History of the Talos Missile

Phillip R. Hays PhD LT USNR-R

This is a history of the development of the Talos missile. For greater detail and a broader onsideration of early Navy missile development see referenes !" # and $. For detailed histories of the development of speifi
parts of the missile see the follo%ing pages&
History of the Talos missile ram'et
History of the Talos missile booster
History of the Talos missile %arhead
History of the Talos missile g(idane and homing systems
History of the Talos missile aerodynamis and ontrol systems
The Threat
D(ring )orld )ar ** +ermany" ,apan and the United States %ere all trying to develop anti-ship missiles. The +ermans prod(ed several types of these
%eapons and %ere the first to p(t them to operational (se. The R(hrstahl P- .!// 0 1Frit2-03 radio ontrolled armor-piering glide bomb is an
e2ample of this early g(ided missile tehnology. *t %as developed from the .!// 4g SD.!// armor-piering free fall bomb" %ith added %ings and tail
s(rfaes and a more aerodynami nose. 5ovable fins in the tail o(ld a(se slight hanges to the bomb6s tra'etory. *t %as la(nhed from an airplane a
fe% miles from the target. The bombardier in the plane %athed a flare in the bomb6s tail and g(ided the 7!8/ po(nd bomb to the target %ith radio
signals. Later versions (sed %ire g(idane to avoid radio 'amming. *t had only abo(t 9/: a(ray against targets.
The fate of the USS Savannah -L-!9 reveals the serio(sness of the danger to
shipping from these early anti-ship missiles. ;n September .." .<!7" the ship
%as s(pporting the =llied landing at Salerno *taly. D(ring a +erman air raid a
Dornier D; 9.$>-9 bomber flying at .?"8// feet g(ided a Frit2-0 to stri4e the
Savannah6s N(mber 7 t(rret. The bomb penetrated the armored top of the t(rret
and pl(nged thro(gh three de4s to the lo%er handling room %here it e2ploded.
The blast ble% a hole in the ship6s h(ll and 4illed .<$ men" inl(ding everyone in
the t(rret and handling room. @ffetive damage ontrol proed(res saved the ship" b(t it %as o(t of ation for a year %hile being repaired.
7

N(mero(s other ships %ere s(n4 by +erman glide and ro4et-po%ered bombs la(nhed from airraft d(ring the %ar" inl(ding large heavily
armored battleships.
The US developed the S);D-5ar4 < 5od / Aat radar g(ided anti-ship bomb
that (sed ative radar homing to deliver a ./// po(nd %arhead. This %eapon
%as (sed to destroy several ,apanese ships near the end of the %ar.
These %eapons %ere early g(ided missiles" and they posed a serio(s threat to naval and maritime shipping. Naval planners realiBed that anti-ship
missile tehnology %o(ld develop rapidly and %o(ld beome the most serio(s threat to the fleet. Some means %as needed to interept and destroy
missile-arrying airraft before they ame lose eno(gh to la(nh their %eapons.
*n ,(ly .<!! the Navy A(rea( of ;rdnane 1A(;rd3 began an initial analysis and eval(ation of the problem of proteting a tas4 fore from g(ided
missiles la(nhed from enemy planes beyond the range of e2isting anti-airraft g(ns and fire ontrol systems. The report reommended immediate
effort to develop a g(ided 'et-propelled antiairraft missile" preferably s(personi. The initial plan %as for a 9/// po(nd missile that fle% at .?8/
?.
ft.Cse. 1.9#. mph3. *t %o(ld be la(nhed by a 9/// lb ro4et and propelled by a ram'et s(stainer %ith a ma2im(m flight time of #7 seonds and a ma2im(m range of 7?"?// yards 199 miles3. *t %as ass(med that the
target %o(ld be at ./"/// feet altit(de and %o(ld be interepted at 9/"/// yards 1...! miles3.
.

*n the fall of .<!! A(;rd reD(ested advie abo(t defensive %eapons for ships. ,ohns Hop4ins University =pplied Physis Laboratory 1=PL3 prod(ed an analysis of the problem that revealed that the missile %o(ld have
to be s(personi to be able to reah a target before it %o(ld be lose eno(gh to la(nh an anti-ship missile. =irraft" even 'ets" %ere s(bsoni at that time" and %ere too slo%. @2isting ro4ets o(ld not travel the reD(ired
distanes. Ram'ets %ere tho(ght to be theoretially apable of meeting the reD(irements b(t a pratial ram'et had never been tested. =PL proposed a s(personi ram'et-propelled missile %ith a range of 9/"/// yards 1..
miles3 that %o(ld arry a #// po(nd %arhead. *t %o(ld (se radar g(idane and some form of homing system to steer it to the target. They estimated that a prototype o(ld be b(ilt in t%o years" %ith limited (se in the
later stages of the %ar 1it %as ass(med that the %ar %o(ld last into .<!# or .<!$3.
)hile these dis(ssions %ere in progress the ,apanese introd(ed the 4ami4aBe in ;tober .<!!. This %as another type of g(ided missile" and they a(sed great damage to the fleet" sin4ing abo(t 8/ Navy and merhant
ships. The damage being inflited by these %eapons gave e2tra importane to the development of an anti-airraft g(ided missile. *n Deember .<!! A(;rd deided to proeed %ith development on an E(rgentE basis.
!" #

Bumblebee
*n .<!/ a pro'et %as started by 5erle T(ve of the -arnegie *nstit(tion to develop a radio pro2imity EFTE 1variable time3 f(Be for anti-airraft shells. The gro(p %as
designated Setion T 1T(ve6s initial3. To speed development in .<!9 a ontrat %as signed %ith ,ohns Hop4ins University to organiBe the =pplied Physis Laboratory 1=PL3
to p(rs(e %or4 on the f(Be. The f(Be %as in prod(tion and delivered to the fleet by the end of .<!9. The first s(essf(l (se of the ne% f(Be %as in ,an(ary .<!7 %hen the
USS Helena (sed it to shoot do%n ,apanese airraft.
8

=fter the FT f(Be pro'et %as ompleted =PL t(rned its attentions to the development of a g(ided missile to interept airraft beyond the range of g(nfire. ;n Deember ."
.<!!" =PL began a ne% researh ontrat %ith A(;rd to proeed %ith the development of g(ided 'et propelled missiles" and all other A(rea(s of the Navy %ere to provide
s(pport as needed. The -entral Laboratory for Setion T %as restr(t(red as an entity diretly (nder ontrat to A(;rd" to operate independently as the =pplied Physis
Laboratory. The p(rpose of ETas4 FE %as to prod(e a prototype intereptor missile" or prove that it o(ldn6t be done. The proposed missile %as given the ode name Torh
1the ETE from Setion T3.
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*n @arly .<!8 the ode %ord EA(mblebeeE %as assigned. The name ame from a %all hanging Dr. T(ve notied in the ;ffie of Sientifi Researh and Development&
The Bumblebee Cannot Fly
=ording to reogniBed aerotehnial tests"
the b(mblebee annot fly bea(se of the
shape and %eight of his body in relation
to the total %ing area.
AUT" the b(mblebee doesn6t 4no% this"
so he goes ahead and flies any%ay.
The similarity to the %or4 of Tas4 F %as noted" and the pro'et name EA(mblebeeE seemed appropriate.
#

)hen %or4 started on Tas4 F to determine if a ram'et missile %o(ld %or4 some tho(ght %as given to the name of the ne% missile. A(lfinh6s Age of Fable desribed the demigod Talos that fle% thro(gh the air at s(h
great speeds that he t(rned red hot" and destroyed his enemies by grabbing them and pressing them to his breast to ininerate them. The name %as adopted for the ne% missile in ,an(ary" .<!?.
!

*nitial %or4 %as fo(sed on general elements of the problem %itho(t emphasis on a speifi design. The problems investigated %ere thr(st to drag ratio for ram'ets" s(personi ontrol methods" aerodynami drag at
s(personi speeds" and %hether operation at s(personi speeds presented (n4no%n problems or limitations. The intent %as to have ans%ers by ,an(ary .<!#. The ram'et engine" radar g(idane and large booster ro4ets
did not e2ist %hen the overall design %as reated" and at least five years %ere antiipated to develop a tatial missile.
.

The pro'et %as bro4en do%n into several parts&
.. A(rner& *nvestigate stationary ram'et operation in %ind t(nnels to determine thr(st and e2periment %ith f(els.
9. =erodynamis& St(dy s(personi drag" stability and ontrol problems (sing %ind t(nnels and free flight e2periments.
7. 5odels& A(ild and fly ram'et s(personi models and obtain data on thr(st and drag %ith radio telemetry" radar tra4ing and photographi tra4ing.
?9
!. +(idane and -ontrol& Develop systems for g(idane" ontrol" stabiliBation and target tra4ing.
8. Failities& Develop test fields and observation failities" pl(s laboratories and %ind t(nnel failities.
#. La(nhing& Develop and st(dy la(nhing methods.
No failities e2isted in ,an(ary .<!8 for testing s(personi ram'ets. =n abandoned -oast +(ard Station at *sland Aeah" Ne% ,ersey" %as hastily developed into a field test site. Ay =pril the A(mblebee team %as firing
test vehiles off the Ne% ,ersey shore. = tr(4 mo(nted S-R-8?! radar %as (sed to tra4 the test vehiles. Tests %ere ompliated by off shore shipping and fishing boat traffi" reD(iring firing to be delayed (ntil the
range %as lear.
= ram'et engine test faility %as onstr(ted at Silver Spring" 5aryland. Three large air ompressors %ere disovered at Shasta Dam" -alifornia" that had been (sed to drive pne(mati hammers d(ring onstr(tion of the
dam. These %ere moved to Silver Spring to generate airflo% for a ne% s(personi %ind t(nnel. Ay ,(ly .<!8 e2periments %ere (nder%ay to test ram'et engine models and f(els.
=t the same time the Navy %as revamping a vaated fatory in Daingerfield" Te2as. =.//"/// (bi foot per min(te blo%er for a blast f(rnae %as onverted to drive a ./ foot diameter" .98 foot long high altit(de %ind
t(nnel large eno(gh to test prototype missile designs. The ne% ;rdnane =erophysis Laboratory %as in operation by November .<!8" testing .<- and 9.-inh ram'et models. *t operated at %ind speeds bet%een 5ah
..$8 and 5ah 9.$8 and o(ld sim(late sea level flight at 9/// mph.
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=s test vehiles beame larger and fle% to greater distanes the flight program %as moved from Ne% ,ersey to a more remote area at -amp Davis North -arolina. =s ranges inreased f(rther the program %as moved to
the Naval ;rdnane Test Station at *nyo4ern -alifornia 1-hina La4e3. F(rther tests of long range interepts %ere ond(ted at )hite Sands Ne% 5e2io.
The initial goals for the A(mblebee Pro'et %ere to develop a missile that o(ld interept a target at a horiBontal range of ./ miles and 7/"/// feet altit(de" %ith an a(ray of 9 feet per .// feet target range. =%arhead
%eight of 7//-#// po(nds %as reD(ired for a 4ill probability of /.7 to /.#. Po%ered flight (p to interept %as another goal.
!

@arly efforts %ere onerned %ith st(dying the basi problems assoiated %ith the goal of prod(ing a s(personi missile. ;ne gro(p %as developing b(rner test vehiles 1ATF3 to st(dy ram'et performane. =series of
inreasingly large and omple2 test vehiles %as designed and flo%n to eval(ate ram'et performane. The Ram'et History page provides a detailed history of the development of the Talos ram'et engine. >no%ledge abo(t
ram'ets learned in the Talos program helped %ith the design of ram'ets for the 0A-$/ s(personi bomber and the SR-$. reonnaissane plane.
=nother problem %as the prod(tion and testing of large booster ro4ets. These had to be ten times larger than anything e2isting. The Talos Aooster History page desribes the problems and sol(tions d(ring booster
development. Lessons learned from the Talos booster development pro'et paved the %ay for f(t(re large solid f(el booster ro4ets for *-A5s" satellite la(nh vehiles and the spae sh(ttle.
=nother phase of the pro'et onentrated (pon reating a more effetive %arhead for the missile to allo% high 4ill probabilities at greater ranges than possible %ith the %arhead types in (se in )orld )ar **. The )arhead
History page desribes this effort.
= large effort %as beg(n to develop telemetry methods to ret(rn data from e2perimental test vehiles. S(itable methods %ere none2istent at the beginning of the pro'et" and the telemetry pro'et %as as m(h of a design
effort as any other part of Pro'et A(mblebee. *t %as neessary to monitor the missile in flight to meas(re its performane and provide information in ase something didn6t %or4 right. = simple E%irelessE system %as
developed to allo% transmission of p(lsed or mod(lated tones that o(ld be translated into (sef(l information. @arly telemetry systems %ere b(ilt %ith FT f(Be omponents and the ne% s(b-miniat(re va((m t(bes. Fo(r
to eight F5 arriers %ere transmitted at #/ to ?/ 5HB and later 9// 5HB. @arly data reordings %ere on phonograph-reord-li4e dis4s. Paper strip vis(al reordings of osillosope displays %ere also (sed. Later the
ne%ly developed magneti tape reording %as (sed. The early A(mblebee telemetry system %as event(ally developed into the ommon helial antenna that beame the standard F5CF5 US telemetry system.
#

)hile e2periments %ere proeeding %ith ram'et missile development entirely different smaller s(bsoni test vehiles %ere developed for initial tests of the beamriding sheme. These initial beamriding test vehiles %ere
relatively simple short range ro4ets (sing e2isting tehnology to allo% an early start on testing g(idane systems. The +(idane and Homing History page provides details of the development effort.
The beam riding sheme that %as devised had t%o phases. *nitial la(nh %as into a %ide apt(re beam. The missile mane(vered to the enter of this beam" and then the beam %as narro%ed to a thin g(idane beam to
diret the missile to the target. =n antenna in the tail of the missile deteted the g(idane beam. Position information in the beam %as deoded and onverted to %ing ontrol ommands to steer the missile into the enter
of the beam. This had never been tried before and a lot of e2perimentation %as needed to design and test vario(s ideas. =s the missile range inreased the diameter of the g(idane beam broadened" red(ing a(ray of
the beam rider method. =t ranges of t%enty miles and more the g(idane error %as too great to ens(re a high probability of destroying a target.
#

S(personi test vehiles 1STF3 %ere designed to test steering and ontrol d(ring s(personi flight. These %ere more advaned t%o stage ro4et po%ered test vehiles that inorporated the beamriding g(idane systems
developed %ith the smaller s(bsoni beamrider test vehiles. The STF-7 test vehile %as the most omple2 of the solid ro4et po%ered vehiles. *t %as la(nhed by a solid ro4et booster and had a small solid ro4et
s(stainer to propel it at s(personi speeds to a range of abo(t ten miles.
?7
*n .<!? the STF-7 %as reogniBed as having potential as a short range antiairraft missile that %o(ld meet most of the initial A(mblebee goals if the telemetry setion %as replaed %ith a %arhead. This missile o(ld be
operational before Talos and %o(ld give the fleet greater anti airraft apability than e2isting g(ns. = deision %as made to proeed %ith a separate program to develop a prototype missile and it %as given the name
ETerrier.E This %as the progenitor of the modern Standard missile (sed %ith the (rrent =egis missile system.
Extending the range
Sine the proposed Terrier missile o(ld interept short range targets the goal for A(mblebee %as e2tended to 8/ miles and a reD(irement for terminal g(idane %as added. This hange of plans a(sed s(bstantial re%or4
of the design and added some delay in the development of the missile.
*nitial plans %ere for Talos to (se beamriding for mido(rse g(idane after it separated from the booster ro4et. *t %as tho(ght that the missile o(ld ride the target tra4ing radar beam to the target. Ho%ever" as range
inreased the diameter of the g(idane beam beame greater" allo%ing the missile to %ander farther from the beam enter. This meant that the distane from the target at interept beame greater %ith inreasing range"
and at distanes of more than ./ miles 4ill probability %as (naeptably lo%.
./

To meet the longer range goal a separate g(idane radar beam %as neessary. = tra4ing radar provided information on the diretion to the target and the g(idane radar generated the beam for the missile to follo%. This
beam arried information that allo%ed the missile to determine its position %ithin the beam and steer to the beam enter. Ay ontrolling beam position the ship g(ided the missile to the viinity of the target. This sheme
had an additional benefit that several missiles o(ld be g(ided to a target along one g(idane beam.
./

@arly tests sho%ed that the missile %o(ld ons(me too m(h f(el if it fle% diret line of sight to a long range target at lo% altit(des %here air density %as greatest. *t %as deided to (se the beamriding beam to diret the
missile to high altit(des %here it operated more effiiently in thinner air and then diret it to a point of interept %here it %o(ld dive on the target.
= terminal g(idane method %as needed" and a semiative radar homing 1S=RH3 see4er %as hosen. =t the end of the mido(rse beamriding phase the ship sent a signal to the missile to arm the %arhead and ativate the
homing system. The la(nhing ship ill(minated the target %ith a homing signal that refleted from the target. The missile6s see4er deteted the refleted signal %hih g(ided the missile to the target. This gave a terminal
homing system %ith high a(ray that %as not affeted by the distane from the ship to the target.
The design of the ram'et missile %ith the large air inta4e opening at the front posed a problem. The ommon %ay to implement a radar see4er %as to (se a steerable paraboli antenna to detet the homing signal" b(t this
%o(ld interfere %ith the operation of the air inta4e. =n interferometer-type antenna %as hosen for several reasons. *t (sed fo(r small %idely spaed antennas that o(ld be mo(nted aro(nd the air inta4e and %o(ld not
interfere %ith ram'et operation. These antennas %ere m(h smaller and simpler mehanially than a gimbal-mo(nted sanning dish antenna. This arrangement had a very %ide target aD(isition apert(re and %o(ld allo%
rapid target aD(isition %itho(t having to provide the missile %ith information abo(t the diretion to target.
./

= s(personi @2perimental Prototype 5issile 10P53 design %as reated that had all the neessary f(ntions of an antiairraft missile. This %as to have the initial Talos missile airframe and %o(ld ombine the prototype
engine" f(el" ontrol" g(idane" homing and %arhead systems that ame o(t of the test and development programs. This test vehile event(ally beame the operational Talos missile.
Talos Evolution
Name Designation Alternate Mk/Mod Function Warhead Date
A(rner Test Fehile #E ATF A(rner tests None .<!8
A(rner Test Fehile ./E ATF A(rner tests None .<!8
Ram'et Test Fehile .?E RTF A(rner tests None .<!8
-obra #E ATF 5odel 7A A(rner tests None .<!#
A(rner Test Fehile .?E ATF PTF-N-! A(rner and ontrol tests None .<!$
@2perimental Prototype 5issile 0P5 RTF-N-# Prototype missile Fragment .<!<
Prototype Talos 0S=5-N-# Prototype Talos Fragment .<8.
First Tatial Talos R*5-?= S=5-N-#b 54 .. 5od / S(rfae-to-air Fragment .<89
Prototype Talos ) 0S=5-N-#) Prototype Talos n(lear )7/ .<87
First Tatial Talos n(lear R*5-?A S=5-N-#b) 54 .. 5od . S(rfae-to-air n(lear )7/ .<8!
@2tended Range Talos R*5-?- S=5-N-#b. 54 .. 5od 9 S(rfae-to-air S(rfae-to-s(rfae -R .<8#
@2tended Range Talos n(lear R*5-?D S=5-N-#b). 54 .. 5od ! S(rfae-to-air n(lear )7/ .<8#
?!
Prototype Unified Talos 0S=5-N-#. @2perimental Unified Talos -RC)7/ .<8<
Unified Talos R*5-?@ S=5-N-#. 54 .. 5od 8 S(rfae-to-air S(rfae-to-s(rfae -RC)7/ .<#/
Talos R*5-?F S=5-N-#b.1-)3 R*5-?- %ith R*5-?@ see4er -R
Talos R*5-?+ S(rfae-to-air S(rfae-to-s(rfae -RC)7/ .<##
Talos =R5 R*5-?H R+5-?H =nti-radiation missile -R .<#?
Talos R*5-?, S(rfae-to-air S(rfae-to-s(rfae -RC)7/ .<$.
Talos L=ST 0AG5-?D-. Non reoverable target None .<$7
Talos L=ST 0AG5-?F-. Reoverable target None .<$7
Fandal 5G5-?+ High speed target None .<?7
Fandal @2tended Range 5G5-?+-@R High speed target None
Fandal @2tended @2tended Range 5G5-?+-@@R High speed target None
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Early Test Vehicles
*n Febr(ary .<!8 flight tests %ere beg(n %ith # inh diameter A(rner Te2t Fehiles 1ATF3 la(nhed %ith solid ro4et boosters. The boosters %ere l(sters of fo(r or si2 8-inh HF=R model 7? EHoly 5osesE airraft
ro4ets that %ere in (se in the %ar. The %arheads %ere removed and the ro4ets %ere d(ted together %ith a(tomobile e2ha(st pipe in an effort to ahieve eD(al omb(stion hamber press(re 1eD(al thr(st3 in all the
ro4ets.
The first tests %ere simple d(mmy ro(nds that %ere (sed to develop the solid ro4et boosters for propelling the ATFs to s(personi speeds. ;n 9!
=pril" .<!8" the first s(stained thr(st %as ahieved in a flight test vehile. The first learly s(essf(l test prod(ing thr(st at s(personi speeds %as
on .7 ,(ne .<!8. The vehile fle% at .$8/ feet per seond 1.9// mph3 for ./"/// yards. The first demonstration of thr(st in e2ess of drag %as in
;tober .<!8.
.7
These early tests %ere (ng(ided pro'etiles fired over the oean.
*n late .<!8 an .? inh diameter Ram'et Test Fehile 1RTF3 %as b(ilt. *t %as designed to arry g(idane eD(ipment and a %arhead. *t %as a fail(re
bea(se it %as (nable to %ithstand the stresses d(ring flight.
The initial # inh ATF design %as modified in early .<!# %ith a for%ard setion
e2panded to ?.8 inh diameter to provide more spae for f(el" instr(ments and
telemetry systems. The modified 5odel 7A ATF %as alled -obra bea(se of
the %ider front end. *t %eighed $/ po(nds and developed bet%een 9/// and
7/// horsepo%er" eD(ivalent to a large radial airplane engine.
=nother .?-inh diameter b(rner test vehile %ith %arhead and g(idane eD(ipment similar to the RTF %as prod(ed in .<!$. *t %as a saled
(p -obra that (sed 4erosene f(el and r(ised at 5ah 9.! at 7/"/// feet altit(de. *t demonstrated throttleability" ability to aelerate after
boost 1from 5ah 9./ to 9.!3" and had a r(ise range of ./ miles.
?
This %as alled the PTF-! or PTF-N-! A(rner Test Fehile 1ATF3 and it %as
(sed for additional tests of the ram'et engine.
The design for a larger @2perimental Prototype 5issile 10P53 %as started in
late .<!#. *t had a body diameter of 9? inhes %ith a omb(stion hamber 9! inhes diameter. The 0P5 1RTF-N-#a!a3 first fle% in 5arh .<!<. This
%as the first f(ll siBed test onfig(ration ombining all of the prototype systems developed in the earlier test vehiles. *t fle% at 5ah 9 at 7/"/// feet
and had a range of 98 na(tial miles. *n .<8. the first target 4ill %as ahieved %hen an 0P5 beamrider ollided %ith a target drone. *n ;tober .<89
an 0P5 interepted a drone at )hite Sands" proving the operation of the homing system.
#
Several variations of this missile and booster %ere flo%n
d(ring flight testing.
*n .<8. development began on the 0S=5-N-#" the prototype Talos missile. *t
%as the first f(ll siBed Talos missile and had a range of 8/ na(tial miles. *t lead
to the development of the First Tatial Talos S=5-N-#b in .<88. N(mero(s
problems arose d(ring the testing of this missile and several modifiations %ere
made to solve them. The most visible differene bet%een the prototype and the
First Tatial Talos missiles %ere the openings that %ere made aro(nd the e2ha(st noBBle to allo% air to flo% thro(gh the missile d(ring la(nh
phase. This prevented Eorgan pipeE osillations in the air ol(mn in the missile. These vibrations in the prototype missiles %ere severe eno(gh to
a(se eD(ipment fail(res that destroyed the missile. The short prototype booster %ith the large fins %as replaed %ith a longer and more po%erf(l
booster in the prod(tion models.
Talos W Design
*n parallel %ith the development of the Talos airframe and engine %or4 the g(idane and homing systems %ere being designed and tested. The interferometer homing system %as tested in many %ays" inl(ding stationary
installations on the gro(nd %ith airraft flying overhead and mobile test platforms on tr(4s and test airraft.
?#
)hile testing the prototype homing systems a signifiant fa(lt %as disovered. *f m(ltiple targets %ere a fe% h(ndred feet apart the missile6s homing system o(ld fail to pi4 a single target and have a large miss distane.
This made the missile v(lnerable to simple tatis if an enemy 4ne% the ritial distane.
!

*n .<8. development began on a small n(lear %eapon to be arried by fighter-bomber airraft. *t had a smaller diameter than the Talos missile so it seemed ideal for adaptation as a missile %arhead. Talos ) %o(ld be
g(ided to the target %ith the beamrider system and detonated on ommand from the ship. =t ma2im(m range beamriding %as ina(rate and reD(ired a 4ill radi(s of ./// to 9/// feet. The n(lear %arhead %o(ld
prod(e s(ffiient Eg(st loadingE to ahieve a 4ill at longest range to target" b(t overpress(re and thermal effets %o(ld also a(se damage.
!

The n(lear %arhead reD(ired a longer missile and moved the enter of gravity for%ard. =s a res(lt the missile %as more stable than the onventional version b(t not as mane(verable. This %as not a problem for the
n(lear armed missile bea(se it did not have to get as lose to the target to ahieve a 4ill.
!
The first prototype ) missile %as tested in .<87" .? months after the design %as started.
First Tactical Talos RIM-! "#!M-$-%b& and RIM-B "#!M-$-%bW&
This %as the first version of the Talos missile. *t arried a onventional fragmentation rod %arhead in an ann(lar spae in the missile nose s(rro(nding
the ram'et t(be" behind a small ompressor innerbody. The n(lear %arhead %as m(h larger than the onventional %arhead and %as ho(sed in a
larger innerbody that served as the inta4e ompressor. The R*5-?A n(lear missile %as longer than the onventional R*5-?= missile. The homing
interferometer antennas %ere removed from the n(lear version along %ith the assoiated homing eletronis.
The onventional version (sed a see4er that homed on the refleted p(lse mode tra4ing radar signal.
!
This system %or4ed %ell against mid to high
altit(de targets and the ma'ority of interepts prod(ed s4in-to-s4in ontat %ith the target. A(t %ith lo% altit(de targets the tra4ing radar
ill(minated s(rfae ob'ets a(sing many false signals that hid the target.
./
The missile did have effetive home on 'am apabilities.
*nitial First Tatial Talos missile 1S=5-N-#b3 %as flo%n in .<89. *ntrod(tion into the fleet %as delayed by lengthy ship onversions" and the missile
%as finally deployed on the USS Galveston -L+-7 in .<8?.
Extended Range Talos RIM-' "#!M-$-%b(& and RIM-D "#!M-$-%bW(&
Development of a longer range missile %as started in .<87" partly in response to =ir Fore interest in (sing Talos to defend Strategi =ir -ommand
air bases. The range %as e2tended from 8/ to .// miles and altit(de eiling %as inreased from #/"/// feet to $/"/// feet. The Talos @R missile %as
first flo%n in .<#..
The ne% design %as more effiient" having greater mane(verability" lo%er mane(ver-ind(ed drag and greater thr(st. *t o(ld engage faster and more
mane(verable targets. Flight speed at high altit(des %as inreased from 9/// to 9!// feet per seond 1.#// mph3. The missile tail fin span %as
inreased to improve aerodynami harateristis. The f(el tan4 %as lengthened to give 9/: greater apaity. The omb(stion hamber %as
lengthened # inhes for better high altit(de omb(stion effiieny. The engine inlet %as redesigned to a do(ble one to improve thr(st at high
altit(des. The booster %as made larger to give an adeD(ate la(nh speed for the heavier missile.
!

@2tended Range Talos had separate optimiBed apabilities for the t%o versions. The original homing eletronis reD(ired more spae than %as
available in the n(lear version. Ne% ompat eletronis %ere developed for the Talos ) for beamriding" ontrol system and beaon transponder"
and these %ere event(ally integrated into the onventional version.
= ne% ontin(o(s %ave 1-)3 see4er %as developed that (sed the Doppler effet to disriminate bet%een lo% altit(de targets and ba4gro(nd l(tter. The ship omp(ted the losing rate of the missile and target and
transmitted Doppler shift information to the missile in the tra4ing radar beam to improve target aD(isition times. Homing %as ativated abo(t ten seonds before interept and the missile aD(ired the target in t%o
seonds or less. The ne% see4er eletronis %ere essentially imm(ne to 'amming" and o(ld disting(ish bet%een m(ltiple 'amming so(res and home on the losest.
The ne% -) g(idane system %as effetive against s(rfae ship targets even tho(gh the Doppler shift %as the same for the ship and the oean. Several improvements to the eletronis inreased the signal to l(tter ratio
s(ffiiently for the missile to identify the target. The missile %as la(nhed at a high angle as in anti-air mode and %as g(ided over the target %here it dove almost straight do%n. 5a2im(m range depended (pon the
?$
apability of the ship to tra4 and ill(minate the target" b(t the missile o(ld interept ship targets beyond the radar horiBon and even in the presene of land l(tter. Aea(se of the large siBe of the missile and the high
interept speed Talos a(sed enormo(s damage to target ships.
./

)ni*ed Talos RIM-E "#!M-$-%c(&
The t%o missile types 1onventional and n(lear3 a(sed logistial problems and reD(ired shipboard sto%age of missiles that %ere (seless in a non-
n(lear %ar. The #b missiles also had limited effetiveness against lo% flying targets bea(se of sea l(tter. The sol(tion %as to design a missile %ith
interhangeable %arheads.
7" .7

The 54 !# high e2plosive ontin(o(s rod %arhead %as developed to fit into the same innerbody as the )-7/ n(lear %arhead. =ne% solid state
1transistoriBed3 ontin(o(s %ave interferometer see4er %as developed in .<8# to allo% lo% altit(de interepts. This see4er %as (sed by
onventionally armed missiles to home on the target. Homing system eletronis %ere miniat(riBed and pa4aged to fit in the spae in the n(lear
missile. The #. %as essentially a modified #b). airframe %ith interhangeable %arheads and a miniat(riBed -) see4er. The eletronis %ere repa4aged as mod(les that %ere easily replaed. This allo%ed for f(t(re
variations simply by e2hanging mod(les in the #. airframe.
!

The system had a shore mode for atta4ing large s(rfae targets or shore targets. *t %o(ld g(ide a beamriding n(lear armed missile to the target and detonate the %arhead on ommand. The range %as limited by the
desired airb(rst altit(de and the line of sight from the ship. Targets o(ld be engaged at a range (p to !/ miles.
.!

Flight testing started in ,(ne .<8< and prod(tion missiles %ere available for the fleet in the early .<#/s.
= modified version of the R*5-?D %ith a -) see4er %as alled R*5-?F. = modified R*5-?@ %ith improved g(idane and antiship apability %as alled R*5-?+.
!

!M"#$/%/H/& Missile Booster
Length 1inhes3 98! .7!
Diameter 1inhes3 9? 7/
)ing span 1inhes3 ./$
Fin span 1inhes3 $! $$
)eight 1po(nds3 77#/ !7#/
Notes&
.. Aooster body length %as .79 inhes" b(t the fins e2tended 9.7 inhes behind the body.
9. 5issile %ing span is often given as ../ inhes. This %o(ld be the span if the tip %as pointed 1%here the t%o straight edges %o(ld meet3. Ho%ever" the tip is filleted" red(ing the span to ./#.<!# inhes.
7. 5issile fin span is sometimes listed as ?9 inhes and booster fin span as $9 inhes. = D(i4 loo4 at a photo reveals that the spans are almost the same. Some dra%ings give the dimensions listed above" and a omparison of fin span to body diameter in
photos s(pports these dimensions.
Talos !ntiradiation Missile RIM+R,M--
The FietNam %ar made evident the need for an antiradiation missile 1=R53 to destroy enemy radars. )or4 began in .<#8 to reate a passive homing missile that %o(ld see4 o(t radar installations. The ne% missile %as
tested in .<#$ at )hite Sands and on ships in .<#?. *t had a .9/ na(tial mile range. *t %as first deployed on the USS Long Beach -+N-< and then to other ships in the fleet.
!

The ship direted the missile to the viinity of the target (sing beamrider mido(rse g(idane. )hen the missile %as in the target area the =R5 homing system %as ativated and started loo4ing for emissions from the
radar. The missile %as direted to dive to%ard a point abo(t fo(r miles beyond the e2peted target position. *t (sed a loo4-do%n searh mode that re'eted signals from more distant radars. *t loo4ed for the appropriate
rate of hange for the line of sight to the target. )hen the target %as aepted the missile either dove at a !8H angle to the target or passed over and dove straight do%n.
./

Flight tests at )hite Sands 5issile Range prod(ed many diret hits against radar targets. The missile %as deployed to ships in the +(lf of Ton4in and %as (sed s(essf(lly against radars in North Fietnam. *n Febr(ary
.<$9 the USS Oklahoma City %as the first ship to destroy a s(rfae target in ombat %ith Talos =R5.
??
.ong Range Talos RIM-/
This %as essentially a modified R*5-?+ that (sed higher energy ,P-! dimer f(el to ahieve a .7/ na(tial mile range. This %as a higher density f(el that pa4ed more energy in a given vol(me than the original ,P-8 f(el.
The ?, had an improved see4er" eletroni o(nter-o(ntermeas(res" haff re'etion" m(ltiple target disrimination and lo% altit(de f(Bing.
!

The original -) see4er %as s(septible to some types of deeption meas(res. = ne% homing system %as developed in the mid .<#/s that %as imm(ne to any oneivable 'amming" even if the designer of the 'amming
eD(ipment %as familiar %ith the Talos eletronis. T%enty-five flight tests %ere ond(ted against single and m(ltiple 'ammers. @2amination of the res(lts sho%ed that the ne% see4er had a higher 4ill probability against
'amming targets than against non-'amming targets. *n one test the missile homed on an airborne 'ammer" b(t sine it didn6t have a %arhead it passed lose by the airplane %itho(t e2ploding and then lo4ed on to another
land based 'ammer and homed on it. This ne% system %as introd(ed in .<$..
./

Talos .!#T
*n ,(ne .<$9 the =rmy 5issile -ommand ontrated Aendi2 =erospae Systems to modify obsolete Talos missiles into lo% altit(de s(personi drones. This %as the Lo% =ltit(de S(personi Target 1L=ST3 program to
prod(e targets for developing =rmy S=5-D and Navy =egis missile programs.
.9

T%o types of drones %ere to be prod(ed from R*5-?D and R*5-?F Talos missiles that had been removed from servie" a reoverable 0AG5-?F-. and non-reoverable 0AG5-?D-.. Aoth drones %o(ld (se the same
internal g(idane systems. Fertial ontrol (sed a radar altimeter and horiBontal 1steering3 ontrol (sed an off the shelf =NCDR)-9< ommand reeiver. = ne% digital to analog onverter %as added to the e2isting Talos
a(topilot to generate roll ontrol and t(rn error signals for %ing position ontrol. = self-destr(t pa4age %as installed in the drones.
5issiles %ere ontrolled by omp(ter programs at )hite Sands and by man(al 'oysti4 remote ontrol at the Paifi 5issile Range. =fter booster separation the drones fle% either a high altit(de tra'etory at ./"/// feet
or a lo% altit(de tra'etory at 98/-8// feet. The range %as 9/ to 9! na(tial miles. =t the end of the flight the ?F missiles fle% to an altit(de s(itable for parah(te deployment. = h(te %as released from a for%ard
ompartment in the missile and it desended at 98 feet per seond to the s(rfae for reovery. ;nly .# ?D and 9! ?F missiles %ere available after the developmental tests" and the parah(te reovery system %as (sed to
allo% the ?Fs to be re(sed.
Nine development flights 1three ?Ds and si2 ?Fs3 %ere flo%n bet%een ,(ne .<$7 and =pril .<$!" five at )hite Sands and fo(r %ere la(nhed from San Niholas *sland at the Paifi 5issile Range. -onversion of the
remaining missiles started in .<$! and operational targets %ere available in .<$8.
Vandal
*n the late .<$/s the remaining Talos ships partiipated in AUII=RD@0 operations %here Talos missiles 1A(BBards3 %ere la(nhed as s(personi
targets for other ships and airraft. Plans %ere (nder%ay in .<$$ to onvert operational Talos missiles to s(personi target drones. =fter the USS
Oklahoma City -+-8 %as deommissioned in .<$< the remaining Talos missiles %ere onverted to Fandal s(personi targets and redesignated 5G5-
?+.
-hanges to the eletronis pa4age and air inta4e allo%ed the missile to fly s(personi at very lo% altit(des to sim(late anti-ship missiles. =dditional
f(el %as added and a ne% a(tonomo(s g(idane system %as installed. Fandals %ere fo(r feet longer and !</ po(nds heavier than the Talos missiles.
They r(ised at 5ah 9.9 at sea level %ith a range of !7.8 miles.
$

Later modifiations prod(ed the 5G5-?0 Fleet Fandal" 5G5-?+C@R @2tended Range Fandal and the 5G5-?+C@@R @2tended @2tended Range Fandal. The @@R version arried an a(tonomo(s +PS g(idane
system allo%ing the missile to mane(ver %itho(t gro(nd based g(idane.
.8

The Fandals %ere fired from 54 $ la(nhers that %ere removed from deommissioned Talos ships. The la(nhers %ere installed at land bases and on barges. La(nh sites %ere at )hite Sands" Ne% 5e2io" )allops
*sland" Firginia" Aar4ing Sands" >a(ai" Ha%aii and San Niholas *sland" -alifornia. The first Fandal shots %ere ond(ted in .<?7. The last of #!! Fandal targets %as flo%n in 9//8 %hen the s(pply of missiles %as
e2ha(sted.
<

?<
Talos shi0s
The USS Galveston -L+-7 %as the first ship to arry the Talos missile. The ship %as ompleted after )orld )ar ** as a -leveland lass light r(iser b(t %as never ommissioned. *t %as onverted to arry Talos and
ommissioned as -L+-7 on 9? 5ay .<8?. The ship %as r(shed thro(gh onversion" %ith no signifiant hanges for%ard" so it o(ld serve as a test bed for the ne% Talos systems. ;n 9! Feb .<8< the ship ond(ted the
first Talos missile shot at sea. The Galveston s(ffered badly from hogging and %as deommissioned on 98 5ay .<$/.
The USS Little Rock -L+-! %as the seond Talos ship. =nother onverted -leveland lass r(iser" she had e2tensive alterations for%ard to provide spae for a fleet flagship. She %as ommissioned on 7 ,(ne .<#/ and
deommissioned 99 November .<$# after serving as flagship for the Seond and Si2th Fleets. The first ship la(nhed Talos missile to destroy a drone %as fired from the USS Little Rock on ;tober 9." .<#/.
USS Oklahoma City -L+-8 %as ommissioned $ September .<#/ and deommissioned .8 Deember .<$<" after serving the longest of any -leveland lass ship. The ship had fleet flagship aommodations and served as
flagship for the First and Seventh Fleets. *n Febr(ary .<$9 the Oklahoma City destroyed a North Fietnamese mobile radar site %ith a Talos =R5 missile. *t %as the first s(essf(l ombat s(rfae to s(rfae missile
operation in US Navy history. ;n # November .<$< the USS Oklahoma City fired the last Talos missile la(nhed from a ship.
USS Long Beach -+N-< %as the first n(lear po%ered g(ided missile r(iser. -ommissioned < September .<#." the ship arried Talos and Terrier missile systems. *n 5ay .<#? the Long Beach sored the first reorded
US Navy ombat 4ill %ith a s(rfae to air missile" do%ning a North Fietnamese 5i+ airraft %ith a Talos at a range of #8 miles. *n September .<#? the Long Beach do%ned another 5i+ %ith a Talos at a range of #.
miles. The Talos missiles %ere off loaded in .<$< and the spaes %ere onverted for other (ses (ntil the ship %as deommissioned on . 5ay .<<8.
USS Albany -+-./ %as a onverted ;regon -ity lass heavy r(iser. She %as ommissioned 7 November .<#9 and deommissioned 9< =(g(st .<?/. The Albany arried Talos and Tartar missile systems.
USS Columbus -+-.9 %as a onverted Aaltimore lass heavy r(iser. She %as ommissioned . Deember .<#9 and deommissioned 7. ,an(ary .<$8. Columbus arried Talos and Tartar missile systems.
USS Chicago -+-.. %as a onverted Aaltimore lass heavy r(iser. She %as ommissioned 9 5ay .<#! and deommissioned . 5arh .<?/. Chicago arried Talos and Tartar missile systems. *n ,(ly .<#$ the Chicago
shot do%n a drone at a range of <# miles - this %as the longest range Talos 4ill on reord. ;n < 5ay .<$9 the Chicago shot do%n a 5i+ fighter at a range of !? miles over North Fietnam %ith a Talos missile.
.#

Talos .and #ystem
Talos %as onsidered by the =rmy and =ir Fore for land defense of targets and the n(lear %arhead version %as onsidered as a possible *-A5
intereptor.
!
*n .<88 a Ero(ndho(seE installation %as b(ilt by the =ir Fore at )hite Sands 5issile Range" Ne% 5e2io" to test the missile as a point
defense system for Strategi =ir -ommand air bases. *t f(ntioned as a ompletely a(tomati system from target designation to interept and %as the
most advaned antiairraft system in e2istene.
5ean%hile" the =rmy and =ir Fore %ere sD(abbling over %hih servie sho(ld be operating gro(nd based air defense systems. *n .<8# the Senate
=rmed Servies -ommittee ended the bi4ering by a%arding the =rmy responsibility for land based missiles %ith a range (p to 9// miles. The
ompleted and ready to r(n Talos Land System %as t(rned over to the =rmy for eval(ation. The =rmy %as developing its o%n Ni4e Her(les anti
airraft missile system and had little interest in Talos" even tho(gh Talos %as operational and Her(les %as not. The =rmy deided to anel the Talos
Land System and disassembled the faility at )hite Sands.
..

Talos Re1uiem
From the ommissioning of the USS Galveston in .<8? to the deommissioning of the USS Oklahoma City in .<$< Talos missiles defended the fleet. @vent(ally all of the Talos ships %ere s(ffering from old age and %ere
deommissioned" and no ne% Talos ships %ere b(ilt.
The Talos system %as retired bea(se of several shortomings. The missile reD(ired g(idane from the ship for the f(ll d(ration of the flight" limiting the n(mber of missiles that o(ld be ontrolled by a ship. This made it
s(septible to sat(ration atta4s by large n(mbers of airraft or missiles. Talos la4ed adeD(ate long range target disrimination 1friend or foe3 that made it (n(sable in pro2imity to friendly airraft. This fored Tas4
+ro(p ommanders to hoose bet%een engaging atta4ers %ith missiles or %ith airraft. The Talos system reD(ired a large amo(nt of shipboard spae" and %as inompatible %ith post ))** ship designs. The missiles"
la(nhing and fire ontrol systems reD(ired a lot of maintenane and %ere very e2pensive. Finally" the development of the Standard missile and the =egis system made Talos obsolete.
!

The follo%ing data are for the period .<88 to the last Talos flight in .<$<. ;verall missile s(ess rate %as greater than ?/:" b(t the missile system 1missiles" la(nhing system and g(idane system3 s(ess rate %as only
abo(t !/:.
.!

</
Configuration Missile
Missiles
Built
Missile Firings
Missiles
emaining
W'M Fleet
First Tatial Talos R*5-?= 99< .7$ !/ 89
First Tatial Talos ) R*5-?A ... #/ .9 7<
@2tended Range Talos R*5-?- 97! 8$ .#! .7
@2tended Range Talos ) R*5-?D ./. 79 8# .7
Unified Talos R*5-?@-, .$9< .$# #.8 <7?
Total 9!/! !#9 ??$ ./88
There are some problems %ith these n(mbers. *f 9!/! missiles %ere b(ilt and .7!< %ere fired" then ./88 missile remain. *f #!! Fandals %ere fired after .<$< there are still at least !.. Talos missiles (nao(nted for.
Talos L=ST e2pended !< ?D and ?F 1modified ?D3 missiles" b(t these sho(ld be in the pre-.<$< fig(res. * 4no% of a fe% Talos on display in m(se(ms" training enters" FF) posts" et." and some have been srapped"
b(t %here are the restJ Some Talos missiles %ere la(nhed from the Paifi 5issile Range and possibly other test failities" and these are not sho%n in the table. =lso" many Talos boosters %ere (sed to la(nh other types
of e2perimental missiles li4e Typhon.
Some early models of Talos %ere (sed as s(rfae targets for aerial g(nnery pratie after later models %ere introd(ed" and this %ill ao(nt for some
of the EmissingE missiles.
9
These missiles have beome a lean(p problem bea(se three omponents %ere man(fat(red from a radioative
5agnesi(m-Thori(m alloy that e2pandedContrated very little %ith heating and ooling. The missiles ontained a small amo(nt of Thori(m" b(t it is a
lo% level radiation emitter" so missiles on p(bli display do not pose a radiation haBard. A(t %hen they are srapped the radioative Thori(m m(st be
disposed of in aordane to lo% level radioative %aste handling r(les.
!2ter Talos
The first tas4 of the A(mblebee Program %as to develop an effetive anti-airraft missile to defend the fleet. Three missiles 1Talos" Terrier and Tarter - the Ethree TsE3 %ere developed and deployed. Terrier evolved into
the Standard missile that is deployed today %ith =egis missile ships. The A(mblebee Program prod(ed a list of Efirsts.E Terrier %as the first operational shipboard missile system in history. Talos %as the first ro4et
la(nhed s(personi ram'et propelled vehile. *t had the first interferometer homing g(idane system. *t %as the first beamriding missile. Talos %as the first missile to arry a tatial n(lear %arhead" and the first %ith an
e2panding rod onventional %arhead.
The seond A(mblebee tas4 for =PL %as the development of the Triton ram'et po%ered s(rfae to s(rfae r(ise missile apable of traveling 9/// nmi at 5ah 7 at an altit(de of $/"/// feet. Several onfig(rations %ere
onsidered and the final version %as po%ered by t%o ram'et engines and o(ld be la(nhed from a Polaris missile la(nh t(be. The engines %ere tested b(t the missile %as not developed. Ram'ets m(st fly %ithin the
atmosphere and had to be g(ided to their targets. These reD(irements presented problems in the .<8/s. The a(tonomo(s g(idane systems %ere large and heavy and (nreliable" and speial materials %ere needed to handle
the heat generated by atmospheri frition. Triton %as aneled in .<8? in favor of the Polaris s(bmarine la(nhed *-A5.
$

*n .<8$ the Navy deided to ontin(e development of a Es(per TalosE ram'et" alled Typhon. This %as =PL6s third A(mblebee ram'et. = ne% ram'et
po%ered missile %as designed to engage long range targets and a shorter range solid ro4et po%ered missile %o(ld engage lose in targets.
The Typhon LR long range missile (sed an improved s(bsoni omb(stion 5ah ! ram'et that %as developed by =PL. *t had a onial inlet an
omb(stor ram'et that %as more effiient than Talos. The missile %as m(h smaller than Talos b(t o(ld r(ise at 5ah !.. at ?/"/// to .//"/// feet
%ith a range of 9// nmi. *t arried a 98/ lb %arhead. *t %as .#.$8 inhes diameter and %eighed .?// po(nds. *t %as flight tested nine times from
.<#.-#7 %ith no prop(lsion fail(res. The LR missile had a (niD(e g(idane system based (pon gro(nd 1ship3 proessing of target information sent by
the missile. The Typhon 5R medi(m range missile %as to be a modified Tartar missile.
#

The Typhon system developed a phased array radar (tiliBing ne% solid state tehnology and digital omp(ters that o(ld respond D(i4ly and deal
%ith many targets. Ho%ever" the shipboard radar aD(isition and tra4ing systems %ere not reliable" the detetion range performane %as inadeD(ate
for tra4ing single or m(ltiple targets" and the soft%are for the ne% shipboard omp(ters %as immat(re.
<.
@vent(ally the omple2ity of the phased array radar and assoiated omp(ter systems e2eeded alloated f(nding. The design onepts %ere beyond the ability of e2isting man(fat(ring apabilities. @ven tho(gh an
operating Typhon system had been installed in the USS Norton Soun =F5-. and the Typhon LR missile had proven reliable d(ring in-flight testing" the missile o(ld o(tperform its radar and g(idane systems" so it %as
aneled in late .<#8. The f(nds %ere transferred to improving e2isting Talos" Terrier and Tartar systems.
#
The prototype Typhon fire ontrol system later evolved into the =egis %eapons system.
$

Re2erences
.. Bumblebee !nitial Re"ort" The ,ohns Hop4ins University =pplied Physis Laboratory" Febr(ary" .<!8.
9. Consultative Letter# !OH$S%$BR$CL$&''($'')*# Raiological Assessment Survey of the Syracuse ANG Anironack Range (*# S"raugeville N+" Department of the =ir Fore" =ir Fore *nstit(te For ;perational
Health 1=F5-3" Aroo4s -ity-Aase" Te2as" 7/ ,(ly 9//!.
7. %ictionary of American Naval Fighting Shi"s" Department of the Navy" Naval Historial -enter" http&CC%%%.history.navy.milCdanfsCs#Csavannah-iv.htm
!. ,volution of the -alos .issile" )illiam +arten" ,r. and Fran4 =. Dean" ,ohns Hop4ins =PL Tehnial Digest" Fol 7 No 9" .<?9" p ..$.
8. -he First Forty +ears# Cha"ter /# -he 0- Fu1e $ Secret 2ea"on of 2orl 2ar !!" ,ohns Hop4ins University =pplied Physis Laboratory" Shneidereith K Sons" Aaltimore 5d" .<?7.
#. -he First Forty +ears# Cha"ter 3# -he .issile Age" ,ohns Hop4ins University =pplied Physis Laboratory" Shneidereith K Sons" Aaltimore 5d" .<?7" page .<.
$. History of Ram4et an Scram4et 5ro"ulsion %evelo"ment for 67S7 Navy .issiles" Pa(l ,. )altr(p" 5ihael @. )hite" Frederi4 Iarlingo and @d%ard S. +ravlin" ,ohns Hop4ins =PL Tehnial Digest" Fol .? No 9"
.<<$" p 97!.
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