eo(e inaliDa!ion !o en)u(e
an accu(a!e in!e(-(e!a!ion o !he /a!a1
D$/ Conce*t %,*ro7e,ent
A) a (e)ul! o (i)*) i/en!iie/ /u(ing !he !h(ea! a))e))+en! o( -(o,le+) an/ un(e)ol.e/ (i)*) i/en!iie/ /u(ing
!he Pe(o(+ance A))e))+en!2 i+-(o.e+en!) !o !he )o!0a(e /e)ign an/ i+-le+en!a!ion +ay ,e nee/e/1 Du(ing
!he Conce-! I+-(o.e+en! )!e- !he)e i))ue) a(e co++unica!e/ !o !he )o!0a(e /e.elo-e()1 The Technology
Qualiica!ion !ea+ +ay colla,o(a!e 0i!h !he )o!0a(e /e.elo-e() in /eining co((ec!i.e ac!ion)1 De-en/ing on
!he na!u(e o !he i))ue) an/ co((ec!i.e ac!ion2 )o+e 6ualiica!ion )!e-) +ay nee/ !o ,e (e-ea!e/
D' S*ecial To*ics
Thi) )ec!ion i/en!iie) )o+e o !he )o!0a(e-)-eciic conce(n) !ha! )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/ in a So!0a(e
Technology Qualiica!ion eo(!1 The)e conce(n) +ay no! all ,e i+-o(!an! in e.e(y )i!ua!ion1
D'1 Maintenance and Modi"ication E""ects
So!0a(e Technology Qualiica!ion +ay ,e con/uc!e/ /u(ing ini!ial )y)!e+ /e.elo-+en!2 o( la!e( /u(ing
o-e(a!ion) 0hen !echnology i) in!(o/uce/ in!o a )y)!e+1 Rega(/le)) o 0hen con/uc!e/2 !he 6ualiica!ion
ac!i.i!y )houl/ con)i/e( !he +ain!enance an/ +o/iica!ion o )o!0a(e /u(ing o-e(a!ion)1 So!0a(e )houl/ ,e
/e)igne/ o( +ain!aina,ili!y1 So!0a(e change) a(i)e (o+ +any )ou(ce)4
5 -lanne/ enhance+en!) !o unc!ionali!y
5 i<e) !o co((ec! -(o,le+)
5 u-/a!e) !o o-e(a!ing )y)!e+)2 /a!a,a)e)2 an/ o!he( -ac*age) inco(-o(a!e/ in!o !he )y)!e+1
Managing change) eicien!ly an/ eec!i.ely i) e))en!ial !o +anage )y)!e+ a.aila,ili!y /u(ing o-e(a!ion)1
Ty-ical +ain!enance-(ela!e/ 6ualiica!ion c(i!e(ia inclu/e !he ollo0ing4
5 :o0 /iicul! i) !he )o!0a(e !o changeR
5 :o0 +any la!en! /eec!) a(e li*ely !o ,e -(e)en! in !he )o!0a(eR
5 Doe) !he .en/o( ha.e !he (e)ou(ce) an/ co++i!+en! !o +ain!ain !he )o!0a(e E0o(*-o !he /eec! ,ac*log8
!h(ough i!) e<-ec!e/ lieR
#pp.D )omputer -oftware . !age 4&
5 :o0 +uch /oe) +ain!enance an/ )u--o(! a!e( /eli.e(y co)!R
5 A(e !he o-e(a!ing )y)!e+)2 /a!a,a)e)2 an/ o!he( -ac*age) inco(-o(a!e/ in !he )y)!e+ )!a,leR
Sou(ce co/e analy)i) !ool) +ay ,e an eec!i.e 0ay !o a))e)) !he /iicul!y o +o/iying !he )o!0a(e1 The)e
)o!0a(e -ac*age) -(oce)) !he )ou(ce co/e !o +a- i!) )!(uc!u(e an/ +ea)u(e i!) co+-le<i!y ? *ey ac!o() in
+ain!aina,ili!y1 They can al)o hel- !o i/en!iy !he i+-ac!) o -o!en!ial change) !o !he )o!0a(e1
Relia,ili!y analy)i) EA--1PD131CQ8 /i)cu))e) !echni6ue) o( e)!i+a!ing !he la!en! /eec!) an/ +oni!o(ing !he
0o(*-o o !he /eec! ,ac*log1 Deec! cau)al analy)i) +ay ,e e+-loye/ !o hel- i/en!iy )y)!e+a!ic 0ea*ne))
in !he )y)!e+ /e)ign a) 0ell a) /e.elo-+en! an/ +ain!enance -(oce))e)1 Thi) a--(oach hel-) (e/uce !he co)!
o +ain!enance ,y -(e.en!ing a//i!ional /eec!)1
#nli*e ha(/0a(e2 )o!0a(e /oe) no! 0ea( ou!1 Thu) all !he /eec!) an/ -o!en!ial ailu(e) !ha! )o!0a(e +igh!
e<-e(ience a(e /eli.e(e/ 0i!h i!2 unle)) +o(e a(e a//e/ /u(ing +ain!enance1 Any )o!0a(e change !ha! aec!)
an i/en!iie/ !h(ea! o( ailu(e +o/e )houl/ ,e (e-.e(iie/ !o en)u(e !ha! !he (i)* i) )!ill han/le/ co((ec!ly1
The a+oun! o +ain!enance (e6ui(e/ ,y )o!0a(e /oe) no! nece))a(ily inc(ea)e 0i!h age1 The /eci)ion !o (e!i(e
an/Mo( (e-lace )o!0a(e !en/) !o ,e /(i.en ,y )u--lie( ac!ion) )uch a) +aKo( change) !o o-e(a!ing )y)!e+)2
/a!a,a)e)2 an/ o!he( -ac*age) inco(-o(a!e/ in !he )y)!e+2 inc(ea)e) in !he -(ice o +ain!enance )u--o(!2 o( ,y
!he nee/ !o a// ne0 unc!ionali!y !ha! canno! ea)ily ,e acco++o/a!e/ ,y !he e<i)!ing )o!0a(e )y)!e+1
D'$ Fa&lt tolerance
3aul! !ole(ance i) !he a,ili!y o a )y)!e+ !o con!inue o-e(a!ing in !he -(e)ence o aul!) o( ailu(e)1 The le.el o
aul! !ole(ance achie.e/ in a )y)!e+ u)ually /e-en/) on !he )y)!e+ a(chi!ec!u(e1 O!en2 aul! !ole(ance i)
achie.e/ !h(ough (e/un/ancy1 Thi) +ean) ha.ing +ul!i-le ca-a,ili!ie) o( -e(o(+ing !he )a+e unc!ion2
!y-ically in -a(allel1 ISOMIEC A20&04200C2 =Sy)!e+) an/ So!0a(e Enginee(ing -- Reco++en/e/ -(ac!ice o(
a(chi!ec!u(al /e)c(i-!ion o )o!0a(e-in!en)i.e )y)!e+)>2 )ugge)!) ho0 !o /e)c(i,e an a(chi!ec!u(e in a 0ay !ha!
i!) -(o-e(!ie)2 )uch a) aul! !ole(ance2 can ,e e<-lo(e/1
So!0a(e (e/un/ancy /oe) no! nece))a(ily inc(ea)e aul! !ole(ance1 I !he (e/un/an! )o!0a(e uni!) con!ain !he
)a+e co/e2 !hen !he con/i!ion) !ha! cau)e one uni! !o ail a(e li*ely !o cau)e o!he( co-ie) o !he )a+e )o!0a(e
!o ail1 So!0a(e (e/un/ancy (e6ui(e) in/e-en/en! /e.elo-+en! o !he -a(allel )o!0a(e uni!)1
3o( )o+e a--lica!ion)2 aul! !ole(ance +ay ,e achie.e/ ,y +ani-ula!ing !he in-u! /a!a )o !ha! all )o!0a(e uni!)
a(e -(oce))ing )ligh!ly /ie(en! /a!a ? al!hough no! )o /ie(en! a) !o aec! !he ou!co+e1 Thu) /a!a !ha! cau)e)
one )o!0a(e uni! !o ail +igh! Ea!e( +ani-ula!ion8 no! cau)e a -a(allel uni! !o ail1
D'' Co,*&ting !lat"or,s
The co+-u!ing -la!o(+ con)i)!) o !he ha(/0a(e an/ o-e(a!ing )y)!e+ on 0hich !he a--lica!ion )o!0a(e 0ill
(un1 A )o!0a(e 6ualiica!ion eo(! )houl/ con)i/e( !he )-eciic conigu(a!ion o ha(/0a(e an/ o-e(a!ing
)y)!e+ !o ,e u)e/1
Co+-u!e() +ay ,e ,a)e/ on gene(al -u(-o)e -(oce))o() Ee1g12 In!el8 o( )-ecialiDe/ -(oce))o() Ee1g12 .i/eo2
-(og(a++a,le logical con!(olle()81 Tu(no.e( in )-ecial -u(-o)e -(oce))o() i) (e6uen!2 )o !he !echnology
6ualiica!ion eo(! )houl/ con)i/e( !he li*elihoo/ o !he con!inue/ a.aila,ili!y o )-ecialiDe/ -(oce))o() /u(ing
!he in!en/e/ lie o !he )y)!e+1
The !0o +o)! co++on o-e(a!ing )y)!e+) a(e Mic(o)o! Nin/o0) an/ $inu< Eo-en )ou(ce81 Nin/o0) i)
co++only u)e/ on gene(al -u(-o)e -(oce))o()2 0hile $inu< i) co++only u)e/ on )-ecialiDe/ -(oce))o() )uch
a) co++unica!ion) )e(.e()1
So!0a(e +ay o-e(a!e in a ne!0o(* en.i(on+en! 0he(e o!he( /e.ice) )uch a) )en)o()2 (ou!e()2 +ul!i-le<e()2 /a!a
)!o(e)2 an/ -(in!e() a(e connec!e/1 OPC
&
)-eciica!ion) -(o.i/e gui/ance on in!e(acing /e.ice) in )uch a ne!0o(*1
&
OPC 3oun/a!ion2 OPC E<-(e)) In!e(ace S-eciica!ion an/ OPC #niie/ A(chi!ec!u(e S-eciica!ion2 200B2 h!!-4MM0001o-coun/a!ion1o(gM1
D'+ !rogra,,ing Aang&ages
The )o!0a(e in/u)!(y ha) /e.elo-e/ a 0i/e .a(ie!y o -(og(a++ing language)2 o!en o( .e(y )-eciic
a--lica!ion)1 The a--(o-(ia!ene)) o !he )elec!e/ -(og(a++ing language o( !he in!en/e/ a--lica!ion )houl/ ,e
con)i/e(e/ in !he So!0a(e !echnology Qualiica!ion eo(!1 So+e e<a+-le) o !y-ical con)i/e(a!ion) ollo01
P(og(a++e() 0(i!e source code )!a!e+en!)1 A co+-ile( con.e(!) !he)e in!o o,Kec! co/e !ha! i) loa/e/ on!o !he
co+-u!e( an/ e<ecu!e/1 In!e(-(e!e/ language) a(e no! co+-ile/1 The ac!ual )ou(ce )!a!e+en!) a(e /i(ec!ly
e<ecu!e/ ,y !he in!e(-(e!e(1 In!e(-(e!e/ language) !en/ !o ,e )i+-le1 Such -(og(a+) a(e ea)y !o change1
:o0e.e(2 !hey !en/ !o ,e ineicien! in !e(+) o +e+o(y u)e an/ e<ecu!ion )-ee/1
So+e language) a(e strongly typed1 Thi) +ean) !ha! !he -(og(a++e( +u)! e<-lici!ly /eine each .a(ia,le ,eo(e
i! can ,e u)e/1 Thi) (e6ui(e+en! -(e.en!) +any co++on -(og(a++ing e((o() )uch a) c(ea!ing a ne0 .a(ia,le
!h(ough +i))-elling an/ co((u-!ing a .a(ia,le ,y loa/ing !he 0(ong !y-e o /a!a Ee1g12 0(i!ing an al-ha,e!ic
cha(ac!e( in!o a nu+e(ic .a(ia,le81
Co+-ile() .a(y in !e(+) o !he 6uali!y an/ eiciency o !he o,Kec! co/e !hey -(o/uce1 Co+-ile() +ay in!(o/uce
/eec!) in !he cou()e o -(oce))ing )ou(ce co/e1 Thi) i) +o)! co++on 0i!h co+-ile() /e.elo-e/ o( ne0
language) o( con.e(!e/ !o )u--o(! ne0 ha(/0a(e1
Ma!u(i!y o !he language an/ co+-ile( i) an i+-o(!an! con)i/e(a!ion in )o!0a(e !echnology 6ualiica!ion1
Su--lie() o -(og(a++ing language) +ay e.en!ually )!o- )u--o(!ing a language o( a )-eciic .e()ion o i!1 Thi)
+ean) !ha!2 a! )o+e -oin!2 language ea!u(e) +ay ail an/ !he )o!0a(e 0ill cea)e !o o-e(a!e co((ec!ly2 i a! all1
D'- COTS and Aegac( So"t8are
$a(ge )o!0a(e )y)!e+) u)ually !a*e a/.an!age o -(e.iou)ly /e.elo-e/ co/e1 Thi) +ay ,e legacy E/e.elo-e/
,y !he !echnology )u--lie(8 o( Co++e(cial o !he Shel ECOTS8 -u(cha)e/ (o+ an e<!e(nal )ou(ce Ee1g12
MAT$A981 I !he COTS o( $egacy )o!0a(e a(e +a!u(e an/ ,eing u)e/ 0i!hou! change2 !hen !hey +ay ,e
e<clu/e/ (o+ !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 I !hey a(e ,eing +o/iie/ o( a ne0 a--lica!ion2 o( !hey a(e no! +a!u(e2
!hen !hey )houl/ ,e e.alua!e/ a) -a(! o !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 O,!aining /e)ign ino(+a!ion an/ )ou(ce co/e
o( COTS an/ legacy )o!0a(e +ay ,e /iicul!1 I !he)e a(e no! a.aila,le2 !he 6ualiica!ion eo(! 0ill /e-en/
on ino(+a!ion o,!aine/ (o+ !e)!ing an/ -(io( u)e o !he )o!0a(e1
D'# Sec&rit(
Ino(+a!ion )ecu(i!y i) an inc(ea)ing conce(n o( )o!0a(e-in!en)i.e )y)!e+)1 T(a/i!ionally2 i)ola!e/ )y)!e+)
)uch a) (ig)2 -la!o(+)2 an/ )hi-) (elie/ on -hy)ical )ecu(i!y o !he co+-u!e() !o -(e.en! +aliciou) acce))1
:o0e.e(2 a) )u--lie() +o.e !o0a(/) (e+o!e /iagno)!ic an/ (e-ai( ac(o)) !he in!e(ne!2 -hy)ical )ecu(i!y i) no
longe( a/e6ua!e1 So!0a(e -(o!ec!ion) )uch a) i(e0all) an/ .i(u) /e!ec!o() )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/1 Al)o2
-(og(a++ing -(ac!ice) e+-loye/ in a--lica!ion an/ o-e(a!ing )y)!e+ )o!0a(e can ,e i+-(o.e/ !o +ini+iDe
!he -o!en!ial o( ,(ea*-in)1 ISOMIEC 2C002 i/en!iie) +any -(ac!ice) i+-o(!an! !o +ain!aining ino(+a!ion
)ecu(i!y1
D'/ Relia.ilit( Anal(sis
Ty-ically2 (elia,ili!y analy)i) i) conce(ne/ 0i!h -(e/ic!ing !he Mean-Ti+e-!o-3ailu(e EMTT38 o( P(o,a,ili!y
o 3ailu(e on De+an/ EP3D8 o a )y)!e+1 Thi) can ,e u)e/ 0i!h o!he( ino(+a!ion2 )uch a) !he !i+e (e6ui(e/
!o i+-le+en! i<e)2 !o e)!i+a!e !he a.aila,ili!y o a )y)!e+1 #)ually2 MTT3 o P3D i) +o)! i+-o(!an! o( )ae!y
c(i!ical )y)!e+)1 A.aila,ili!y +ay ,e +o(e i+-o(!an! o( ,u)ine)) c(i!ical )y)!e+)1 The Technology
S-eciica!ion )houl/ /eine 0hich no!ion) o (elia,ili!y a(e +o)! i+-o(!an! o( !he )y)!e+ un/e(going
6ualiica!ion1
5 MTT3 Mean-!i+e-!o 3ailu(e
5 P3D P(o,a,ili!y o 3ailu(e on De+an/
5 $a!en! Deec!)
5 3u!u(e 9ac*log
5 A.aila,ili!y1
A) no!e/ -(e.iou)ly2 )o!0a(e /oe) no! 0ea( ou! ? !he cau)e) o i!) ailu(e a(e i+-le+en!e/ in !he co/e1 Thu)2
)o!0a(e (elia,ili!y analy)i) u)ually inclu/e) -(e/ic!ing !he nu+,e( o la!en! Eun/e!ec!e/8 /eec!) -(e)en! in !he
)o!0a(e1 Once /eec!) ha.e ,een /e!ec!e/2 u)e() 0ill con!inue !o encoun!e( !he+ un!il !hey a(e i<e/1
E)!i+a!ing an/ +anaging !he ,ac*log o /eec!) al)o a(e i+-o(!an! in +anaging )y)!e+ a.aila,ili!y2 a) +o)!
)o!0a(e )y)!e+) (e6ui(e con!inuing +ain!enance1
Relia,ili!y +o/elling !y-ically in.ol.e) cu(.e i!!ing1 Da!a (o+ ea(ly .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion ac!i.i!ie) a(e
u)e/ !o e)!i+a!e !he -a(a+e!e() o a +o/el !ha! !hen i) u)e/ !o -(e/ic! u!u(e -e(o(+ance in !e(+) o MTT3 o(
/eec! /i)co.e(y1 The loga(i!h+ic Poi))on an/ Nei,ull /i)!(i,u!ion) a(e 0i/ely u)e/ o( )o!0a(e (elia,ili!y
analy)i)1
Se.e(al ac!o() con!(i,u!e !o !he !en/ency o )o!0a(e ailu(e /a!a Ecollec!e/ ac(o)) !he lie cycle8 !o !a*e on a
Nei,ull /i)!(i,u!ion1 The Nei,ull +o/el a))u+e) /eec! in)e(!ion an/ /e!ec!ion a(e -(o-o(!ional !o /e.elo-e(
an/ !e)!e( eo(!1 P(oKec! )!aing !en/) !o inc(ea)e ea(ly in !he -(oKec!2 )!ay con)!an!2 !hen all) o a! !he en/1
In)e(!ion o /eec!) !en/) !o occu( ea(ly in !he lie cycle2 0hile /e!ec!ion o /eec!) !en/) !o ,e concen!(a!e/ in
la!e( ac!i.i!ie)1 3i<ing /eec!) !en/) !o in!(o/uce ne0 /eec!)1 The Nei,ull /i)!(i,u!ion i) cha(ac!e(iDe/ ,y !h(ee
-a(a+e!e()4 )ha-e2 loca!ion o cen!(e2 an/ )cale1 The )cale ac!o( co((e)-on/) !o !he !o!al nu+,e( o /eec!)
-(e)en!1 Thu) i!!ing ea(ly /a!a !o !he Nei,ull /i)!(i,u!ion -(o/uce) an e)!i+a!e o !he !o!al nu+,e( o /eec!)
!o ,e oun/1 Thi) can ,e co+-a(e/ 0i!h !he ac!ual nu+,e( oun/ /u(ing !e)!ing !o a))e)) !he (elia,ili!y o !he
/eli.e(e/ )o!0a(e1
Nhen only ailu(e /a!a (o+ !e)!ing a! !he en/ o !he lie-cycle i) con)i/e(e/2 !ha! /a!a i) +o(e li*ely !o ollo0
!he o(+ o a loga(i!h+ic Poi))on /i)!(i,u!ion 0he(e !he ailu(e (a!e /ec(ea)e) +ono!onically1 Nhen !e)!ing
occu() !h(oughou! !he lie-cycle2 a) in inc(e+en!al o( agile /e.elo-+en!2 !he Nei,ull +o/el +ay ,e +o(e
a--(o-(ia!e1
API RP &CN /e)c(i,e) a /e!aile/ -(oce)) EAnne< 98 an/ )e.e(al )-eciic +e!ho/) o( (elia,ili!y analy)i)
EAnne< C an/ D81 Mo)! o !he /i)cu))ion ocu)e) on ha(/0a(e (elia,ili!y2 ,u! )o+e o !he )a+e +a!he+a!ical
+o/el) a--ly !o )o!0a(e1 IEEE &0@& /i)cu))e) )e.e(al )o!0a(e (elia,ili!y +o/el)1
D+ E4a,*les o" So"t8are Relia.ilit( Anal(sis
3igu(e D-2 )ho0) an e<a+-le 0he(e /a!a on !he nu+,e( o /eec!) oun/ !h(ough Nee* 30 o !e)!ing 0a) u)e/
!o e)!i+a!e !he -a(a+e!e() o a Nei,ull /i)!(i,u!ion !h(ough Nee* GH1 The )co-e -a(a+e!e( Ea(ea un/e( !he
cu(.e8 in/ica!e/ !ha! H000 /eec!) can ,e e<-ec!e/1 Du(ing Nee* 30 !h(ough AH2 ac!ual (e)ul!) con!inue !o
e<cee/ !he Nei,ull -(e/ic!ion2 )ugge)!ing !ha! !he +o/el -a(a+e!e() +ay nee/ !o ,e (e-e)!i+a!e/ an/ !ha! !he
nu+,e( o /eec!) e<cee/) H0001
Fig&re D6$
E4a,*le o" Wei.&ll !rediction
I /a!a on /e!ec! (a!e) E/eec!) -e( uni! o !e)!ing2 e1g12 eo(! hou()8 i) a.aila,le2 !hen )o+e .a(ia!ion o !he
loga(i!h+ic Poi))on +o/el +ay ,e a ,e!!e( choice1 3igu(e D-3 )ho0) a )i+-le loga(i!h+ic Poi))on +o/el i!!e/
!o /a!a on /eec!) -e( )!a-/ay o eo(!1 Relia,ili!y can ,e (ea/ (o+ !he cha(! a) !he in.e()e o /eec! (a!e1 The
g(a-h can ,e u)e/ !o -(e/ic! ho0 +uch a//i!ional !e)!ing i) nece))a(y !o (each a /e)i(e/ (elia,ili!y le.el1
Fig&re D6'
E4a,*le o" !oisson !rediction
!eibull Prediction of Defects
%.%%
$%.%%
0%.%%
2%.%%
5%.%%
(%%.%%
($%.%%
(0%.%%
(2%.%%
(5%.%%
(16
(
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(
4
$
(
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1
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6
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4
0
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1
0
6
1
&
1
4
2
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2
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2
6
4
&
4
4
!ee" of #esting
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d

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"
?eibull
#ctual Defects
%eliability #rend
%.%%
1.%%
(%.%%
(1.%%
$%.%%
$1.%%
&%.%%
&1.%%
0%.%%
( & 1 4 6 (( (& (1 (4 (6 $( $& $1
!ee" of #esting
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Dbserved Defect ate
!oisson =ailure 3ntensity
#pp., /se of *istorical eliability Data . !age 42
A!!END%G E USE OF H%STOR%CAA REA%A0%A%TI DATA
E1 E7al&ation o" the :&alit( o" the data.ases
E11 %ntrod&ction
The -u(-o)e o !hi) A--en/i< i) !o -(o.i/e gui/ance on !he u)e o hi)!o(ical (elia,ili!y /a!a 0hen !ha! i) nee/e/
o( !echnology 6ualiica!ion1
E<!(ac!ing an/ a--lying hi)!o(ical (elia,ili!y /a!a i) no! )!(aigh!o(0a(/ e.en 0hen !he /a!a i) (ele.an! an/ !he
!echnology ha) al(ea/y ,een 6ualiie/ o( i) -(o.en1 The O)ho(e Relia,ili!y Da!a,a)e EOREDA8 i) co++only
u)e/ in !he o)ho(e in/u)!(y a) !he )ou(ce o( hi)!o(ical /a!a1 Thi) can ,e )a!i)ac!o(y o( o)ho(e e6ui-+en!1
9u! i! i) i+-o(!an! !o i/en!iy all a.aila,le /a!a an/ no! e<clu/e /a!a 0i!hou! e.alua!ion1 9e)i/e) /e/ica!e/
/a!a,a)e)2 (ele.an! /a!a can ,e oun/ in -(ocee/ing) (o+ cone(ence) o( in !echnical a(!icle) in -e(io/ical)1
Nhen e.alua!ing !he 6uali!y o (elia,ili!y /a!a2 !he(e a(e !h(ee i+-o(!an! ele+en!) !ha! )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/4
&8 !he 6uali!y o !he /a!a a.aila,le in !he /a!a,a)e EE.i/ence an/ A(gu+en!18
28 !he 6uali!y o !he /a!a,a)e2 i1e1 !he )!(uc!u(e an/ )e!-u- EA(gu+en!18
38 !he (ele.ance o !he /a!a in !he /a!a,a)e1 ECon!e<! an/ Clai+18
E1$ )&alit( o" data
The /a!a 6uali!y /e-en/) on +any ac!o() (ela!e/ !o !he /a!a collec!ion -(oce))1 I! i) /iicul! o( !he analy)! !o
e.alua!e !he 6uali!y o !he /a!a collec!ion -(oce)) ,ecau)e !he nece))a(y ino(+a!ion 0oul/ no! ,e a.aila,le1
The ,e)! o-!ion +ay ,e !o e.alua!e /a!a 6uali!y ,a)e/ on gene(al )ou(ce) )uch a) 6uali!y an/ .e(iica!ion (e-o(!)
o( !he /a!a collec!ion -(oce))1
E1' )&alit( o" the data.ase
The 6uali!y o !he /a!a,a)e i) (ela!e/ !o i!) con)i)!ency1 I+-o(!an! a)-ec!) a(e 0he!he(4
5 The(e i) an una+,iguou) an/ eicien! co/ing )y)!e+1
5 Qualiie/ -eo-le a(e (e)-on)i,le o( !he (eco(/ing2 )!o(ing an/ 6uali!y con!(ol o !he /a!a1
Mo(e /e!ail) on ,e)! -(ac!ice) an/ (eco++en/a!ion) o( 6uali!y /a!a,a)e) can ,e oun/ in ISO &A22A1 So+e
.i!al ino(+a!ion !ha! no(+ally +u)! ,e a.aila,le o( !he /a!a,a)e !o ge! a high )co(e M high (a!ing acco(/ing !o
ISO &A22A2 inclu/e)4
5 Sy)!e+ ,oun/a(ie) +u)! ,e /eine/1 3o( in)!ance i a -u+- i) /(i.en ,y an elec!(ic +o!o(2 0e +u)! *no0
i +o!o( ailu(e) a(e inclu/e/ in !he -u+- ailu(e)2 o( i !hey a(e oun/ )o+e0he(e el)e in !he /a!a,a)e1
5 3ailu(e +o/e) +u)! ,e /eine/ an/ no! o.e(la--ing1
5 The nu+,e( o ailu(e) an/ !he o-e(a!ing an/ calen/a( !i+e +u)! ,e gi.en1
5 I! +u)! ,e )!a!e/ i (e-ai( !i+e +ean) ac!i.e (e-ai( !i+e1
So+e a//i!ional ino(+a!ion !ha! 0ill con!(i,u!e !o a high )co(e i)4
5 De)c(i-!ion o )y)!e+ cha(ac!e(i)!ic)2 li*e /e)ign -a(a+e!e()1
5 De)c(i-!ion o o-e(a!ional con/i!ion)1
5 De)c(i-!ion o -(e.en!i.e +ain!enance1
5 De)c(i-!ion o en.i(on+en!al con/i!ion)1
E1+ Rele7ance o" the data
The (ele.ance o !he /a!a /e-en/) on ac!o() )uch a)4
5 To 0ha! e<!en! !he ailu(e /a!a (o+ a .al.e in a nuclea( -o0e( )!a!ion i) (e-(e)en!a!i.e o( a .al.e on an
o)ho(e in)!alla!ion1
5 To 0ha! e<!en! ailu(e /a!a (o+ a co+-(e))o( o-e(a!e/ )ince &BG0 a(e (e-(e)en!a!i.e o( a ne0 co+-(e))o(1
5 To 0ha! e<!en! ailu(e /a!a (o+ one o)ho(e -la!o(+ a(e (e-(e)en!a!i.e o( ano!he(1
5 To 0ha! e<!en! ailu(e /a!a (o+ .al.e) in gene(al a(e (e-(e)en!a!i.e o( ,all .al.e)1
The -u(-o)e o )uch 6ue)!ion) i) !o hel- !he analy)! in )elec!ing an/ e.alua!ing !he /a!a,a)e)1 I! i) i+-o(!an! !o
(ecogniDe !ha! !he (ele.ance o !he /a!a,a)e /e-en/) on !he in!en/e/ u)e o !he /a!a1 I !he -u(-o)e o !he
(elia,ili!y analy)i) i) !o /e!e(+ine !he o-!i+al nu+,e( o /ie(en! !y-e) o )-a(e -a(!)2 !he analy)! nee/)
e6ui-+en! ino(+a!ion /o0n !o !he )-a(e -a(! le.el1 I !he -u(-o)e i) !o gi.e an o.e(all e)!i+a!e o )y)!e+
-e(o(+ance2 !hi) +ay no! nece))a(ily ,e (e6ui(e/1
The inal e.alua!ion o !he (elia,ili!y /a!a )ou(ce) /e-en/) on !he in!en/e/ u)e o !he /a!a1 The ino(+a!ion !ha!
i) (ele.an! an/ )uicien! o( one analy)i) +ay no! i! o( a +o(e /e!aile/ analy)i)1
#pp., /se of *istorical eliability Data . !age 44
E$ E4a,*le o" e4tracting Data "ro, a Data.ase
The !a,le ,elo0 )ho0) )o+e igu(e) o( ga) !u(,ine) (o+ !he OREDA 2002 han/,oo* an/ i) a goo/
illu)!(a!ion o !he challenge) !he analy)! ace) 0hen u)ing !y-ical /a!a,a)e)1 The e)!i+a!o( o( !he ailu(e (a!e
i) !he nu+,e( o c(i!ical ailu(e) /i.i/e/ ,y !he !o!al o-e(a!ing !i+e1
A))u+ing !ha! an analy)! -e(o(+) a -(o/uc!ion a.aila,ili!y )!u/y o a )y)!e+ 0he(e one co+-onen! i) a ga)
!u(,ine2 Ae(o /e(i.a!i.e2 &H000 *N1 So+e o,.iou) can/i/a!e) o( !he ailu(e (a!e a(e4
The (elia,ili!y /a!a /ie() )igniican!ly /e-en/ing on !he )-eciic /a!a)e! )elec!e/1 An i+-o(!an! o,)e(.a!ion
a,ou! !he /a!a i) !ha! all g(ou-) ha.e a )igniican! nu+,e( o ailu(e)1 The )!a!i)!ical ,ac*g(oun/ o( all !he)e
-(e/ic!ion) )houl/ !he(eo(e ,e (ea)ona,ly goo/1 The(e i) !he(eo(e li!!le )u--o(! /i(ec!ly (o+ !he /a!a,a)e a)
!o 0hich /a!a-)e! )houl/ ,e )elec!e/1 The (eco++en/e/ )olu!ion i) !he(eo(e !o -(e)en! !he /a!a !o a g(ou- o
e<-e(!) o( a )y)!e+a!ic e<-e(! Ku/ge+en! an/ e.alua!ion o 0ha! /a!a 0oul/ ,e !he +o)! (ele.an! !o u)e 0hen
e.alua!ing !he )-eciic ga) !u(,ine in 6ue)!ion1
Ta.le E61 Selection o" Gas T&r.ine Data "ro, the OREDA $22$ Hand.oo5
OREDA
ta'onomy
&+uipment Description /ailure rate per 4C
@
hours %umber of failures
&12 7a) !u(,ine) H2C1HB BA&
&121& Ae(o /e(i.a!i.e @GA1&G @0A
&121&1& - &000 *N 3@@1@3 HC
&121&12 3000 ? &0000 *N 2CB10G 20
&121&13 &0000 ? 20000 *N &0CB1CB &C@
&121&1A 20000 ? A0000 *N G@G1AH 2B@
&121&1H #n*no0n 3@2123 HH
&1212 In/u)!(ial 3CA1&2 33C
&12121& - &000 *N &BB1C3 &3
&121212 &000 ? 3000 *N @&3132 2&
&121213 3000 ? &0000 *N 2@01@C &2G
&12121A &0000 ? 20000 *N A&01&A GC
&12121H 20000 ? A0000 *N GBH130 GG
? 7a) !u(,ine) E&128 H2C1HB
? Ae(o /e(i.a!i.e E&121&8 @AG1&G
? &0000-20000 *N E&121&138 &0CB1CB
? Co+,ina!ion E&121&13 [ &12121A8 GHG12C1
#pp.= 3ntroduction to -ystems",ngineering #pproaches . !age 45
A!!END%G F %NTRODUCT%ON TO SISTEMS6ENG%NEER%NG
A!!ROACHES
F1 %ntrod&ction
The +ain a/.an!age) o a )y)!e+) enginee(ing-a--(oach !o !echnology 6ualiica!ion a(e !o4
&8 Allo0 (e-(e)en!ing !he (ea)oning u)e/ !o -(o.e achie.e+en! o goal) e<-lici!ly ,a)e/ on !he e.i/ence
-(o.i/e/1
28 Allo0 !hi) (ea)oning !o ,e challenge/ an/ (eine/ a) e<-e(ience 0i!h an/ e.i/ence a,ou! !he !echnology i)
o,!aine/1
38 P(o.i/e a (a+e0o(* o( elici!ing e<-e(! Ku/g+en!) !ha!2 a) a( a) -o))i,le2 a.oi/) ,ia)e)1
A8 P(o.i/e a +ean) !o a))e)) !he i+-ac! o e)!i+a!e/ unce(!ain!ie) on !he -(o,a,ili!y o (eaching !he o.e(all
goal1
H8 P(o.i/e a +ean) !o a))e)) !he (e6ui(e/ (e/uc!ion o unce(!ain!ie) in o(/e( !o o,!ain an acce-!a,le
-(o,a,ili!y o (eaching !he o.e(all goal1
@8 De.elo- coni/ence (o+ !he a,o.e-+en!ione/ (ea)oning !h(oughou! !he Technology Qualiica!ion
P(oce))1
Sy)!e+) enginee(ing i) an in!e(/i)ci-lina(y a--(oach !o en)u(e !ha! i+-o(!an! ino(+a!ion i) )ecu(e/ an/
+ain!aine/ !h(oughou! !he liecycle o !he )y)!e+1 Thi) (e6ui(e) a +e!ho/ology !ha! ,(ing) cla(i!y an/ ena,le)
!(an)-a(ency ,e!0een all enginee(ing /i)ci-line) in.ol.e/1
The )y)!e+) enginee(ing a--(oach !o !echnology 6ualiica!ion ai+) !o )a!i)y !he goal) an/ unc!ional
(e6ui(e+en!) )-eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 The)e !y-ically a//(e))4
5 Relia,ili!y4 con!inui!y o co((ec! )e(.ice1
5 A.aila,ili!y4 (ea/ine)) o( co((ec! )e(.ice1
5 Main!aina,ili!y4 a,ili!y !o un/e(go +o/iica!ion) an/ (e-ai()1
5 Sae!y4 a,)ence o ca!a)!(o-hic con)e6uence) on !he u)e(E)8 an/ !he en.i(on+en!1
5 In!eg(i!y4 a,)ence o i+-(o-e( )y)!e+ al!e(a!ion)1
A) )uch2 !hi) i) clo)ely (ela!e/ !o !he no(+al /e-en/a,ili!y analy)e) co++only u)e/ in )o!0a(e /e.elo-+en!1
De-en/a,ili!y i) /eine/ a) !he a,ili!y !o a.oi/ )e(.ice ailu(e) !ha! a(e +o(e (e6uen! an/ +o(e )e.e(e !han i)
acce-!a,le an/ i) a unc!ion o !he -a(a+e!e() li)!e/ a,o.e1
The )y)!e+) enginee(ing a--(oach !o TQ ai+) !o -(o.i/e !he )!a*ehol/e() 0i!h an e<-lici! ,o/y o e.i/ence
o(+ing a con.incing an/ .ali/ a(gu+en! !ha! !he !echnology ulil) !he )-eciie/ goal) an/ unc!ional
(e6ui(e+en!) o( a gi.en a--lica!ion in a gi.en en.i(on+en!1 The ,a)ic ana!o+y o !he a(gu+en! i) )ho0n in
3igu(e E-&1
Fig&re F61
The .asic anato,( o" the arg&,ent e4*ressed in a goal ,odel

O.e(all
7oal
Deco+-o)e/
3unc!ion)M7oal)
E.i/ence
Su--o(!
Su--o(!)
#pp.= 3ntroduction to -ystems",ngineering #pproaches . !age 46
F$ A ,odel .ased a**roach
Mo/el) can hel- !o ,e!!e( un/e()!an/ !he a(gu+en!a!ion )u--o(!ing !he !echnology 6ualiica!ion1 Mo/el)
achie.e !hi) ,y ,e!!e( co++unica!ing !he un/e()!an/ing an/ in!en! E!o o!he() an/ !o one)el8 !han !he !(a/i!ional
/ocu+en!)-,a)e/ a--(oach1 The +o/el-,a)e/ a--(oach (elie) on !he ollo0ing ou( co(ne()!one)1
5 7oal +o/elling !ha! e<-lici!ly (e-(e)en!) !he (ea)oning (o+ lo0e(-le.el goal) !o !he )a!i)ac!ion o !he
o.e(all goal1
5 $in*ing e.i/ence !o lo0e)!-le.el goal)I !he lea goal)1
5 Elici!a!ion (o+ e<-e(!) o ho0 0ell a.aila,le e.i/ence ulil) lea goal)1
5 P(o-aga!ion o goal ulil+en! an/ unce(!ain!y !o o.e(all goal)1
F' Goal ,odelling
The hie(a(chical )!(uc!u(e o !he goal /eco+-o)i!ion can ,e ca-!u(e/ in a goal +o/el1 The goal +o/el ca-!u(e)
!he a(gu+en!a!ion o( !he /e-en/a,ili!y ca)e ,y g(a-hically )ho0ing ho0 !he goal) a(e ,(o*en /o0n in!o )u,-
goal)1 7oal) can ,e ,(o*en /o0n along /ie(en! /i+en)ion)1 3unc!ional2 )!(uc!u(al an/ -(oce)) /i+en)ion) a(e
!he +o)! co++only u)e/1 The(e 0oul/ no(+ally ,e a +i< o unc!ional an/ )!(uc!u(al /eco+-o)i!ion in !he
goal +o/el1 Ano!he( ea!u(e in goal +o/el) i) !he no!ion o o,)!acle) !ha! can (e-(e)en! ailu(e +o/e)
-(e.en!ing a goal (o+ ,eing )a!i)ie/1 Thi) ena,le) o(+ula!ing ulil+en! o goal) in !e(+) o ailu(e +o/e)
an/ a))ocia!e/ ailu(e +echani)+)1 In !hi) 0ay2 goal +o/elling can )u--o(! con/uc!ing an/ (eco(/ing o (e)ul!)
(o+ 3MEA an/ 3TA )e))ion)1 The(e a(e /ie(en! no!a!ion) o( goal +o/el) 0i!h /ie(en! e<-(e))i.e -o0e(
an/ )e+an!ic)1 7SN2 IY an/ KAOS a(e !he +o)! co++on o !he+1 An e<a+-le i) )ho0n ,elo0 0i!h !he KAOS
no!a!ion1
F+ Ain5ing e7idence to lea" goals
The /eco+-o)i!ion o goal) en/) 0hen !he )u,-goal) a(e ine-g(aine/ enough !o ena,le collec!ing /i(ec!
e.i/ence a,ou! !hei( )a!i)ac!ion1 The)e lo0e)! le.el )u,-goal) a(e !he lea goal)1 The)e lea goal) a(e connec!e/
!o e.i/ence2 !y-ically -(o/uce/ in .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion ac!i.i!ie) )uch a) !e)!ing2 analy)e)2 in)-ec!ion)
e!c1
Fig&re F6$
%ll&stration o" the *rinci*le o" goal ,odeling@ sho8ing the HAOS notation

#pp.= 3ntroduction to -ystems",ngineering #pproaches . !age 5%
F- S(ste,atic elicitation o" e4*ert o*inions o" ho8 8ell a7aila.le e7idence "&l"ils lea" goals
The a))e))+en! o ho0 0ell !he e.i/ence -(o.i/e/ ulil !he )-eciie/ goal) nece))a(ily /e-en/) on )u,Kec!i.e
Ku/g+en! ,y e<-e(!)1 :ence2 i! i) e))en!ial !o !a*e +ea)u(e) !o en)u(e !ha! !he)e Ku/g+en!) a(e elici!e/ a)
-(eci)ely a) -o))i,le1 E)!a,li)he/ -(inci-le) o( e<-e(! elici!a!ion hel- eli+ina!e )y)!e+a!ic e((o() Ei1e1 ,ia)81 In
!hi) -(oce))2 !he e<-e(! i) a)*e/ !o -(o.i/e a 6uan!i!a!i.e +ea)u(e in/ica!ing ho0 0ell !he -(o.i/e/ e.i/ence
ulil) !he lea-goal1 Thi) +ea)u(e co.e() a (ange in/ica!ing !he /eg(ee o unce(!ain!y o !he e<-e(! a,ou!
0he!he( !he e.i/ence (eally ulil) !he lea goal1
A! in!e(+e/ia!e )!e-) o !he ,a)ic 6ualiica!ion -(oce))2 0hen 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) ha.e no! ,een co+-le!e/
an/ hence )o+e o !he e.i/ence !ha! i) -lanne/ !o ,e -(o.i/e/ in )u--o(! o !he 6ualiica!ion i) +i))ing2 one
+ay choo)e !o inclu/e e<-e(! o-inion) (ega(/ing
5 !he -(o,a,ili!y !ha! !he -lanne/ ac!i.i!ie) 0ill ac!ually )uccee/ in -(o.i/ing !he e.i/ence (e6ui(e/
5 !he -(o,a,ili!y !ha! !hi) can ,e achie.e/ 0i!hin !he )che/ule an/ ,u/ge!) a))igne/ !o !he)e unini)he/
ac!i.i!ie)1
In !hi) 0ay2 !he goal +o/el can )u--o(! a))e))+en! an/ +anage+en! o 6ualiica!ion (i)*)1
F# !ro*agation o" goal "&l"il,ent and &ncertaint( to o7erall goals
Nhen all lea-goal) a(e a))e))e/2 !he .alue) an/ unce(!ain!y (ange) elici!e/ (o+ !he e<-e(!) can ,e -(o-aga!e/
u-0a(/) in !he goal +o/el1 Thi) can ,e achie.e/ ,y !he u)e o Mon!e Ca(lo )i+ula!ion1 The (e)ul!) (o+ !he
-(o-aga!ion a(e unce(!ain!y /i)!(i,u!ion) o !he -a(en! goal) u- !o !he +ain goal1
)*#N+,- . *3-TD3) . !age 5(
CHANGES H%STOR%C
No!e !ha! hi)!o(ic change) ol/e( !han !he e/i!ion) )ho0n ,elo0 ha.e no! ,een inclu/e/1 Ol/e( hi)!o(ic change)
!o !hi) /ocu+en! Ei any8 +ay ,e o,!aine/ !h(ough h!!-4MM0001/n.1co+1
Dece,.er $21$ edition
Main changes
Since !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice 0a) -u,li)he/ a) a +ain (e.i)ion in "uly 20&&2 !e<! an/ igu(e) ha.e ,een
u-/a!e/ o( con)i)!ency1

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