WORKING CAPITAL

WORKING CAPITAL

- Meaning of Working Capital

Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via,

1) Fixed Capital
2) Working Capital

Every business needs funds for two purposes

For its establishment

To carry out its day- to-day operations

Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of
fixed assets such as P&M, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets
represent that part of firm’s capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and
is called Fixed Capital.
Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material,
payment of wages and other day–to-day expenses etc. These funds are known as
Working Capital.

In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital which is
required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable
securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving
fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in
exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating
capital or short term capital.

CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL

There are two concepts of working capital:

1. Gross working capital

2. Net working capital

The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the
enterprise. Current assets are those Assets which can convert in to cash within a short
period normally one accounting year.
CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS

1) Cash in hand and cash at bank

2) Bills receivables

3) Sundry debtors

4) Short term loans and advances.

5) Inventories of stock as:

a. Raw material

b. Work in process

c. Stores and spares

d. Finished goods

6. Temporary investment of surplus funds.

7. Prepaid expenses

8. Accrued incomes.

9. Marketable securities.

In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working
capital is the excess of current assets over current liability, or, say:

NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS – CURRENT IABILITIES.

Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets
exceeds the current liabilities are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are
those liabilities, which are intended to be paid in the ordinary course of business
within a short period of normally one accounting year out of the current assts or the
income business.
CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES

1. Accrued or outstanding expenses.

2. Short term loans, advances and deposits.

3. Dividends payable.

4. Bank overdraft.

5. Provision for taxation, if it does not amount to approximate of profit.

6. Bills payable.

7. Sundry creditors.

The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net
working capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have
their own merits.

The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the
following reasons:

1. It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct

time.

2. Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to
operate then the source from where it is made available.

3. It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise
would increase its working capital.

4. This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in

working capital. The net working capital concept, however, is also important for
following reasons:

It’s a qualitative concept, which indicates the firm’s ability to meet to its
operating expenses and short-term liabilities.

IT indicates the margin of protection available to the short term creditors.

It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises.

It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement out of
the permanent sources of funds.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital may be classified in two ways:

O On the basis of concept.

O On the basis of time.

On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working capital and
net working capital. On the basis of time, working capital may be classified as:

Permanent or fixed working capital.

Temporary or variable working capital

PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL

Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to

ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of
current assets. Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-
process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level of current assets is
called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently
blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital
also increases due to increase in current assets.

TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL

Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which

is required to meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable
working capital can further be classified as seasonal working capital and special
working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is
called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital
which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing
for conducting research, etc.

Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is
required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the
business.
IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in

maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of production.

Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt

payments and makes and maintain the goodwill.

Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing
can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.

Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash
discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost.

Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular

supply of raw material and continuous production.

Regular Payment of Salaries, Wages and Other Day TO Day Commitments: It

leads to the satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees,
increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and enhances production and
profits.

Exploitation Of Favorable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequate

working capital then it can exploit the favorable market conditions such as purchasing
its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and holdings its inventories for
higher prices.

Ability to Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression.

Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a

concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of
the investors and can raise more funds in future.

High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities,

confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a business.

EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its
business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor
inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working
capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the inadequate working
capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm.

DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL

1. Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm
and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its investments.

2. Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of

inventories.

3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy
which causes higher incidence of bad debts.

4. It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.

5. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and
other financial institution may not be maintained.

6. Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall.

7. The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions

DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working
capital arises due to the time gap between production and realization of cash from
sales. There is an operating cycle involved in sales and realization of cash. There are
time gaps in purchase of raw material and production; production and sales; and
realization of cash.

Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes:

• For the purpose of raw material, components and spares.

• To pay wages and salaries
• To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses.
• To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.
• To provide credit facilities to the customer
• To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and
spares and finished stock.
 For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the
business under varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to
meet its initial requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These expenses are
called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed for working
capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its promoters. Greater
the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the working
capital.

The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and
expensing of the business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working
capital required is called normal working capital.

There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public

utility undertakings such as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer
cash sale only and supply services not products, and no funds are tied up in
inventories and receivables. On the other hand the trading and financial firms requires
less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital along
with fixed investments.

2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the
requirement of working capital.

3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep production steady by

accumulating inventories it will require higher working capital.

4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw
material and other supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with
progressive increment of labor and service costs before the final product is obtained.
So working capital is directly proportional to the length of the manufacturing process.

5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires

larger working capital than in slack season.

6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle
completes one cycle determines the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle
larger is the requirement of working capital.
 DEBTORS

CASH FINISHED GOODS

RAW MATERIAL WORK IN PROGRESS

7. RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between

the question of working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are
affected. A firm having a high rate of stock turnover wuill needs lower amt. of
working capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover.

8. CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales
its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.

9. BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there

is need for larger amt. of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic
expansion of business, etc. On the contrary in time of depression, the business
contracts, sales decline, difficulties are faced in collection from debtor and the firm
may have a large amt. of working capital.

10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern, we shall require

large amt. of working capital.

11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more
earning capacity than other due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc.
Such firms may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working
capital. The dividend policy also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm
maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits, needs
working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so
high rate of cash dividend.

12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working
capital requirements. Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.
Others FACTORS: These are:

• Operating efficiency
• Management ability
• Irregularities of supply
• Import policy
• Asset structure
• Importance of labor
• Banking facilities, etc

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in

attempting to manage the current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working
capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in
such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained, i.e. it is neither
adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There should be no
shortage of funds and also no working capital should be ideal.

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT POLICES of a firm has a great on its

probability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. So working capital
management is three dimensional in nature as

1. It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity

and risk.

2. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current
assets.

3. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current
liabilities.

WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS

As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business.
Adequate amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth running of
the business. And the most important part is the efficient management of working
capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected by the
management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of
working capital is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital
is employed in a business. This involves the need of working capital analysis.
The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such
as:

1. Ratio analysis.
2. Fund flow analysis.
3. Budgeting.

1. RATIO ANALYSIS

A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The technique of

ratio analysis can be employed for measuring short-term liquidity or working capital
position of a firm. The following ratios can be calculated for these purposes:

1. Current ratio.

2. Quick ratio

3. Absolute liquid ratio

4. Inventory turnover.

5. Receivables turnover.

6. Payable turnover ratio.

7. Working capital turnover ratio.

8. Working capital leverage

9. Ratio of current liabilities to tangible net worth.

2. FUND FLOW ANALYSIS

Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source from which
additional funds were derived and the use to which these sources were put. The fund
flow analysis consists of:

a. Preparing schedule of changes of working capital

b. Statement of sources and application of funds.

It is an effective management tool to study the changes in financial position (working

capital) business enterprise between beginning and ending of the financial dates.
3. WORKING CAPITAL BUDGET

A budget is a financial and / or quantitative expression of business plans and polices

to be pursued in the future period time. Working capital budget as a part of the total
budge ting process of a business is prepared estimating future long term and short
term working capital needs and sources to finance them, and then comparing the
budgeted figures with actual performance for calculating the variances, if any, so that
corrective actions may be taken in future. He objective working capital budget is to
ensure availability of funds as and needed, and to ensure effective utilization of these
resources. The successful implementation of working capital budget involves the
preparing of separate budget for each element of working capital, such as, cash,
inventories and receivables etc.

ANALYSIS OF SHORT – TERM FINANCIAL POSITION OR TEST OF

LIQUIDITY

The short –term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and
commercial banks short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a
firm to meet its obligations in time. The short term obligations of a firm can be met in
time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to with the confidence of
investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm and the efficient use of fixed
assets the liquid position of the firm must be strong. But, a very high degree of
liquidity of the firm being tied – up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper
balance in regard to the liquidity of the firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for
measuring short-term financial position or short-term solvency position of the firm.

1. Liquidity ratios.
2. Current assets movements ‘ratios.

A) LIQUIDITY RATIOS

Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when
these become due. The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts from
current, floating or circulating assts. The current assets should either be liquid or near
about liquidity. These should be convertible in cash for paying obligations of short-
term nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be assessed by
comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current
liabilities then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current
liabilities cannot be met out of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To
measure the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be calculated:
1. CURRENT RATIO
2. QUICK RATIO
3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

1. CURRENT RATIO

Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measure of general liquidity
and its most widely used to make the analysis of short-term financial position or
liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the relation between current assets and current
liabilities. Thus,

CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS / CURRENT LIABILITES

The two components of this ratio are:

1) CURRENT ASSETS

2) CURRENT LIABILITES

Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry debtors,
inventories and work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include outstanding expenses,
bill payable, dividend payable etc.

A relatively high current ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability
to pay its current obligations in time. On the hand a low current ratio represents that
the liquidity position of the firm is not good and the firm shall not be able to pay its
current liabilities in time. A ratio equal or near to the rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current
assets double the current liabilities is considered to be satisfactory.

CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO (Rupees in crore)

e.g.

Year 2003 2004 2005

Current Assets 81.29 83.12 13,6.57
Current Liabilities 27.42 20.58 33.48
Current Ratio 2.96:1 4.03:1 4.08:1
Interpretation:-

As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of
the company for last three years it has increased from 2003 to 2005. The current ratio
of company is more than the ideal ratio. This depicts that company’s liquidity position
is sound. Its current assets are more than its current liabilities.

2. QUICK RATIO

Quick ratio is a more rigorous test of liquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio may be
defined as the relationship between quick/liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities.
An asset is said to be liquid if it can be converted into cash with a short period without
loss of value. It measures the firms’ capacity to pay off current obligations
immediately.

QUICK RATIO = QUICK ASSETS / CURRENT LIABILITES

Where Quick Assets are:

1) Marketable Securities
2) Cash in hand and Cash at bank.
3) Debtors.
A high ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its
current liabilities in time and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents that the
firms’ liquidity position is not good.

As a rule of thumb ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory. It is generally thought that if

quick assets are equal to the current liabilities then the concern may be able to meet its
short-term obligations. However, a firm having high quick ratio may not have a
satisfactory liquidity position if it has slow paying debtors. On the other hand, a firm
having a low liquidity position if it has fast moving inventories.

CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO

e.g. (Rupees in Crore)

Year 2003 2004 2005

Quick Assets 44.14 47.43 61.55
Current Liabilities 27.42 20.58 33.48
Quick Ratio 1.6 : 1 2.3 : 1 1.8 : 1
Interpretation :

A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its
current liabilities in time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Company’s quick ratio is more
than ideal ratio. This shows company has no liquidity problem.

3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

Although receivables, debtors and bills receivable are generally more liquid than
inventories, yet there may be doubts regarding their realization into cash immediately
or in time. So absolute liquid ratio should be calculated together with current ratio and
acid test ratio so as to exclude even receivables from the current assets and find out
the absolute liquid assets. Absolute Liquid Assets includes :

ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO = ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS /CURRENT

LIABILITES

ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS = CASH & BANK BALANCES.

e.g. (Rupees in Crore)

Year 2003 2004 2005

Absolute Liquid Assets 4.69 1.79 5.06
Current Liabilities 27.42 20.58 33.48
Absolute Liquid Ratio .17 : 1 .09 : 1 .15 : 1

Interpretation :

These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But there is
nothing to be worried about the lack of cash because company has reserve, borrowing
power & long term investment. In India, firms have credit limits sanctioned from
banks and can easily draw cash.

B) CURRENT ASSETS MOVEMENT RATIOS

Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profits. The
efficiency with which assets are managed directly affects the volume of sales. The
better the management of assets, large is the amount of sales and profits. Current
assets movement ratios measure the efficiency with which a firm manages its
resources. These ratios are called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed with
which assets are converted or turned over into sales.
Depending upon the purpose, a number of turnover ratios can be calculated.

They are :

1. Inventory Turnover Ratio

2. Debtors Turnover Ratio
3. Creditors Turnover Ratio
4. Working Capital Turnover Ratio

The current ratio and quick ratio give misleading results if current assets include high
amount of debtors due to slow credit collections and moreover if the assets include
high amount of slow moving inventories. As both the ratios ignore the movement of
current assets, it is important to calculate the turnover ratio.

1. INVENTORY TURNOVER OR STOCK TURNOVER RATIO:

Every firm has to maintain a certain amount of inventory of finished goods so as to

meet the requirements of the business. But the level of inventory should neither be too
high nor too low. Because it is harmful to hold more inventory as some amount of
capital is blocked in it and some cost is involved in it. It will therefore be advisable to
dispose the inventory as soon as possible.

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO = COST OF GOOD SOLD / AVERAGE

INVENTORY

Inventory turnover ratio measures the speed with which the stock is converted into
sales. Usually a high inventory ratio indicates an efficient management of inventory
because more frequently the stocks are sold; the lesser amount of money is required to
finance the inventory. Whereas, the low inventory turnover ratio indicates that the
inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnover implies over
investment in inventories, dull business, poor quality of goods, stock accumulations
and slow moving goods and low profits as compared to total investment.

AVERAGE STOCK = (OPENING STOCK + CLOSING STOCK) / 2

(Rupees in Crore)

Year 2003 2004 2005

Cost of Goods sold 110.6 103.2 96.8
Average Stock 73.59 36.42 55.35
Inventory Turnover Ratio 1.5 times 2.8 times 1.75 times
Interpretation :

This ratio shows how rapidly the inventory is turning into receivable through
sales. In 2004 the company has high inventory turnover ratio but in 2005 it has
reduced to 1.75 times. This shows that the company’s inventory management
technique is less efficient as compare to last year.

2. INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD:

INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD = 365 (net working days) /

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO

e.g.

Year 2003 2004 2005

Days 365 365 365
Inventory Turnover Ratio 1.5 2.8 1.8
Inventory Conversion Period 243 days 130 days 202 days

Interpretation :

Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories takes to
convert from raw material to finished goods. In the company inventory conversion
period is decreasing. This shows the efficiency of management to convert the
inventory into cash.

3. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO:

A concern may sell its goods on cash as well as on credit to increase its sales and a
liberal credit policy may result in tying up substantial funds of a firm in the form of
trade debtors. Trade debtors are expected to be converted into cash within a short
period and are included in current assets. So liquidity position of a concern also
depends upon the quality of trade debtors. Two types of ratio can be calculated to
evaluate the quality of debtors.

a) Debtors Turnover Ratio

b) Average Collection Period

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO = TOTAL SALES (CREDIT) / AVERAGE

DEBTORS
Debtor’s velocity indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over during a
year. Generally higher the value of debtor’s turnover ratio the more efficient is the
management of debtors/sales or more liquid are the debtors. Whereas a low debtors
turnover ratio indicates poor management of debtors/sales and less liquid debtors.
This ratio should be compared with ratios of other firms doing the same business and
a trend may be found to make a better interpretation of the ratio.

AVERAGE DEBTORS= (OPENING DEBTOR+CLOSING DEBTOR) / 2

e.g.

Year 2003 2004 2005

Sales 166.0 151.5 169.5
Average Debtors 17.33 18.19 22.50
Debtor Turnover Ratio 9.6 times 8.3 times 7.5 times

Interpretation :

This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover
into sales. The higher the values or turnover into sales. The higher the values of
debtors turnover, the more efficient is the management of credit. But in the company
the debtor turnover ratio is decreasing year to year. This shows that company is not
utilizing its debtor’s efficiency. Now their credit policy becomes liberal as compare to
previous year.

4. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD:

Average Collection Period = No. of Working Days / Debtors Turnover Ratio

The average collection period ratio represents the average number of days for which a
firm has to wait before its receivables are converted into cash. It measures the quality
of debtors. Generally, shorter the average collection period the better is the quality of
debtors as a short collection period implies quick payment by debtors and vice-versa.

Average Collection Period = 365 (Net Working Days)

Debtors Turnover Ratio

Year 2003 2004 2005

Days 365 365 365
Debtor Turnover Ratio 9.6 8.3 7.5
Average Collection Period 38 days 44 days 49 days
Interpretation :

The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps in
analyzing the efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to analysis the credit policy
adopted by company. In the firm average collection period increasing year to year. It
shows that the firm has Liberal Credit policy. These changes in policy are due to
competitor’s credit policy.

5. WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO:

Working capital turnover ratio indicates the velocity of utilization of net working
capital. This ratio indicates the number of times the working capital is turned over in
the course of the year. This ratio measures the efficiency with which the working
capital is used by the firm. A higher ratio indicates efficient utilization of working
capital and a low ratio indicates otherwise. But a very high working capital turnover is
not a good situation for any firm.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Cost of Sales / Net Working Capital

Working Capital Turnover = Sales / Networking Capital

e.g.

Year 2003 2004 2005

Sales 166.0 151.5 169.5
Networking Capital 53.87 62.52 103.09
Working Capital Turnover 3.08 2.4 1.64

Interpretation :

This ratio indicates low much net working capital requires for sales. In 2005,
the reciprocal of this ratio (1/1.64 = .609) shows that for sales of Rs. 1 the company
requires 60 paisa as working capital. Thus this ratio is helpful to forecast the working
capital requirement on the basis of sale.

INVENTORIES

(Rs. in Crores)

Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Inventories 37.15 35.69 75.01
Interpretation:

Inventories are a major part of current assets. If any company wants to manage its
working capital efficiency, it has to manage its inventories efficiently. The graph
shows that inventory in 2002-2003 is 45%, in 2003-2004 is 43% and in 2004-2005 is
54% of their current assets. The company should try to reduce the inventory up to
10% or 20% of current assets.

CASH BANK BALANCE:

(Rs. in Cores)

Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Cash Bank Balance 4.69 1.79 5.05
Interpretation :

Cash is basic input or component of working capital. Cash is needed to keep the
business running on a continuous basis. So the organization should have sufficient
cash to meet various requirements. The above graph is indicate that in 2003 the cash is
4.69 crores but in 2004 it has decrease to 1.79. The result of that it disturb the firms
manufacturing operations. In 2005, it is increased upto approx. 5.1% cash balance. So
in 2005, the company has no problem for meeting its requirement as compare to 2004.

DEBTORS:

(Rs. in Crores)

Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Debtors 17.33 19.05 25.94
Interpretation :

Debtors constitute a substantial portion of total current assets. In India it

constitute one third of current assets. The above graph is depict that there is increase
in debtors. It represents an extension of credit to customers. The reason for increasing
credit is competition and company liberal credit policy.

CURRENT ASSETS:

(Rs. in Crores)

Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Current Assets 81.29 83.15 136.57
Interpretation:

This graph shows that there is 64% increase in current assets in 2005. This
increase is arising because there is approx. 50% increase in inventories. Increase in
current assets shows the liquidity soundness of company.

CURRENT LIABILITY:

(Rs. in Crores)

Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Current Liability 27.42 20.58 33.48
Interpretation:

Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2005 the
current liabilities of the company increased. But still increase in current assets are
more than its current liabilities.

NET WOKRING CAPITAL:

(Rs. in Crores)

Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Net Working Capital 53.87 62.53 103.09
Interpretation:

Working capital is required to finance day to day operations of a firm. There

should be an optimum level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too
excess. In the company there is increase in working capital. The increase in working
capital arises because the company has expanded its business.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology, I have adopted for my study is the various tools, which basically
analyze critically financial position of to the organization:

COMMON-SIZE P/L A/C

COMMON-SIZE BALANCE SHEET
COMPARTIVE P/L A/C
COMPARTIVE BALANCE SHEET
TREND ANALYSIS
RATIO ANALYSIS
The above parameters are used for critical analysis of financial position. With the
evaluation of each component, the financial position from different angles is tried to
be presented in well and systematic manner. By critical analysis with the help of
different tools, it becomes clear how the financial manager handles the finance
matters in profitable manner in the critical challenging atmosphere, the
recommendation are made which would suggest the organization in formulation of a
healthy and strong position financially with proper management system.

I sincerely hope, through the evaluation of various percentage, ratios and comparative
analysis, the organization would be able to conquer it’s in efficiencies and makes the
desired changes.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Financial statement is a collection of data organized according to logical and

consistent accounting procedure to convey an under-standing of some financial
aspects of a business firm. It may show position at a moment in time, as in the case of
balance sheet or may reveal a series of activities over a given period of time, as in the
case of an income statement. Thus, the term ‘financial statements’ generally refers to
the two statements

(1) The position statement or Balance sheet.

(2) The income statement or the profit and loss Account.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

According to accounting Principal Board of America (APB) states

The following objectives of financial statements: -

1. To provide reliable financial information about economic resources and obligation

of a business firm.

2. To provide other needed information about charges in such economic resources and
obligation.
3. To provide reliable information about change in net resources (recourses less
obligations) missing out of business activities.

4. To provide financial information that assets in estimating the learning potential of

the business.

LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Though financial statements are relevant and useful for a concern, still they do not
present a final picture a final picture of a concern. The utility of these statements is
dependent upon a number of factors. The analysis and interpretation of these
statements must be done carefully otherwise misleading conclusion may be drawn.

Financial statements suffer from the following limitations: -

1. Financial statements do not given a final picture of the concern. The data given in
these statements is only approximate. The actual value can only be determined when
the business is sold or liquidated.

2. Financial statements have been prepared for different accounting periods, generally
one year, during the life of a concern. The costs and incomes are apportioned to
different periods with a view to determine profits etc. The allocation of expenses and
income depends upon the personal judgment of the accountant. The existence of
contingent assets and liabilities also make the statements imprecise. So the financial
statements are at the most interim reports rather than the final picture of the firm.

3. The financial statements are expressed in monetary value, so they appear to give
final and accurate position. The value of fixed assets in the balance sheet neither
represent the value for which fixed assets can be sold nor the amount which will be
required to replace these assets. The balance sheet is prepared on the presumption of a
going concern. The concern is expected to continue in future. So, the fixed assets are
shown at cost less accumulated depreciation. Moreover, there are certain assets in the
balance sheet which will realize nothing at the time of liquidation but they are shown
in the balance sheets.

4. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of historical costs or original
costs. The value of assets decreases with the passage of time current price changes are
not taken into account. The statement are not prepared with the keeping in view the
economic conditions. The balance sheet loses the significance of being an index of
current economic realities. Similarly, the profitability shown by the income statements
may be representing the earning capacity of the concern.
5. There are certain factors which have a bearing on the financial position and
operating result of the business but they do not become a part of these statements
because they cannot be measured in monetary terms. The basic limitation of the
traditional financial statements comprising the balance sheet, profit & loss A/c is that
they do not give all the information regarding the financial operation of the firm.
Nevertheless, they provide some extremely useful information to the extent the
balance sheet mirrors the financial position on a particular data in lines of the structure
of assets, liabilities etc. and the profit & loss A/c shows the result of operation during
a certain period in terms revenue obtained and cost incurred during the year.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

It is the process of identifying the financial strength and weakness of a firm from the
available accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done

CALCULATIONS OF RATIOS

Ratios are relationship expressed in mathematical terms between figures, which are
connected with each other in some manner.

CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS

Ratios can be classified in to different categories depending upon the basis of

classification

The traditional classification has been on the basis of the financial statement to which
the determination of ratios belongs.

These are:-

Profit & Loss account ratios

Balance Sheet ratios

Composite ratios