Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
1. Geometry & Basic Data ................................................................................................................... 5 2. Carriageway Configuration .................................................................................................. ...........9 3. Global Analysis Model ................................................................................................................... 13 4. Influence surfaces ......................................................................................................................... 17 a) Mid Span Sagging Moment ....................................................................................................... 19 b) Internal Support Hogging Moment ........................................................................................... 20 c) Internal Support Shear .............................................................................................................. 21 5. Traffic Loading Configuration ........................................................................................................ 23 a) Mid Span Sagging Moment ....................................................................................................... 25 b) Internal Support Hogging Moment ........................................................................................... 26 c) Internal Support Shear .............................................................................................................. 27 6. Global Analysis Results .................................................................................................................. 29 a) Mid Span Sagging Moment ....................................................................................................... 31 b) Internal Support Hogging Moment ........................................................................................... 33 c) Internal Support Shear .............................................................................................................. 35 7. Section Properties ......................................................................................................................... 37 a) Mid Span ................................................................................................................................... 39 b) Internal Support ........................................................................................................................ 41 8. Data Summary after Tendon Design ............................................................................................. 43 9. Temperature Gradient .................................................................................................................. 51 10. Shrinkage & Creep ........................................................................................................................ 55 11. Verification: Transfer Stresses ...................................................................................................... 63 12. Verification: SLS Bending - Mid Span ............................................................................................ 73 13. Verification: ULS Bending - Mid Span ........................................................................................... 93 14. Verification: SLS bending Pier .................................................................................................... 99 15. Verification: SLS bending Support ............................................................................................ 117 16. Verification: ULS Shear - Pier ...................................................................................................... 135 17. Verification: ULS Interface Shear ................................................................................................ 143 18. Verification: Web Shear Cracking ............................................................................................... 149 Appendix - National Annex NDP Values .............................................................................................. 157 3 4
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
1. Geometry & Basic Data 5 6
General Cross Section
Elevation
Plan Grade C31/40 insitu concrete; Grade C50/60 precast concrete Grade B500B reinforcement steel Supports located 1m beneath soffit of slab Reinforced Concrete diaphragm over supports Cracked insitu concrete over central supports Slab reinforcement over internal supports (6m either side) Carriageway is 9.6 m wide with 1.2m footway on each side Designed for vertical highway loading groups Gr1a with French National Annex NDP values 7 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 10:57:11 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd USER NOTES
The design had been completed using the following process: - 1) Four beams are created in SAM, two representing each span of the Y7 inner beams and the other two representing the edge beams of each span (with the upstand on the left hand side). At this stage all possible tendons are active. The differential temperatue profile is also determied and entered for each of the beams - 2) A line beam analysis is carried out to determine the bending moments and shear forces atrributed to the dead load actions at each construction stage and the secondary moments and shears for differential temperatuire and differential shrinkage. Surfacing (SDL) actions are also established with the line beam analysis - 3) A grillage model of the bridge deck is created using the beams prepared in 1) above. The grillage is to take account of the vertical level of each of the component beam elements by way of member eccentricities. This will give rise to a better distribution of effects but will intruduce (relatively small) axial forces into the beams. - 4) Traffic load patterns are established for max sagging, hogging and shear for each node point along one of the central most beams, by using the load optimisation. This will give rise to three envelopes for sagging, hogging and shear. - 5) The traffic live loads are transferred back to the table in the appropriate beam file. - 6) An alaysis at transfer is carried out and some tendons are removed and debonded to reduce the compressive and tensile stresses to below limiting values. (This can be done with the tendon optimisation facility if required). Results output is produced for the mid span section - 7) Other construction stages are checked at SLS Characteristic and ULS:STR to check compliance with stress limits and Bending capacity. Results output is produced for the mid span section. - 8) Bending moments (sagging and Hogging) due to the full traffic action (plus other permanent and variable effects) ar checked for compliance at SLS and ULS. Results output is produced for the mid span section. - 9) Transverse and Longitudinal shear reinforcement requirements are established and the results output for the most onerouse section as well as web shear cracking checks at SLS - 10) Other reports of results, such as differential temp and shrinkage are produced and appended to the final report. - 11) Time dependant creep effects are accounted for using the simplified method found in EN1992-2 Annex KK.7 8
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
2. Carriageway Configuration 9 10 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beam deck Checked: Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:00:53 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Data Report
STRUCTURE CARRIAGEWAYS CW1: Carriageway
Carriageway is for road traffic loading. It is aligned to design line DL1 and is single. Primary carriageway has 2 lanes 4.0m wide.
CF1: Default Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 0.0 3.0 with Chainage 2 3.0 3.0 against Chainage
CF2: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 1.5 3.0 with Chainage 2 5.0 3.0 against Chainage
CF3: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 2.0 3.0 with Chainage 2 4.5 3.0 against Chainage
11 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beam deck Checked: Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:00:53 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd CF4: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 0.5 3.0 with Chainage 2 3.5 3.0 against Chainage
CF5: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 -0.25 2.5 with Chainage 2 3.5 3.0 against Chainage
CF6: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 0.0 3.0 with Chainage 2 5.0 3.0 against Chainage
CF7: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 0.0 3.0 with Chainage 2 4.5 3.0 against Chainage
CF8: Load Opt. (created by load optimisation) Primary carriageway - Number of lanes: 2 Ref Offset Width Direction 1 0.0 3.0 with Chainage 2 3.5 3.0 against Chainage
12
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
3. Global Analysis Model 13 14
This is a view of the structure that is modelled for the global analysis highlighting the beam considered for design The beam in isolation indicates the cracked concrete slab over the central pier, shown dotted 15 16
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
4. Influence surfaces a) Mid Span Sagging Moment b) Internal Support Hogging Moment c) Internal Support Shear
17 18 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW J ob: Sample Reports Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beamdeck Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J :\Marketing\Sample Reports\Sam Eurocode UK Prestressed Beam\6.50d Data Files\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 J ob No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Checked: Result Type: Influence Surface Name: I7: BM55; My Sagging Influence coefficients are expressed with respect to global axes. Analysis Run: 01/02/2012 14:39:12 Results shown for: Influence Coefficients - DZ (m) SAM v6.50d Copyright 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 1 02/02/2012 11:14 19 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW J ob: Sample Reports Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beamdeck Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J :\Marketing\Sample Reports\Sam Eurocode UK Prestressed Beam\6.50d Data Files\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 J ob No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Checked: Result Type: Influence Surface Name: I25: BM60; My Hogging Influence coefficients are expressed with respect to global axes. Analysis Run: 06/02/2012 11:01:20 Results shown for: Influence Coefficients - DZ (m) SAM v6.50d Copyright 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 1 06/02/2012 10:58 20 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW J ob: Sample Reports Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beamdeck Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J :\Marketing\Sample Reports\Sam Eurocode UK Prestressed Beam\6.50d Data Files\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 J ob No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Checked: Result Type: Influence Surface Name: I26: BM60; Shear z- Influence coefficients are expressed with respect to global axes. Analysis Run: 06/02/2012 11:01:20 Results shown for: Influence Coefficients - DZ (m) SAM v6.50d Copyright 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 1 06/02/2012 10:59 21 22
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
5. Traffic Loading Configuration a) Mid Span Sagging Moment b) Internal Support Hogging Moment c) Internal Support Shear
23 24 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:20:38 : 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
25 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:22:43 : 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
26 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:23:44 : 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
27 28
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
6. Global Analysis Results a) Mid Span Sagging Moment b) Internal Support Hogging Moment c) Internal Support Shear
29 30 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW J ob: Sample Reports Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beam deck Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J :\Marketing\Sample Reports\Sam Eurocode UK Prestressed Beam\6.50d D...\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 J ob No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Checked: Result Type: Envelope Name: E1: GR1A; ULS STR/GEO Mem 49-60: My+ Result For: Beam Effect: Member End Actions Moments at the member start end correspond with the local member axes directions. At the other end, moments are positive in the opposite direction to the local member axes. With this convention, a positive y or z moment at each end denotes sagging. The table displays the enveloped effect and associated values. The enveloped effect is Member End Moments - My (kN.m). Analysis Run: 01/02/2012 14:48:20 Results shown for: Member End Moments - My (kN.m) SAM v6.50d Copyright 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 1 02/02/2012 11:29 New Selection
Member End Moments Member End Forces Reference
Mz (kN.m) Origin My (kN.m) Mx (kN.m) Fz (kN) Fy (kN) Fx (kN) J oint
32 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW J ob: Sample Reports Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beam deck Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J :\Marketing\Sample Reports\Sam Eurocode UK Prestressed Beam\6.50d D...\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 J ob No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Checked: Result Type: Envelope Name: E2: GR1A; ULS STR/GEO Mem 49-60: My- Result For: Beam Effect: Member End Actions Moments at the member start end correspond with the local member axes directions. At the other end, moments are positive in the opposite direction to the local member axes. With this convention, a positive y or z moment at each end denotes sagging. The table displays the enveloped effect and associated values. The enveloped effect is Member End Moments - My (kN.m). Analysis Run: 01/02/2012 14:48:20 Results shown for: Member End Moments - My (kN.m) SAM v6.50d Copyright 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 1 02/02/2012 11:31 New Selection
Member End Moments Member End Forces Reference
Mz (kN.m) Origin My (kN.m) Mx (kN.m) Fz (kN) Fy (kN) Fx (kN) J oint
34 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW J ob: Sample Reports Structure: 2 span grillage prestresses beam deck Eurocodes + UK NA Data File: J :\Marketing\Sample Reports\Sam Eurocode UK Prestressed Beam\6.50d D...\2 span prestress beam deck .sst 02/02/2012 09:29:44 J ob No.: 6.5d Calc. By: DLG Checked: Result Type: Envelope Name: E9: GR1A; ULS STR/GEO Mem 50-60: Sh z Result For: Beam Effect: Member End Actions Forces at the member start end correspond with the local member axes directions. At the other end, forces are positive in the opposite direction to the local member axes. With this convention, a positive axial force at each end denotes compression. The table displays the enveloped effect and associated values. The enveloped effect is Member End Forces - Fz (kN). Analysis Run: 01/02/2012 14:48:20 Results shown for: Member End Forces - Fz (kN) SAM v6.50d Copyright 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 1 02/02/2012 11:35 New Selection
Member End Moments Member End Forces Reference
Mz (kN.m) My (kN.m) Mx (kN.m) Origin Fz (kN) Fy (kN) Fx (kN) J oint
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
7. Section Properties a) Mid Span b) Internal Support 37 38 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:28:43 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) Analysis: Section Properties EN 1990 Equation 6.14 SLS Characteristic Exposure Class: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Section Ref 1 at 10.5m from left end of beam
Section Ref: 1 "Section 1"
depth of precast beam = 1300.0 mm total depth of section = 1470.0 mm
Section properties are detailed below in the following sequence:
PRECAST BEAM ALONE COMPOSITE BEAM TO STAGE 1
PRECAST BEAM ALONE Elastic section properties
area, A c = 5.372E5 mm height to centroid, z a = 576.039 mm overall depth, h = 1300.0 mm 2nd moment of area, I yy = 9.2977E10 mm section modulus at bottom, W b = 9.2977E10 / -576.04 -1.6141E8 mm section modulus at top, W t = 9.2977E10 / (1300.0-576.039) 1.28428E8 mm
COMPOSITE BEAM COMPOSITE BEAM TO STAGE 1
Elastic section properties
Area centroid S y I yy I yy (z=0) mm mm mm mm mm Precast beam 537225.68 576.0392 1.0 3.09463E8 9.2977E10 2.7124E11 Stage 1 i.s. 388869.57 1372.4329 1.057 5.04816E8 1.18215E9 6.9401E11 TOTAL 905051.14(transformed) 8.14279E8 9.6525E11 39 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:28:43 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
height to centroid = 8.14279E8/9.051E5 = 899.705 mm I yy = 9.6525E11 - (9.051E5*899.705) = 2.3264E11 mm
ELASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES SUMMARY TABLE Level I yy z na W mm mm mm mm Precast beam only Precast beam B 0.0 9.2977E10 576.0392 -1.6141E8 T 1300.0 1.28428E8 In situ to stage 1 Precast beam B 0.0 2.3264E11 899.70476 -2.5857E8 T 1300.0 5.81164E8 In situ Stage 1 B 1270.0 6.64191E8 T 1470.0 4.31262E8
40 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:41:05 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) Analysis: Section Properties EN 1990 Equation 6.14 SLS Characteristic Exposure Class: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Section Ref 2 at 21m from left end of beam
Section Ref: 2 "Section 2"
depth of precast beam = 1300.0 mm total depth of section = 1470.0 mm
Section properties are detailed below in the following sequence:
PRECAST BEAM ALONE COMPOSITE BEAM TO STAGE 1
PRECAST BEAM ALONE Elastic section properties
area, A c = 5.372E5 mm height to centroid, z a = 576.039 mm overall depth, h = 1300.0 mm 2nd moment of area, I yy = 9.2977E10 mm section modulus at bottom, W b = 9.2977E10 / -576.04 -1.6141E8 mm section modulus at top, W t = 9.2977E10 / (1300.0-576.039) 1.28428E8 mm
COMPOSITE BEAM COMPOSITE BEAM TO STAGE 1
Elastic section properties
Area centroid S y I yy I yy (z=0) mm mm mm mm mm Precast beam 537225.68 576.0392 1.0 3.09463E8 9.2977E10 2.7124E11 Stage 1 i.s. 388869.57 1372.4329 1.057 5.04816E8 1.18215E9 6.9401E11 Rft in IS 1 4908.7385 1407.5 0.211 3.2698E7 907471.06 4.6E10 TOTAL 928282.4(transformed) 8.46977E8 1.0113E12 41 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:41:05 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
height to centroid = 8.46977E8/9.283E5 = 912.413 mm I yy = 1.0113E12 - (9.283E5*912.413) = 2.3848E11 mm
ELASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES SUMMARY TABLE Level I yy z na W mm mm mm mm Precast beam only Precast beam B 0.0 9.2977E10 576.0392 -1.6141E8 T 1300.0 1.28428E8 In situ to stage 1 Precast beam B 0.0 2.3848E11 912.41288 -2.6137E8 T 1300.0 6.1529E8 In situ Stage 1 B 1270.0 7.05066E8 T 1470.0 4.52167E8
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Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
8. Data Summary after Tendon Design
43 44 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:47:59 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd DATA SUMMARY
ANALYSIS TYPE: EN 1992-2 Pre-tensioned Prestressed Beam With UK National Annex (modified)
BEAM DETAILS
Span: Total length of pre-tensioned beam : 21 m Distance from left support to beam end face : 0 m Distance from right support to beam end face : 0 m Total distance between supports : 21 m
Beam section varies along length of beam.
Number of different sections : 2 No. of longitudinal construction stages : 2 No. of superimposed construction stages : 1
Section 1 45 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:47:59 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Precast beam: Precast beam is standard section: Y7 Beam Property set: 2 "C40/50 Ecm 35.2 " Age of beam at transfer: 4.0 days Corresponding concrete strength at transfer: 23.8094 MPa
In situ concrete - stage 1A: In situ is from standard section: - width : 2.0 m - depth : 0.2 m Property set: 1 "C31/40 Ecm 33.3 " Age of beam when stage 1A concrete is cast: 60 days
Shear resistance width: 216.0 mm
Section 2
Precast beam: Precast beam is standard section: Y7 Beam Property set: 2 "C40/50 Ecm 35.2 " Age of beam at transfer: 4.0 days Corresponding concrete strength at transfer: 23.8094 MPa
In situ concrete - stage 1B: In situ is from standard section: - dimensions (m) : 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Property set: 1 "C31/40 Ecm 33.3 " Age of beam when stage 1B concrete is cast: 60 days
Shear resistance width: 216.0 mm
46 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:47:59 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Tendons: y-z coordinates area transmission coeffients draw-in property mm mm 1
Debonded Tendons: y-z coordinates distance from left end (m) mm start end -75.0 60.0 2.0 19.0 0.0 60.0 2.0 19.0 75.0 60.0 2.0 19.0 -75.0 110.0 2.5 18.5 -25.0 110.0 2.5 18.5 25.0 110.0 2.5 18.5 75.0 110.0 2.5 18.5
47 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:47:59 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Reinforcement: y-z coordinates diameter Property Start End Length mm mm ref m m m 900.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 700.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 500.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 300.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 100.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 -100.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 -300.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 -500.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 -700.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0 -900.0 1407.5 25.0 3 15.0 21.0 6.0
Location of sections Position along span from left support: Section dimension (m) proportion 0.0 0.0 1 "Section 1" 18.0 0.857 1 "Section 1" 18.0 0.857 2 "Section 2" 21.0 1.0 2 "Section 2"
PROPERTIES DETAILS ref: 1 Type: Concrete - Parabola-Rectangle Name: C31/40 Ecm 33.3 Design Code Part : EN 1992-2 Characteristic strength f ck : 31.875 MPa f ck,cube : 40.0 MPa modulus of elasticity E cm : 33.314469 GPa Elastic modulus - long term : 13.325787 GPa Ultimate compressive strain cu : 0.0035 Tensile strength f ctm : -3.015931 MPa Cement Class : N - Normal and rapid hardening Contains Silica Fume : No Coefficient of thermal expansion: 0.00001 /C Density : 24.0 kN/m Density increase for rft. : 1.0 kN/m
48 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:47:59 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
ref: 2 Type: Concrete - Parabola-Rectangle Name: C40/50 Ecm 35.2 Design Code Part : EN 1992-2 Characteristic strength f ck : 40.0 MPa f ck,cube : 50.0 MPa modulus of elasticity E cm : 35.220462 GPa Elastic modulus - long term : 14.088185 GPa Ultimate compressive strain cu : 0.0035 Tensile strength f ctm : -3.508821 MPa Cement Class : N - Normal and rapid hardening Contains Silica Fume : No Coefficient of thermal expansion: 0.00001 /C Density : 24.0 kN/m Density increase for rft. : 1.0 kN/m
ref: 3 Type: Reinforcing Steel - Horizontal Name: Grade 500 Es 200.0 Yield strength f yk : 500.0 MPa modulus of elasticity E s : 200.0 GPa Characteristic strain limit uk : 0.025 Density : 77.0 kN/m
ref: 4 Type: Prestressing Steel - Horizontal Name: Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 tensile strength f pk : 1860.0 MPa 0,1% proof stress f p0,1k : 1600.0 MPa modulus of elasticity E p : 195.0 GPa Relaxation loss after 1000 hours: 8.0 % Relaxation Class : 1 Density : 77.0 kN/m
ANALYSIS DATA
Data for loss calculations:
Shrinkage strain is calculated from the data provided Creep coefficient is calculated from the data provided Differential shrinkage is calculated from the data provided Percentage of total long term loss which occurs before the section is made composite is 30.18 %
Age at start of drying shrinkage = 1.0 day Ambient relative humidity = 80.0 % Ambient temperature = 20.0 C Maximum Curing temperature = 20.0 C
Creep calculations are based upon EN 1992-1-1
49 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:47:59 Page: 6 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Data for shear calculations:
Material property for transverse reinforcement: Grade 500 Es 200.0 Angle between concrete strut and beam axis, = 35.0 Angle between shear reinforcement and beam axis, = 90.0 Enhancement close to supports is ignored Surface condition for precast / in-situ interface = Smooth Longitudinal force ratio is calculated Angle for compression strut in slab, f = 26.0 50
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
9. Temperature Gradient
51 52 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:50:10 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE EN 1991-1-5:2003 Figure 6.2 non-linear Temperature Profile
EN 1991-1-5:2003 Figure 6.2 non-linear Temperature Profile
Figure 6.2c: Type 3b. Concrete Beams Surfacing : surfaced Surfacing thickness : 0.1 m
Top warmer than bottom Bottom warmer than top height m Temperature C height m Temperature C 0.0 13.5 0.0 -8.376 0.15 3.0 0.25 -0.56 0.4 0.0 0.45 0.0 1.27 0.0 1.02 0.0 1.47 2.5 1.22 -1.03 1.47 -6.488
Relaxing Forces Moment Axial kN.m kN Heating Temperature difference -413.8371 -1015.993 Cooling Temperature difference 143.38408 976.55933
Note: The reinforcement has been ignored in the calculation of the above relaxing moments
Self Equilibrating Stresses
53 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:50:10 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Rectangle Distance to top Stress - MPa of section - m Heating Cooling 0.0 2.4760279 -1.437326 0.15 -0.769597 0.2 -0.885352 0.5291631
Y7 Beam Distance to top Stress - MPa of section - m Heating Cooling 0.17 -0.862578 0.2475882 0.25 1.0791869 0.4 -1.425518 0.45 1.1531531 1.02 0.8018382 1.22 0.3157990 1.27 0.1221205 1.47 1.358411 -1.760619
54
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
10. Shrinkage & Creep
55 56 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:54:19 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE MODIFIED BY CREEP - Primary Load effects
Section Reference: 2 "Section 2"
Evaluate the shrinkage strains using EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(6)
Shrinkage in precast at time t =
Age of concrete at time considered, t = Age of concrete at loading, t 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete at start of drying, t s = 1.0 days Relative humidity of enviroment, RH = 80.0 % Average temperature, T a = 20.0 C Type of cement = Class N for which, EN1992-1-1 Annex B.1(2) = 0.0 Annex B.2(1) ds1 = 4.0 Annex B.2(1) ds2 = 0.12 3.1.2(6) s = 0.25 Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 40.0 MPa Mean compressive strength at 28 days (Table 3.1), f cm = f ck + 8.0 = 48.0 MPa Mean comp. strength at 4.0 days (3.1.2(6) ), f cm (t 0 ) = f cm .exp[s.(1-(28/t 0 )] = 48.0*exp[0.25*(1-(28/4.0)] = 31.809 MPa Constant value from Annex B.2(1) f cm0 = 10.0 MPa
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd + ca (3.8)
57 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:54:19 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Drying Shrinkage - Expression (3.9):
cd (t) = ds (t,t s ).k h . cd,0
ds (t,t s ) = 1.0 for t = From Table 3.3: k h = 0.79438 From Annex B, Expression (B.11):
ca () = 2.5*(f ck -10.0)*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6 hence,
ca (t) = 1.0*75.0*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd (t) + ca (t) = 189.49131 + 75.0 = 264.49131*10 -6
Shrinkage in in-situ concrete at time t =
Age of concrete at time considered, t = Age of concrete at loading, t 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete at start of drying, t s = 1.0 days Relative humidity of enviroment, RH = 80.0 % Average temperature, T a = 20.0 C Type of cement = Class N for which, EN1992-1-1 Annex B.1(2) = 0.0 Annex B.2(1) ds1 = 4.0 Annex B.2(1) ds2 = 0.12 3.1.2(6) s = 0.25 58 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:54:19 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 31.875 MPa Mean compressive strength at 28 days (Table 3.1), f cm = f ck + 8.0 = 39.875 MPa Mean comp. strength at 4.0 days (3.1.2(6) ), f cm (t 0 ) = f cm .exp[s.(1-(28/t 0 )] = 39.875*exp[0.25*(1-(28/4.0)] = 26.425 MPa Constant value from Annex B.2(1) f cm0 = 10.0 MPa
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd + ca (3.8)
Drying Shrinkage - Expression (3.9):
cd (t) = ds (t,t s ).k h . cd,0
ds (t,t s ) = 1.0 for t = From Table 3.3: k h = 0.79438 From Annex B, Expression (B.11):
cd (t) = 1.0*0.79438*262.969*10 -6 = 208.897*10 -6
Autogenous Shrinkage - Expression (3.11):
ca (t) = as (t). ca ()
as (t) = 1.0 for t =
ca () = 2.5*(f ck -10.0)*10 -6 = 54.6875*10 -6 hence,
ca (t) = 1.0*54.6875*10 -6 = 54.6875*10 -6
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd (t) + ca (t) = 208.89738 + 54.6875 = 263.58488*10 -6
Shrinkage in precast at time in-situ is placed (t = 60 days) 59 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:54:19 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Age of concrete at time considered, t = 60.0 days Age of concrete at loading, t 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete at start of drying, t s = 1.0 days Relative humidity of enviroment, RH = 80.0 % Average temperature, T a = 20.0 C Type of cement = Class N for which, EN1992-1-1 Annex B.1(2) = 0.0 Annex B.2(1) ds1 = 4.0 Annex B.2(1) ds2 = 0.12 3.1.2(6) s = 0.25 Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 40.0 MPa Mean compressive strength at 28 days (Table 3.1), f cm = f ck + 8.0 = 48.0 MPa Mean comp. strength at 4.0 days (3.1.2(6) ), f cm (t 0 ) = f cm .exp[s.(1-(28/t 0 )] = 48.0*exp[0.25*(1-(28/4.0)] = 31.809 MPa Constant value from Annex B.2(1) f cm0 = 10.0 MPa
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd + ca (3.8)
Drying Shrinkage - Expression (3.9):
cd (t) = ds (t,t s ).k h . cd,0
ds (t,t s ) = (t-t s )/[(t-t s )+0.04h 0 ] (3.10)
t-t s = 60.0-1.0 = 59.0 days
ds (t,t s ) = 59.0/(59.0+0.04255.62) = 0.26519 From Table 3.3: k h = 0.79438 From Annex B, Expression (B.11):
cd (t) = 0.26519*0.79438*238.54*10 -6 = 50.2528*10 -6
60 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:54:19 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Autogenous Shrinkage - Expression (3.11):
ca (t) = as (t). ca ()
as (t) = 1-exp(-0.2t) (3.13) = 1.0-exp(-0.2*60.0) = 0.78758
ca () = 2.5*(f ck -10.0)*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6 hence,
ca (t) = 0.78758*75.0*10 -6 = 59.0686*10 -6
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd (t) + ca (t) = 50.252794 + 59.068556 = 109.32135*10 -6
Summary of data
Section is composite from t = 60 days at time t = 60 days: shrinkage strain in precast concrete, a = 109.321 x10 -6 at time t = shrinkage strain in precast concrete, b = 264.491 x10 -6 shrinkage strain in in-situ concrete, c = 263.585 x10 -6 differential shrinkage strain,
diff = c - ( b - a ) = 263.585 - (264.491-109.321) = 108.415 x10 -6 creep coefficient, = 2.00881 1 - e (-) creep reduction factor = = 0.43102
2nd moment of area of transformed section, I yy = 2.33E11 mm height of centroid, z a = 899.705 mm total transformed area, A c = 9.051E5 mm elastic modulus of precast concrete, E c,p = 35.2205 GPa elastic modulus of in situ concrete, E c,i = 33.3145 GPa
modular ratio n 0 = E c,p / E c,i = 35.2205/33.3145 = 1.05721
61 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 02/02/2012 11:54:19 Page: 6 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Stage 1 In-situ area of concrete : 3.889E5 mm height to centroid : 1372.43 mm force required to restrain shrinkage: A c ..E c,i . diff = 3.889E5*0.65982*33.3145*108.415 x10 -6 = 605.383 kN corresponding moment = 605.383*(1372.43-899.705) = 286.182 kN.m (sagging)
self equilibrating stress in precast beam: top of beam = P/A c + M/W t = 605.38331/905051.14 + 286.18174/5.81164E8 = 1.1613224 MPa
soffit of beam = P/A c + M/W b = 605.38331/905051.14 + 286.18174/-2.5857E8 = -0.437889 MPa
self equilibrating stress in stage 1 concrete: at top = ( P/A c + M.(z t -z a )/I yy + . diff .E c,p )/ = (605.38331/905051.14 + 286.18174*570.29524/2.3264E11 + 0.4310270*-1.084E-4*35.220462 ) /1.0572122 = -0.260490 MPa
at bottom = ( P/A c + M.(z b -z a )/I yy + . diff .E c,c )/ = (605.38331/905051.14 + 286.18174*370.29524/2.3264E11 + 0.4310270*-1.084E-4*35.220462) /1.0572122 = -0.493208 MPa
62
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
11. Verification: Transfer Stresses
63 64 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 15/02/2012 15:36:54 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) Analysis: Stresses at Transfer EN 1990 Equation 6.14 SLS Characteristic Section Ref 1 at 10.5m from left end of beam
Section details: Ref 1 "Section 1" at 0.5 x span = 10.5 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Stresses at Transfer Serviceability Limit State: Characteristic - EN 1990 Equation 6.14
ACTUAL STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM No. of tendons fully bonded at this section: 21 No. of tendons fully debonded at this section: 0 No. of tendons deflected at this section: 0
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Maximum Stressing Force - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.2.1(1)P For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 1 .f pk = 0.8*1860.0 = 1488.0 MPa k 2 .f p0,1k = 0.9*1600.0 = 1440.0 MPa
Wedge draw-in loss Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) draw-in strain = 0.003/21.0 = 1.43E-4 loss = E p . strain = 195.0*1.43E-4 = 27.8571 MPa
Heat Curing Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii)(Note) Concrete is cured at ambient temperature
Immediate Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.4
height No of f p k 1 /k 2 draw-in heat cure area initial force mm tendons MPa MPa MPa mm kN 60.0 11 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 2330.0357 110.0 4 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 847.28571 210.0 2 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 423.64286 260.0 2 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 423.64286 1200.0 2 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 423.64286 TOTAL 21 4448.25 In accordance with clause 5.10.9(1), for SLS, the Characteristic value must be used. With r inf = 1.0, P k,inf = 4448.25 kN
Friction Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) All tendons are straight in this beam.
Initial Relaxation Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii) Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % = pi / f pk = 1440.0-27.8571-0.0/1860.0 = 0.75921
time after tensioning = 96.0 hours for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 161.863 * 0.65495 * 10 -5 = 0.04571
66 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 15/02/2012 15:36:54 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd relaxation After relaxation height No of area x loss force moment mm tendons pi % kN kN kN.m 60.0 11 2330.04 4.57 106.51239 2223.5233 133.4114 110.0 4 847.286 4.57 38.731779 808.55394 88.940933 210.0 2 423.643 4.57 19.365889 404.27697 84.898163 260.0 2 423.643 4.57 19.365889 404.27697 105.11201 1200.0 2 423.643 4.57 19.365889 404.27697 485.13236 TOTAL 21 4244.9082 897.49487
Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M r = 897.49487-(4244.9082*0.5760392) = -1547.739 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 4244.9082/537225.68+-1547.739/1.2843E8 = 7.9015362+-12.05139 = -4.149853 MPa bottom stress = 4244.9082/537225.68+-1547.739/-1.614E8 = 7.9015362+9.5890175 = 17.490554 MPa
Self weight moment: c.s.a. = 5.372E5 mm density = 24.0 kN/m + 1.0 kN/m + 1.0 kN/m = 26.0 kN/m [1] self weight = 5.372E5*26.0 = 13.9679 kN/m beam length = 21.0 m distance = 10.5 m M sw = 0.5*13.9679*10.5*(21.0-10.5) = 769.979 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 769.979/1.2843E8 = 5.9954 MPa bottom stress = 769.979/-1.614E8 = -4.7704 MPa
Elastic Deformation - Clause 5.10.4(1)(iii) stress at top of precast beam = 1.84555 MPa stress at bottom of precast beam = 12.7201 MPa depth of precast beam = 1300.0 mm elastic modulus of concrete at transfer = 31.1307 GPa 67 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 15/02/2012 15:36:54 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd height No of conc conc tendon tendon tendons stress strain force moment mm MPa kN kN.m 60.0 11 12.21824 3.925E-4 126.28096 7.5768575 110.0 4 11.79999 3.79E-4 44.348407 4.8783248 210.0 2 10.96348 3.522E-4 20.602262 4.326475 260.0 2 10.54523 3.387E-4 19.816291 5.1522358 1200.0 2 2.682055 8.615E-5 5.0400412 6.0480495 TOTAL 21 216.08796 27.981943
Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M ed = 27.981943-(216.08796*0.5760392) = -96.49319 kN.m hence, top stress = 1.8455-216.08796/537.22568--96.49319/1.2843E8 = 1.8455-0.4022294--0.751339 = 2.1946575 MPa bottom stress = 12.72-216.08796/537.22568--96.49319/-1.614E8 = 12.72-0.4022294-0.5978237 = 11.720096 MPa
After a further 2 iterations of the above process, the top and bottom stresses are as follows: top stress = 2.16502461 MPa bottom stress = 11.7912468 MPa
Max Prestress Force after transfer - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.3.(2)
For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 7 .f pk = 0.75*1860.0 = 1395.0 MPa k 8 .f p0,1k = 0.85*1600.0 = 1360.0 MPa
Maximum tendon stress after transfer = 1329.4 MPa which is not greater than 1360.0 and therefore OK.
TOTAL LOSS OF PRESTRESS SUMMARY Initial stressing force = 4448.25 kN Prestress after all transfer losses = 4043.05 kN
Corresponding loss = 9.11 %
LIMITING STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM Compression EN 1992-1-1 Clause 3.1.2(5) & 3.1.2(6) For transfer at t = 4.0 days
f ck (t) = f cm (t) - 8.0 f cm (t) = cc (t).f cm Equation 3.1
cc (t) = exp{s[1-(28/t)]} Equation 3.2 for Class N cement, s = 0.25
68 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 15/02/2012 15:36:54 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd hence cc (t) = exp{0.25[1.0-28/4.0)]} = 0.66269 f cm = f ck + 8.0 (from Table 3.1) = 48.0 MPa f cm (t) = 0.66269*48.0 = 31.8094 and f ck (t) = 31.8094 - 8.0 MPa = 23.8094 MPa
EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.2.2(5)
c <= 0.6*f ck (t) Equation 5.42 = 0.6 * 23.8094 = 14.2857 MPa hence limiting compression stress = 14.285666 MPa This may be increased if justified to:
c <= k 6 .f ck (t) = 0.7 * 23.8094 = 16.6666 MPa
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control. EN 1992-1-1 Clause 7.3.2(4) No reinforcement is required for tensile stress less than ct,p where:
ct,p = f ct,eff from clause 7.3.2(2), f ct,eff = f ctm (t) f ctm = 0.3*f ck (2/3) (from Table 3.1) = -3.5088 MPa f ctm (t) = cc (t).f ctm (clause 3.1.2(9)) = 0.66269*-3.5088 = -2.3253 MPa hence limiting tension stress = -2.325284 MPa [Note: at transfer, the characteristic combination of loads is the same as the frequent combination of loads, and this stress limit might therefore be considered to be higher than appropriate]
69 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 15/02/2012 15:36:54 Page: 6 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
TRANSMISSION LENGTH Bond stress at release, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(1) f bpt = p1 . 1 .f ctd (t) Expression (8.15) where f ctd (t) = ct .0.7f ctm (t)/ c f ctm (t) = -2.3253 MPa [2]
ct = 1.0 - from EN 1992-1-1/3.1.6(2)
tendon type coefficient, p1 = 3.2 bond condition coefficient, 1 = 1.0
hence f ctd (t) = 1.0*0.7*-2.3253/1.5 = -1.0851 MPa
and f bpt = 3.2*1.0*-1.0851 = -3.4724 MPa
Basic transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(2) l pt = 1 . 2 .. pm0 /f bpt Expression (8.16) where speed of release coefficient, 1 = 1.0 tendon surface coefficient, 2 = 0.19 nominal diameter of tendon, = 16.0 mm tendon stress after release, pm0 = 1440.0 MPa
hence l pt = 1.0*0.19*16.0*1440.0 / 3.47242 = 1.26068 m
Design value of transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(3) l pt1 = 0.8*l pt = 0.8*1.26068 = 1.00854 m
70 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 15/02/2012 15:36:54 Page: 7 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd SLS STRESS SUMMARY TABLE Concrete Stresses (MPa) force moment In situ Precast kN kN.m top bottom top bottom
SLS FLEXURE Precast Curvature Deflection Stress E Strain (x10 -6 ) (mm) (MPa) (x10 -6 ) (rad/m) Here Max.
After Transfer T 2.16502 E T 69.5462 -237.86 14.6578 14.6578
B 11.7912 378.765
Curvatures here are derived from precast section height: 1300.0mm
E T = Elastic Modulus at Transfer = 31130.7MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clauses 3.1.3-(3) and 3.1.2-(6) with age 4 days]
________ [1] Refer to EN 1991-1-1 Table A.1 Notes 1) and 2) [2] For the derivation of this value refer to the limiting stress calculations for transfer [3] includes draw-in and initial relaxation 71 72
Steel Composite Bridge Design Example
12. Verification: SLS Bending - Mid Span
73 74 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) EN 1990 Equation 6.14 SLS Characteristic Exposure Class: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Bending design 1 Section Ref 1 at 10.5m from left end of beam
WARNING - A reduction of flange width to allow for shear lag effects may be appropriate for this beam. SAM makes no allowance for this. Refer to EN 1992-1-1/5.3.2.1
Section details: Ref 1 "Section 1" at 0.5 x span = 10.5 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Traffic Actions: Bending for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 At time considered, t = Serviceability Limit State: Characteristic - EN 1990 Equation 6.14
ACTUAL STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM No. of tendons fully bonded at this section: 21 No. of tendons fully debonded at this section: 0 No. of tendons deflected at this section: 0
75 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Maximum Stressing Force - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.2.1(1)P For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 1 .f pk = 0.8*1860.0 = 1488.0 MPa k 2 .f p0,1k = 0.9*1600.0 = 1440.0 MPa
Wedge draw-in loss Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) draw-in strain = 0.003/21.0 = 1.43E-4 loss = E p . strain = 195.0*1.43E-4 = 27.8571 MPa
Heat Curing Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii)(Note) Concrete is cured at ambient temperature
Immediate Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.4
height No of f p k 1 /k 2 draw-in heat cure area initial force mm tendons MPa MPa MPa mm kN 60.0 11 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 2330.0357 110.0 4 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 847.28571 210.0 2 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 423.64286 260.0 2 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 423.64286 1200.0 2 1600.0 0.9 27.8571 0.0 150.0 423.64286 TOTAL 21 4448.25 In accordance with clause 5.10.9(1), for SLS, the Characteristic value must be used. With r inf = 1.0, P k,inf = 4448.25 kN
Friction Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) All tendons are straight in this beam.
Initial Relaxation Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii) Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % = pi / f pk = 1440.0-27.8571-0.0/1860.0 = 0.75921
time after tensioning = 96.0 hours for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 161.863 * 0.65495 * 10 -5 = 0.04571
76 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd relaxation After relaxation height No of area x loss force moment mm tendons pi % kN kN kN.m 60.0 11 2330.04 4.57 106.51239 2223.5233 133.4114 110.0 4 847.286 4.57 38.731779 808.55394 88.940933 210.0 2 423.643 4.57 19.365889 404.27697 84.898163 260.0 2 423.643 4.57 19.365889 404.27697 105.11201 1200.0 2 423.643 4.57 19.365889 404.27697 485.13236 TOTAL 21 4244.9082 897.49487
Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M r = 897.49487-(4244.9082*0.5760392) = -1547.739 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 4244.9082/537225.68+-1547.739/1.2843E8 = 7.9015362+-12.05139 = -4.149853 MPa bottom stress = 4244.9082/537225.68+-1547.739/-1.614E8 = 7.9015362+9.5890175 = 17.490554 MPa
Self weight moment: c.s.a. = 5.372E5 mm density = 24.0 kN/m + 1.0 kN/m = 25.0 kN/m [1] self weight = 5.372E5*25.0 = 13.4306 kN/m beam length = 21.0 m distance = 10.5 m M sw = 0.5*13.4306*10.5*(21.0-10.5) = 740.364 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 740.364/1.2843E8 = 5.76481 MPa bottom stress = 740.364/-1.614E8 = -4.5869 MPa
Elastic Deformation - Clause 5.10.4(1)(iii) stress at top of precast beam = 1.61496 MPa stress at bottom of precast beam = 12.9036 MPa depth of precast beam = 1300.0 mm elastic modulus of concrete at transfer = 31.1307 GPa 77 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd height No of conc conc tendon tendon tendons stress strain force moment mm MPa kN kN.m 60.0 11 12.38261 3.978E-4 127.97976 7.6787854 110.0 4 11.94843 3.838E-4 44.906297 4.9396927 210.0 2 11.08007 3.559E-4 20.821353 4.3724841 260.0 2 10.64589 3.42E-4 20.005455 5.2014182 1200.0 2 2.483314 7.977E-5 4.6665732 5.5998878 TOTAL 21 218.37943 27.792268
Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M ed = 27.792268-(218.37943*0.5760392) = -98.00285 kN.m hence, top stress = 1.615-218.37943/537.22568--98.00285/1.2843E8 = 1.615-0.4064947--0.763094 = 1.9715546 MPa bottom stress = 12.904-218.37943/537.22568--98.00285/-1.614E8 = 12.904-0.4064947-0.6071768 = 11.889955 MPa
After a further 2 iterations of the above process, the top and bottom stresses are as follows: top stress = 1.94149211 MPa bottom stress = 11.9620665 MPa
Max Prestress Force after transfer - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.3.(2)
For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 7 .f pk = 0.75*1860.0 = 1395.0 MPa k 8 .f p0,1k = 0.85*1600.0 = 1360.0 MPa
Maximum tendon stress after transfer = 1330.61 MPa which is not greater than 1360.0 and therefore OK.
ACTIONS DURING EXECUTION Erection of beam Loading Bending moment from erection loadcase at current span location: M Applied = 738.00575 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 738.00575/1.2843E8 = 5.74644 MPa bottom stress = 738.00575/-1.614E8 = -4.5723 MPa
Remove the dead load applied for transfer calculations M sw = -740.36 kN.m 78 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Corresponding stresses: top stress = -740.36/1.2843E8 = -5.7648 MPa bottom stress = -740.36/-1.614E8 = 4.58693 MPa
Construction stage 1A Loading M Applied = 512.3149 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 512.3149/1.2843E8 = 3.98911 MPa bottom stress = 512.3149/-1.614E8 = -3.174 MPa
Construction stage 1B Loading M Applied = 21.87451 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 21.87451/1.2843E8 = 0.17032 MPa bottom stress = 21.87451/-1.614E8 = -0.1355 MPa
Time Dependent Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.6 Simplified method using Expression (5.46)
P c+s+r = A p . p,c+s+r
cs .E p + 0.8 pr + E p /E cm .(t,t 0 ). c,QP
p,c+s+r = 1 + E p /E cm .A p /A c (1+A c /I c .z cp )[1+0.8(t,t 0 )]
The calculated loss is apportioned partly to the precast beam alone and partly to the full composite section.
For in-situ cast at 60 days, the proportion of the loss occurring before the in-situ is cast is calculated to be 28.63 %
Losses are calculated for time t =
Age of concrete at end of curing, t s = 1.0 days Age of concrete at transfer, t 0 = 4.0 days
Age is adjusted for expression (B.5) (for cement type & temperature) - for cement class N ( = 0) adjusted t 0 = t 0,T . [(9/(2+t 0,T 1.2 )+1)
>=0.5 Expression (B.9)
= 4.0 * [(9/(2+4.0 1.2 )+1] 0 = 4.0 days 79 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 6 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Age of concrete at time considered, t = EN 1992-1-1/3.3.2(8) for relaxation, t is taken as 500,000 hours Concrete age coefficient (Expression (3.2)), cc :
cc(t) = f cm(t) /f cm Expression (3.1) = exp{s[1-(28/t)]} Expression (3.2) Coefficient for Class N cement, s = 0.25
cc(t0) = exp{0.25[1.0-(28/4.0)]} = 0.66269
cc(t) = exp{0.25} = 1.28403 Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 40.0 MPa Mean compressive strength of concrete, f cm = 40.0 + 8.0 (from Table 3.1) = 48.0 MPa f cm0 = 10.0 MPa f cm(t0) = cc(t0) . f cm = 31.8094 MPa Ambient relative humidity = 80.0 % Notional size of member, h 0 = 2A c /u = 2*9.051E5/7245.89 = 249.811 mm Modulus of elasticity of concrete at 28 days, E cm = 35.2205 GPa Modulus of elasticity of concrete at time considered, E cm(t) = cc(t) 0.3 . E cm Expressions (3.5) & (3.1) = 1.28403 0.3 * 35.2205 = 37.9636 GPa
Area of concrete cross section, A c = 9.05E5 mm Perimeter of concrete cross section, u = 7245.9 mm Notional size, h 0 = 2*A c /u = 2*9.051E5/7245.89 = 249.81 mm
Creep coefficient for concrete - EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4 and Annex B.1 (t,t 0 ) = 0 . c (t,t 0 ) Expression (B.1) = RH . (f cm ) . (t 0 ) . c (t,t 0 ) Expression (B.2)
(f cm ) = 16.8/f cm Expression (B.4) = 16.8/48.0 = 2.42487
For Permanent Loads In the absence of heat curing t 0,T = 4.0 days 80 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 7 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd age is adjusted for expression (B.5) (for cement type and temperature) - for cement class N ( = 0)
c (t,t 0 ) = 1.0 for time t = hence from (B.1) and (B.2): (t,t 0 ) = 1.17777*2.42487*0.70446 = 2.01193
Check for creep non-linearity EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(4)
At the level of the centroid of the tendons, the compressive stress in the concrete at time t 0 = 8.31165 MPa. This does not exceed 0.45*f ck (t 0 ), i.e. 18.0 MPa, so non-linear creep is not considered
Shrinkage Strain for concrete - EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(6)
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd + ca (3.8)
Drying Shrinkage - Expression (3.9):
cd (t) = ds (t,t s ).k h . cd,0
ds (t,t s ) = 1.0 for t = From Table 3.3: k h = 0.80018 From Annex B, Expression (B.11):
RH = 1.55[1.0-(RH/100)] (B.12) = 0.7564 For cement class N,
ds1 = 4
ds2 = 0.12 hence,
cd,0 = 0.85[(220+110*4.0)*exp(-0.12*48.0/10.0)]*10 -6 *0.7564 = 238.54*10 -6 81 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 8 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd and,
cd (t) = 1.0*0.80018*238.54*10 -6 = 190.877*10 -6
Autogenous Shrinkage - Expression (3.11):
ca (t) = as (t). ca ()
as (t) = 1.0 for t =
ca () = 2.5*(f ck -10.0)*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6 hence,
ca (t) = 1.0*75.0*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd (t) + ca (t) = 190.87688 + 75.0 = 265.87688*10 -6
Further Relaxation Clause 5.10.6(1)(b)
Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % time after tensioning = 500000.0 hours = 0.75921 (as calculated for initial relaxation loss above) for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 161.863 * 3.07185 * 10 -5 = 0.21440 With the initial relaxation deducted, the variation in tendon stress from relaxation becomes:
pr / pi = 0.21440 - 0.04571 = 0.16868
Summary of the above for Expression (5.46): Estimated shrinkage strain cs = 265.877 x10 -6 Creep coefficient at t for loading at t 0 (t,t 0 ) = 2.01193 Relaxation, pr = 238.212 MPa Modulus of elasticity for prestressing steel E p = 195.0 GPa Modulus of Elasticity for concrete E cm = 37.9636 GPa Area of all prestressing A p = 3150.0 mm Area of concrete section A c = 9.051E5 mm Second moment of area of concrete section I c = 2.33E11 mm
82 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 9 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd E p /E cm = 195.0/37.9636 = 5.1365 E p /E cm .A p /A c = 5.1365*3150.0/9.051E5 = 0.01788 A c /I c = 9.051E5/2.33E11 = 3.8904
In the table below the following vary with tendon height:
c,QP = Stress in concrete adjacent to tendons z cp = Section centre of gravity to tendons (t,t 0 ) = Creep Coefficient (if non-linear creep is considered)
shrink relax creep denom height cs .E p (t,t 0 ) E p /E cm .. A p 0.8 pr
c,QP z cp P c+s+r mm mm MPa MPa MPa MPa mm kN 60.0 1650.0 51.846 190.57 2.012 8.605 88.927 839.705 1.175 465.43833 110.0 600.0 51.846 190.57 2.012 8.5109 87.954 789.705 1.16 170.90467 210.0 300.0 51.846 190.57 2.012 8.3226 86.008 689.705 1.133 86.962166 260.0 300.0 51.846 190.57 2.012 8.2284 85.035 639.705 1.121 87.637686 1200.0 300.0 51.846 190.57 2.012 6.4583 66.742 -300.3 1.063 87.248992 Total force loss: 898.19184 Total moment loss: 192.47246
M csr = 192.47246-(898.19184*0.8997047) = -615.635 kN.m
TOTAL LOSS OF PRESTRESS SUMMARY Initial stressing force = 4448.25 kN Prestress after all losses at t = = 3142.75 kN
Corresponding loss = 29.3 %
LIMITING STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM Compression EN 1992-2 Clause 7.2(102) k 1 .f ck = 0.6*40.0 = 24.0 MPa In the presence of confinement or increase in cover this may be increased by up to 10%, i.e to: = 26.4 MPa 84 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 11 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control.
Exposure Class is XD1, XD2, XD3, XS1, XS2, XS3 ... ... for which decompression is checked for the Frequent combination of loads. Decompression requires all of the tendon to be at least 65.0 mm above the level of the neutral axis.
LIMITING STRESSES FOR IN SITU CONCRETE Compression EN 1992-2-2 Clause 7.2(102) To avoid longitudinal cracking, compressive stress is limited to:
c = k 1 .f ck = 0.6*31.875 = 19.125 MPa
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control. EN 1992-1_1 Clause 7.3 However, no tensile stress is present at this section.
TRANSMISSION LENGTH Bond stress at release, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(1) f bpt = p1 . 1 .f ctd (t) Expression (8.15) where f ctd (t) = ct .0.7f ctm (t)/ c f ctm (t) = -2.3253 MPa [2]
ct = 1.0 - from EN 1992-1-1/3.1.6(2)
tendon type coefficient, p1 = 3.2 bond condition coefficient, 1 = 1.0
hence f ctd (t) = 1.0*0.7*-2.3253/1.5 = -1.0851 MPa
and f bpt = 3.2*1.0*-1.0851 = -3.4724 MPa
85 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 12 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Basic transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(2) l pt = 1 . 2 .. pm0 /f bpt Expression (8.16) where speed of release coefficient, 1 = 1.0 tendon surface coefficient, 2 = 0.19 nominal diameter of tendon, = 16.0 mm tendon stress after release, pm0 = 1440.0 MPa
hence l pt = 1.0*0.19*16.0*1440.0 / 3.47242 = 1.26068 m
Design value of transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(3) l pt1 = 0.8*l pt = 0.8*1.26068 = 1.00854 m
STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR EN 1992-2 Annex KK.7
Age of concrete at first loading, t 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete when first composite, t c = 60.0 days Age of concrete at time considered, t = Creep coefficient when first composite, (t c ,t 0 ) = 0.89250 Final creep coefficient, (,t 0 ) = 2.00881 Creep coefficient increment, (,t c ) = 1.20422 Specified value of Ageing coefficient, = 0.8
From Expression (KK.119): (,t 0 ) - (t c ,t 0 ) 2.00881-0.89250 = 1 + .(,t c ) 1.0 + 0.8*1.20422
= 0.56856
86 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 13 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd SLS STRESS SUMMARY TABLE Concrete Stresses (MPa) force moment In situ Precast kN kN.m top bottom top bottom
Elastic Def -203.96 90.6953 0.32653 -0.9415 TRANSFER 4040.95 -716.68 1.94149 11.9621 Cr+Sh+Rlx B -257.14 176.251 0.89371 -1.5706 Erection -2.3584 -0.0184 0.01461 In situ 1A 512.315 3.98911 -3.174 In situ 1B 21.8745 0.05072 0.03293 0.03764 -0.0846 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS, S 0 6.8436 7.14742 Cr+Sh+Rlx A -641.05 439.384 0.34886 -0.0084 0.04774 -2.4076 TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS, S 0, 0.39958 0.0245 6.89134 4.73984
CREEP REDISTRIBUTION according to EN 1992-2 Annex KK.7 Construction On Centering, S c = G + P 1 + P 2 Permanent G 606.626 1.40663 0.91333 1.04381 -2.3461 Prestress P 1 -2584.1 -5.992 -3.8906 -4.4465 9.99388 [4] 3780.83 3.95141 3.95141 4.17748 4.17748 Prestress P 2 2329.9 5.40251 3.50787 4.00902 -9.0107 [5]
(S c - S 0 )*0.56856 2.68239 2.52957 -1.1711 -2.4635 Hence from KK.119, TOTAL CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS, S
3.08198 2.55407 5.72024 2.27635
SDL 99.6592 0.23108 0.15004 0.17148 -0.3854 Diff. Shr. 1 605.383 286.182 -0.2604 -0.4932 1.16132 -0.4378 Diff. Shr. 2 -101.97 -0.2364 -0.1535 -0.1754 0.39436 [Differential shrinkage is included when adverse ] TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS 3.31306 2.70412 5.89172 1.89092 [including diff. shrinkage 2.81612 2.05738 6.87758 1.8474] 87 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 14 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd VARIABLE ACTIONS - CHARACTERISTIC COMBINATION
Other traffic cases for comparison: Traffic gr1a TS 2 -167.69 -0.3888 -0.2524 -0.2885 0.64854 0.75 14.063 0.0147 0.0147 0.01554 0.01554 Traffic gr1a UDL 2 -89.68 -0.2079 -0.1350 -0.1543 0.34682 0.75 5.225 0.00546 0.00546 0.00577 0.00577 Traffic gr1a FT 2 19.3273 0.04482 0.0291 0.03326 -0.0747 0.4 1.4188 0.00148 0.00148 0.00157 0.00157 Total (Leading) : -0.5303 -0.3367 -0.3867 0.94350 Total (in Combination) : -0.4139 -0.2632 -0.3022 0.73324 Temperature Restraint None defined Differential Temperature - Heating Diff. Tmp H1 -1016.0 -413.84 2.47603 -0.8853 -0.8625 1.35841 Diff. Tmp H2 285.183 0.66127 0.42936 0.49071 -1.1029 0.6 Differential Temperature - Cooling Diff. Tmp C1 976.559 143.384 -1.4373 0.52916 0.24758 -1.7606 Diff. Tmp C2 -98.811 -0.2291 -0.1487 -0.1700 0.38214 0.6 Other Variable Action None defined
The following combinations of variable actions are evaluated in accordance with EN 1990 Equation 6.14b: a) Traffic as leading action + 0 (Thermal + Other) b) Thermal as leading action + 0 (Traffic + Other) c) Other as leading action + 0 (Traffic + Thermal)
For thermal actions the following cases are considered: i) temperature restraint alone ii) differential temperature: Heating iii) differential temperature: Cooling iv) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Heating v) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Cooling
88 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 15 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd The most adverse case is with Traffic as leading action
Traffic 2.9146 1.87532 2.14742 -4.9944
0 x Thermal 1.88238 -0.2735 0.04654 -0.8270
0 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS 4.79698 1.60173 2.19396 -5.8215 TOTAL PERMANENT (from above) 3.31306 2.70412 6.87758 1.8474
TOTAL COMBINATION 8.11005 4.30585 9.07154 -3.9741
WARNING - The flexural tensile stress exceeds the value of f ct,eff so the section cannot be assumed to be uncracked. (EN 1992-1-1/7.1(2)) A cracked section analysis must be performed to derive the true compression stress in the concrete.
1 = 0.4 however, EN 1991-2 Clause 4.5.2 excludes the footway loading from the frequent action of LM1 Traffic gr1a FT 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total (Leading) : 2.15123 1.38355 1.58445 -3.6909 Total (in Combination) : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
The following combinations of variable actions are evaluated in accordance with EN 1990 Equation 6.15b: a) 1 (Traffic) as leading action + 2 (Thermal + Other) b) 1 (Thermal) as leading action + 2 (Traffic + Other) c) 1 (Other) as leading action + 2 (Traffic + Thermal)
For thermal actions the following cases are considered: i) temperature restraint alone ii) differential temperature: Heating iii) differential temperature: Cooling iv) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Heating v) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Cooling
The most adverse case is with Traffic as leading action
1 x Traffic 2.15123 1.38355 1.58445 -3.6909
2 x Thermal 1.56865 -0.2279 0.03878 -0.6892
2 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS 3.71988 1.15556 1.62323 -4.3801 TOTAL PERMANENT (from above) 3.31306 2.70412 6.87758 1.8474
TOTAL COMBINATION 7.03294 3.85968 8.50081 -2.5327
SLS FLEXURE Precast Curvature Deflection Stress E Strain (x10 -6 ) (mm) (MPa) (x10 -6 ) (rad/m) Here Max.
After Transfer T 1.94149 E T 62.3657 -247.61 15.0561 15.0561
B 11.9621 384.253
After Erection T 2.81685 E I 151.712 -314.42 19.6107 19.6107
B 10.4061 560.458
90 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:09:59 Page: 17 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd After in situ 1A T 6.80596 E I 366.561 -17.651 6.14087 6.14087
B 7.23201 389.507 After in situ 1B T 6.8436 E I 368.588 -12.587 5.84195 5.84195
B 7.14742 384.951
Long-term Dead T 8.04868 E L 687.582 245.625 -4.8888 -4.8888
B 4.31089 368.27
Diff. Temp H1 T -0.5175 E S -14.695 -29.104 1.59073 1.59073
B 0.81504 23.1413 Diff. Temp H2 T 0.29442 E S 8.35951 20.8834 -1.1442 -1.1726
B -0.6617 -18.789 Diff. Temp C1 T 0.14855 E S 4.2178 26.3161 -1.4413 -1.4413
B -1.0564 -29.993 Diff. Temp C2 T -0.1020 E S -2.8964 -7.2357 0.39644 0.40625
B 0.22928 6.51001
Traffic gr1a 1 T 2.14742 E S 60.9709 155.98 -6.7548 -6.7548
B -4.9944 -141.8 Extreme in-service 420.685 -12.688 -12.688
Curvatures here are derived from precast section height: 1300.0mm
E T = Elastic Modulus at Transfer = 31130.7MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clauses 3.1.3-(3) and 3.1.2-(6) with age 4 days]
E I = Intermediate Term Elastic Modulus = 18567.1MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clause 7.4.3-(5) at 60.0 days (=0.89693)]
E L = Long Term Elastic Modulus = 11705.8MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clause 7.4.3-(5) at infinite time (=2.00881)]
E S = Short Term Elastic Modulus [E cm ] = 35220.5MPa
________ [1] Refer to EN 1991-1-1 Table A.1 Note 1) [2] For the derivation of this value refer to the limiting stress calculations for transfer [3] includes draw-in and initial relaxation [4] With immediate losses and shrinkage / creep / relaxation losses until time at which insitu is cast. [5] Secondary effects arising from prestress in continuous section. 91 92
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
13. Verification: ULS Bending - Mid Span
93 94 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:13:14 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) EN 1990 Equation 6.10 ULS Persistent / Transient Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Bending design 1 Section Ref 1 at 10.5m from left end of beam
Section details: Ref 1 "Section 1" at 0.5 x span = 10.5 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Traffic Actions: Bending for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 Ultimate Limit State: Persistent / Transient - EN 1990 Equation 6.10
ULS Stress / Strain summary for section with HOGGING moment
Location strain stress height MPa mm Precast beam - top -0.02234 0.0 1300.0 - bottom 0.0035 22.6667 0.0 In situ stage 1 - top -0.025719 0.0 1470.0 - bottom -0.021744 0.0 1270.0 Tendon - top -0.025441 -1391.3 1200.0 - bottom -0.002627 -512.29 60.0
Resistance of section = -551.202 kN.m In conjunction with axial load of -48.0244 kN
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ULS Stress / Strain summary for section with SAGGING moment
Location strain stress height MPa mm Precast beam - top -5.156E-4 0.0 1300.0 - bottom -0.031223 0.0 0.0 In situ stage 1 - top 0.0035 18.0625 1470.0 - bottom -0.001224 0.0 1270.0 Tendon - top -0.007966 -1391.3 1200.0 - bottom -0.03474 -1391.3 60.0
Resistance of section = 5221.3 kN.m In conjunction with axial load of -48.0244 kN
TRANSMISSION and ANCHORAGE Bond stress at release, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(1) f bpt = p1 . 1 .f ctd (t) Expression (8.15) where f ctd (t) = ct .0.7f ctm (t)/ c f ctm (t) = -2.3253 MPa [1]
ct = 1.0 - from EN 1992-1-1/3.1.6(2)
tendon type coefficient, p1 = 3.2 bond condition coefficient, 1 = 1.0
hence f ctd (t) = 1.0*0.7*-2.3253/1.5 = -1.0851 MPa
and f bpt = 3.2*1.0*-1.0851 = -3.4724 MPa
Basic transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(2) l pt = 1 . 2 .. pm0 /f bpt Expression (8.16) where speed of release coefficient, 1 = 1.0 tendon surface coefficient, 2 = 0.19 nominal diameter of tendon, = 16.0 mm tendon stress after release, pm0 = 1440.0 MPa
hence l pt = 1.0*0.19*16.0*1440.0 / 3.47242 = 1.26068 m
96 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:13:14 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Design value of transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(3) l pt2 = 1.2*l pt = 1.2*1.26068 = 1.51281 m
Anchorage of the tendons for the ultimate limit state:
Bond stress for anchorage EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.3(2) f bpd = p2 . 1 .f ctd Expression (8.20) where f ctd = ct .0.7f ctm / c = 1.0*0.7*-3.5088/1.5 = -1.6374 MPa
tendon type coefficient, p2 = 1.2
hence f bpd = 1.2*1.0*-1.6374 = -1.9649 MPa
Total anchorage length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.3(4) l bpd = l pt2 + 2 ..( pd - pm )/f bpd Expression (8.21)
For a tendon stressed to its limit, stress in tendon, pd = -1391.3 MPa prestress after all losses, pm = -1069.1 MPa [2]
hence l bpd = 1.51281 + 0.19*16.0*(-1391.3--1069.1)/-1.9649 = 2.01123 m
SUMMARY OF ACTIONS PERMANENT ACTIONS ACTION TYPE MOMENT AXIAL kN.m kN Beam erection before composite = 996.3078 0.0 Construction stage 1A = 691.6251 0.0 Construction stage 1B = 29.53059 0.0 Surfacing = 119.591 0.0 Differential Shrinkage / creep = 0.0 0.0 [3] TOTAL PERMANENT ACTIONS, G x G k 1837.0545 0.0
97 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:13:14 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd VARIABLE ACTIONS ACTION TYPE MOMENT AXIAL 0
TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS, Q,1 x Q k,1 "+" Q,i x 0 x Q k,i TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS, Q k,1 "+" 0 x Q k,i Thermal effects are set to zero when not adverse. [4] Traffic leading: Traffic 1725.3498 -63.13863
0 x Thermal 0.0 0.0
0 x Other 0.0 0.0 Total 1725.3498 -63.13863 Thermal leading: 0 x Traffic 1284.8802 -48.02435 Thermal 442.0334 0.0
0 x Other 0.0 0.0 Total 1726.9136 -48.02435 Other leading: 0 x Traffic 1284.8802 -48.02435
0 x Thermal 0.0 0.0 Other 0.0 0.0 Total 1284.8802 -48.02435
Critical case is with thermal leading
TOTAL COMBINATION
3563.9681 -48.02435
________ [1] For the derivation of this value refer to the limiting stress calculations for transfer [2] Typical value used - varies for each tendon [3] Shrinkage effects are excluded at ULS in accordance with EN1992-1-1/2.3.2.2(2) [4] When thermal effects are not adverse, they are excluded at ULS according to EN 1992-1-1/2.3.1.2 98
99
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
14. Verification: SLS bending Pier
100 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) EN 1990 Equation 6.14 SLS Characteristic Exposure Class: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Bending design 1 Section Ref 2 at 21m from left end of beam
WARNING - A reduction of flange width to allow for shear lag effects may be appropriate for this beam. SAM makes no allowance for this. Refer to EN 1992-1-1/5.3.2.1
Section details: Ref 2 "Section 2" at 1 x span = 21 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Traffic Actions: Bending for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 At time considered, t = Serviceability Limit State: Characteristic - EN 1990 Equation 6.14
ACTUAL STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM No. of tendons fully bonded at this section: 0 No. of tendons fully debonded at this section: 7 No. of tendons deflected at this section: 0 No. of tendons partially stressed: 14 (i.e. within the transmission length) The prestress force in these tendons is interpolated in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 clause 8.10.2.2.
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Maximum Stressing Force - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.2.1(1)P For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 1 .f pk = 0.8*1860.0 = 1488.0 MPa k 2 .f p0,1k = 0.9*1600.0 = 1440.0 MPa
Wedge draw-in loss Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) draw-in strain = 0.003/21.0 = 1.43E-4 loss = E p . strain = 195.0*1.43E-4 = 27.8571 MPa
Heat Curing Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii)(Note) Concrete is cured at ambient temperature
Immediate Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.4
height No of f p k 1 /k 2 draw-in heat cure area initial force mm tendons MPa MPa MPa mm kN TOTAL 0 0.0 In accordance with clause 5.10.9(1), for SLS, the Characteristic value must be used. With r inf = 1.0, P k,inf = 0.0 kN
Friction Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) All tendons are straight in this beam.
Initial Relaxation Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii) Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % = pi / f pk = 0.0-0.0-0.0/1860.0 = 0.0
time after tensioning = 96.0 hours for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 1.0 * 0.17246 * 10 -5 = 7.44E-5
relaxation After relaxation height No of area x loss force moment mm tendons pi % kN kN kN.m TOTAL 0 0.0 0.0
102 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M r = 0.0-(0.0*0.5760392) = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/537225.68+0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0+0.0 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/537225.68+0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0+0.0 = 0.0 MPa
Self weight moment: c.s.a. = 5.372E5 mm density = 24.0 kN/m + 1.0 kN/m = 25.0 kN/m [1] self weight = 5.372E5*25.0 = 13.4306 kN/m beam length = 21.0 m distance = 21.0 m M sw = 0.5*13.4306*21.0*(21.0-21.0) = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0 MPa
Elastic Deformation - Clause 5.10.4(1)(iii) stress at top of precast beam = 0.0 MPa stress at bottom of precast beam = 0.0 MPa depth of precast beam = 1300.0 mm elastic modulus of concrete at transfer = 31.1307 GPa height No of conc conc tendon tendon tendons stress strain force moment mm MPa kN kN.m TOTAL 0 0.0 0.0
Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M ed = 0.0-(0.0*0.5760392) = 0.0 kN.m hence, top stress = 0.0-0.0/537.22568-0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0-0.0-0.0 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0-0.0/537.22568-0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0-0.0-0.0 = 0.0 MPa
After a further 0 iterations of the above process, the top and bottom stresses are as follows: top stress = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0 MPa
103 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Max Prestress Force after transfer - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.3.(2)
For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 7 .f pk = 0.75*1860.0 = 1395.0 MPa k 8 .f p0,1k = 0.85*1600.0 = 1360.0 MPa
Maximum tendon stress after transfer = 1272.24 MPa which is not greater than 1360.0 and therefore OK.
ACTIONS DURING EXECUTION Erection of beam Loading Bending moment from erection loadcase at current span location: M Applied = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0 MPa
Remove the dead load applied for transfer calculations M sw = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0 MPa
Time Dependent Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.6 Simplified method using Expression (5.46)
P c+s+r = A p . p,c+s+r
cs .E p + 0.8 pr + E p /E cm .(t,t 0 ). c,QP
p,c+s+r = 1 + E p /E cm .A p /A c (1+A c /I c .z cp )[1+0.8(t,t 0 )]
The calculated loss is apportioned partly to the precast beam alone and partly to the full composite section.
For in-situ cast at 60 days, the proportion of the loss occurring before the in-situ is cast is calculated to be 30.0 %
104 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Losses are calculated for time t =
Age of concrete at end of curing, t s = 1.0 days Age of concrete at transfer, t 0 = 4.0 days
Age is adjusted for expression (B.5) (for cement type & temperature) - for cement class N ( = 0) adjusted t 0 = t 0,T . [(9/(2+t 0,T 1.2 )+1)
>=0.5 Expression (B.9)
= 4.0 * [(9/(2+4.0 1.2 )+1] 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete at time considered, t = EN 1992-1-1/3.3.2(8) for relaxation, t is taken as 500,000 hours Concrete age coefficient (Expression (3.2)), cc :
cc(t) = f cm(t) /f cm Expression (3.1) = exp{s[1-(28/t)]} Expression (3.2) Coefficient for Class N cement, s = 0.25
cc(t0) = exp{0.25[1.0-(28/4.0)]} = 0.66269
cc(t) = exp{0.25} = 1.28403 Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 40.0 MPa Mean compressive strength of concrete, f cm = 40.0 + 8.0 (from Table 3.1) = 48.0 MPa f cm0 = 10.0 MPa f cm(t0) = cc(t0) . f cm = 31.8094 MPa Ambient relative humidity = 80.0 % Notional size of member, h 0 = 2A c /u = 2*9.283E5/7245.89 = 256.223 mm Modulus of elasticity of concrete at 28 days, E cm = 35.2205 GPa Modulus of elasticity of concrete at time considered, E cm(t) = cc(t) 0.3 . E cm Expressions (3.5) & (3.1) = 1.28403 0.3 * 35.2205 = 37.9636 GPa
Area of concrete cross section, A c = 9.28E5 mm Perimeter of concrete cross section, u = 7245.9 mm Notional size, h 0 = 2*A c /u = 2*9.283E5/7245.89 = 256.22 mm
Creep coefficient for concrete - EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4 and Annex B.1 (t,t 0 ) = 0 . c (t,t 0 ) Expression (B.1) = RH . (f cm ) . (t 0 ) . c (t,t 0 ) Expression (B.2)
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(f cm ) = 16.8/f cm Expression (B.4) = 16.8/48.0 = 2.42487
For Permanent Loads In the absence of heat curing t 0,T = 4.0 days age is adjusted for expression (B.5) (for cement type and temperature) - for cement class N ( = 0)
c (t,t 0 ) = 1.0 for time t = hence from (B.1) and (B.2): (t,t 0 ) = 1.17576*2.42487*0.70446 = 2.00849
Check for creep non-linearity EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(4)
At the level of the centroid of the tendons, the compressive stress in the concrete at time t 0 = 0.0 MPa. This does not exceed 0.45*f ck (t 0 ), i.e. 18.0 MPa, so non-linear creep is not considered
Shrinkage Strain for concrete - EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(6)
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd + ca (3.8)
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Drying Shrinkage - Expression (3.9):
cd (t) = ds (t,t s ).k h . cd,0
ds (t,t s ) = 1.0 for t = From Table 3.3: k h = 0.79377 From Annex B, Expression (B.11):
ca () = 2.5*(f ck -10.0)*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6 hence,
ca (t) = 1.0*75.0*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd (t) + ca (t) = 189.3473 + 75.0 = 264.3473*10 -6
Further Relaxation Clause 5.10.6(1)(b)
Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % time after tensioning = 500000.0 hours = 0.75921 (as calculated for initial relaxation loss above) for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 161.863 * 3.07185 * 10 -5 = 0.21440 107 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 8 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd With the initial relaxation deducted, the variation in tendon stress from relaxation becomes:
pr / pi = 0.21440 - 0.04571 = 0.16868
Summary of the above for Expression (5.46): Estimated shrinkage strain cs = 264.347 x10 -6 Creep coefficient at t for loading at t 0 (t,t 0 ) = 2.00849 Relaxation, pr = 238.212 MPa Modulus of elasticity for prestressing steel E p = 195.0 GPa Modulus of Elasticity for concrete E cm = 37.9636 GPa Area of all prestressing A p = 0.0 mm Area of concrete section A c = 9.283E5 mm Second moment of area of concrete section I c = 2.38E11 mm
E p /E cm = 195.0/37.9636 = 5.1365 E p /E cm .A p /A c = 5.1365*0.0/9.283E5 = 0.0 A c /I c = 9.283E5/2.38E11 = 3.89252
In the table below the following vary with tendon height:
c,QP = Stress in concrete adjacent to tendons z cp = Section centre of gravity to tendons (t,t 0 ) = Creep Coefficient (if non-linear creep is considered)
shrink relax creep denom height cs .E p (t,t 0 ) E p /E cm .. A p 0.8 pr
c,QP z cp P c+s+r mm mm MPa MPa MPa MPa mm kN Total force loss: 0.0 Total moment loss: 0.0
TOTAL LOSS OF PRESTRESS SUMMARY Initial stressing force = 0.0 kN Prestress after all losses at t = = 0.0 kN
Corresponding loss = 100 %
LIMITING STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM Compression EN 1992-2 Clause 7.2(102) k 1 .f ck = 0.6*40.0 = 24.0 MPa In the presence of confinement or increase in cover this may be increased by up to 10%, i.e to: = 26.4 MPa
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control.
Exposure Class is XD1, XD2, XD3, XS1, XS2, XS3 ... ... for which decompression is checked for the Frequent combination of loads. Decompression requires all of the tendon to be at least 65.0 mm above the level of the neutral axis.
LIMITING STRESSES FOR IN SITU CONCRETE Compression EN 1992-2-2 Clause 7.2(102) To avoid longitudinal cracking, compressive stress is limited to:
c = k 1 .f ck = 0.6*31.875 = 19.125 MPa
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control. EN 1992-1_1 Clause 7.3 However, no tensile stress is present at this section.
109 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 10 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
TRANSMISSION LENGTH Bond stress at release, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(1) f bpt = p1 . 1 .f ctd (t) Expression (8.15) where f ctd (t) = ct .0.7f ctm (t)/ c f ctm (t) = -2.3253 MPa [2]
ct = 1.0 - from EN 1992-1-1/3.1.6(2)
tendon type coefficient, p1 = 3.2 bond condition coefficient, 1 = 1.0
hence f ctd (t) = 1.0*0.7*-2.3253/1.5 = -1.0851 MPa
and f bpt = 3.2*1.0*-1.0851 = -3.4724 MPa
Basic transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(2) l pt = 1 . 2 .. pm0 /f bpt Expression (8.16) where speed of release coefficient, 1 = 1.0 tendon surface coefficient, 2 = 0.19 nominal diameter of tendon, = 16.0 mm tendon stress after release, pm0 = 1440.0 MPa
hence l pt = 1.0*0.19*16.0*1440.0 / 3.47242 = 1.26068 m
Design value of transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(3) l pt1 = 0.8*l pt = 0.8*1.26068 = 1.00854 m
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STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR EN 1992-2 Annex KK.7
Age of concrete at first loading, t 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete when first composite, t c = 60.0 days Age of concrete at time considered, t = Creep coefficient when first composite, (t c ,t 0 ) = 0.89250 Final creep coefficient, (,t 0 ) = 2.00881 Creep coefficient increment, (,t c ) = 1.20422 Specified value of Ageing coefficient, = 0.8
From Expression (KK.119): (,t 0 ) - (t c ,t 0 ) 2.00881-0.89250 = 1 + .(,t c ) 1.0 + 0.8*1.20422
= 0.56856
SLS STRESS SUMMARY TABLE Concrete Stresses (MPa) force moment In situ Precast kN kN.m top bottom top bottom
Elastic Def 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRANSFER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cr+Sh+Rlx B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Erection 0.0 0.0 0.0 In situ 1A 0.0 0.0 0.0 In situ 1B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS, S 0 0.0 0.0 Cr+Sh+Rlx A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS, S 0, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CREEP REDISTRIBUTION according to EN 1992-2 Annex KK.7 Construction On Centering, S c = G + P 1 + P 2 Permanent G -1332.6 -2.9471 -1.89 -2.1658 5.09841 Prestress P 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 [4] Prestress P 2 4659.29 10.3044 6.6083 7.57251 -17.826 [5] 111 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 12 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
(S c - S 0 )*0.56856 4.18309 2.68266 3.07408 -7.2366 Hence from KK.119, TOTAL CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS, S
Other traffic cases for comparison: Traffic gr1a TS 2 -648.5 -1.4342 -0.9197 -1.054 2.48113 0.75 131.125 0.13361 0.13361 0.14125 0.14125 Traffic gr1a UDL 2 -533.09 -1.179 -0.7560 -0.8664 2.0396 0.75 77.6189 0.07909 0.07909 0.08362 0.08362 Traffic gr1a FT 2 -34.778 -0.0769 -0.0493 -0.0565 0.13305 0.4 -11.642 -0.0119 -0.0119 -0.0125 -0.0125 Total (Leading) : -2.4892 -1.5243 -1.7646 4.86613 Total (in Combination) : -1.8359 -1.1218 -1.2993 3.60741 Temperature Restraint None defined Differential Temperature - Heating Diff. Tmp H1 -1016.0 -400.93 2.57552 -0.8043 -0.7740 1.31996 Diff. Tmp H2 570.322 1.26131 0.80889 0.92691 -2.182 0.6 Differential Temperature - Cooling Diff. Tmp C1 976.559 130.974 -1.5057 0.47350 0.18673 -1.7342 Diff. Tmp C2 -197.6 -0.4370 -0.2802 -0.3211 0.75602 0.6 Other Variable Action None defined 112 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 13 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
The following combinations of variable actions are evaluated in accordance with EN 1990 Equation 6.14b: a) Traffic as leading action + 0 (Thermal + Other) b) Thermal as leading action + 0 (Traffic + Other) c) Other as leading action + 0 (Traffic + Thermal)
For thermal actions the following cases are considered: i) temperature restraint alone ii) differential temperature: Heating iii) differential temperature: Cooling iv) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Heating v) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Cooling
The most adverse case is with Thermal (iii/v) as leading action
0 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS -1.9427 0.19324 -0.1344 -0.9781 TOTAL PERMANENT (from above) 3.1192 2.49735 3.63513 -6.37
TOTAL COMBINATION 1.1765 2.69059 3.50071 -7.3482
WARNING - The flexural tensile stress exceeds the value of f ct,eff so the section cannot be assumed to be uncracked. (EN 1992-1-1/7.1(2)) A cracked section analysis must be performed to derive the true compression stress in the concrete.
1 = 0.4 however, EN 1991-2 Clause 4.5.2 excludes the footway loading from the frequent action of LM1 Traffic gr1a FT 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total (Leading) : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total (in Combination) : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 = 0.75 Traffic gr1a UDL 2 -399.82 -0.8842 -0.5670 -0.6498 1.5297 0.0 58.2142 0.05932 0.05932 0.06271 0.06271 113 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 14 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
1 = 0.4 however, EN 1991-2 Clause 4.5.2 excludes the footway loading from the frequent action of LM1 Traffic gr1a FT 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total (Leading) : -1.8004 -1.0974 -1.2716 3.55921 Total (in Combination) : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Temperature Restraint None defined Differential Temperature - Heating
The following combinations of variable actions are evaluated in accordance with EN 1990 Equation 6.15b: a) 1 (Traffic) as leading action + 2 (Thermal + Other) b) 1 (Thermal) as leading action + 2 (Traffic + Other) c) 1 (Other) as leading action + 2 (Traffic + Thermal)
For thermal actions the following cases are considered: i) temperature restraint alone ii) differential temperature: Heating iii) differential temperature: Cooling iv) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Heating v) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Cooling
The most adverse case is with Thermal (iii/v) as leading action
2 x Traffic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 x Thermal -1.1656 0.11594 -0.0807 -0.5869
2 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS -1.1656 0.11594 -0.0807 -0.5869 TOTAL PERMANENT (from above) 3.1192 2.49735 3.63513 -6.7368
TOTAL COMBINATION 1.95358 2.6133 3.55448 -7.3237
114 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 15 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd SLS FLEXURE Precast Curvature Deflection Stress E Strain (x10 -6 ) (mm) (MPa) (x10 -6 ) (rad/m) Here Max.
After Transfer T 0.04918 E T 1.57982 2.16063 -4.E-16 15.0561
B -0.0383 -1.229
After Erection T -0.2764 E I -14.887 -33.436 1.7E-15 19.6107
B 0.53063 28.5795
After in situ 1A T -0.2764 E I -14.887 -33.436 2.2E-16 6.14087
B 0.53064 28.5797 After in situ 1B T -0.2649 E I -14.271 -32.586 -1.E-15 5.84195
B 0.52154 28.0899
Long-term Dead T 0.56105 E L 47.9295 -20.08 -2.E-16 -4.8888
B 0.86661 74.0333
Diff. Temp H1 T -0.4644 E S -13.186 -27.44 4.9E-16 1.59073
B 0.79197 22.4862 Diff. Temp H2 T 0.55615 E S 15.7905 40.7406 1.9E-16 -1.1726
B -1.3092 -37.172 Diff. Temp C1 T 0.11203 E S 3.18107 25.1724 -2.E-16 -1.4413
B -1.0405 -29.543 Diff. Temp C2 T -0.1926 E S -5.471 -14.116 -4.E-17 0.40625
B 0.45361 12.8793
Traffic gr1a 1 T -0.3085 E S -8.7613 -20.798 -2.E-15 -6.7548
B 0.64368 18.2758 Extreme in-service -29.821 -3.E-15 -12.688
Curvatures here are derived from precast section height: 1300.0mm
E T = Elastic Modulus at Transfer = 31130.7MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clauses 3.1.3-(3) and 3.1.2-(6) with age 4 days]
E I = Intermediate Term Elastic Modulus = 18567.1MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clause 7.4.3-(5) at 60.0 days (=0.89693)]
E L = Long Term Elastic Modulus = 11705.8MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clause 7.4.3-(5) at infinite time (=2.00881)]
115 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 03/02/2012 14:08:58 Page: 16 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd E S = Short Term Elastic Modulus [E cm ] = 35220.5MPa
________ [1] Refer to EN 1991-1-1 Table A.1 Note 1) [2] For the derivation of this value refer to the limiting stress calculations for transfer [3] includes draw-in and initial relaxation [4] With immediate losses and shrinkage / creep / relaxation losses until time at which insitu is cast. [5] Secondary effects arising from prestress in continuous section. 116
117
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
15. Verification: SLS bending Support
118 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) EN 1990 Equation 6.14 SLS Characteristic Exposure Class: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Bending design 1 Section Ref 1 at 0m from left end of beam
WARNING - A reduction of flange width to allow for shear lag effects may be appropriate for this beam. SAM makes no allowance for this. Refer to EN 1992-1-1/5.3.2.1
Section details: Ref 1 "Section 1" at 0 x span = 0 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Traffic Actions: Bending for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 At time considered, t = Serviceability Limit State: Characteristic - EN 1990 Equation 6.14
ACTUAL STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM No. of tendons fully bonded at this section: 0 No. of tendons fully debonded at this section: 7 No. of tendons deflected at this section: 0 No. of tendons partially stressed: 14 (i.e. within the transmission length) The prestress force in these tendons is interpolated in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 clause 8.10.2.2.
119 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Maximum Stressing Force - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.2.1(1)P For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 1 .f pk = 0.8*1860.0 = 1488.0 MPa k 2 .f p0,1k = 0.9*1600.0 = 1440.0 MPa
Wedge draw-in loss Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) draw-in strain = 0.003/21.0 = 1.43E-4 loss = E p . strain = 195.0*1.43E-4 = 27.8571 MPa
Heat Curing Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii)(Note) Concrete is cured at ambient temperature
Immediate Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.4
height No of f p k 1 /k 2 draw-in heat cure area initial force mm tendons MPa MPa MPa mm kN TOTAL 0 0.0 In accordance with clause 5.10.9(1), for SLS, the Characteristic value must be used. With r inf = 1.0, P k,inf = 0.0 kN
Friction Clause 5.10.4(1)(i) All tendons are straight in this beam.
Initial Relaxation Clause 5.10.4(1)(ii) Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % = pi / f pk = 0.0-0.0-0.0/1860.0 = 0.0
time after tensioning = 96.0 hours for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 1.0 * 0.17246 * 10 -5 = 7.44E-5
relaxation After relaxation height No of area x loss force moment mm tendons pi % kN kN kN.m TOTAL 0 0.0 0.0
120 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M r = 0.0-(0.0*0.5760392) = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/537225.68+0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0+0.0 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/537225.68+0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0+0.0 = 0.0 MPa
Self weight moment: c.s.a. = 5.372E5 mm density = 24.0 kN/m + 1.0 kN/m = 25.0 kN/m [1] self weight = 5.372E5*25.0 = 13.4306 kN/m beam length = 21.0 m distance = 0.0 m M sw = 0.5*13.4306*0.0*(21.0-0.0) = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0 MPa
Elastic Deformation - Clause 5.10.4(1)(iii) stress at top of precast beam = 0.0 MPa stress at bottom of precast beam = 0.0 MPa depth of precast beam = 1300.0 mm elastic modulus of concrete at transfer = 31.1307 GPa height No of conc conc tendon tendon tendons stress strain force moment mm MPa kN kN.m TOTAL 0 0.0 0.0
Moment about the centroid of the precast beam: M ed = 0.0-(0.0*0.5760392) = 0.0 kN.m hence, top stress = 0.0-0.0/537.22568-0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0-0.0-0.0 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0-0.0/537.22568-0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0-0.0-0.0 = 0.0 MPa
After a further 0 iterations of the above process, the top and bottom stresses are as follows: top stress = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0 MPa
121 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Max Prestress Force after transfer - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.3.(2)
For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 k 7 .f pk = 0.75*1860.0 = 1395.0 MPa k 8 .f p0,1k = 0.85*1600.0 = 1360.0 MPa
Maximum tendon stress after transfer = 1272.24 MPa which is not greater than 1360.0 and therefore OK.
ACTIONS DURING EXECUTION Erection of beam Loading Bending moment from erection loadcase at current span location: M Applied = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0 MPa
Remove the dead load applied for transfer calculations M sw = 0.0 kN.m Corresponding stresses: top stress = 0.0/1.2843E8 = 0.0 MPa bottom stress = 0.0/-1.614E8 = 0.0 MPa
Time Dependent Losses - EN 1992-1-1 Clause 5.10.6 Simplified method using Expression (5.46)
P c+s+r = A p . p,c+s+r
cs .E p + 0.8 pr + E p /E cm .(t,t 0 ). c,QP
p,c+s+r = 1 + E p /E cm .A p /A c (1+A c /I c .z cp )[1+0.8(t,t 0 )]
The calculated loss is apportioned partly to the precast beam alone and partly to the full composite section.
For in-situ cast at 60 days, the proportion of the loss occurring before the in-situ is cast is calculated to be 30.0 %
122 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Losses are calculated for time t =
Age of concrete at end of curing, t s = 1.0 days Age of concrete at transfer, t 0 = 4.0 days
Age is adjusted for expression (B.5) (for cement type & temperature) - for cement class N ( = 0) adjusted t 0 = t 0,T . [(9/(2+t 0,T 1.2 )+1)
>=0.5 Expression (B.9)
= 4.0 * [(9/(2+4.0 1.2 )+1] 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete at time considered, t = EN 1992-1-1/3.3.2(8) for relaxation, t is taken as 500,000 hours Concrete age coefficient (Expression (3.2)), cc :
cc(t) = f cm(t) /f cm Expression (3.1) = exp{s[1-(28/t)]} Expression (3.2) Coefficient for Class N cement, s = 0.25
cc(t0) = exp{0.25[1.0-(28/4.0)]} = 0.66269
cc(t) = exp{0.25} = 1.28403 Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 40.0 MPa Mean compressive strength of concrete, f cm = 40.0 + 8.0 (from Table 3.1) = 48.0 MPa f cm0 = 10.0 MPa f cm(t0) = cc(t0) . f cm = 31.8094 MPa Ambient relative humidity = 80.0 % Notional size of member, h 0 = 2A c /u = 2*9.051E5/7245.89 = 249.811 mm Modulus of elasticity of concrete at 28 days, E cm = 35.2205 GPa Modulus of elasticity of concrete at time considered, E cm(t) = cc(t) 0.3 . E cm Expressions (3.5) & (3.1) = 1.28403 0.3 * 35.2205 = 37.9636 GPa
Area of concrete cross section, A c = 9.05E5 mm Perimeter of concrete cross section, u = 7245.9 mm Notional size, h 0 = 2*A c /u = 2*9.051E5/7245.89 = 249.81 mm
Creep coefficient for concrete - EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4 and Annex B.1 (t,t 0 ) = 0 . c (t,t 0 ) Expression (B.1) = RH . (f cm ) . (t 0 ) . c (t,t 0 ) Expression (B.2)
123 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 6 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd for f cm > 35.0 MPa 1-RH/100
(f cm ) = 16.8/f cm Expression (B.4) = 16.8/48.0 = 2.42487
For Permanent Loads In the absence of heat curing t 0,T = 4.0 days age is adjusted for expression (B.5) (for cement type and temperature) - for cement class N ( = 0)
c (t,t 0 ) = 1.0 for time t = hence from (B.1) and (B.2): (t,t 0 ) = 1.17777*2.42487*0.70446 = 2.01193
Check for creep non-linearity EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(4)
At the level of the centroid of the tendons, the compressive stress in the concrete at time t 0 = 0.0 MPa. This does not exceed 0.45*f ck (t 0 ), i.e. 18.0 MPa, so non-linear creep is not considered
Shrinkage Strain for concrete - EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.4(6)
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd + ca (3.8)
124 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 7 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Drying Shrinkage - Expression (3.9):
cd (t) = ds (t,t s ).k h . cd,0
ds (t,t s ) = 1.0 for t = From Table 3.3: k h = 0.80018 From Annex B, Expression (B.11):
ca () = 2.5*(f ck -10.0)*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6 hence,
ca (t) = 1.0*75.0*10 -6 = 75.0*10 -6
Total Shrinkage:
cs = cd (t) + ca (t) = 190.87688 + 75.0 = 265.87688*10 -6
Further Relaxation Clause 5.10.6(1)(b)
Loss is calculated from clause 3.3.2(7) For tendon property Grade 1600 Ep 195.0 relaxation loss at 1000 hours, 1000 = 8.0 % time after tensioning = 500000.0 hours = 0.75921 (as calculated for initial relaxation loss above) for Class 1 relaxation, use Expression (3.28) 5.39 . 1000 . e 6.7 . [t/1000] 0.75(1-) . 10 -5 = 5.39 * 8.0 * 161.863 * 3.07185 * 10 -5 = 0.21440 125 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 8 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd With the initial relaxation deducted, the variation in tendon stress from relaxation becomes:
pr / pi = 0.21440 - 0.04571 = 0.16868
Summary of the above for Expression (5.46): Estimated shrinkage strain cs = 265.877 x10 -6 Creep coefficient at t for loading at t 0 (t,t 0 ) = 2.01193 Relaxation, pr = 238.212 MPa Modulus of elasticity for prestressing steel E p = 195.0 GPa Modulus of Elasticity for concrete E cm = 37.9636 GPa Area of all prestressing A p = 0.0 mm Area of concrete section A c = 9.051E5 mm Second moment of area of concrete section I c = 2.33E11 mm
E p /E cm = 195.0/37.9636 = 5.1365 E p /E cm .A p /A c = 5.1365*0.0/9.051E5 = 0.0 A c /I c = 9.051E5/2.33E11 = 3.8904
In the table below the following vary with tendon height:
c,QP = Stress in concrete adjacent to tendons z cp = Section centre of gravity to tendons (t,t 0 ) = Creep Coefficient (if non-linear creep is considered)
shrink relax creep denom height cs .E p (t,t 0 ) E p /E cm .. A p 0.8 pr
c,QP z cp P c+s+r mm mm MPa MPa MPa MPa mm kN Total force loss: 0.0 Total moment loss: 0.0
TOTAL LOSS OF PRESTRESS SUMMARY Initial stressing force = 0.0 kN Prestress after all losses at t = = 0.0 kN
Corresponding loss = 100 %
LIMITING STRESSES IN PRECAST BEAM Compression EN 1992-2 Clause 7.2(102) k 1 .f ck = 0.6*40.0 = 24.0 MPa In the presence of confinement or increase in cover this may be increased by up to 10%, i.e to: = 26.4 MPa 127 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 10 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control.
Exposure Class is XD1, XD2, XD3, XS1, XS2, XS3 ... ... for which decompression is checked for the Frequent combination of loads. Decompression requires all of the tendon to be at least 65.0 mm above the level of the neutral axis.
LIMITING STRESSES FOR IN SITU CONCRETE Compression EN 1992-2-2 Clause 7.2(102) To avoid longitudinal cracking, compressive stress is limited to:
c = k 1 .f ck = 0.6*31.875 = 19.125 MPa
Tension Tension is governed by crack width considerations, and reinforcement provided for crack width control. EN 1992-1_1 Clause 7.3
TRANSMISSION LENGTH Bond stress at release, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(1) f bpt = p1 . 1 .f ctd (t) Expression (8.15) where f ctd (t) = ct .0.7f ctm (t)/ c f ctm (t) = -2.3253 MPa [2]
ct = 1.0 - from EN 1992-1-1/3.1.6(2)
tendon type coefficient, p1 = 3.2 bond condition coefficient, 1 = 1.0
hence f ctd (t) = 1.0*0.7*-2.3253/1.5 = -1.0851 MPa
and f bpt = 3.2*1.0*-1.0851 = -3.4724 MPa
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Basic transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(2) l pt = 1 . 2 .. pm0 /f bpt Expression (8.16) where speed of release coefficient, 1 = 1.0 tendon surface coefficient, 2 = 0.19 nominal diameter of tendon, = 16.0 mm tendon stress after release, pm0 = 1440.0 MPa
hence l pt = 1.0*0.19*16.0*1440.0 / 3.47242 = 1.26068 m
Design value of transmission length, EN 1992-1-1 Clause 8.10.2.2(3) l pt1 = 0.8*l pt = 0.8*1.26068 = 1.00854 m
STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR EN 1992-2 Annex KK.7
Age of concrete at first loading, t 0 = 4.0 days Age of concrete when first composite, t c = 60.0 days Age of concrete at time considered, t = Creep coefficient when first composite, (t c ,t 0 ) = 0.89250 Final creep coefficient, (,t 0 ) = 2.00881 Creep coefficient increment, (,t c ) = 1.20422 Specified value of Ageing coefficient, = 0.8
From Expression (KK.119): (,t 0 ) - (t c ,t 0 ) 2.00881-0.89250 = 1 + .(,t c ) 1.0 + 0.8*1.20422
= 0.56856
129 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 12 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd SLS STRESS SUMMARY TABLE Concrete Stresses (MPa) force moment In situ Precast kN kN.m top bottom top bottom
Elastic Def 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRANSFER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cr+Sh+Rlx B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Erection 0.0 0.0 0.0 In situ 1A 0.0 0.0 0.0 In situ 1B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS, S 0 0.0 0.0 Cr+Sh+Rlx A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS, S 0, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CREEP REDISTRIBUTION according to EN 1992-2 Annex KK.7 Construction On Centering, S c = G + P 1 + P 2 Permanent G 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Prestress P 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 [4] Prestress P 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 [5]
(S c - S 0 )*0.56856 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hence from KK.119, TOTAL CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS, S
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SDL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Diff. Shr. 1 605.383 286.182 -0.2604 -0.4932 1.16132 -0.4378 Diff. Shr. 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 [Differential shrinkage is included when adverse ] TOTAL PERMANENT EFFECTS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 [including diff. shrinkage -0.2604 -0.4932 1.16132 -0.4378] 130 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 13 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd VARIABLE ACTIONS - CHARACTERISTIC COMBINATION
Other traffic cases for comparison: Traffic gr1a TS 2 -330.15 -0.7655 -0.4970 -0.5680 1.27682 0.75 51.2513 0.05356 0.05356 0.05663 0.05663 Traffic gr1a UDL 2 -136.32 -0.3161 -0.2052 -0.2345 0.52720 0.75 23.2038 0.02425 0.02425 0.02564 0.02564 Traffic gr1a FT 2 25.2916 0.05865 0.03808 0.04352 -0.0978 0.4 -3.1186 -0.0033 -0.0033 -0.0034 -0.0034 Total (Leading) : -0.9484 -0.5896 -0.6803 1.78504 Total (in Combination) : -0.7307 -0.4544 -0.5242 1.37422 Temperature Restraint None defined Differential Temperature - Heating Diff. Tmp H1 -1016.0 -413.84 2.47603 -0.8853 -0.8625 1.35841 Diff. Tmp H2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Differential Temperature - Cooling Diff. Tmp C1 976.559 143.384 -1.4373 0.52916 0.24758 -1.7606 Diff. Tmp C2 2.0E-4 4.63E-7 3.01E-7 3.44E-7 -7.7E-7 0.6 Other Variable Action None defined
The following combinations of variable actions are evaluated in accordance with EN 1990 Equation 6.14b: a) Traffic as leading action + 0 (Thermal + Other) b) Thermal as leading action + 0 (Traffic + Other) c) Other as leading action + 0 (Traffic + Thermal)
For thermal actions the following cases are considered: i) temperature restraint alone ii) differential temperature: Heating iii) differential temperature: Cooling iv) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Heating v) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Cooling
131 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 14 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd The most adverse case is with Traffic as leading action
Traffic 0.28154 0.17035 0.19773 -0.5663
0 x Thermal 1.48562 -0.5312 0.14855 -1.0564
0 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS 1.76716 -0.3608 0.34628 -1.6228 TOTAL PERMANENT (from above) 0.0 -0.4932 1.16132 -0.4378
1 = 0.4 however, EN 1991-2 Clause 4.5.2 excludes the footway loading from the frequent action of LM1 Traffic gr1a FT 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total (Leading) : 0.16962 0.10164 0.11824 -0.3488 Total (in Combination) : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
The following combinations of variable actions are evaluated in accordance with EN 1990 Equation 6.15b: a) 1 (Traffic) as leading action + 2 (Thermal + Other) b) 1 (Thermal) as leading action + 2 (Traffic + Other) c) 1 (Other) as leading action + 2 (Traffic + Thermal)
For thermal actions the following cases are considered: i) temperature restraint alone ii) differential temperature: Heating iii) differential temperature: Cooling iv) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Heating v) temperature restraint + differential temperature: Cooling
The most adverse case is with Traffic as leading action
1 x Traffic 0.16962 0.10164 0.11824 -0.3488
2 x Thermal 1.23801 -0.4426 0.12379 -0.8803
2 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS 1.40764 -0.3410 0.24203 -1.2292 TOTAL PERMANENT (from above) 0.0 -0.4932 1.16132 -0.4378
TOTAL COMBINATION 1.40764 -0.8342 1.40336 -1.6671
SLS FLEXURE Precast Curvature Deflection Stress E Strain (x10 -6 ) (mm) (MPa) (x10 -6 ) (rad/m) Here Max.
After Transfer T 0.04918 E T 1.57982 2.16062 0.0 15.0561
B -0.0383 -1.229
After Erection T -0.2676 E I -14.415 -32.784 0.0 19.6107
B 0.52367 28.2042
133 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:15:31 Page: 16 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd After in situ 1A T -0.2562 E I -13.799 -31.933 0.0 6.14087
B 0.51456 27.7139 After in situ 1B T -0.2562 E I -13.799 -31.933 0.0 5.84195
B 0.51456 27.7139
Long-term Dead T 1.16132 E L 99.2094 105.09 0.0 -4.8888
B -0.4378 -37.408
Diff. Temp H1 T -0.5175 E S -14.695 -29.104 0.0 1.59073
B 0.81504 23.1413 Diff. Temp H2 T 1.1E-6 E S 3.12E-5 7.79E-5 0.0 -1.1726
B -2.5E-6 -7.0E-5 Diff. Temp C1 T 0.14855 E S 4.2178 26.3161 0.0 -1.4413
B -1.0564 -29.993 Diff. Temp C2 T 2.06E-7 E S 5.86E-6 1.46E-5 0.0 0.40625
B -4.6E-7 -1.3E-5
Traffic gr1a 1 T 0.19773 E S 5.61411 16.6888 0.0 -6.7548
B -0.5663 -16.081 Extreme in-service 92.6748 0.0 -12.688
Curvatures here are derived from precast section height: 1300.0mm
E T = Elastic Modulus at Transfer = 31130.7MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clauses 3.1.3-(3) and 3.1.2-(6) with age 4 days]
E I = Intermediate Term Elastic Modulus = 18567.1MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clause 7.4.3-(5) at 60.0 days (=0.89693)]
E L = Long Term Elastic Modulus = 11705.8MPa [EN1992-1-1 Clause 7.4.3-(5) at infinite time (=2.00881)]
E S = Short Term Elastic Modulus [E cm ] = 35220.5MPa
________ [1] Refer to EN 1991-1-1 Table A.1 Note 1) [2] For the derivation of this value refer to the limiting stress calculations for transfer [3] includes draw-in and initial relaxation [4] With immediate losses and shrinkage / creep / relaxation losses until time at which insitu is cast. [5] Secondary effects arising from prestress in continuous section. 134
135
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
16. Verification: ULS Shear - Pier
136 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:17:31 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) Analysis: Shears EN 1990 Equation 6.10 ULS Persistent / Transient Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Shear design 1 Section Ref 2 at 21m from left end of beam
WARNING - This analysis assumes that all tension steel (A s ) is adequately anchored to resist the required tensile forces. (Refer to clause 6.2.1(7), Figure 6.3, and clause 6.2.3(7) of EN1992-1-1).
Section details: Ref 2 "Section 2" at 1 x span = 21 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Traffic Actions: Shear for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 Ultimate Limit State: Persistent / Transient - EN 1990 Equation 6.10
SUMMARY OF ACTIONS PERMANENT ACTIONS ACTION TYPE SHEAR MOMENT AXIAL kN kN.m kN Beam erection before composite = -190.3096 0.0 0.0 Construction stage 1A = -101.1947 0.0 0.0 Construction stage 1B = -36.56457 0.0 0.0 Surfacing = -45.26953 -156.7871 0.0 Differential Shrinkage / creep = 0.0 0.0 0.0 [1] TOTAL PERMANENT ACTIONS, G x G k -373.3384 -156.7871 0.0 137 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:17:31 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
VARIABLE ACTIONS ACTION TYPE [2] SHEAR MOMENT AXIAL kN kN.m kN 0
TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS, Q,1 x Q k,1 "+" Q,i x 0,i x Q k,i Traffic leading: Traffic -678.5098 -1164.427 126.62151
0 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total -678.5098 -1164.427 126.62151 Other leading: 0 x Traffic -506.7783 -856.888 100.46704 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total -506.7783 -856.888 100.46704
Critical case is with traffic leading
TOTAL COMBINATION -1051.848 -1321.214 126.62151
This section is within a distance d from the face of a support. The following clauses therefore apply:
Clause 6.2.1(8) The design shear reinforcement is taken as that which is required at the section a distance d from the face of the support. A check is carried out below that V Ed does not exceed V Rd,max .
Clause 6.2.2(6) and 6.2.3(8) The load reduction factor is not readily applicable to typical bridge loading, and it is conservative to ignore this clause.
138 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:17:31 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
Clause 6.2.3(103) and 6.2.3(4) Shear Resistance with design shear reinforcement
characteristic strength of shear rft, f ywk = 500.0 MPa material partial factor s = 1.15 design strength of shear rft f ywk / s , f ywd = 434.783 MPa characteristic strength of concrete f ck = 40.0 MPa material partial factor c = 1.5 design strength of concrete f ck / c , f cd = 26.6667 MPa angle between compression strut & beam axis, = 35.0 cot = 1.42815 angle between shear rft and beam axis, = /2 rad axial force in cross section, N Ed = 126.622 kN area of concrete cross section, A c = 9.283E5 mm concrete compressive stress N Ed /A c , cp = 126.622/9.283E5 = 0.13640 MPa effective depth, d = 1407.5 mm distance from edge of support, a = 0.0 mm
Maximum Shear Force Value The maximum value of shear resistance is given by:
V Rd,max = cw .b w .z. 1 .f cd (cot + cot)/(1 + cot) Expression (6.14)
cp /f cd = 0.13640 / 26.6667 = 0.00512 hence from Expression (6.11aN) cw = 1.00512
minimum width between tension and compression chords, b w = 216.0 mm inner lever arm, z = 1231.81 mm [4] strength reduction factor, 1 : = 0.6[1.0-f ck /250] Expression (6.6N) = 0.6*(1.0-40.0/250.0) = 0.504
1 = (1-0.5cos) = 0.504
cw .b w .z. 1 .f cd = 1.00512*216.0*1231.81*0.504*26.6667 = 3594.3 kN since = /2, the expression (6.14) reduces to:
V Rd,max = cw .b w .z. 1 .f cd /(cot + tan) Expression (6.9) = 3594.3/(1.42815 + 0.70020) = 1680.17 kN which is greater than V Ed - V ccd - V td (1051.85 kN) and therefore OK.
139 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:17:31 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Summary of link requirements along the beam: dimension from A sw / s M Rd / M Ed [5] Spacing in mm left beam end m mm/mm for link diameter 10.0mm [6] 0.0 0.21857 718.648 1.17 0.21857 718.648 1.35167 0.21857 718.648 1.51281 0.21857 718.648 2.0 0.21857 718.648 2.01204 0.21857 718.648 2.5 0.21857 718.648 2.86364 0.21857 718.648 3.51281 0.21857 718.648 4.01204 0.21857 718.648 4.51204 0.21857 718.648 4.77273 0.21857 718.648 6.68182 0.57756 1.7 271.969 8.59091 0.21857 718.648 10.5 0.21857 718.648 12.4091 0.59500 1.69 263.998 14.3182 0.21857 718.648 16.2273 0.21857 718.648 16.488 0.21857 718.648 16.9872 0.21857 718.648 17.4872 0.21857 718.648 18.0 0.21857 718.648 18.0 0.21857 718.648 18.1364 0.21857 718.648 18.5 0.21857 718.648 18.988 0.21857 718.648 19.0 0.21857 718.648 19.4872 1.30135 17.9 120.705 19.5925 1.31204 11.9 119.722 20.0454 1.31204 11.9 119.722 21.0 1.31204 11.9 119.722
The interface shear requirement may be critical. Warning: At the locations indicated in the table above, additional longitudinal reinforcement is required to carry the shear in the tension chord of the truss. 140 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 10:17:31 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd The reinforcement requirements are calculated in the results for the relevant design location.
________ [1] Shrinkage effects are excluded at ULS in accordance with EN1992-1-1/2.3.2.2(2) [2] Thermal effects are not considered for ULS Shear in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 clause 2.3.1.2(2) [3] EN 1991-2 Clause 4.5.2 excludes the footway loading from the frequent action of LM1 [4] The inner lever arm is derived by analysing the section for the resistance moment and dividing the moment by the reinforcement tension force. (Using the resistance moment gives a conservative result). [5] The reduced resistance moment M Rd is calculated for locations where design shear reinforcement is required. M Rd /M Ed must be greater than 1.0. [6] Based on 2 legs (double this value if using 4 legs) 141
142
143
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
17. Verification: ULS Interface Shear
144 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:29:02 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) Analysis: Longitudinal Shear EN 1990 Equation 6.10 ULS Persistent / Transient Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Shear design 1 Section Ref 2 at 21m from left end of beam
Section details: Ref 2 "Section 2" at 1 x span = 21 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Interface and web/flange shear for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 Ultimate Limit State: Persistent / Transient - EN 1990 Equation 6.10
SUMMARY OF ACTIONS PERMANENT ACTIONS ACTION TYPE SHEAR kN Beam erection before composite = -190.3096 Construction stage 1A = -101.1947 Construction stage 1B = -36.56457 Surfacing = -45.26953 Differential Shrinkage / creep = 0.0 [1] TOTAL PERMANENT ACTIONS, G x G k -373.3384
145 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:29:02 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd VARIABLE ACTIONS ACTION TYPE [2] SHEAR kN 0
1
2 Traffic gr1a TS - for Shear design = -479.468 0.75 0.75 0.0 Traffic gr1a UDL - for Shear desig = -193.0303 0.75 0.75 0.0 Traffic gr1a Footway - for Shear d = -6.011462 0.4 0.4 0.0 [3]
TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS, Q,1 x Q k,1 "+" Q,i x 0 x Q k,i Traffic leading: Traffic -678.5098
0 x Other 0.0 Total -678.5098 Other leading: 0 x Traffic -506.7783 Other 0.0 Total -506.7783
Critical case is with traffic leading
TOTAL COMBINATION -1051.848
Clause 6.2.5 INTERFACE SHEAR CALCULATIONS
This section is within a distance d from the face of a support. The following clause therefore applies:
Clause 6.2.1(8) The design shear is taken as that which is present at the section which is a distance d from the face of the support.
________ [1] Shrinkage effects are excluded at ULS in accordance with EN1992-1-1/2.3.2.2(2) [2] Thermal effects are not considered for ULS Shear in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 clause 2.3.1.2(2) [3] EN 1991-2 Clause 4.5.2 excludes the footway loading from the frequent action of LM1 [4] Based on 2 legs (double this value if using 4 legs) 147
148
149
Pre-tensioned Pre-stressed Beam Bridge Design Example
18. Verification: Web Shear Cracking
150 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 16:36:18 Page: 1 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Design code: EN 1992-2:2005 with UK National Annex (modified) Analysis: Shears at time t=infinity EN 1990 Equation 6.15 SLS Frequent Exposure Class: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Load case: Traffic gr1a TS - for Shear design 1 Section Ref 2 at 21m from left end of beam
WARNING - This analysis assumes that all tension steel (A s ) is adequately anchored to resist the required tensile forces. (Refer to clause 6.2.1(7), Figure 6.3, and clause 6.2.3(7) of EN1992-1-1).
Section details: Ref 2 "Section 2" at 1 x span = 21 m from left end of beam
Analysis: Traffic Actions: Shear for gr1a, loading I.D. 1 At time considered, t = Serviceability Limit State: Frequent - EN 1990 Equation 6.15
SUMMARY OF ACTIONS 151 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 16:36:18 Page: 2 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd PERMANENT ACTIONS ACTION TYPE SHEAR MOMENT AXIAL kN kN.m kN Beam erection before composite = -140.97 0.0 0.0 Construction stage 1A = -74.95901 0.0 0.0 Construction stage 1B = -27.08487 0.0 0.0 Surfacing = -37.72461 -130.6559 0.0 Differential Shrinkage / creep = 9.715637 -203.8871 0.0 TOTAL PERMANENT ACTIONS, G k -271.0229 -334.543 0.0
VARIABLE ACTIONS ACTION TYPE SHEAR MOMENT AXIAL kN kN.m kN 0
TOTAL VARIABLE ACTIONS, 1,1 x Q k,1 "+" 2,i x Q k,i Traffic leading: 1 x Traffic -373.6102 -620.8208 79.076887
2 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total -373.6102 -620.8208 79.076887 Other leading: 2 x Traffic 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 x Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.0 0.0 0.0
Critical case is with traffic leading
TOTAL COMBINATION -644.633 -955.3638 79.076887
152 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 16:36:18 Page: 3 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd
WEB SHEAR CRACKING EN 1992-2 Annex QQ
Characteristic strength of concrete in web, f ck = 40.0 MPa Characteristic tensile strength 5% fractile, f ctk;0,05 = -2.4562 MPa Design shear on precast section before composite, V Ed,1 = 243.01388 kN Total design shear on precast section, V Ed = 654.34866 kN Design shear on precast section after composite, V Ed,2 = 411.33479 kN
Stress in precast from Prestress P and bending M Ed : at the top of the precast section, a = -1.1362 MPa at the bottom of the precast section, b = 3.32705 MPa
Height of precast section, h = 1300.0 mm
Principal tensile stress is checked at the level of the centroid, and in addition at 100 points through the depth of the section to find the critical level.
First check at the composite section centroid: At the composite section centroid, z f,max = 912.41288 mm
At this height: width of precast section, b = 354.58722 mm direct stress, c1 = b + z f,max /h*( a - b ) = 3.32705 + 912.413/1300.0*(-1.1362-3.32705) = 0.19452 MPa
For precast section: area beyond level z f,max A 1 = 1.547E5 mm first moment of area (A.z) 1 = 8.269E7 mm second moment of area I yy,1 = 9.2977E10 mm
For composite section: area beyond level z f,max (transformed) A 2 = 3.825E5 mm first moment of area (A.z) 2 = 2.113E8 mm second moment of area I yy,2 = 2.3848E11 mm
153 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 16:36:18 Page: 4 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Shear stress at level z f,max
Now checking through the depth of the section: Level at which critical tension stress occurs, z f,max = 442.0 mm [2] At this height: width of precast section, b = 218.2 mm direct stress, c1 = b + z f,max /h*( a - b ) = 3.32705 + 442.0/1300.0*(-1.1362-3.32705) = 1.80956 MPa
For precast section: area beyond level z f,max A 1 = 2.489E5 mm first moment of area (A.z) 1 = 9.905E7 mm second moment of area I yy,1 = 9.2977E10 mm
For composite section: area beyond level z f,max (transformed) A 2 = 2.489E5 mm first moment of area (A.z) 2 = 1.828E8 mm second moment of area I yy,2 = 2.3848E11 mm
154 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 16:36:18 Page: 5 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Shear stress at level z f,max
168 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:33:32 Page: 11 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd European Standard EN1991-2 Description Current United Kingdom NDPs Clause 4 4.3.2(3) LM1 Tandem System adjustment factors
Q1 1 1
Q2 1 1
Q3 1 1 4.3.2(3) LM1 UDL adjustment factors
q1 0.61 0.61
q2 2.2 2.2
q3 2.2 2.2
qn 2.2 2.2
qr 2.2 2.2 4.3.3(2) LM2 adjustment factor, Q 1 1 4.6.4(3) Fatigue LM3 second vehicle proportion 0.3 0.3 Clause 5 5.3.2.2(1) Footway concentrated load, Q fwk 10 10 5.6.3(2) Footbridge accidental vehicle axle load, Q sv1 115 115 5.6.3(2) Footbridge accidental vehicle axle load, Q sv2 65 65 Clause 6 6.3.2(3), 6.3.3(5) Rail traffic adjustment factor for LM71 a... 1.1 1.1 6.4.5.2 Quality of track maintenance, Standard Standard Clause A.3 A.3(6) Unloaded lane length for user-defined vehicle 5m 5m
169 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:33:32 Page: 12 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd European Standard EN1992 Description Current United Kingdom NDPs EN1992-1-1 Clause 2 2.4.2.2 Partial factor for Prestress - favourable, P,fav 0.9 0.9 2.4.2.2 Partial factor for Prestress - unfavourable, P,unfav 1.1 1.1 2.4.2.4(1) Table 2.1N Partial factors for materials for ULS Persistent & Transient - Concrete, C 1.5 1.5 Persistent & Transient - Reinforcing steel, S 1.15 1.15 Persistent & Transient - Prestressing steel, S 1.15 1.15 Accidental - Concrete, C 1.2 1.2 Accidental - Reinforcing steel, S 1 1 Accidental - Prestressing steel, S 1 1 Clause 3 3.1.2(2) Maximum concrete class, C max 90MPa 90MPa 3.1.2(2) Maximum concrete class, C max,cube 105MPa 105MPa 3.1.6(1) ULS concrete strength coefficient, cc 0.85 0.85 3.1.6(2) ULS concrete tensile strength coefficient, ct 1 1 3.2.7(2) Design strain limit factor (Reinforcement), ud / uk 0.9 0.9 3.3.4(5) Prestress tendon ductility factor, k 1.1 1.1 3.3.6(7) Design strain limit factor (Prestress), ud / uk 0.9 0.9 Clause 5 5.10.2.1(1) Maximum stressing force factor, k 1 0.8 0.8 5.10.2.1(1) Maximum stressing force factor, k 2 0.9 0.9 5.10.2.2(5) Increase of stress at transfer factor, k 6 0.7 0.7 5.10.3(2) Initial prestress force factor, k 7 0.75 0.75 5.10.3(2) Initial prestress force factor, k 8 0.85 0.85 5.10.9(1) Prestress upper load factor - pre-tension, r sup 1 1 5.10.9(1) Prestress lower load factor - pre-tension, r inf 1 1 5.10.9(1) Prestress upper load factor - post-tension, r sup 1 1 5.10.9(1) Prestress lower load factor - post-tension, r inf 1 1 Clause 6 6.2.3(2) minimum limit for compression strut angle, cot 1 1 6.2.3(2) maximum limit for compression strut angle, cot 2.5 2.5 6.2.4(4) minimum limit for strut angle in compression flan... 1 1 6.2.4(4) maximum limit for strut angle in compression flan... 2 2 6.2.4(4) minimum limit for strut angle in tension flange o... 1 1 6.2.4(4) maximum limit for strut angle in tension flange o... 1.25 1.25 6.2.4(6) factor for flange / web shear reinforcement, k 0.4 0.4 170 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:33:32 Page: 13 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd Clause 7 7.2(2) SLS concrete stress limit factor, k 1 0.6 0.6 7.2(5) SLS reinforcement stress limit factor, k 3 0.8 0.8 7.2(5) SLS prestress stress limit factor, k 5 0.75 0.75 7.3.4(3) Crack calculation factor, k 3 3.4 3.4 7.3.4(3) Crack calculation factor, k 4 0.425 0.425 Clause 9 9.2.2(5) Numeric part of expression (9.5N), w,min 0.08 0.08 EN1992-2 Clause 3 3.1.2(102) Minimum concrete class, C min 25MPa 25MPa 3.1.2(102) Minimum concrete class, C min,cube 30MPa 30MPa 3.1.2(102) Maximum concrete class, C max 70MPa 70MPa 3.1.2(102) Maximum concrete class, C max,cube 85MPa 85MPa 3.1.6(101) ULS concrete strength coefficient, cc 0.85 0.85 Clause 6 6.2.2(101) Value for C Rd,c is hard-wired. Details are in the printout. 6.2.2(101) Shear stress / k 3/2 .f ck 1/2 , v min 0.035 0.035 6.2.2(101) factor, k 1 0.15 0.15 6.2.2(6) Value for v is hard-wired. Details are in the printout. 6.2.3(103) Values for v 1 and cw are hard-wired. Details are in the printout. Clause 7 7.2(102) SLS concrete stress limit factor, k 1 0.6 0.6 7.2(102) Max increase in stress limit above k 1 f uk 10% 10% 7.3.1(5) Prestressed decompression cover 65mm 65mm Decompression cover should be set to c min,dur from 4.4.1.2(5)
171 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:33:32 Page: 14 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd European Standard EN1993 Description Current United Kingdom NDPs EN1993-1-1 EN1993-1-5 Clause 5 5.1(2) factor for shear buckling, steel grade <= S460, 1 1 5.1(2) factor for shear buckling, steel grade > S460, 1 1 EN1993-2 Clause 6 6.1(1) Partial factor for excessive yielding, M0 1 1 6.1(1) Partial factor for instability, M1 1.1 1.1 6.2.2.5 Effects of local buckling for class 4, Method 1 1 Clause 7 7.3(1) Partial factor for Serviceability, M,ser 1 1
172 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:33:32 Page: 15 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd European Standard EN1994 Description Current United Kingdom NDPs EN1994-2 Clause 6 6.6.3.1(1) Partial factor for shear connector resistance, V 1.25 1.25 6.8.1(3) factor for headed stud shear connectors, k s 0.75 0.75
173 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court Princess Street Knutsford WA16 6BW Job: Sample Reports Job No.: 6.5d Calc. By: dlg Beam: Prestress Beam - Inner span 1 Checked: Eurocode + UK NA Data File: J:\...\6.50d Data Files\inner beam span 1.sam 02/02/2012 09:39:44 SAM v6.50d 06/02/2012 09:33:32 Page: 16 2012 Bestech Systems Ltd 174
175 Bestech Systems Limited 2 Slaters Court, Princess Street Knutsford, WA16 6BW United Kingdom