CAD-CAM-CIM

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO CAD

Introduction to CAD, Shingle design process, design
criteria, geometric modeling, entities, 2D and 3D
primitives. 2D and 3D geometric transformations:
Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection and shearing,
Concatenation (Simple problems in 2D transformation
only). Graphics standards: GKS IGES, PDES, PHIGS,DXF,
VRML, STL.

CAD/CAM
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer
systems to assist in the creation, modification,
analysis, or optimization of a design.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of
computer systems to plan, manage, and control the
operations of a manufacturing plant through direct
or indirect computer interface with plants resources.
Need for CAD/CAM
To increase productivity of the designer
To improve quality of the design
To improve communications
To create a manufacturing database
To create and test tool paths and optimize them
To help in production scheduling and MRP models
To have effective shop floor control
How do CAD/CAM systems work?
Developing NC code requires an understanding of:
1. Part geometry
2. Tooling
3. Process plans
4. Tolerances
5. Fixturing
Most CAD/CAM systems provide access to:
1. Part geometry
2. Tooling

The Design Process : Then and Now
Before CAD After CAD
CAD/CAM and the new Environment
Building 2D Geometry
Creating Shape with Lines and Rectangles
10
2D Translation
P
' P
T
x
y
,
, ,

x y
x
y
x x t y y t
t
x x
t
y y
' '
= + = +
'
(
( (
'
= = =
(
( (
'


'
= +
P P T
P P T
Original Rectangle Rectangle After Translation
11
2D Rotation
x
y
r
x
r
y
u
( )
Rotation in angle about a
pivot (rotation) point , .
r r
x y
u
x
y
u
( )
,
r r
x y
( )
, x y
' '
( )
, x y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin
sin cos
r r r
r r r
r r
x x x x y y
y y x x y y
u u
u u
u u
u u
'
= +
'
= + +
'
= +

(
=
(

P P R P P
R
12
2D Scaling
x
S
y
S
,
0
0
x y
x
y
x x s y y s
s
x x
s
y y
' '
= =
'
(
( (
=
(
( (
'


'
= P S P
x
y
( )
,
f f
x y
( )
( )
( )
1
1
x f x
y f y
f
x x s x s
y y s y s
'
= +
'
= +
'
= + P P S P 1- S
( )
Scaling about a fixed point ,
f f
x y
13
Homogeneous Coordinates
1 2
1 2
Rotate and then displace a point :
: 2 2 rotation matrix. : 2 1 displacement vector.
'


P P = M P+M
M M
Displacement is unfortunately a non linear operation.
( ) ( )
Make displacement linear with .
, , ,1 . Transformations turn into 3 3 matrices. x y x y
Homoheneous Coordinates
Very big advantage. All transformations are concatenated by
matrix multiplication.
14
( )
1 0
0 1 , ,
1 0 0 1 1
x
y x y
x t x
y t y t t
'
( ( (
( ( (
' '
= =
( ( (
( ( (

P T P
2D Translation
( )
cos sin 0
sin cos 0 ,
1 0 0 1 1
x x
y y
u u
u u u
'

( ( (
( ( (
' '
= =
( ( (
( ( (

P R P
2D Rotation
( )
0 0
0 0 , ,
1 0 0 1 1
x
y x y
x S x
y S y S S
'
( ( (
( ( (
' '
= =
( ( (
( ( (

P S P
2D Scaling
15
2D Reflections
x
y
x
y
x
y
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
(
(

(
(

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

(
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

(
(

(
(

16
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
(
(
(
(

y x = y x =
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1

(
(

(
(

17
Translation
( )
, , x y z
( )
, , x y z ' ' '
x
y
z
x
y
z
x x t
y y t
z z t
'
= +
'
= +
'
= +
3D Transformations
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
x
y
z
x t x
y t y
z t z
'
( ( (
( ( (
'
( ( (
=
' ( ( (
( ( (

Very similar to 2D. Using 4x4 matrices rather than 3x3.
18
General 3D Rotation
1. Translate the object such that rotation axis passes through
the origin.
2. Rotate the object such that rotation axis coincides with one
of Cartesian axes.
3. Perform specified rotation about the Cartesian axis.
4. Apply inverse rotation to return rotation axis to original
direction.
5. Apply inverse translation to return rotation axis to original
position.
19
x
z
y
2
P
1
P
x
z
y
2
P
'
1
P
'
x
z
y
1
P
'
2
P
''
x
z
y
1
P
'
2
P
''
u
x
z
y
2
P
'
1
P
'
x
z
y
2
P
1
P
Translate the object such that rotation axis passes through the origin.
Rotate the object such that rotation axis coincides with one of Cartesian axes.
Perform specified rotation about the Cartesian axis.
Apply inverse rotation to return rotation axis to original direction.
Apply inverse translation to return rotation axis to original position.
General 3D Rotation
20
3D Scaling
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x x S
y y S
z x S
'
=
'
=
'
=
Enlarging object also moves it from origin
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
x
y
z
x S x
y S y
z S z
'
( ( (
( ( (
'
( ( (
'
= = =
' ( ( (
( ( (

P S P
21
( )
, ,
f f f
x y z
x
y
z
Scaling with respect to a fixed point (not necessarily of object)
( )
, ,
f f f
x y z
x
y
z
( )
, ,
f f f
x y z
x
y
z
( )
, ,
f f f
x y z
x
y
z
( )
( )
( )
1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
x x f
y y f
z z f
S S x
S S y
S S z

(
(

(
=
(

(
(

T S T
Need for CAD standard
Understand the graphic kernel system and its extensions for
developing the graphic software systems
Requirement of graphic data exchange formats and their
details such as IGES, DXF and STEP
Dimensional measurement interface specification for
communication between coordinate measuring machine and
the CAD data
STANDARDIZATION IN GRAPHICS
-Necessary to standardise certain elements at each stage to minimize
company investment on certain software and hardware without much
modification on the newer and different systems.
-This means that there should be compatibility between various software
elements as also between the hardware and software.
-Following are some of the interface standards at various levels;
GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
PHIGS (Programmers Hierarchical Interface for Graphics)
CORE (ACM-SIGGRAPH)
GKS-3D
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
DXF (Drawing Exchange Format)
STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data)
DMIS (Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification)
VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
VDM (Virtual Device Metafile)
GKSM (GKS Metafile)
NAPLPS (North American Presentation Level Protocol
Syntax)
VARIOUS STANDARDS IN GRAPHICS
PROGRAMMING
GRAPHICAL KERNEL SYSTEM (GKS)
It is desirable to have programs
interchangeable with a number of systems,
and also to make programmers learn the
system once and then repeatedly use it on
different systems.

Examples are:
Tektronics Plot 10
GINO-F from CAD Centre, Cambridge.
The main objectives that were put forward for GKS
are:
1. To provide the complete range of graphical
facilities in 2D, including the interactive
capabilities,
2. To control all types of graphic devices such as
plotters and display devices in a consistent
manner,
3. To be small enough for a variety of programs.
LAYER MODEL OF GRAPHICS KERNEL SYSTEM


The coordinate frames available to the user are of three types:

1. World coordinates (WC) which are the user- oriented
drawing coordinates.
2. Normalised device coordinates (NDC) which is a uniform
system for all work stations.
3. Device coordinates (DC) are the actual coordinate system
for the particular work station.
The GKS is essentially a set of procedures that
can be called by user programs for carrying
out certain generalized functions (such as arc,
circle, ellipse etc.)
GKS is defined in terms of numbers of levels
describing the level of support in term of
facilities
GGDP
Purpose: Output routine. Outputs one of the four generalised
drawing primitives.
Format: CALL GGDP (n, px, py, primid, ldr, datrec)
n Integer*2 Number of points
px(n) Real. List of X coordinates (WC)
py(n) Real. List of Y coordinates (WC)
primid Integer*2. GDP identifier (Fig. 5.3)
1 = bar
2 = arc
3 = pie slice
4 = circle
ldr Integer*2. Length of data record
datrec Character*80 Data record

GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN IBM GKS
Other graphic standards
GKS 3D- maintains compatibility with the 2D
standard.
PHIGS (Programmers Hierarchical Interface
for graphics)
NAPLPS
5.4 EXCHANGE OF MODELLING DATA
FIG. 5.4 DATA EXCHANGE BETWEEN VARIOUS SYSTEMS

1. INITIAL GRAPHICS EXCHANGE
SPECIFICATION (IGES)

However, the IGES is the most comprehensive
standard and is designed to transmit the
entire product definition including that of
manufacturing and any other associated
information (Fig. 5.6).
A brief description of the IGES version 3.0 is
given below highlighting the philosophy of the
conversion methodology.

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DRAWING DATA
EXCHANGE FORMATS
FIG 5.6 DATA INTERCHANGE METHOD BETWEEN TWO
DIFFERENT CAD SYSTEMS USING NEUTRAL DATA FORMAT SUCH
AS IGES OR STEP

FIG. 5.7 COMPONENT DRAWING FOR IGES FILE
GENERATION
PARTIAL LISTING OF THE IGES FILE FOR
DRAWING SHOWN IN FIG. 5.7
2.Standard for the Exchange of
Product model Data (STEP)
The broad scope of STEP is as follows:
1. The standard method of representing the
information necessary to completely define a
product throughout its entire life, i.e., from the
product conception to the end of useful life.

2. Standard methods for exchanging the data
electronically between two different systems.

STEP APPLICATION PROTOCOL AP 203
EXPLICIT DRAUGHTING
STEP APPLICATION PROTOCOL AP207
CONFIGURATION CONTROLLED
DESIGN

EXAMPLE FOR STEP FILE GENERATION SHEET METAL
DIE PLANNING AND DESIGN


3.DRAWING EXCHANGE FORMAT (DXF)
The DXF format has been developed and
supported by Autodesk for use with the
AutoCAD drawing files.

DMIS

Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification
(DMIS) is a new standard in communication being
established by CAM-I for manufacturing.
This standard tries to establish a means of knowing
what has been made by the CAM process.
The objectives is to provide a bi-directional
communication of inspection data between computer
systems and inspection equipment.

INTRODUCTION OF MEASUREMENT IN
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

INTRODUCTION OF MEASUREMENT IN
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
Figure Shows: a circularity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric
circles within which the feature must lie.
TOL/CIRLTY
Function: Specifies a circularity tolerance for
a feature, and assigns to it a label.
Default: None
Format: T(label) = TOL/CIRLTY, tolzon,
var_1, F(label)
Where: var_1 can be: MMC or: LMC
or: RFS label is an
alphanumeric label
Assigned to the tolerance, and
is up to 10 characters in length.
Summary
GKS is used to standardise the graphic system calling procedures at the
lowest level so that programmers and program can be easily migrated
between different systems
The neutral CAD database is an important requirement to help with the
transfer of information between various CAD/CAM systems
IGES is used for transferring information between various CAD systems for
modelling as well as drafting data
STEP is being used extensively in view of its varied and better facilities for
exchanging product model data
DXF - ?
DMIS - ?