KHAKAS-TURKISH-ENGLISH

DICTIONARY



TURKISTAN LIBRARY
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TURKISTON KUTUBXONASI
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THE KHAKAS LANGUAGE

Khakas is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas people, who mainly live in the southern
Siberian Khakas Republic, or Khakassia. The Khakas number 78,500, of whom 60,168 speak the
Khakas language; most people are bilingual in Russian.
Traditionally, the Khakas language is divided into several closely related dialects which take
their names form the different 'tribes': Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Beltir, and Kyzyl. In fact, these
names represent former administrative units rather than tribal or linguistic groups. Later on, the
Shor dialect was recognized as a Khakas dialect as well. The people speaking all these dialects
simply refer to themselves as Tadar (i.e. Tatar).
The Khakas literary language, which was developed only after the Russian revolution, is
based on the central dialects Sagay and Kacha; the Beltir dialect has largely been assimilated by
Sagay, and the Koybal dialect by Kacha. The Shor dialect of Khakas is spoken by people who
originally came from Shoria, an area bordering on the west of Khakassia. The language spoken
in Shoria, Shor, is closely related to Khakas, and can in fact be regarded as a dialect of Khakas.
The first text recordings of Khakas originate from the 19th century. The Finnish linguist
Matthias Castrn, who travelled through northern and Central Asia between 1845-1849, wrote a
treatise on the Koybal dialect, and recorded an epic (1857).
Wilhelm Radloff travelled the south Siberian region extensively between 1859 and 1870. The
result of his research was, among others, published in his four volume dictionary, Versuch eines
Wrterbuches der Trk-dialecte (1893-1911), and in his ten volume series of Turkic texts,
Proben der Volkslitteratur der trkischen Stmme (1866-1907). The first two volumes contain
his Khakas and Shor materials, mainly epics and songs, which are provided with a German
translation. The ninth volume, compiled by Radloff's student Nikolaj Fedorovich Katanov, who
was a Khakas himself, contains further Khakas materials.
Apart from some minor publications, it was only in the forties of the twentieth century that
publications in Khakas on a larger scale started off.



Introduction to the Khakas Vocabulary


[A] [B] [] [E] [I] [] [] [K] [M] [N] [O] [] [P] [S] [Sh] [T] [U] [] [X] [Y]

The alphabetical index above points to files in word format, the index at the bottom of the page
points to older files in html format.
The Khakas language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, to which some letters have been added
(in transcription these are: , , , j, gh, and ). The Cyrillic letters f, v, ts, and shch occur in
Russian loanwords only. The table below presents the letters used here and their pronunciation.


The Khakas Consonants
Consonants labial alveolar palatal velar uvular
plosives
voiceless p t k
voiced b d
affricates
voiceless
voiced j
fricatives
voiceless s sh x
voiced z zh g gh
nasals m n
liquids
laterals l
vibrants r
approximants y



The Khakas Vowels
Vowels
front back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
high i, u
non-high e a o

The letters sh and zh only occur in Kyzyl, Kacha and Shor dialect forms.
A number of additional letters are used by Radloff:
(next to e, in the modern literary language both represented by e)
q (literary language x)
g' ('soft' or nearly frictionless pronunciation of g)
b' (slighly nasalised b)
l' (velarized l)
Radloff furthermore employs two additional letters, a j without dot, and a j with comma-like dot.
According to his dictionary, these graphemes represent a y preceded by a soft t and by a soft d
respectively; in his Proben, however, these representations have been switched. Following his
dictionary, j without dot is here represented by t', and j with comma-like dot by d'. These
graphemes occur mainly in Koybal dialect words, and correspond roughly to literary language
and j.
All vowels may have length, except for the reduced .
Note that k and g occur in front-vocalic words, and x and gh in back-vocalic words.
The letters b, d, j, z, g, gh, , l, r and y do not occur in word-initial position (except for
loanwords); the Kyzyl dialect allows sh and y in this position.
The Khakas-English vocabulary presented below is based mainly on the Khakas-Russian
dictionary edited by Baskakov and Inkizhekova-Grekul (1953). Many of the Russian loanwords
have been omitted here. To these materials, the words of the Sagay, Koybal, Kacha and Kyzyl
dialects in Radloff's dictionary (1893-1911) have been added. Occasionally, words form other
sources have been included.
Etymological references are being noted (as time goes by).


KHAKAS VOCABULARY:
A


a and, but.
a ah!
aal village, settlement; obsol nomad camp; Xzl Aal 'The Red Village' (name of a local
newspaper); aal soved village council; aaldagh being in the village; pertaining to the
village, village-; aaldagh gret teacher of the village. [<CT *aagl].
aalay vermilion, crimson, scarlet; pink; aalay-arax pinkish; cf Sagay kpen.
aalj blister, pockmark; ulugh aalj blackpocks; kg aalj chickenpox.
aalj guest. [LM ayili(n)].
aaljbay person who likes to go visiting.
aaljlgh having guests, pertaining to guests.
aalla= to visit as a guest, to come as a guest; ol pste aallapa s/he is visiting us; pske
aalla visit us, be our guest.
aallas a visit.
aallas= to visit or to invite one another.
aallat= to let visit, to invite.
aallgh with a village, having villages; kp aallgh rayon a region with many villages.
aan= (~ an=) to acquire, to obtain.
aangh the act of obtaining.
aans= to acquire together, to obtain together.
aant= to let acquire, to let obtain.
aar bee; alaas aar wasp; saxja aar wasp; tktg aar hornet; aar uyaz bees' nest.
[<CT *ar].
aar heavy; aar mashina pdrz heavy engineering industry; aar tn= ? hard to hear;
aar re pregnant woman. [<CT *aagr].
aar far; thither; aar par! go thither! go away!; aar-peer hither and thither; aar-tdr to
and fro; aar aylanza - ay osxas, peer aylanza - kn osxas aar-tdr folk if she turns
thither, she is like the moon, if she turns hither, she is like the sun (said of a beautiful
girl). [<CT *aaru].
aar the cheese sediment of ayran. [LM aghara(n)].
aarda a lot, very much.
aarla= to honour; to treat.
aarlgh dear; expensive; costly. [<CT aagrlg].
aars= to feel tired and sleepy.
aas throat, mouth; axs his/her mouth. [<CT *agz].
aasta= to speak about.
aat black diver (a species of duck); aat nmrxaz egg of the black diver. [<CT *at].
aaxta= to roar.
aba dial father; abaz his/her father; abezi Shor his/her father. [<CT *apa].
aba bear.
abaa elder brother.
abaxay beautiful; beauty; ayda argh abaxay, knne slg abaxay folk beauty clearer
than the moon, beauty more magnificent than the sun; cf slg, kerek. [LM abaqai
princes].
abdra treasure chest. [LM abdara].
abrtx a drink containing flour.
abs priest.
absxajax Kyzyl cf apsax old man.
abt= to swing the craddle.
abzn daughter-in-law (term of address among daughters-in-law). [LM abisun].
abla= to attack together; to surround. [<CT *aabla=].
abra Kyzyl four-weeled cart. [Ar 'arba].
a: a xarndas (first) cousin. [LM ai].
a= to be hot, sour, salt, pungent; to experience pain or anguish, to smart; st ad the
milk turned sour; teste irtre ap parghan the dough has turned too sour; reem
apa my heart aches. [<CT *aa=].
agh hot, sour, salt, bitter, sharp, pungent (taste); grief, woe, sorrow; trouble, nuisance;
vexation, annoyance; agh muksun pungent onion. [<CT *aag].
aghlan= dial cf arghan= to be sad, angry.
aghlgh sorrowful, grieving. [<CT *aaglg].
al= cf azl= to open, to clear.
an miserly, stingy, greedy.
anstgh pitiful, pitiable, sorry, poor, wretched; anstgh krngen s/he seemed poor.
arghan= to be distressed, to be sad, to grieve; to be vexed, to be annoyed; to be angry,
to be indignant; cf dial aghlan=.
as the act of turning hot, sour, bitter.
as= to open together. [<CT *ash=].
as= to experience pain or anguish together. [<CT *aash=].
at= to make hot, sour, salt; to ferment. [<CT *aash=].
ada father; ada-ir-suu homeland, mother land. [<CT *ata].
ada= to be called. [<CT *aata=].
adas namesake, person having the same name. [<CT *aat + *-dash].
aday dog. [NE *aday]
adm Sagay a piece sewn onto a dress.
agha paternal grandfather. [<CT *aaka].
aghar= to become white. [<CT *aakar=].
aghas tree; wood; srghay aghas dead wood, dead standing trees; a wooden pole for
shaking down ceder cones; aghas odrtaz forest plantation; the planting of young trees;
aghas taxta wooden bridge; aghas promshlennoz wood industry; te aghas banner.
[<CT *ga].
aghax= to roll about. [cf CT *aagna=].
aghaya() Sagay a species of bird.
aghbara= to be shaggy, tousled; cf gdere=.
aghbax broken.
aghl= to bring along.
aghn stream, torrent, flow, course, current; rapids; swiftly streaming, running; lgh
aghn warm current; aghn sugh running water.
aghr= to be ill, to hurt. [<CT *aagr=].
aghspa dial seine, sweep-net; cf szrbe.
aghlax minority, small numbered. [? LM aghlagh].
aghnx trap for sables.
agh-oy RI:969 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal bluish white (a horse colour); cf oy.
aghrin slowly.
aja Sagay uncle (term of address used towards elder people).
akkaya eh! (exclamation expressing surprise).
al= to take, to receive, to get, to acquire; to buy; to deduct (arythmetic); sadp al= to sell;
pazp al= to write (for oneself); min azm al live long! (lit. get my years of age); pala
al= to nurse a child; saghsxa al= to remember. [<CT *al=].
ala multicoloured, mottled, variegated, piebald (spotted in two different colours); ala
nek variegated cow; ala at piebald horse; xara ala dark piebald; ala bula multicoloured;
ala xula lightbrown with black mane and tail. [<CT *aala].
alabars lion. [<CT *aala + *bars].
alax (ib) obsol cone-shaped shelter. [cf CT *alau tent].
alapugha a species of fish (perch, bass).
alas woodpecker.
alaxtr= to cheat.
alay cf alayba or.
alayba (~ alay) or.
alban tax, duty, assessment. [LM alba(n)].
albat taxpayer, subject. [LM albatu].
albgha sable (animal).
alda= to comfort, to console; to try to persuade, to talk into.
aldagh comfort, consolation; persuasion.
aldr= to let take, receive, get, acquire; to let buy; to let deduct (arythmetic); to give way
to. [<CT *aldr=].
algha= to bless; to thank; to wish succes. [<CT *alka=].
alghay small kettle. [MM alghuy].
algh stupid.
alm debt. [<CT *alm].
aln front; frontside; aln tster front teeth; aln azax front leg, front paw; aln terpek
front wheel; aln tirg front ? [Rus toroka] (of the saddle); cf aln. [<CT *aaln].
aln= to go mad; to act foolishly, to do a stupid thing; of animals to become rabid, to go
mad.
alndr= to make mad; xarax alndr= to make a fool of, to fool.
alp hero; heroic; cf matr. [<CT *alp].
alptgh heroic; alptgh nmax epic.
als= to exchange. [<CT *alsh=].
alstr= to change.
aljaasta= to be mistaken; cf obsol Sagay, Koybal, Shor naal=. [LM aljiyas].
ajci ankle. [LM alu].
allgh broad.
aln front; frontside; before (possessive of aln); tura aln the frontside of the house;
alnnda in front (of); before; ta alnnda before dawn; sotsialistieskay marghlasta
olarn brigadaz alnnda para in the socialist emulation, their brigade goes in front;
alnnda paratxan kolxoz a kolxoz marching in front, a progressive kolxoz; l plann
srok alnnda toldrghabs we have fulfilled the year plan before date; revolyutsiya
pastalar alnnda on the eve of the revolution; ol kirek trt l mn alnnda polghan
that matter occurred four years before this. [<CT *aaln].
alnndagh situated in front; occurring before; alnndagh terpeg front wheel; may
alnndagh sotsialistieskay marghlas socialist emulation occurring before May.
alta= to step over; irkn alta= to cross the threshold.
altam Sagay step; cf xalx.
altan= to ride or mount a horse.
altandr= to let ride a horse; to help to sit on the horse, to help mount the horse.
alt six. [<CT *alt].
alt underside. [<CT *alt].
altn gold, golden. [<CT *altun].
altnsarx north.
alton sixty. [<CT *alt + *oon].
am now. [NE *am].
amox immediately.
amr quiet, calm. [<CT *amur].
anaxtgh coniferous; anaxtgh aghastar coniferous trees.
anna after, afterwards.
an= cf aan= to obtain.
anmox goodbye; anmox pir= to say goodbye.
anmoxtas= to say goodbye.
an-, obl ol that; anda there; at him, her; anda-mnda here and there, everywhere;
andagh situated there, being there, of there; andada then, at that time; andagh as that;
anna from that; afterwards. [<CT *an-].
andar there, in that way, in that direction; andartn from there; andarx being there.
a animal, prey, game. [LM ang].
adar= to fell.
ad= to stare, to gaze, to look fixedly; to scrutinize, to take a good look at; to gape at.
[<CT *ad=].
ads= to take a good look at one another; to stare together.
amar storage. [Ar anbaar].
amay= to open wide one's mouth, to gape; to be taken aback; to be absent-minded.
ana= to hunt. [LM angna=].
apar= to carry, to convey; to bring, to bear; to conduct, to lead. [<CT *alp bar=].
apardr= to let carry, convey, bring, bear, conduct, lead.
apsax old man; cf Shor apshax, Kyzyl absxajax. [<CT abuka].
apsr= to sneeze. [<CT *asur=].
apshax B75:7 Shor cf apsax old man.
ar= to grow thin, to become meagre, to become emaciated; RPII:660:38 Kyzyl to become
tired; astaan xarn tosjx, arghan paz simrjk folk his hungry belly became satiated,
his emaciated head became fleshy. [<CT *har=].
ar= Sagay to hollow out a cutting or groove in a log.
ara (the space) between, among; k sugh araz the space between two rivers; pu arada
at this place, in these surroundings; pu arada ol oghl s/he is not around; tagh araznda
between, in the mountains; kz arazna kr= to enter society, to meddle with other
people's business; ara xon= to spend the night; k-ara twins (animals). [<CT *aara].
aram seldom, little, sometimes.
aran ?; cf perhaps arancula hero's horse.
arancula RI:252 Sagay hero's horse; cf perhaps aran.
arba Kacha barley. [<CT *arpa].
arn juniper; tagh arn mountain juniper. [cf LM ara].
arda= to rot. [<CT *arta=].
ardat= to corrupt. [<CT *artat=].
argha back; seam on the shoulder; mountain ridge; arghamda on my back; argha miiz
spinal cord; tagh arghaz mountain ridge; argha mriy folk contest of heroes. [<CT
*arka].
argha cf arghal all.
argha= to embroider.
arghaas laziness; lazy. [cf LM argha].
arghal (~ argha) all; the whole of; a great number of always; argha mal all the
livestock; argha on a great number of people.
arghamj lasso, rope, string; xl arghamj rope of hair.
arghan fake, false; arghan ss folk lie, falsehood; arghan szn sngha turghsxan folk
s/he took his/her lie for truth; arghan sari the wrong side.
arghs obsol engagement (to be married).
arghs friend. [<CT *arksh].
argh grove, copse; thicket, brushwood. [<CT *arg].
argh clean, pure, blank; clear; transparant; argh tetrad' a blank writing book; ta
atxan, argh kn sxxan folk dawn appeared, the clear sun rose; xara sughda argh
sugh axa from the spring flows clear water; ap-argh very clear; argh znng folk
with a shining [beautiful] face. [<CT *argh].
art= to clean, to cleanse, to clean out; to wipe off, to rub out. [<CT *art=].
arx dung. [<CT *ark].
arx meagre, thin (animals). [<CT *aruk].
aron separate; other; cf dial oron.
arsa maybe.
arsax uneven; sticking out; arsax xaya protruding rock; arsax sn mountain pass; cf
apsax.
arsax-xorsax without (front) teeth.
arsl wild.
art= to be excessive. [<CT *art=].
artx rest, what is left, what is more; more; better. [<CT *artuk].
as ermine. [<CT *as].
as food. [<CT *ash].
as little, few. [<CT *aaz].
as= to open; to unlock; to bare, to expose, to uncover; to fling open, to thrust open;
xaragn asxan s/he opened his/her eyes; kzenek as= to open the windows; zk as= to
open, unlock the door; pis'mo as= to open a letter; tonn aa tastaan s/he threw open
his/her dress. [<CT a=].
as= to pass along (+ ablative). [<CT *aash=].
aspax mountain pass; cf arsax.
asta= to be hungry. [NE *ashta=, cf CT *aa].
astan= to protect oneself against diseases.
asxr stallion; cf Sagay axsr, dial ayghr. [<CT *adgr].
at name. [<CT *aat].
at horse. [<CT *at].
at= to shoot. [<CT *at=].
ats= to shoot together; to compete in shooting; to exchange fire, to skirmish. [<CT
*atsh=].
attgh having a name, famous. [<CT *aatlg].
attgh having a horse; on horseback; horseman. [<CT *atlg].
ax white. [<CT *aak].
ax= to flow, to stream. [<CT *ak=].
axa money.
axkiik deer, reindeer; axkiik palaz young deer; axkiik id venison; axkiik od reindeer
moss, lichen; axkiik mster antlers.
axpyax Kyzyl doll; cf kkl.
axsax lame, limping; ter-axsax dial landrail, corncrake; cf taart. [<CT *aksak].
axsr Sagay cf asxr stallion.
ay moon; month [RI:4 moon; month; folk epithet in names of heroes, heroines and
horses]; ay tol (~ ay tolz) full moon; naa ay treen new moon; ay osxas resembling
the moon (said of a beauty); ay paz the beginning of the month; ay so RI:6 Sagay the
end of the month; ay say every month, monthly; il ay January [l ay RI:7 Sagay first
month]; azgh ay February [azg' ay RI:7 < Verbitskij, ayg' ay RI:7 Sagay second
month]; ulugh krk ay March [krk ay RI:7 Sagay third month]; kg krk ay
April; xra tarta ay May [qara tara ay RI:7 Sagay fourth month]; ps ay June;
xandx ay June [sp ay RI:7 Sagay fifth month]; tos ay July [tos ay RI:7 Sagay sixth
month]; ot ay August [ot ay RI:7 Sagay seventh month]; xra kise ay September;
orghax ay September [orghaq ay RI:7 Sagay eighth month]; ars ay October [ars
ay RI:7 Sagay ninth month]; qurtuyaq ay RI:7 Sagay tenth month; kg xrlas ay
November [kig' qrl'as ay RI:7 Sagay twelfth month]; ulugh xrlas ay December
[ul'ug' qrl'as ay RI:7 Sagay eleventh month]; ay arii moonlight; ay ara par-aar RI:4
Sagay it is new moon; ay tol'd RI:4 Sagay it is full moon; ayd naaz RI:4 Sagay
waxing moon; ayd rgiz RI:4 Sagay waning moon; ay igi, s rgi pol'd RI:4 Sagay
it is the second, third day of the waning moon; ay itpeen pala premature born child; ay
kn itt trt= to be the time of giving birth. [<CT *aay].
ay RI:3 Koybal edible bulb.
ay oh! (exclamation expressing regret, pity, praise); shout to round up livestock; ay
palam! what (good) a child!.
ay: ay-tben very much; multitude; ten-thousands, a host of; ay-ts very quiet; silence,
quiet; rest, peace; ay-sm quiet, quietly; silence, quiet; rest, peace; ay-poraan completely
in disorder, completely unorganized; very confused; ay-sonaa instantly, immediately;
aghas araznda ay-sm polbst it had become very quiet among the trees, in the wood;
stol stnde ay-poraan there's a mess on the table; ay soo ox pard nothing is heard [of
it].
aya palm of the hand; aya albanja having the size of a hand palm. [<CT *aaya].
aya cross-bow (for hunting goats, musk-deer, and bears); bow.
aya= to complain, to lament; .
ayagh mercy. [<CT *ayag].
ayas clear. [<CT *ayas].
ayax cup, bowl; aghas ayax wooden bowl; timr ayax iron bowl; sn ayax glazed bowl;
sleyke ayax glass bowl; ayax-xams table-ware, the dishes, crockery; igrne it
tolghanda, pgrne mn tolghanda, arghan simrp astaan tosxanda, ayax-
xamn de pird folk when meat filled his/her curvatures, when soup filled his/her
bends, when s/he had eaten his/her fill. [<CT *ayak].
aybn= to stay longer, to be delayed.
aydas strong; healthy.
ayds Sagay, Koybal discussion, talk. [<CT *aytsh].
ayghas RI:15 Sagay teasing.
ayghax dial claw.
aygh smooth, equal.
ayghr dial cf asxr stallion.
ayghr= to shout. [<CT *aykr=].
aygh the act of sobering up, bringing to one's senses.
ayl= to come to one's senses, to sober up [ayl= RI:34 Sagay, Koybal]; zirgn kizi
ayl'd RI:34 Sagay the drunken person sobered up.
ayldr= to bring to one's senses, to sober up.
ayt= Kaa to sing; cf kgle=, sarna=, rla=.
aylan= to turn, to turn around, to revolve, to rotate, to whirl, to go round; cil tisker
aylanbst the wind turned to the opposite direction; olda ayland s/he turned on the
road.
aylans turning; ir aylanz rotation of the earth; pas aylanz dizyness.
aylgh with moon; of ... months; aylgh xaraa moonlit night; it aylgh of seven
months. [<CT *aaylg].
aylgh pregnant woman.
aymas= to stir, to mix.
aymaq RI:63 Sagay, Koybal, Kyzyl people; strange, alien people; Sagay Tuvan people.
aymax different, diverse, various; distant, far.
ayna devil [RI:17 Sagay, Koybal devil, evil spirit]; xara ayna devil; abal ayna devil; ?
(Rus kashchey); aynam tuta I am annoyed, out of temper; aynamna pol'! RI:17
Sagay unlucky you! poor devil!.
aynstgh urgent; aynstgh toghs pressing work; aynstgh kirek urgent matter.
aynt= to hasten, to quicken, to speed up, to accelarate; toghs aynt= to speed up work.
aynx= Sagay obsol to be embarrassed, put out of countenance, to be at a loss [aynq=
RI:23].
ayra term pertaining to the knucklebone game (Rus bitok, glavnyj astragal) [RI:25
Sagay, Koybal knucklebone game]; al'tn ayra oynap adr RI:25 s/he is playing with
golden knucklebones.
ayra Sagay obsol quiver (used when hunting).
ayran fermented milk [RI:25 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, Kyzyl].
ayr RI:26 Kyzyl rivulet, small stream.
ayt= Sagay to say, to tell, to narrate; cf ooxta=. [<CT *ayt=].
aza B75:8 Shor place where the snow has melted.
azax foot; azaghm my foot; azaam B75:6 Kaa my foot. [<CT *adak].
azaxtgh having feet.
azay phlegm (of animals).
azgh tooth. [<CT *azgh].
azgh mountain pass; cf azt.
azgh dial bear. [<CT *adg].
azl= to open; (of the weather) to clear; zk azld the door went open, opened. [<CT
*achl=].
azmax intruder, thief.
azr fork; branch. [<CT *adr].
azr= to swallow down.
azr= to separate. [<CT *adr=].
azr= to throw over. [<CT *aashur=].
azra across, over; above; beyond, in excess, more than; tagh azra over the mountain;
plan azra in excess of the plan; cf kizre, kire.
azra= to feed; cf azra=. [LM asara=].
azran= to feed oneself, to eat.
azrl= to be separated. [<CT *adrl=].
azt dial cf azgh mountain pass.
azy old (things only), former.
azx open. [<CT *auk].
azx supplies, stock; azx-tlk food supplies. [<CT *aazuk].
azs Sagay stomach.
azra= cf azra= to feed.

B


baarsax B75:6 Kacha cf paarsax affectionate, tender, sweet.
bas B75:6 Kacha cf pas head.
bazar market. [Ir].
boka barrel, cask. [Rus bochka].
bota high overshoes. [Rus boty, from French].




aa war. [<CT *yag].
aala= to go to war.
abagha two-year-old foal.
abal evil, bad; cf yabal.
aballas= to spoil, to make a mess of; to go to law against (+ ablative).
abas calm (of animals); Sagay calm, placid; abas kz a placid person; abas sugh
calm water, a slowly flowing river; cf abazax, Sagay amas. [<CT *yabash].
abazax cf abas calm.
abdax on horseback without saddle; cabdax at an unsaddled horse. [<CT *yabtak].
abgh closed, shut, covered.
abl= to close, to shut, to be or become closed, shut; to cover oneself, to be covered;
taghlar ax xrbxna abndlar the mountains were covered with white snow. [<CT
*yapl=].
ablghay name of a bird.
abn= to close, to shut, to be or become closed, shut; to cover oneself. [<CT *yapn=].
abs low; abs ir low lands; sken sn abs of low growth; cf abzax, Kyzyl
amsh.
abzax cf abs low.
ablax Sagay cf yablax potato.
a dial hair; am B75:5 Kaa my hair; cf sas hair.
adgh resting place, place for lying down; Sagay wood blown down by the wind. [<CT
*yatg].
agh grease, oil, butter; agh ogh it meat without grease. [<CT *yaag].
agh= of rain or snow to pour down. [<CT *yag=].
agha girdle, seam, edge; Sagay, Koybal obsol collar. [<CT *yaka].
aghlgh greasy, containing grease. [<CT *yaaglg].
aghn near, close. [<CT *yakn].
aghnna= to come near, close, to approach; kime sugh xazna aghnnad the boat
approached the shore.
aghrgha name of a bird.
aghs dial cf alghs alone.
aja elder sister; aunt; cf pije sister.
ajn B75:5 Kaa paper; cf sazn paper.
al rent.
al grey (horse colour).
ala= to drive out the livestock to the pastures. [LM].
alaas naked, nude, bare; bald, having no hair, wool, feathers; unfledged, callow; alaas
azax barefooted.
alaasta= to undress, to strip, to bare, to expose.
alaastan= to undress, strip, bare, expose oneself.
alama ribbon used by a shaman; cf Sagay alama. [LM jalama]
ala on horseback (of an unsaddled horse). [<CT *yala]
alama Sagay cf alama ribbon used by a shaman.
albay= to be or become flattened, crushed flat; cf dial nalbay=.
albayt= to flatten, to crush flat; cf dial nalbayt=.
albax wide, broad, vast, flat.
algha= to lick. [<CT *yalga=].
alghs (alghsxan) one, single, alone, lonely; xara alghs all alone, only one;
alghsta alghsxa one after the other; alghs azax ol footpath; cf dial aghs, Kyzyl
naghs, yalgs, Sagay angs. [<CT *yalus]
altra= to shine.
altx-ultux moving to and fro; alghs aghas altx-ultux polp tura a single tree is
standing, moving to and fro.
ama mountain garlic.
amas Sagay cf abas calm.
amdar dial liver-chestnut (horse colour); cf sabdar.
amdx Koybal cf armdx, carm half.
amsh Kyzyl cf abs low.
an Sagay cf nan side.
an dial cf een cousin.
angs XTD131 Sagay cf alghs alone.
apa quick, lively, clever.
ar bank, border, steep shore; km ar, ts ar steep shore; ar xaraxay swift
(species of bird); cf shar.
ar= to break, to chop; to split, to splinter; ara sap= to cut, to cleave, to cut to pieces.
[<CT *yaar=]
ara= to fit; to apply to; to be of use; arabas impossible, cannot, not fitting, not apt, of
no use, no way. [<CT *yara=]
arba cereals. [<CT *yarma].
ar= to become light, to shine; kn arpa the sun is shining; ay arpa the moon is
shining; ta arpa dawn is breaking; kn sala la araanda at the first light of day;
tigr arp turghan the sky lighted up. [<CT *yaru=].
arl= to break, to become broken. [<CT *yarl=].
arlcax easy to break, chop, cut, breakable.
arm half; cf armdx, Koybal amdx. [<CT *yarm].
armdx cf arm half.
arn shoulder blade; upper part of the back. [<CT *yarn].
ars run, running; horse-race. [<CT *yarsh].
as year (of age). [<CT *yaash].
as tear, moist; young. [<CT *yaash].
as spring. [<CT *yaaz].
asx spring; of the spring.
as= to spread (out). [<CT *yad=].
as= to unwind, to unroll, to loosen. [<CT *yaz=].
at= to lie. [<CT *yat=].
atxan an oblong zither-like instrument. [LM; according to folk etymology, this word
derives from atxan xan, the lying khan, as the instrument is highly esteemed].
axayax flower.
ax= to order, to give orders, instructions.
axgh order, instruction.
axs good; t axs very good; ughaa axs very good; axsdan axs best; cf yaxs.
[<CT *yaxsh].
ay summer. [<CT *yay].
ay= to rinse; to pour (out); to spill, to strew, to scatter; to spread out; to diffuse, to
disseminate (e.g. rumours); kip-azax ay= to rinse the linen (after washing); sugh ay=
to pour water; aya parghan az an endless steppe; xoln aya tastaan he spread his
arms.
aynik bowl, cup. [Rus ajnik]
ayl= to be rinsed, washed (of dishery); to be poured (out), to overflow; to be spilled,
strewn, scattered; to be spread out; to be diffused, disseminated (e.g. rumours); of mist to
be spread out; sugh ayl-parghan the water was overflowing; ine ilg srmes
aylghan folk fifty small braids were spread out on her shoulder; aghas pr ayla,
altn li altrapa Bal93:27 the tree's leaves are scattered and shine like gold.
ayxal= to swing, to move to and fro, to shake. [<CT *yaykal=].
aygh summer.
aza over, past.
aza= to be a certain year of age. [<CT *yaasha=].
azagh person on foot.
az steppe. [<CT *yaz].
azl Beltir green. [<CT *yaashl].
azn B75:5 Kaa cf sazn paper.
azncax hide-and-seek; azncax oyna= to play hide-and-seek.
azr= to hide. [<CT *yashur=].
azt= to untangle.
e but.
em B5 Koybal my hair, cf sas hair.
een cousin; cf dial an. [<CT *yegen].
ibrg twenty. [<CT *yegirmi].
ie to the point, right; ie atghc good marksman; ie ooxtand s/he spoke to the
point, hit the mark; cf mirgen.
idgen Big Dipper; cf itgen, it lts.
idl cough. [<CT *ytl].
idl= to cough. [cf CT *ytel=].
idr Sagay cough. [cf CT *ytr=].
iger Sagay chestnut (horse colour). [cf CT *yeg(i)ren].
iit young man; youth; young. [<CT *yigit].
il wind; soox il cold wind; xazr il hurricane. [<CT *yel].
iln mane. [cf CT *yal].
ilnng having manes.
i= to win, to vanquish. [<CT *ye=].
idr= [to cause to win, vanquish].
idrbes invincible; idrbes sovetskay on the invincible Soviet people; cf
idrtpes.
idrt= [to cause to win].
idrtpes cf idrbes invincible.
is victory.
is victor.
ir place; ground, earth; cf Kyzyl, Shor sher. [<CT *yer].
ir-sugh Bal93:6 land and water; ? country.
is copper; xzl is red copper; sargh is brass; is axa brass, copper money.
istek berry; cr isteg strawberry; tlg isteg dial strawberry; aba isteg Kaa
raspberry; xusxacax isteg stone berry, stone bramble.
it= to reach; to overtake; to approach. [<CT yet=].
it seven. [<CT *yeti ~ *yetti].
itgen cf idgen Big Dipper.
iton seventy. [<NE *yeti oon].
= to eat. [<CT *yee=].
bek silk thread.
g humid, wet. [<CT *ig].
glen= to suspect; cf len=.
km steep (of a rock), perpendicular; km xaya steep rock, cliff.
l= to be eaten.
li similar to, as, like; pars li satrapa s/he roars like a tiger.
mk= to castrate.
ncl glutton, gluttonous.
len= cf glen= to suspect. [cf Tofa ighsn=].
p rope, thread. [<CT *yip ~ *yep].
re cup.
t= to get lost, to disappear.
tet= to sharpen (a knife).
t= ? to become sharp.
tg sharp.
tke Sagay cf ntke neck.
gh= to collect, to obtain; to hide for, to keep in reserve, to take care of; to bury. [<CT
*yg=]
ghanax elbow; cf Kyzyl nax.
gr= to press together, to roll up.
often; near.
lgh collection, assembly.
r= to fold. [<CT *ygur=].
rl= to knit one's brow, to make a wry face, to wrinkle one' clothes; cf Kyzyl oty=.
l year. [<CT *yl].
lan snake. [<CT *ylan].
lgh warm. [<CT *ylg].
lts star; it lts Big Dipper; xoy lts Pleiads; cf idgen, lger. [<CT *ylduz].
ltstgh starry; ltstgh tigr starry sky.
malx little finger; cf Kyzyl shmalax.
mca= dial [RIII:2106 Sagay]; cf nmza= to become soft.
mcat= dial [RIII:2106 Sagay]; cf nmzat= to make soft.
mcax Sagay [mcaq RIII:2106]; cf nmzax soft.
mcla= to take a snuf, to pinch.
mclgha splinter.
mx pinch (of salt, tobacco).
molghay edible onion-like plant.
mra= of ants to run on the body; dial of stars to twinkle; cf pzna=.
my= to be calm, quiet, silent (of a person).
myghan calm, quiet, silent; a silent person.
ncax dial (wooden) wedge.
nax Kyzyl cf ghanax elbow.
naxta= XTD19 Kaa to make or pack comfortably; cf nnaxta=.
plat= to blink the eyes; cf dial nplat=, tplat=.
rt= to tear; to hit, to flog.
rtx torn, broken; rtx-puzx tattered.
s mountains on which forests grow.
s odour, smell; axs s good smell; porolar axs stanalar the flowers smell
good.
sta= to smell, to sniff.
stan= to smell, to have a smell, to emit a smell.
stat= to make smell, to make sniff.
xa Sagay cf xo temple of the head.
xo temple of the head; cf Sagay xa.
z= to rot. [<NE *yd=].
zrqa= to smell an odour [RIII:2096 Sagay].
obagh fatigue, weariness, tiredness; suffering; trouble; efforts, care.
obaghlgh tired, weary; suffering; troublesome; cf oballgh.
obal= to become tired; to suffer; to take the trouble to. [LM]
oda shin, shank. [<CT *yota].
odm Sagay cf odu dried, sluggish.
odu dried, sluggish, slow; cf zgh, Sagay odm.
oghar west; cf kider, zapad.
oghar up, above, upwards; ogharx above, up.
oghl there is not, (is) not present; pr dee nime oghl there is nothing at all, there is
not anything at all; ibde oghl s/he is not at home; polcaa oghl it is impossible.
ol road, way, journey; kgrt ol rainbow; Xro ol Milky Way; cf shol. [<CT *yool].
olban stray.
olbanna= to wander, to stray.
on the people; cf shon.
o Koybal, Kaa reproach, complaint, accusation, suit.
ona= Koybal, Kaa to reproach, to accuse, to charge with.
oon big, large. [<CT *yogun ~ *yogan].
oox word, that what is said.
ooxta= to speak, to talk.
ooxtan= to tell.
ooxtans Xoor92:3 story, the act of story telling.
orgha ambler. [<CT *yorga].
orx journey; walk, gait, pace; pu att orgh axs the gait of this horse is good;
corx kz traveler.
orx illness, sickness; epidemic, infection; cf sr.
orxtgh having a trotting gait, trotting.
ox there is not, (is) not present; poverty; poor; ox pol= to become nothing, to be lost.
[<CT *yook].
oy liar.
oylan= to tell lies.
get [birch] tar.
gg closeness, stuffiness, oppressive heat.
le= to lean against, to prop up.
leg support.
len= to lean oneself against, to use something as a support.
me folk arrow head; cf Kaa men.
n= to act impulsively.
p harmony; agreement; ptg harmonious; agreeing.
r= to go. [cf CT *yor=.]
rs walk, pace, gait.
ugh= to wash; cf Sagay un=. [<CT *yuu=].
ugha thin. [<CT *yuka <*yubka].
ulay skull; cf dial eemek.
un= Sagay to wash; cf ugh=. [<CT *yuun=].
urt life. [<CT *yurt].
urta= to live.
urtas life, living; on urtas existence, way of life.
urux napkin.
uur= Chan369b to puddle. [<CT *yugur=].
ux resin.
uxul difficulty, hardship.
gr= to run; cf oyla=. [<CT *ygr=].
grk trotter; quick, running quick. [<CT *ygrk].
grs run, the act of running.
grs= to run together. [<CT *ygrsh=].
k rugsack. [<CT *yk].
kte= to load. [<CT *ykle=].
l brook.
lne= to cut at the joints; cf orxala=.
me obsol arrow (children's); cf Kaa men.
men Kaa folk arrow head; cf me, me.
rek heart. [<CT *yrek].
s Sagay face. [<CT *yz].
s hundred. [<CT *yz].
stk ring. [cf CT *yzk].
ustktg B75:6 Kaa, stktg Sagay with a ring, having a ring.

E


e- RI:656 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to be (defective verb); edi RI:657 Sagay was; ebs
RI:657 Sagay, ems RI:953 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha is not. [<CT *er=].
ebirls= RI:932 Sagay, Koybal to turn around together [ebirlsh= RI:932 Kacha].
ede exclamation uttered when lifting up children.
edere= to lose courage; to fall down.
ederees negligent, careless.
edereg loss of courage.
edesh Kyzyl throat; cf tamax.
edik RI:854 Sagay cf dk boot.
ee host, master of the house [ee RI:657, ii RI:1407 Sagay, Koybal, i RI:1411 Kacha,
Koybal host, lord]; tagh eez mountain spirit; sugh eez water spirit; ot eez fire spirit; ib
eez house spirit. [<CT *idi].
ee an exclamation; ee, sin poltrz, noo za! eh, it appeared to be you!
k RI:862 Sagay door hinge.
eek B75:14 cf ek chin.
k RI:676 Koybal sledge.
eel= to bend down; to stoop [l= RI:809, iil= RI:1474 Sagay, Koybal]; cf Sagay egil=.
[<CT *egil=].
eeldr= to make bend down, stoop.
eelen= to associate with (e.g. house spirits).
eelg with a host, having a host.
eeljek souple, flexible, easy to bend; eeljek salaa souple branch; cf Sagay igiln.
eemek dial skull; cf ulay. [<CT *emgek].
een B75:14 [n RI:729 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha] cf en uninhabited.
n-kp RI:735 Sagay entirely straight, free.
eere= B75:14 cf ere= to mock.
eg= to bend, to curve, to fold [RI:694 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, ig'= RI:1425 Sagay,
Koybal]; emek eg= to bend wire; ii tutt RI:1425 s/he had curved; cf ig=. [<CT *eg=].
egt RI:697 Sagay companion, servant. [<CT *eget].
egl= Sagay [egil= RI:701 Sagay, Koybal to bend down, to stoop, igl= RI:1428 Sagay to
be bend, curved] cf eel= to bend down; to stoop.
egls= RI:701 Sagay, Koybal to bow, bend down together.
ejek heel (of the feet or boots) [ek RI:862 Sagay, t'k RI:726 Koybal, yk RI:721
Kyzyl]; uxt ejeg k xadl the two layers of the heel of a stocking; sapog ejeg the heel
of a boot.
ejektg having heels; ejektg maymax boot with heavy heels.
ejgey a diary product.
ek (~ eek) chin [k RI:676 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; ek sgi jaw. [<CT *eek].
ek exclamation of irony; ek, xaydi krbedm! as if I did not see it! ek, ughaa t min
mayx-pardm! how very tired I have become with it!
k: qapug' k RI:685 Sagay door hinge.
ekk RI:681 Sagay linen cloth as large as a carpet.
eklesh Kyzyl creaky (of a voice).
eksel= Sagay to shake, to shiver [eksl= RI:686 Sagay, Koybal to shake, to rinse]; cf
ttre=.
ekte= to hit on the chin.
elbs RI:813 Sagay suddenly, unexpectedly.
el RI:810 Kacha stupid, silly.
elkd'il RI:811 Koybal, Kacha mocker, who mocks.
elgkt= RI:822 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to sieve, to sift; cf ilge=.
elgl= RI:822 Koybal to knock [lgl= RI:822 Kyzyl to shiver, to tremble]. [cf CT
*elgen=].
eliginji RI:819 Sagay fiftieth [eligint'i RI:819 Koybal, Kacha, elig'ji RI:819 Sagay].
elis RI:819 Koybal sheet of paper. [Rus list'].
elk cf ilk female of the wild goat.
elk Sagay mockery [elk RI:811 Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *elk].
elkte= Sagay to mock, to scold. [<CT *elkle=].
elkteej Sagay mocker, who mocks [elikti RI:818 Sagay].
elktet= Sagay to ridicule, to make an object of derision.
elkil= RI:821 Sagay, Koybal to be annoyed, vexed, to be grieved, not content; n
oqta elkilp-adr RI:821 s/he is sad because s/he does not have a mother; en kkti
elkilp adr RI:821 the mother is as grieved as a cuckoo; cf Koybal eltil=.
eltk RI:826 Koybal, Kacha glove.
eltil= RI:826 Koybal to cry, to grieve; bir pal'a eltilp adr a child was crying; cf
elkil=.
em= to suck (the breast) [RI:945 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; cf Sagay im=. [<CT *em=].
emdr= to cause to suck, to suckle.
emek thread, wire [mk RI:947 Sagay]; timr emek iron wire.
emk RI:947 Sagay the act of crawling. [<CT *emgek].
emektg having thread, wire; emektg tudgh a wire obstruction.
emy RI:946 Koybal breast, nipple.
ems= to cause to suck, to suckle [ems= RI:958 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *emz=].
emstr= to let suckle.
emnndr= RI:962 Sagay, Koybal to have oneself treated medically.
en seam on the shoulder of a woman's costume; en xzl torghda idlgen her seam was
made from red silk; cf Sagay igben, dial igmen, imen. [<CT *egin].
en (~ een) deserted, waste (land), uninhabited, empty; en ir waste land, uninhabited
land; en par= to be occupied, to do without paying attention to anything, to just continue
doing; alas toxladp en para the woodpecker is just pecking and pecking.
enl= RI:732 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, nl= RI:732 Kyzyl to torment oneself, to worry
about, to be troubled, to pine, to languish.
enlt= RI:732 Sagay, Koybal to torment, to bother, to trouble, to set to work.
endg' RI:742 Sagay thus, in this way.
enig' RI:734 Sagay trouble, pain, torment.
nj RI:747 Sagay so much as.
ed= RI:717 Sagay, Koybal to be lacking, to err; edp izrg RI:717 to be lacking.
edr= RI:718 Sagay to take apart a yurt; cf Sagay idr=.
edrl= RI:718 Sagay to be taken apart, to be put down (of a yurt); cf Koybal edrl=.
edrl= RI:717 Koybal to be put down, to be taken apart, to collapse, to fall down, to
fall off; edrlp parghan ebn eptp sal'd RI:717 s/he erected the collapsed yurt;
erig' er edrld RI:717 the thawed earth collapsed; eki qaraan az edrl-r
RI:717 tears fell down from his/her eyes; cf Sagay edrl=.
eis RI:712 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha wide, broad, vast; eis tal'ay krn-d'adr Kacha a
vast lake could be seen.
erbnng' RI:800 Sagay grown with wormwood; high, vast; erbnng' ot high grass;
erbnng' sl vast steppe; cf irben thyme.
ere= (~ eere=) to roll about (for laughter, coughing, crying); ol erep xatxra he is
rolling about for laughter.
er= RI:755 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to screw up, fasten with screws; cf ires. [LM ere= ~
eri=].
eres the act of rolling about.
eres= to roll about together (for laughter, etc.).
eret= to cause to roll about (for laughter, etc.).
ergp-tir RI:785 Koybal it is necessary, must.
ergs= to joke; to amuse oneself.
eristig' RI:772 Sagay, Koybal boring [rishtg' RI:772 Kacha]]; cf irs boredom,
weariness.
ern= dial cf irn= to be lazy, indolent.
ernjek dial cf irnjek lazy; laziness.
ermek a kind of cheese.
eskiril= RI:882 Sagay, Koybal to be reported, announced, notified; cf iskr= to report.
eshtr= RI:913 Kacha to let hear, to announce.
til= RI:843 Kyzyl poetic to speak.
ey exclamation; ey oolax, peer kildek eh, son, come here!
zp RI:894 Kyzyl number. [?Ar].
zptn= RI:894 Kyzyl to calculate.
ezt= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal to make yawn, to bore; [cf ize= to yawn.
eziriktg' RI:896 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha intoxicating.
ezrln= RI:893 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to be saddled [zrln= RI:893 Sagay].
ezhengesh Kyzyl cf zens hope.

I


ib house, home, yurt [eb' RI:925 Sagay, Koybal, ebi RI:931 Sagay (speech along the
river Is), p RI:1308 Sagay]; ibde at home [eb'd RI:925]; ibzer parim let me go home
[eb'g (~ eg'b') parim RI:926]; ibde from home [eb'd sqt RI:926 s/he went out];
toghst ibge al= to take work home; aghas ib wooden house; tos ib birch house; kiis ib
felt yurt; sigs pulungh ib octagonal yurt; xaralgh ib Kacha obsol house with a
skylight; tegri eb' RI:926 church; ib xuz domestic bird. [<CT *eb].
ibdeg domestic, pertaining to the house, home, yurt; ibdeg zhivotnaylar domestic
animals; ibdeg nimeler household things, belongings.
ibek quick, swift (of a horse) [ebk RI:928 Koybal, Kacha easy, swift]; Kacha obedient,
attentive (of a person); industrious; ibek at horse with a fast pace. [<CT *ebek].
ib-ox uncomfortable, inconvenient, uncomfortably; careless, carelessly.
ibr= to turn around, to go around, to surround, to encircle, to revolve, to rotate [ebir=
RI:931 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; alt astgh at ibrbes altn rge turadr folk there was
a golden palace that a horse of six years old could not encircle [RI:931]. [<CT *ebir=].
ibr= to turn inside out; ton ibr= to turn inside out one's dress.
ibre (~ ibre) round, around [ebr RI:932]; ibre-sibre kr= to look around; pray irler
ibre krne all places around were visible; ibre turghan ir surroundings; l ibre the
whole year round; pu erd ebr kr-adr RI:932 s/he looked all around this land.
ibrg funeral repast [ebirk RI:932 Koybal].
ibrl= to coil, to turn; to be surrounded, encircled [ebrl= RI:932 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha
to turn, to go around]. [<CT *ebiril=].
ibrs the act of encircling; environment; turning, rotation.
ibrs= to turn around, go around, surround, encircle together; to help revolve, to rotate
[<CT *ebirish=].
ibrt= to order to turn around, go around, surround, encircle, revolve, rotate.
iblen= to settle down to married life, to set up a house, family. [<CT *eblen=].
iblendr= to make settle down to married life, set up a house, family; to tame, to
domesticate.
iblg having a house, home, yurt [bilg' RI:932 Sagay (speech along the river Is)]; iblg-
sughlg having a shelter, refuge. [<CT *eblig].
ibre cf ibre round, around.
ideel= to be able to do, to succeed.
ideelbes unable to do, incapable.
ideet disgusting, detestable, abominable, nasty, offensive, repulsive; cf irkestg. [LM
idetei].
ideet Kacha strong; very large, enormous, huge, bulky; trge ideet very large, very
strong; ideet kstg kz folk hero, person of extraordinary strength; trge ideet sabdar
at timde oghl arsa? folk is there no liver-chestnut horse of great strength at hand? [LM
idetei].
idek skirt, hem of a garment; the foot of a mountain [edk RI:849 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]; aln idek front skirt; kizn idek back skirt; tonn idek the hem of a garment.
[<CT *etek].
idekte= to carry in the skirt of a garment. [<CT *etekle=].
idekten= to keep in the skirt of one's garment; to settle down at the foot of a mountain; to
skirt the mountains. [<CT *eteklen=].
idektg having a skirt, hem [edktg' RI:850 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; idektg ton obsol
wedding fur coat having separate skirts (held together by means of gathers at the knees).
[<CT *eteklig].
idil= RI:1509 Sagay to move to and fro, to move on.
idirgn RI:1509 Sagay threshing-floor.
idl= to be done, made, arranged; toghs idl-parghan the work is done. [<CT *eetil=].
idn= to do, make, arrange for oneself; ton idn= to make a dress for oneself. [<CT
*eetin=].
idnjek loving to obtain, ?eager; dilligent, industrious.
ids the act of doing, making, arranging.
ids= to do, make, arrange together, to help make, arrange. [<CT *eetish=].
ig= B75:14 Sagay cf eg= to bend.
igben Sagay a piece sewn on the shoulder of a woman's dress; cf en, dial igmen, imen.
ige= to saw, to file [ig= RI:1425 Sagay, eg= RI:695 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to file];
od ige= to saw firewood. [<CT *ege=].
ige sister-in-law. [LM egeci elder sister, older].
igg' RI:1425 Sagay file.
iges= to help sawing. [<CT *egesh=].
iget= to order to saw, to let saw.
igiln RI:1429 Sagay flexible; cf eeljek.
ign= RI:1426 Sagay to bend oneself; cf eel=.
igr crooked, twisting, winding; curvature, crookedness [egr RI:695 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha, egir RI:700 Sagay, Koybal]; igr-pgr humpbacked; igr-igr, igr-xyr hap-
hazard; igr sn mountain range (in the form of an amphitheatre) [egir sn RI:700 Sagay,
Koybal mountain ridge]; cf xyr. [<CT *egri].
igrek zigzag, crooked line, bend, crook, twisting, winding. [<CT *egrik].
igreljk coiling, wriggling.
igrels the act of twisting, winding.
igrene= to coil (of a snake), to wriggle, to twist, to twitch.
igrle= to bend, to distort, to make something crooked.
igrlen= to be bended, distorted; to twist, to twitch.
igmen dial a piece sewn on the shoulder of a woman's dress; cf en, dial imen, Sagay
igben.
ii woodgrouse [RI:1407 Koybal].
iik RI:1414 Koybal violin, fiddle; cf x.
iilt= RI:1493 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to bend down, to stoop.
iir evening [RI:1456 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; iirde in the evening [iird RI:1456]; xsx
iir winter evening; iir solban evening star; summer lightning; xzl iir at sunset. [<CT
*iir].
iirk RI:1470 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha spindle whorl; cf Sagay iirk.
iirk RI:1470 Sagay cf iirk spindle whorl.
iirdeg in the evening, evening-, at night [iirdg RI:1456 Sagay]; iirdeg toghs evening
work, night work; iirdeg azral supper.
iirg pertaining to the evening, evening-; marksizm-leninizmn iirg universited the
evening university of marxism-leninism.
ijlg' RI:1520 Sagay having a mother; cf je mother.
ijk B75:5 Kacha cf zk door.
ik= to nod one's head.
ikkibzi RI:1421 Sagay both, one and the other.
ikkinzn RI:1421 Sagay for the second time; cf knji.
ikse= to shake, to be unsteady (table).
il folk the (good) people [el RI:805 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha people); il on the people; cf
albat. [<CT *eel]
ilbek abundance, sufficiency, prosperity; abundant, plenty; broad, wide, large, vast,
immense, huge, great; ilbek urozhay bumper harvest; ilbek tigrje along the immense
sky; ilbek kstg having hige force, forceful, powerful; Leninn-Stalinn ilbek
partiyaz the great party of Lenin and Stalin; kgenek ilbek ?the clothes are wide. [LM
elbeg].
ilbene= to roll over from side to side.
ilber-salbar dishevelled, tousled.
ile= to suffer, to worry about, to be tormented; to be in need, hard up, poor, to get into
dire straits; to be or become meagre, emaciated [il= RI:1478 Sagay, el= RI:810
Koybal, Kacha to torment]; ilep-parghan exhausted, worn out; el! RI:810 Sagay may
you die!; bodmn lm RI:810 don't torment me (my body).
ileede much [ild RI:1482 Sagay, Koybal much, sufficient]; ileede-arax just a little
more.
ileg torture, torment, suffering; need, want; cf iles, ireelens.
ilksn RI:1479 Sagay, Koybal green lizard; cf kilesk.
ilene= to stagger from one side to the other; to flash, to gleam (in the dark, far off); cf
olana=.
ilenet= to shake, to rock, to let stagger.
iles torture, torment, suffering; need, want; cf ileg.
iles= to suffer together; to be poor together; to harass one another.
ilet= to make suffer, to torment; to bring in need, to bring to poverty.
ilge= to sieve, to sift [elg= RI:822 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; un ilge= to sift flour; cf
elgkt=. [<CT *elge=].
ilgek sieve [elgk RI:822 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; xl ilgek a sieve made of hair; timr
ilgek iron sieve; aghzr ilgek Sagay sieve with big holes; i ilgek Sagay, st ilgek fine
sieve. [<CT *elgek].
ilgel= to be sieved, sifted. [<CT *elgel=].
ilges= to help sieve, sift, to sieve or sift together. [<CT *elgesh=].
ilget= to order to sieve, sift, to have sieved, sifted. [<CT *elget=].
ilgt= to drive up (livestock from place to place); xadarghan maln ilgt-kilgen s/he
drove up his/her grazing livestock.
ilg fifty [elig' RI:819 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *ellig].
ilk (~ elk ) female of the wild goat [elik RI:815 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha roe]; cf kiik.
[<CT *elik].
ilts XTD127 Kyzyl cf lts star.
im medicin [em RI:945 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *em].
im= B75:14 Sagay cf em= to suck.
imd= to collect, to gather, to pick out from.
ims grain, seed; fruit. [<CT *yemish].
imjek woman's breast, nipple; palan imjekte sghar= to wean a child (from the
breast). [<CT *emek].
imjekte= to breastfeed, to suckle.
imjektet= to let suckle, to have suckled.
imj doctor [emt'i RI:962 Koybal, Kacha]; ts imj dentist; xarax imj ophtalmologist;
mal imj veterinarian; cf imnegj. [<CT *emi].
imne= to treat medically, to cure [imn= RI:1576 Sagay, emn= RI:962 Sagay, Koybal].
[<CT *emle=].
imneg medical treatment, cure; medical; imneg punkt medical station.
imnegj cf imj doctor.
imnen= to treat oneself medically, to cure oneself [emnn= RI:962 Sagay, Koybal].
[<CT *emlen=].
imnet= to have treated medically. [<CT *emlet=].
imnk not broken-in (horse); cf sas. [LM emnig].
imze= (of birds) to peck grain, (of animals) to nibble grass [emz= RI:966 Sagay to
peck, to nibble, mz= RI:966 Kyzyl to eat].
in mark, sign. [<CT *en].
in width, breadth (of fabric). [<CT *een].
in= to go down, to descend, to go downstream; to swim, to float with the stream [RI:1439
Sagay, Koybal to go downstream, Kyzyl to descend, en= RI:728 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to
descend]; sughzar in= to go with the stream, to go downstream; sugha sal ine it is
floating with the stream; kmi suuna inp aqt RI:1439 Sagay the boat floated
downstream; tag'da inp pard RI:1439 Kyzyl s/he descended from the mountain. [<CT
*en=].
indk RI:1450 Kyzyl downwards, down the mountain.
indr= to make descend; to take or to transport downstream; to take down (e.g. wood or
nuts from the mountain forests) [RI:1450 Sagay, Koybal to transport downstream]; pl
tayghada xuzux kp indeler this year they are taking many nuts from the tayga.
[<CT *endr=].
indr= obsol to arrest and throw in jail; cf arestovat' pol=.
indirbs RI:1450 Sagay mountain ash; cf mndrbes.
indre at the mountain foot; downstream; arghalgh snn indre orttlar they trotted
along the foot of the mountain ridge.
indrg (~ indrs) float, floating; aghas indriin pr dee aghas drbin irtrerge to take
a float of timber down the river without losing even one log.
indrs cf indrg float, floating.
indrk downstream; Lena sughn indrkznde at the lower course of the river Lena.
ine female animal [en RI:730 Sagay, Kacha poetic mother]; aarn inez the queen bee.
ine= dial cf inne= to mark.
iney old woman, grandmother; wife [iny RI:1442 Sagay, Koybal, eny RI:730 Sagay,
Koybal (also a term of address for married women)]; enyi ebdd RI:730 is your wife
at home?; tas iney stone statue (in the steppes of Khakassia); cf ip, Sagay reken.
ineyek grandmother, old woman; wife.
inylg' RI:1442 Sagay having a wife, married [enylg' RI:731 Sagay, Koybal]; enylg'
pal'al'g' kizi RI:731 a man having wife and children; enylg' tur-aa RI:731 he is
married.
ins mountain slope. [<CT *enish].
instg (gently) sloping (of a mountain, river side).
inj dowry [nji RI:748 Kyzyl. [LM ingzi].
inker= to sow underneath, to hem.
inne= (~ ine=) to mark [in= RI:1442 < Verbitskij Sagay].
inng wide, broad (of fabric), vast [enng' RI:737 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
inng having a mark, earmarked; xulagh inng xoy an earmarked sheep.
i very, most [e RI:710 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; i ulugh very big, biggest; i tbnde
at the very bottom; i unda at the very end; i artx the best; i axs nanjm my very
best friend; i pastap at first, at the beginning; cf dial ni. [<CT *e].
idr= RI:1433 Sagay to put down, to take apart (a yurt), to overthrow, to make collapse,
to destroy; cf Sagay edr=.
idet= to get confused; saghzn idett his/her mind got confused. [cf LM ende= to err].
ime dial sweep-net; cf szrbe.
imen Sagay shoulder [imn RI:1434 Sagay]; cf in.
imen dial a piece sewn on the shoulder of a woman's dress [ig'mn RI:1431 <Verbitskij
Sagay the embroidery decorations on the shoulders of a woman's shirt]; cf en, dial
igmen, Sagay igben.
in= RI:1433 Sagay, Koybal to put on someone's shoulders, to load on the shoulders.
inen= to put or carry on one's shoulders [inn= RI:1433 Sagay, Koybal]; oghl'an an
tutt, innp al'd RI:1433 the boy grabbed it and put it on his shoulders.
ines yoke [ens RI:715 Sagay, Koybal yoke for carrying water].
in shoulder [en RI:711 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, in RI:1433 Kacha, Koybal, igni
RI:1430 Sagay, im RI:1434 Sagay, n RI:728 Kacha]; inne srmester ayl-
parghan her braids were spread on her shoulders; cf Sagay imen. [<CT *egin +
possessive].
inlg shouldered.
izek Sagay narrow [izk RI:1434. enzk RI:749]; cf tap.
ip woman; wife; lady of the house; woman's, women's [epd'i RI:919 Sagay, Koybal];
Ors ip Russian woman; Xakas ip Khakas woman; Tadar ip Tatar woman;
Iplern Mezhdunarodnay Kn International Women's Day; cf iney. [<CT *ebi].
iplg married.
ipek dial cf pek bread, loaf of bread.
ipsek thistle [epsk RI:924 Sagay].
ipsekte= to gather thistles.
ipte= to contrive, manage somehow; to do dexteriously; to put right, to adjust [ept=
RI:922 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to fit, to adjust; to reconcile]; ipti ooxtan= to tell
skilfully; izerne tudnghan, ipti-tapt odrghan folk s/he held him/herself to the
saddle, and sat down with ease. [LM eble= to become harmonious, to agree].
ipteg (~ iptes) adjustment, adaptation.
iptel= to be put right, to be adjusted.
ipten= to adjust, adapt oneself.
iptes cf ipteg adjustment, adaptation.
iptes= to fit together [epts= RI:922 Sagay, Koybal, eptsh= RI:923 Kacha to fit, to
adjust to one another; to reconcile, to agree]; eptsps RI:922 not fitting.
iptet= to cause to fit, adapt, adjust [eptt= RI:922 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to fit, to adjust;
to always act as reconciliator].
iptg fitting, apt, exact, comfortable, as it oughts [eptg' RI:923 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha];
iptg sapog boots that fit.
ir man; husband [er RI:753 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; al'ghan er RI:753 Sagay husband; ir
pol-parghan he has become a man, grown up into a man, he has reached manhood; irge
par= to marry, to get married; cf iren. [<CT *er].
ir= to spin (yarn) [iir= RI:1456 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *egir=]
irben thyme [irbn RI:1471 Sagay thyme, erbn RI:800 Koybal, Kacha thyme,
wormwood].
irdene= to pretend to be brave, to try not to be afraid; to get on one's high horse, to
fume.
irdr= to order to spin (yarn).
iree torture, torment, suffering [er RI:755 Sagay].
ireele= to torture, to torment, to cause to suffer [irl= RI:1458 Sagay, erl= RI:758
Sagay, Kacha]. [LM erigle=].
ireeleg torture, torment, suffering.
ireelen= to torment oneself (over), to worry about, to suffer [irln= RI:1458 Sagay,
erln= RI:759 Sagay, Koybal]; ireelen-parghan s/he was exhausted, worn out.
ireelens torture, torment, suffering; cf ileg.
ireelestg (~ ireelg) torturing, tormenting, causing suffering.
ireelg cf ireelestg torturing, tormenting, causing suffering.
irll= RI:1458 Sagay to be tortured, tormented.
irlt= RI:1458 Sagay to order to torture, torment.
iren cf ir man; husband. [<CT *eren].
irep a couple, man and wife.
ires Sagay, Koybal a screw [ers RI:759 Sagay, Koybal, ersh RI:759 Kacha]; cf er=.
iret south side (sunny side) of a mountain.
iret cup of wine; toast; pastagh iret first toast; iret albs drink out!.
irgek thumb [ergk RI:784 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; irgek xaza= to sew on the thumb (of
a mitten). [<CT *erek].
irgektg having a thumb; strong, tenacious; needlewoman [ergktg' RI:784 Sagay];
iinnig' kiz pastrbazn, ergktg' kiz sltpzn RI:784 maz s/he not be
vanquished by a person with shoulders, may s/he not be vanquished with words by a
person with thumbs.
irg old; decrepit, dilapidated, ramshackle; former [ergi RI:785 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha];
irgde in the past; irg kgenek tattered clothes; ergi kep RI:786 worn clothes; irg tus
in former times, in the old days; ayd ergiz RI:786 waning moon; ay s ergi pol'd
RI:786 it is the third day of the waning moon. [NE *erki].
irglen= (of objects) to become old, to wear out [ergiln= RI:786 Sagay, Koybal]; kip-
azax irglen-pard the clothes have become worn out.
irik RI:1459 Sagay, Koybal ram. [<CT *irk]
iritk RI:1463 Sagay cottage cheese, curds.
ir= to thaw, to melt [eri= RI:762 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; cf xayl=. [<CT *er=].
irg thawed, melted; irg it thawed meat; irg ir thawed earth. [<CT *erig].
irk: irk-ox not willing, against one's will, necessarily, by force; iirik pol'iimma?
RI:1460 Sagay what can I do about it?.
irk= to pester, to bother, to bore, to worry with; to pine for, to languish, to be bored.
[<CT *irik=].
irl= to be spun (of yarn). [<CT *egiril=].
irn lip [erin RI:767 Kacha, Koybal]; irn his/her lip; stndeg irn upper lip; stndag
irn lower lip. [<CT *erin].
irn= to be lazy [erin= RI:768 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, ern= RI:757 Sagay, Koybal to be
lazy, to be fed up with]; erndm RI:757 I am fed up with it, had enough of it; cf dial
ern=. [<CT *erin=].
irnjek lazy; lazyness [erint'k RI:768 Koybal, Sagay, ernt'k RI:758 Koybal, Kacha
lazy]; cf dial ernjek. [<CT *erinig].
irnng having lips, lip-.
irs boredom, weariness [eris RI:772 Sagay, Koybal, erish RI:772 Kacha].
irs= to tease.
irs= to spin together, to help spin. [<CT *egirish=].
irs boring, dull.
irt= to thaw, to melt, to liquify, to make liquid [erit= RI:770 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha.
[<CT *ert=].
irke caress, endearment, tenderness; dear, beloved; affectionate, tender, sweet, loving,
fond [erk RI:777 Sagay darling]; irke oolghm my dear son; istin sqqan erkzi
oghul' RI:777 s/he does not have a child (lit. darling) born from his/her inside. [< CT
*erke].
irkejek pretty, nice, sweet, darling.
irkele= to fondle, to pet, to caress; to indulge, to pamper.
irkelen= to fawn upon to luxuriate, to indulge in.
irkeles= to fondle, pet, caress one another.
irkelet= to let fondle, pet, caress.
irkn threshold, sill of the door [erkn RI:779 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
Irlik myth Erlik, god of the netherworld [Erlik RI:789 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
irlg having a man, husband.
irt= to pass, to go by; of time to pass [ert= RI:790 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; zg aygh
irtp pard the hot summer passed; knner irtpeler the days passed; anna peer kp
l irtp pard since that time many years have passed; irtp parighan kz a passer-by;
xatap irt= to repeat; uroktarn xatap irt= to repeat exercices. [<CT *ert=].
irte early; early in the morning; irtennde early in the morning; irte tur= to get up early.
[<CT *erti].
irten early in the morning; irten-irtk very early in the morning. [cf CT *erti, LM
erte(n)].
irteng early, of the morning; irteng knnde the next morning.
irtengzn the next morning.
irtn= to have a fair opinion of oneself, to swagger; to be mischievous; to be or become
spoilt.
irtr= to let pass, go by; to pass or spend time [erttir= RI:793 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha];
kn irtr= to spend time, to spend the day. [<CT *ertr=].
irtre further; too; irtre par= to go further; irtre parirp ?on the journey.
irts passing, passage; the passing of time; irts-par journey.
irts= to pass together. [<CT *ertish=].
irtken passing; construction, building; past; irtken l last year; irtken ts past tense;
naada irtken tus the recent past tense.
is possessions, belongings, stuff, goods, resources [iis RI:1525, es RI:871 Sagay,
Koybal]; kolxoz iz the possessions of a kolxoz; arq es RI:871 legally obtained
possessions; esn es qoz-tr RI:871 possessions pile upon their possessions. [<CT *ed].
is materials; fabrics, textiles. [<CT *ed].
is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, esh= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estp
RI:702 Sagay converb hearing; esh-shar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge on
lghan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kzde min ispeem, pozm
krgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; ss ispes disobedient; ess-d
espjik pol' RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. [<CT *eshid=].
is= to scoop; to row [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal]; sughn knekne is= to scoop water
with buckets; iskne is= to row with paddles. [<CT *esh=].
is= (of a cow) to give (milk).
isk oar, paddle [iski RI:1530 Sagay, eski RI:881 Sagay, Koybal]; sondagh eski RI:881
rudder.
iskr= to report, to let know, to inform, to notify [eskir= RI:881 Sagay, Koybal]; aznada
iskr-sal= to inform beforehand.
iskrg report, information, notification.
iste= to tan [ist= RI:1533 Sagay, Koybal to tan by means of smoke, est= RI:884 Sagay
to soften leather by rubbing]; izrekne iste= to tan with a tanning stick; istn ter
RI:1533 tanned leather. [<CT *ishle=].
istel= to be tanned.
isten= to tan (for oneself).
isten= to keep calm, to be calm, peaceful; to be or get accustomed to [estn= RI:885
Sagay, Koybal to keep calm]; istenp uzu= to sleep peacefully; min aghaa istenp-
pargham I am used to it.
istendr= to make calm, to calm down; to make accustomed to.
istet= to let tan [istt= RI:1534 Sagay, Koybal].
istg sympathetic; comfortable; cosy; beautiful (of a place); istg kz sympathetic person;
istg maymax comfortable shoes; istg tura a cosy house.
istg rich, wealthy [estg' RI:885 Sagay, Koybal]; istg kolxoz a wealthy kolxoz; eb
estg' pol'd RI:885 his/her house became full of riches. [<CT *edlig].
istl= to be heard, to be audible [estl= RI:885 Sagay, Koybal]; rn pastagh sster
magha istl-parghan the first words of the song became audible to me.
istldr= to allow to hear, listen.
istldre loud, aloud; istldre xxr= to read out loud.
it meat; body [et RI:834 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; as it fresh meat; aln it meat of the
front part; kizn it meat of the hind part; so it flesh; xo it lean meat without bones; xoy
id mutton; sosxa id pork; at id horse meat; taax id chicken meat; aba id bear meat;
kiik id deer meat; tartxan it stuffing, force-meat, minced meat; id ox emaciated,
meagre (of a person); cf Kyzyl et. [<CT *et].
it B75:8 Shor, RI:1498 Sagay dog; cf aday. [<CT *it].
it= to do, to make, to arrange [et= RI:839 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; tamax it= to prepare
food, to cook food; toy it= to arrange a wedding, a feast; taxta it= to erect a bridge;
xatap it= to do over again; ox it= to destroy, to do away with; ks et= RI:834 Sagay,
Koybal, Kacha to step; ider-tudar ox to labour in vain, to beat the air, to mill the wind.
[<CT *eet=].
itpurun hips, the berries of the dog-rose, Chan942a dog-rose.
itten= to put on weight, to put on flesh (of a person). [<CT *etlen=].
ittg having meat, fleshy; stout, corpulent (of a person) [ettg' RI:846 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]. [<CT *etlig].
ittr= to order to do, make, arrange; tura ittr= to give the opportunity to build a house.
[<CT *eettr=].
ize= to yawn [ez= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal]. [cf CT esne=].
ize= to destroy, to demolish; to fall into decay.
izeg yawn.
izeg destruction.
izj RI:1539 Sagay mother, mama.
izel= to be or become destroyed, demolished; to fall into decay; to erode.
izelg ruin, devastation.
izen healthy; greetings; hello! [izn RI:1538, zn RI:889 Sagay, ezn RI:890 Sagay,
Koybal, Kacha]; izen pir= to greet [ezn per= RI:890 Sagay]; eznin al'dl'ar RI:890
they received his/her greetings; izen polzam if I am healthy; ezn yrzm sh shl'd
paznda men ebg ayl'anarbn RI:890 Sagay [sic] if I remain healthy, I will return
home in three years; ol izen tusta at the time of his/her life; izen mind! health to you!;
izen mind pirstler folk they greeted one another; izen polzn pastagh may long live
the first of May!. [<CT *esen].
izenne= to greet [eznn= RI:890 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *esenle=].
izennes the act of greeting.
izennes= to greet one another [eznns= RI:891 Sagay, Koybal, eznnsh= RI:891
Kacha]; ezn dep eznnsht RI:890 they greeted one another. [<CT *esenlesh=].
izennestr= to let greet, to let greet one another.
izer saddle [izr RI:1538 Sagay, ezr RI:892 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; izer paz saddle
pommel; izer xamagh front part of the saddle; izer oy the hollow of the saddle; kms
izer saddle with silver decorations. [<CT *eder].
izere one after the other [ezr RI:892 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
izerstre successively; izerstre palghalstgh ?.
izerle= to saddle [izrl=; RI:1538 Sagay, ezrl= RI:892 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; ol
altn izern al torgh adn izerlepe s/he took his/her golden saddle and saddled his/her
bay horse. [<CT *ederle=].
izerlg having a saddle, saddled [izrlg' RI:1538 Sagay, ezrlg' RI:893 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]; izerlg at saddled horse. [<CT *ederlig].
izert= to make follow, to lead. [<CT *edert=].
iz-ox uncomfortable, awkward; uncomfortably, ungainly (of clothes); not feeling quite
oneself; iz-ox odrp algham I was sitting uncomfortably; aghaa iz-ox s/he is not
quite him/herself.
izk dial cf zk door.
izl= to dissolve (of soap, powder).
izldr= to have dissolved (soap, powder).
izin= RI:1540 Sagay, Koybal to warm oneself, to be or become warm. [<CT *isin= ~
*sn=].
izindg RI:1541 Sagay trustworthy.
izr= to be or become drunk, get drunk [ezir= RI:896 Sagay, Koybal]; izrenje s= to get
dead drunk. [<CT *esr=].
izre Sagay kernel (of a nut) [izr RI:1544 Sagay]; cf nims.
izrk drunk [zrik RI:892 Sagay, ezirk RI:896, Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, ezrik RI:900
Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *esrk].
izrt= to make drunk, to intoxicate [ezirt= RI:896 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT
*esrt=].
izrek notched wooden stick (used for tanning skins) [ezrk RI:900 Sagay instrument for
softening leather (when tanning)].
ee cf zee alcoholist, a drunk.
ege entrails, intestines [it'g RI:1437 Kacha, Koybal]; uzun egeler small intestines;
oon egeler large intestines. [<CT *iek].
l= cf zl= (of a fluid) to be drunk, gulped down.
r= cf zr= to give to drink, to water.
rt= cf zrt= to order to give to drink.
s cf zs drinking bout; drinks.
s= cf zs= to drink together.
r inner skirt of a garment.
delg strong, powerful; keen, intelligent.
di thus, in such a way [id RI:1506 Sagay, edy RI:848, edii RI:854 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]; di dee, dk tee so, as it is; di tee axs it is good as it is; ediib, pidiib,
qaydiiba? RI:854 like this, like that or otherwise?; edy kerk, aqs RI:849 that's right,
good!.
dg the act of pushing, squash, crush, repulsion.
dn= to push one another, to jostle; to push off, to repulse; to fidget, to move restlessly.
[<CT *itin=].
drgek anger, irritation, fastidiousness, disgust; drgeem tuta I am disgusted, annoyed.
drgen= to be angry, irritated, disgusted.
ds vessel; a small wooden pail for wine, milk [idis RI:1509 Sagay small vessel or pail
of birch bark, edis RI:858 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha dishes, crockery, dis RI:858 Kyzyl
bucket]; ds-xams pots and pans, utensils [idis qams RI:1509, edis qams RI:858
Sagay]; elig' idis aragh ast RI:1509 s/he distilled fifty vessels of liquor. [<CT *iddish].
dstg having a vessel, pail.
dk just as.
je mother [it' RI:1437 Koybal, Kacha, RI:1520 Sagay]; y je stepmother; tay je
maternal grandmother; je-paba parents; je-pabalarn lin parents' meeting; jen
xnz maternal love; ir stnde ce - i aarlgh kz Bal93:107 on earth, mother is the
dearest person; ce - pray kirekte pas Bal93:120 mother, the head in most affairs; kem
cezn ispine, ol obalgha kr para Bal93:120 s/he who disobeys his/her mother will
fall into disaster. [<CT *ee mother's younger sister; one's elder sister].
je mama, mother (term of address) [ij RI:1520 Sagay].
kere dial twin (animals) [ikkr RI:1420 Koybal twin(s)]; ikkr bal'a RI:1420 twin;
cf k-ara. [LM ikere].
k two [ikki RI:1421 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; k xadl double, twofold; kz the two of
them; k le only two; k toka colon (Rus dvoetochie); k saghstgh two-faced,
hypocritical. [<CT *ikki ~ *ekki].
k-ara twins; twins (animals); cf ks, kere.
knji second [ikkin RI:1421 Sagay]; knjinde on the second one.
knjiles doubt, undecision.
ks twin, twins [ikkis RI:1421 Sagay]; cf k-ara. [<CT *ekkiz].
kzne both; cf kle.
ikkinzn RI:1421 Sagay for the second time.
kle the two of them, both [ikkl RI:1420 Koybal, ikkl RI:1420 Sagay];
ikkl quaqtastlar, ikkl oqsanstlar RI:1420 the two of them embraced and
kissed one another; cf kzne.
l= to hitch to, to hook on, to hang up [il= RI:1420 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; kms
genn atta ald, pr aghasxa l-sald folk s/he took his/her golden bridle from the
horse, and hang it on a tree [kms ygnn atta al'd, pir aghsqa l-sal'd RI:1473];
mal'd ms-mn ilp sn aq tal'aygha tastap adr RI:1473 Sagay the deer took up
the livestock on its horns and threw it into the white lake. [<CT *iil=].
lbk loop, noose, buttonhole, clasp, buckle, fastening, hinge; Sagay button [ilbk
RI:1497 Sagay]; cf marxa. [<CT *iilmek].
lbkte= Sagay to do up, to button up, to hook up [ilbkt= RI:1497 Sagay]; cf
marxala=.
lbktg having a loop, buttonhole, clasp, fastening.
ldr= to order to hitch to, hook on, hang up. [<CT iiltr=].
ldrges small hook.
ldrgestg having a small hook.
le clear, distinct, clearly, plainly; le krne obviously, evidently; ol le pasa s/he
writes clearly.
les fishing rod, rod; cf xarmax.
lestg having a fishing rod, rod.
lgs peg, hook (for clothes) [lgsh B75:6 Kyzyl, ilgs RI:1492 Koybal].
lgstg having a peg, hook.
lgr shelf for dishes [lgr RI:1857 Sagay]. [LM elggr peg, hook, hanger].
lgrlg having a shelf for dishes.
lg obsol the width of a finger (as a measure of length), inch [ilig' RI:1485 Sagay, illig'
RI:1493 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, elig' RI:819 Sagay, Koybal]; k lg two inch. [<CT
*elig ~ *ilig hand].
ll= to be hung, to be or get suspended, to get caught [ill= RI:1487 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha].
ln= to catch on, to get hold of, to hang on to; [ilin= RI:1485 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha];
zeezne lnd s/he hung at his/her stirrups [RI:1486 Sagay]. [<CT *ilin=].
lns the act of catching on, hanging on.
ljr jelly-like, not solid; (of a person) sluggish, slow.
ljrbe chain [iljirb RI:1496 Sagay, ilt'irb RI:1493 Koybal]; timr ljrbe iron chain;
as ljrbe chain of a watch; iljirb quyaq RI:1496 Sagay coat of mail; cf kinje, Sagay
ljrba.
ljrbedeg being on a chain, chained; ljrbedeg aday chained dog; cf kinjedeg.
ljrbelg having chains; ljrbelg traktor tractor with chains.
mekte= dial to crawl [emkt= RI:948 Sagay]; pala mektepe the child is crawling; cf
nmekte=.
mektet= dial to let crawl; cf nmektet=.
n burrow, hole, den, lair [in RI:1438 Sagay]; a n lair, den of an animal; rj n the den
of the enemy. [<CT *in].
nek (~ nek) cow; saalatxan nek milk cow, cow for milking; sttg nek dairy cow;
nek piz udder; nek l obsol year of the cow. [<CT *inek].
nng having a burrow, hole, den, lair; nng ir place covered with burrows, holes.
e needle [ing RI:1445 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, i RI:1431 Kacha]; tibe e large
needle (lit. camel needle); e xulagh eye of a needle; ingn sapta! RI:1445 put the
thread in the needle!. [<CT *igne].
pek bread, loaf of bread [itpk RI:1506 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, ippk RI:1569 Sagay];
pdn pek round loaf of bread; pek ite zavod bread factory; cf dial ipek. [<CT
*epek].
pektg having bread, with bread.
rgek male [ergk RI:784 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; folk boy; rgek xas gander; rgek
sosxa hog; rgeg tumaz kii poltr, xz ulii poltr his/her boy is the youngest, his/her
daughter is the eldest [child]; ergk tizi iki qan ker RI:784 Sagay two eagles, a male
and a female. [<CT *erkek].
rgektg with a male; of the male sex; k pala rgektg, tzlg poltr folk [they have] two
children, one male, one female.
rg= cf rg= (of milk) to turn sour; to rot.
r= (~ rg=) (of milk) to turn sour, to curdle; to decay, to rot, to decompose [iri=
RI:1459 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; irn st RI:1458 Sagay cottage cheese, curds; cf
rkte=. [<CT *iri=].
rk decayed, rotten, putrid, decomposed, foul [irik RI:1459 Sagay, Koybal]; rk aghas
decayed wood. [<CT *irik].
rkte= (of milk) to turn sour; to rot; aghast ilegeler rktep parghan the roots of the
tree have become rotten; cf r=.
rmjk spider [iirmt'k RI:1458 Koybal]; rmjk uyaz spider's nest; rmjk xl
spider's thread; cf rmejek, Kacha rmt'ik.
r pus; snot [ir RI:1458 Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *iri].
rne= to suppurate, to fester, to discharge pus [irn= RI:1458 Koybal, Kacha,
irin= RI:1461 Sagay, Koybal].
rnet= to cause to suppurate, fester, discharge pus.
rng purulent; snotty. [<CT *irinig].
rt= to cause to ferment, to let curdle; to cause to, let decay, rot, decompose.
s track, trace; xozan ster rabbit tracks; z dee xalbaan not a trace of him/her remained.
[<CT *iiz].
s= (zerge, erge) to drink [iis= (izp, it'ip, iip) RI:1525 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *i=].
skemeyke B75:24 small bank. [Rus skamejka].
sker east, eastwards; aghaa sker polbaan s/he was not lucky, did not succeed; sker
parbaan s/he remained ignorant.
skerk eastern; skerk l eastern wind.
skertn from the east; from afar.
sk a drunk; drinking bout. [<CT *ik].
skt blackthorn, sloe; cf xazaljax, xaraghan, drban.
ste= to follow a track, trace; to pursue, to chase; to look for, to search [ist= RI:1532
Sagay, Koybal].
steg shadowing; pursuit, chase; search; cf stes.
stegji pursuer.
sten= to toil, to labour; cf toghn=. [<CT ishlen=].
stenetken labourer, worker; stenetken mass the working masses.
stendr= to cause to toil, labour, to let toil, labour.
stene (~ stene) wall. [Rus stena].
stens labour, work; stens tirgler tools, instruments; stens ditsiplina labour
discipline; stens kdrm ?rise in labour.
stens= to work, labour together.
stenstg pertaining to work; stenstg xonx working life.
stenj worker, labourer; stenjlern lg z labour power.
stes shadowing; pursuit, chase; search; cf steg.
stes= to help follow a track, trace, to trace one another; to pursue, to chase one another;
to look for, to search together, to look for one another.
stet= to order to follow a track, trace; to order to pursue, chase; to have looked for,
searched.
st inside, inner part; insides, entrails [ist RI:1534 Sagay, Koybal]; stnde inside, in it;
turan stnde in the house; stne from its inside; st oxtan= to envy; an stn
kem pler? who knows him/her? (lit. who knows his/her insides?). [<CT *i].
st-ox envious; st-ox kz envious person.
stlg capacious, roomy.
stndeg internal, inner; stndeg sari the inner side; stndeg aghrghlar internal
diseases; stndeg karman inner pocket; stndeg kgenek chemise, shirt; stndeg
stan drawers, pants.
st-xarn pluck; st-xarnngh gre soup from pluck.
t= to push [it= RI:1500 Sagay]; ezikti qam-mna it-adr RI:1500 s/he pushed the
door open with his/her whip. [<CT *it= ~ *t=].
tgen dial dog-rose [itign Cas84a Koybal]; tgen tooz Chan942a dog-rose.
tks shovel for clearing away snow or sweepings [itkis RI:1504 Sagay].
tks bush, shrub; cf sabagha.
ttr= to cause to push, to let push.
ze well, right, that's it [iz RI:1539 Sagay, ez RI:889 Sagay, Koybal]; ez, tunam,
al'a nat'n qusqa qubul'! RI:889 well, my sister, change into a spotted falcon!.
zee (~ ee) alcoholist, a drunk.
zeep pocket [izp RI:1539 Koybal, Kacha]; ts zeeb, stndeg zeeb inner pocket;
nan zeeb side pocket.
zeeptg having pockets, with pockets.
zen= to hope, to expect; to trust, to rely on [izin= RI:1542 Sagay, ezn= RI:890 Sagay,
Koybal, Kacha]; zengen kzm a person I trust; kz izinm, qudaygha izin!
RI:1541 don't rely on your power, rely on god!. [<CT *ishen=].
zen= to be obstinate, to persist, to not obey; (of a horse) to be restive.
zendr= to inspire hope, trust [ezndr= RI:892 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
zens hope, trust, expectation; confidence, conviction; cf Kyzyl ezhengesh.
zens= to trust one another; to rely upon one another.
zenstg sure, confident; reliable, dependable.
zenjk trustful, unsuspecting.
zenjk obstinate, not obeying; zenjk at a restive horse.
zenmes uncertainty, uncertain.
zee stirrup [izi RI:1538 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; xola zee bronze stirrups. [NE
*ezegi ~ *izege]
zeelg with stirrups.
zes hope, trust [izs RI:1539 Kyzyl].
zestg thrustworthy, confident(ly), sure, positive; anap-xustap sgharda, zestg
arghs taap al Bal93:85 find a thrustworthy friend when going out hunting on game and
birds; sovetskay on kommunizmn toldra ierne zestg para the Soviet people
confidently go towards the complete victory of communism.
z-xuzu-ox idler, loafer.
z= to be or become warm, hot [izi= RI:1539 Sagay, Koybal]; gre zpe the soup is
hot; id zpe s/he has got a temperature, fever; id-xan zbst s/he warmed
him/herself. [<CT *isi= ~ *s=].
zg warm, hot, burning hot; warmth, heat [izig' RI:1540 Sagay]; zg ay hot tea; izig'
aghr RI:1540 hot fever; zg aygh a burning hot summer; zg kn a burning hot day;
magha zg I feel warm; zge sdabina s/he cannot stand the heat. [<CT *isig ~ *sg].
zgle= to give out warmth, to radiate heat, to make warm, hot; to apply a compress.
zk door [izik RI:1539 Sagay, ezik RI:894 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; zk tudaz door
handle, door knob; cf dial izk. [<CT *eshik].
zktg having a door.
zl= (~ l=) (of a fluid) to be drunk, gulped down. [<CT iil=].
zr= (~ r=) to give to drink, to water [izr= RI:1541 Sagay]. [<CT *ir=].
zr= to feel warm, hot.
zrt= (~ rt=) to order to give to drink.
zs (~ s) drinking bout; drinks.
zs= (~ s=) to drink together. [<CT *iish=].
zt= to make warm, hot, to warm up, to make red hot [izit= RI:1542 Sagay, Koybal];
kn zt= the sun is scorching. [<CT *isit= ~ *st=].


drban name of a thorny shrub, Chan848b blackthorn, sloe; cf skt, xazaljax,
xaraghan.
ghl= to tower, to pile up, to get up on; pustar pr irde ghlbstlar the ice piled up in
one place.
ghr-soghr squeak, creak, crunch; ghr-soghr istle a creaking sound is audible.
ghra= to creak, to grate [ghra= RI:1356 Sagay]; azax altnda xar ghrapa the snow
is creaking under the feet; xaaa ghrapa the cart is creaking; tal'gh tabz ghrad
RI:1356 the wood for tanning leather creaked; cf ghr=.
ghrat= to let creak, grate; tstern ghrat= to grit the teeth; sapogna ghrata s/he
is creaking with his/her boots; cf Sagay, Koybal ghrt=.
ghraas B75:16 Sagay cf ghros creaking.
ghros (~ ghroos B75:16) creaking, grating; ghros xar grating snow; cf Sagay
ghraas.
ght= RI:1356 Sagay, Koybal to grit the teeth; cf ghrt=.
ghr= RI:1357 Sagay, Koybal to creak (of the teeth when gritting); cf ghra=.
ghrt= RI:1357 Sagay, Koybal to grit (the teeth); tizn ghrt= to grit one's teeth; cf
ghrat=, ght=.
weeping, crying; lamentation.
la= of insects to buzz.
las= of insects to buzz together [l'ash= RI:1375 Sagay [sic] of bees to hum.
lat= to cause to buzz.
n= to be or become puffed or swelled up; to groan.
r hostility [r RI:1365 Sagay hostility, hate].
ran= to growl, to gnarl, to snarl [rn= RI:1368 Sagay of dogs to gnarl]; aday rana
the dog is growling.
rj enemy, foe; hostile; rjn tlnda in the enemy's rear; rj samolyod the plane of
the enemy; cf Shor tg.
rlas= to be or become enemies to one another; cf Sagay rla=.
rlastr= to cause to become enemies.
rlgh hostile [rl'g' RI:1372 < Verbitskij Sagay enemy].
x violin, fiddle [q RI:1354 Sagay]; x tart= to play the fiddle; cf Koybal iik.
lan falcon.
lbana= to rock, to swing; to stagger; to shake, to shiver (e.g. of bog lands) [l'bana=
RI:1379 Sagay]; cf aybana=, Kacha yghana=.
lbanat= to rock, swing, shake something [l'banat= RI:1379 Sagay].
l'br= RI:1379 Sagay to sweat (of the armpit); to chap (of the lips).
lbra= to be boiled soft, to be overcooked; to become wet (of scab); to soften, to become
soft; to grow languid; lbrap parghan it overcooked meat; palghlar lbrabstr
his/her scab wounds were wet; olgha lbrap pardm I grew languid from the journey.
lbrat= to boil soft, to overcook; to soften, to make soft; cf ljrat=.
lgha= to cry [l'gha= RI:1377 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; pal'az l'ghap-aa RI:1377
Sagay his/her child is crying. [<CT *gla=].
lghaax whining; cry-baby, sniveller.
lghamzra= (~ lghana=) to shed a few tears; to begin to whimper.
lghamzrat= to cause to shed a few tears.
lghamzrax given to crying; tearful; tabz lghamzrax his/her voice is tearful.
lghana= (< lghanirgha=) cf lghamzra= to shed a few tears; to begin to whimper.
l'ghas= RI:1378 Sagay, Koybal to cry together [l'ghash= RI:1379 Kacha]. [<CT
*glash=].
lghat= to cause to cry, weep, to make sad [l'ghat= RI:1378 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal,
Kyzyl]. [<CT *glat=].
ljr dial half-liquid; weak, infirm; unstable, unsteady, shaky; muddler, blunderer,
ditherer [l'r RI:1379 Sagay weak, unstable]; l'r-al'r RI:1379 Sagay weak,
unstable; cf ljr.
ljra= dial to soften, to become soft (e.g. of berries) [l'ra= RI:1379 Sagay to become
weak]; cf lbra=. [LM ilzira= ~ ilzara=].
ljrat= dial to soften, to make soft, to soak; ljrada tut= dial to crush, to squash (with
the hands); ljrada pas= to crush, to squash (with the feet, a machine); ljrada xaynat=
to overcook (e.g. meat); cf lbrat=.
ljrba Sagay cf ljrbe chain.
may myth goddess protecting newly-born and small children. [<CT *umay].
na= to want, to wish; to consent, to agree [RI:1361 Sagay to wish, to speak]; parargha
naan s/he wanted to go; cf dial una=. [<CT *una=].
nagh friendly, loving, peaceful(ly); sovetskay onnarn nagh sem'yaz the loving
family of Soviet nationalities; nagh toghs peaceful labour; nagh urta= to live
peacefully, in harmony; nagh pol= to be on friendly terms with, to be friends with. [<CT
*nag].
naghlas friendship; pik naghlas strong friendship; cf narxas.
nan= to find time, to get around, to manage; to do with motivation, without postponing;
ol pis'mo pazargha nanmina s/he did not manage to write a letter.
nan= RI:1361 Sagay to wish, to want; andar parargha nanmad s/he did not want to
go there.
narxas friendship; sovetskay soyuz onnarn arazndagh narxas the friendship
between the nationalities of the Soviet Union; narxas ilbek polza, ir-sugh daa pik
polar Bal93:6 if the friendship is large, the land too is strong; cf naghlas.
narxas= to become friends with; olar xajanox narxazp reler they have been
friends forever, for a long time.
nat= to incite a wish; to cause to consent, agree.
naq RI:1361 Sagay, Koybal friend, friendship. [LM inag].
naqs= RI:1361 Sagay, Koybal to become friends.
njxtan= Sagay to foresage ill fortune; cf oballan=.
ajax Sagay baby, newly-born child.
aybaghan RI:1358 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, Kyzyl enormous, tremendously (big);
aybaghan ul'ug' tag' adr RI:1358 Sagay there lies an enormously big mountain;
pirzi kizig' ool'aq pol'd, pirzi aybaghan ul'ug' kizi RI:1358 Sagay one of them
was a small boy, the other a tremendously big person.
raq RI:1358 Sagay the wooden support of a saddle [rt'aq RI:1358 Koybal]. [<
*r-ak].
r song [RI:1365 Kacha, Koybal]; on r folk song; r rla= to sing songs, a song; cf
sarn. [<CT *r ~ *yr].
ra-ara: ra-ara tart= to tear up, to tear to pieces; ra-ara sabl= to fly to bits, to be
scattered into pieces.
ra= to move away from; kime ar xazna rabsxan the boat moved away from the
shore; ol pu irlerde rabst s/he had moved away from (around) here. [<CT *ra=].
ragha jug, pitcher used in distilling liquor.
rat= to cause to move away from, to make leave. [<CT *rat=].
rax far, distant, remote, long; rax ol a long road; rax ox not far, close by; rax par=
to go far away; ol minne rax iit he is a guy who is a little bit younger than I am. [<CT
*rak].
raxsn= to consider oneself (too) far away from; to avoid, to keep away from; olarzar
parargha raxsnghan s/he considered him/herself too far away to go to them; minne
nogha raxsnaz? why are you avoiding me?.
raxta= to catch a horse with a lasso pole; to throw a loop over a horse's neck.
raxtat= to order to catch a horse with a lasso pole, to let throw a loop over a horse's
neck.
raxtn from afar, from far away.
raxx being far, remote; raxx ol a journey far away; raxx tughan a remote relative.
rghax hook [rghaq RI:1371 Sagay]. [<CT *rgak].
rghaxta= to capture with a hook.
rghay ramrod, cleaning rod; rghay aghas ?a tube of young wood.
rg' RI:1367 Koybal eye socket.
rl= to tear, to become torn (of fabric); to crack (of soil). [cf <CT *iril=].
rs luck, good fortune; succes; cf aaska. [cf <CT *erej].
rstgh lucky, having good fortune; succesful; cf aaskalgh.
rsxa Kacha grouse.
rx perineum [rq RI:1367 Koybal the space between a mare's hind legs]; cf Sagay rqa.
rjay= to grin, to smile a broad smile [zay= RI:1397 < Verbitskij Sagay to smile]; cf
rsay=. [LM irzai=].
rj singer, one who loves to sing [r RI:1373 Sagay, rt' RI:1372 Koybal].
rla= to sing (of people, birds) [rl'a= R1:1372 Sagay, Koybal]; qul'aghna rl'ap adr
RI:1371 s/he is singing a song in his/her ear; cf sarna=. [<CT *rla= ~ *yrla=].
rl'a= RI:1372 Sagay to become enemies; cf rlas=.
rlas= to sing together [rl'as= R1:1372 Sagay]; kk tigrde torghayaxtar rlasalar the
larks are singing together in the blue sky; eki abakay rn rl'azp adr RI:1372 the
two women are singing songs together.
rlat= to order to sing, to let sing [rl'at= R1:1372 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *rlat= ~
*yrlat=].
rqa RI:1370 Sagay the space between the spread legs; cf rx.
rsana= to smile while baring one's teeth.
rsay= to protrude (of teeth, cheekbones); to grin, to bare one's teeth; cf rjay=. [LM
irzai=].
rsayt= to cause to protrude; to cause to bare one's teeth.
s smoke; soot [RI:1384 Sagay, Koybal]; cf tudn. [<CT *ish ~ *sh].
s= to send [RI:1385 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to send; to let go of]; toghsxa s= to send to
work; pis'mo s= to send a letter; olabit s= to send one's greetings; at s= to send a
horse; sqan kizi RI:1385 Sagay ambassador, envoy; spassm seni! RI:1385 Sagay I
won't let go of you!; auxiliary parbs= to (quickly) leave, to set of [RI:1386]; rbs=
RI:1386 to go away; kizbs= to snap out, cut out; atghbis= to take a leap; to jump off.
[<CT *d=]
s= to tell, to issue (a story); nmax s= to tell stories.
spasba RI:1396 Sagay thanks. [Rus spasibo].
sta= to smoke, to emit smoke, to fumigate; to become black with soot [RI:1393 Sagay,
Koybal]. [<CT *ishle= ~ *shla=].
stal= to be smoking, to smoke, to be or become black with soot.
stas= to smoke, fumigate together, to be or become black with soot together.
stat= to cause to smoke, emit smoke, fumigate; to blacken with soot.
stgh smokey; smoked; sooted, with soot [stg' RI:1395 Sagay smokey, smoked]; cf
tdnng.
stop RI:1395 Sagay a measure for fluids (about 1,2 litre). [Rus shtof]
sxanax Sagay mouse; cf kske.
sxn= to fall out, to slip out; to drop, to let fall by accident [sqn= RI:1391 Sagay]. [<CT
*kn=].
sxndr= to cause to to drop; to let fall by accident.
yghana= Kacha to rock, to swing; kime sughda yghanap pari the boat is rocking
on the water; cf lghana=.
ymal= to become tangled (of wool).
zban Sagay wooden bucket.
zgh the act of dispatching, sending; exile, banishment; [zg' RI:1397 < Verbitskij
Sagay office, function of envoy]; zgha s= to dispatch, to send out; to banish, to exile, to
expel; zg'g'a rgn RI:1397 s/he has the office of envoy.
zghas (~ zas) tit (a species of bird).
zlat= to throw, to hurl, to fling, to cast; tas zladbsxan s/he threw stones.
zlgh: zlgh padezh directive case (grammar).
zas cf zghas tit [RI:1398 < Verbitskij Sagay wagtail (Motacilla)].
zr= to bite. [<CT *sr=].
zra biter, who bites.
zrgha earring [RI:1398 Sagay]; xulaghnda zrghalar earrings in one's ears; xaz
zrghalar birchwood earrings. [<CT *srga].
zrghal'g' RI:1398 Sagay bride (lit. having earrings).
zrn= to be given to biting; to bite one's tongue, to hold one's tongue; to clench one's
teeth, to hold on to. [<CT *srn=].
zrt= to let bite. [<CT *sr=].
zx place protected from the wind.
zx myth spirit of a river, mountain, valley; obsol sacred object, object of worship
(mountain, wood, livestock); obsol sacred, dedicated [zq RI:1398 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal
dedicated to god; sacrifice]; zx mal sacred livestock; zq at RI:1398 a horse dedicated
as a sacrifice; zq tagh RI:1398 Sacrifice Mountain (situated near the Abakan). [<CT
*duk].
K
kakruza DX104 Beltir maize. [Ru kukuruza Stach96:221]
kalagay Cas90b Koybal bot stinging nettle; cf salanax. [cf Bur xalaaxay]
kaluk BI70a bot hellebore [qaup RII:267 Sagay].
kamat BI70b beaver; xara kamat prk BI70a hat from black beaver fur. [Ru]
kandala BI70b Kyzyl cf klop bug, bed bug.
katanka BI70b kind of felt boots [Ru reg katanka].
kebs RII:1193 W Sagay daughter.
kednikt- RII:1133 Sagay to go ahead, forwards.
keel BI72b Kyzyl swing. [Ru kaeli].
keen BI72b dial beautiful, splendid, fine, excellent; luxurious, sumptuous. [LM kege(n)]
krbi- RII:1107 Koybal to swell.
keergen BI72b orn species of bird [Ru kedrovka]. [cf Shor krgn]
keerk BI72b dial cf krk chipmunk.
ked RII:1065 Koybal thick paper; cf Kyzyl kinde, an. [<CT *kegde Ir kgad]
kekk BI73a dial cf kk cuckoo.
kem BI73a who [RII:1203 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kem-kem BI73a somebody, someone, anybody, any-one;
kem-de BI73a somebody; kem-de kild BI73a somebody has come; kem-dee polza BI73a whoever; kem
dee BI73a no one, nobody; kemne BI73a from whom; with whom; kemneer BI73a about whom. [<CT
*kim]
kenmet B**24 sweets. [Ru konfeta].
kil- RII:1071 Koybal to make noise.
kn- RII:1071 Sagay, Koybal to gnaw.
kep RII:1185 Sagay suddenly.
kept- RII:1188 W Sagay to believe.
keptn- RII:1189 Sagay to dry. [cf CT *kebi-]
ker RII:1083 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal monster, giant animal. [cf Alt kr]
ker RII:1086 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal point in time; at as kerzind poan RII:1086 Sagay s/he was
about six years old. [<CT *ker]
kerb- RII:1107 Sagay to bend (oneself) backwards.
kerbt- RII:1107 Sagay to bend backwards.
kerk BI73a dial small bridge over a brook.
kerp BI73a folk ship, vessel. [Ru korabl].
keskit- RII:1166 Kacha to pull backwards.
keyle BI73a Kyzyl abscess, boil; cf ss.
kezrk RII:1174 Sagay, Koybal dawn. [cf Tel kzrk]
kezet B**24 newspaper. [Ru gazeta].
kibek BI73a shell (of a nut, egg); cf xastrx. [<CT *kepek]
kibele- BI73a obs to legalise a marriage. [Ir kabn]
kiben BI73a dial ugly (of a person); cf kipss.
kibr BI73a custom, usage; disposition, temper. [cf Shor kbr]
kibrlg BI73a dignified, impressive, distinguished, notable; noteworthy, attracting the attention to
oneself (of a person); sympathetic [kibrl RII:1399 Sagay, Koybal comfortable, fitting].
kibs BI73a rug, carpet [kbs RII:1315 Sagay]. [<CT *kebiz]
kibr RII:1401 Sagay brim of the hat. [cf Shor kirb]
kibrek BI73a fragile, frail (of objects) [kibrk RII:1401 Sagay, Koybal]; cf port. [<CT *kebrek, LM kebereg]
kigli RII:1380 Sagay, kiblik RII:1380 Sagay assiduous, diligent.
kiik RII:1381 Sagay hunger.
kiikt RII:1381 Sagay hungry.
kig BI78b crossing over a river, ford. [<CT *keig]
kir- BI78b cf kizr- to make go across.
kire BI78a across, over; kol kire BI78a across the road; cf kizre.
kiden BI73a linen, flax, sackcloth [kedn RII:1133 Sagay, Koybal]. [Ar kattn]
kidenng BI73a of linen, flax, sackcloth.
kider BI73a west, westwards; aside [kedr RII:1134 Sagay, Koybal sidewards]; kidertn BI73a from the
west; kiderk BI73a west-, western; kider tur- BI73a to stand or step aside; kiderk granitsa BI73a western
border. [cf CT *ketirti]
kidey BI73a stingy, miserly, niggardly; unsociable; cf xaram.
kideylen- BI73a to be stingy, miserly, niggardly; to be unsociable; cf xaramnan-.
kidr- RII:1378 W Sagay to thunder softly.
kigr- BI73a to belch [kigr- RII:1341 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *ke:kir-]
kigrk BI73a belching.
kigrt- BI73a to make belch.
kii BI74a air [k RII:1339 W Sagay]; ar kii BI74a clear air. [LM kei]
kiik BI74a roe; wild goat [RII:1340 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal wild animal]. [<CT *keyik]
kiikn BI74a orn golden eagle.
kiikte- BI74a to hunt for roe, wild goats.
kiiktg BI74a teeming with roe, wild goats; kiiktg taya BI74a mountain forest teeming with roe, wild
goats.
kiis BI74a felt; kiis pas- BI74a to press felt, to make felt; kiis maymax BI74a felt boots; kiis rg BI74a
felt saddle pad. [cf CT *kidiz]
kiistg BI74b felt-, made of felt.
kiee BI78b yesterday [ke RII:1150 Sagay]; kieeg BI78b yesterdays; kieede peer BI78b since yester-
day; kieedeg kn BI78b yesterday. [<CT *ke:e]
kiege BI78b (girls) braid [kg RII:1073 Koybal (mans) braid]. [LM geige]
kgl RII:1073 Koybal (of a man) having a braid.
kiegey BI78b orn crested bird, hen.
kim BI78b leather put under the saddlepad [keim RII:1151 Sagay saddle pad]. [LM keim]
kir BI78b cartilage, gristle [kiir RII:1381 W Sagay cartilage, keir RII:1151 Sagay trachea]. [Rs246]
kirlg BI78b having cartilage, gristle, kirlg palxtar BI78b fish with cartilage, gristle.
kikle- ** to stammer.
kikls BI74b dial cf kilegey stammerer.
kil- BI74b to come [kel- RII:1111 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, B**7 Kyzyl]; att kildm BI74b I came by horse, on
horseback; kilgenm pu BI74b so I have come; kilgen axs BI74b it is good you have come; kiler pold
BI74b s/he was to come, promised to come; ana kilgeyzi BI74b please come after-wards; kil-tur BI74b
come sometime; xustar kileler BI74b the birds are coming; kiler lknde BI74b next Sunday; kiler
knde BI74b in the following days; kr-kel RII:1112 look!; sr-kel RII:1112 drive here!; sq-keldi RII:1112 s/he
came out; usxun-kild BI74b, usqan-keldi RII:1112 s/he woke up; s kild BI74b s/he grew up; uzirm kile
BI74b Im getting sleepy. [<CT *kel-]
kil- RII:1367 Koybal to ask for, to beg for. [Rs270]
kildr- BI74b to make come [keldr- RII:1122 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to bring]. [<CT *keltr-]
kilegey BI74b stammerer [kelgi RII:1113 Sagay, Koybal]; cf dial kikls. [LM kelegei]
kilegeylen- BI74b to stammer [kelgiln- RII:1113 Sagay, Koybal].
kilesken an957b Sagay [kelskn RII:1114 Sagay, Koybal] cf kilesk lizard.
kilesk BI74b zoo lizard; kilesk l BI74b year of the lizard; cf Sagay kilesken. [<NE *keleski]
kiln (kiln) BI74b bride, daughter-in-law [kelin RII:1117 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kelin]
kilnng BI74b having a bride, daughter-in-law.
kils BI74b coming, arrival; cf rs. [<CT *keli]
kils- BI75a to come together; to agree, to reach an agreement, to arrange to; to fit, to suit, to go well
with [kels- RII:1118 Sagay, Koybal, keli- RII:1119 Kacha]; paaz kilsse BI74b if the price is right, proper; ol
kostyum aaa kilse BI75a that suit fits him nicely. [<CT *keli-]
kilskek BI75a fitting, becoming (of clothes).
kilstg BI75a proper, suitable (of the price).
kilstr- BI75a to make to agree, reach an agree-ment, arrange to; to make to fit, suit, go well with
[keltr- RII:1120 Kacha]; kilstre ooxtan- BI75a to speak well; kgn kilstre oyna- BI75a to play the
melody right.
kilzg BI74b agreement.
kilkm BI75a large, big, whole; kilkm itpester BI75a large deficiencies; kilkm sannar BI75a whole
numbers; kilkm onnarn xozar BI75a adding of whole decads; itt kilkmge pzr BI75a cook the meat as
a whole.
kiltegey BI75a on the side, separate, detached; kiltegey kz BI75a appathetic, unsociable person. [LM
keltegei]
kimk BI75b open bite (position of the teeth in which the lower jaw is protruded); cf Sagay kimzk
kimzk BI75a Sagay cf kimk open bite.
kime BI75a ship, boat [kem RII:1206 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *ke:mi]
kimege BI75a stove for distillation. [cf Shor, Alt kbg]
kimelg BI75a having a ship, boat; sun kimelg kiskebs BI75a we crossed the water by boat.
kimr- BI75a to gnaw. [<CT *kemr-]
kimrk BI75b leavings, leftovers.
kimrek BI75b zoo rodent.
kinde BI75b Kyzyl cf an, Koybal ked paper.
kindr BI75b bot hemp; ax kindr BI75b flax; kindr xaya BI75b hempseed oil; kindr aram BI75b hemp
rope. [<CT *kendir]
kine- BI75b to be mutilated, maimed, disfigured, crippled; kinep paran kz BI75b disfigured, crippled
person. [LM gene-]
kenn RII:1076 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal a cripple. [cf Shor kngn]
kinek BI75b mutilation, deformity; cripple, freak [knk RII:1076 Kyzyl bad, insignificant]; cf dial kinem.
kinem BI75b dial cf kinek mutilation, deformity; cripple, freak.
kinektg BI75b mutilated, deformed; crippled, ugly.
kenn- RII:1076 Sagay to be very weakened by disease.
kinen BI75b bad luck; accident; unsuccesfulness; kinen pol-pard BI75b an accident happened. [LM
genen]
kinetn BI75b suddenly, all of a sudden, instantly, in a moment [kenttn RII:1077 Sagay]; kinetn noo-
da nime ltrabst BI75b suddenly something lighted up; kinetn arbst BI75b s/he suddenly fell ill; kip-
kinetn BI75b completely unexpected. [LM genedte]
kine BI76a (dogs) chain [keni RII:1082 Sagay, keni RII:1079 Koybal, kini RII:1347 Koybal, kin RII:1349
Kacha]; kinedeg BI76a being on a chain, chained; kinedeg aday BI76a chained dog; cf lrbe, dial kize.
[LM gini]
kine BI76a Sagay cf in dowry.
kinele- BI76a to chain (a dog).
kize BI76a dial cf kine (dogs) chain.
kizele- BI76a dial cf kinele- to chain (a dog).
kizg BI76a burnt (of food); kizg gre BI76a burnt soup.
kip BI76a clothes, clothing [kep RII:1185 Sagay]; stne kise kip BI76a under-clothing, underwear; kip
u- BI76a to do the laundry; kip suur- BI76a to undress; kip-azax BI76a clothing; quu kb RII:1185 folk
swans dress; yan kb RII:1185 sloughed-off snake skin; kss oaq poan kp ou ya RII:1185 it
was an orphan boy, without clothes, and naked. [Rs253]
kip BI76a last (for shoes) [kep RII:1184 Sagay, Koybal possibility]; kebi ou RII:1184 Sagay there is no
way; kep ss RII:1185 story, legend. [<CT *ke:b mould, model, LM keb norm]
kip-oox BI76a oral tradition; legend; proverb.
kipsen- BI76a to chew the cud, to ruminate. [<CT *ke:ben-]
kipss BI76a ugly (of a person); incoherent, awkward, clumsy; cf dial kiben. [?< *ke:b + *-siz]
kipte- BI76a to stretch, to mould, to put on a last.
kipten- BI76a to be changed, moulded, formed [keptn- RII:1188 Sagay to get dressed, to take a form,
appearance, to change into].
kiptet- BI76a to have stretched, put on a last.
kiptg BI76b having a dress, clothes, dressed; with stockings.
kiptg BI76b having a last.
kir- BI76b to bring in, to let in, to admit, to drive in; to add, to join; reeme kir- BI76b to irritate, to
annoy, to make angry; tosxa kir- BI76b to fix up in a job; sske kir- BI76b to persuade, to talk into;
sazna kir- BI76b to remind. [<CT *kigr-]
kir- BI76b to add on; to stretch out; kipke kir- BI76b to stretch on a last. [<CT *ker-]
kirbe BI76b warm enclosure for young animals; cf kirpe.
kirdr- BI76b to have brought in, let in, admitted; kirdrbine BI76b s/he did not allow to let in; cf krdr-
.
kire BI76b into, unto; ibge kire BI76b into the house; ana abana kire axa BI76b the Ana river flows
into the Abakan river; iirge kire BI76b unto evening.
kire BI77a witness. [LM gerei]
kirek BI76b thing, matter, affair, cause; ps mir n turabs paza mir kireene tursabs BI76b we are
living for peace and defend the cause of peace; kireem kp BI76b Im very busy. [LM kereg]
kirek BI76b necessary, need [kerk RII:1088 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; saa grenerge kirek BI76b you need
to study; kirek ox BI76b unnecessary; kirek ox nime BI76b nonsense, rubbish; kirek ox oox BI76b
empty talking, useless talking; kerk arak RII:1088 Sagay necessary matters; kerk arabsqa kir
adrbs RII:1088 Sagay lets start with the necessary matters; am qaid kerk poar slerd? RII:1088
Sagay what do you need now?; ne kerk ad? RII:1088 Sagay why did you cry? [<CT *kerek]
kireks- BI77a to need. [LM keregsiye-]
kireksn- BI77a to need, to want, to require.
kirekte- BI77a to need, to want, to require [kerkt- RII:1089 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; ol pr dee nime
kirektebine BI77a s/he doesnt need anything. [<CT *kerekle-, LM keregle-]
kirektel- BI77a to be needed, wanted, required.
kirektg BI77a necessary, required, important; busy [kerkt RII:1089 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kirektg
nime necessary thing; t kirektg iskrg informa-tion of the utmost importance; ulu kirektg iskrg
highly important information. [<CT *kereklig]
kiremet BI77a mutilated, crippled [kermt RII:1094 Sagay, Koybal weakened].
kiren BI77a: ax kiren BI77a bot goosefoot [oq kiren RI:990 Sagay]. [cf Tel krnk]
kir BI77a old [keri RII:1095 Sagay, Koybal, ker RII:1083 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal old, kr RII:1350 Sagay old, old
person]; kir apsax decrepit old man; kir-xuru old people. [<CT *kar]
kir- BI77a to be or become old [kri- RII:1357 Kat Sagay, keri- RII:1095 Kacha, Koybal]; kirp paran kz a
person grown old; kridi, krp pard RII:1357 s/he has grown old; pozm kerip pardm, tlm ou RII:1095
I have grown old but have no children. [<CT *kar-]
kirl- BI77a to stretch oneself [keril- RII:1096, Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *keril-]
kirke- BI77a to be annoyed, grieved, unsettled [kerk- RII:1099 Sagay to be moved to tears].
kirkes BI77a disorder, disarray, derangement.
kirkestg BI77a sorrowful, mournful; kirkestg r plaintive song.
kerkt- RII:1099 Sagay, Koybal to move to tears.
kirpe BI77a heated calf shed or henhouse [kertp RII:1105 Sagay, Koybal small shed of logs on a grave
or for lambs, kirtpe B58 **]; cf kirbe.
kirse BI77a Sagay able, gifted, wise [kers RII:1106 Sagay, Koybal wise, smart, eloquent]; kirse pala BI77a
gifted child.
kirs- BI77a Sagay cf kizer- to burn slightly.
kirt- BI77a to fell, to chop; to crumble; to make a notch or incision; to gnaw, to nibble (of rodents); to
erect, build from logs [kert- RII:1102 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; tamk kirt- BI77a to crumble tobacco; kirtken
tura BI77a a log cabin; kskeler poln kirtp salannar BI77b the mice have nagged at the floor. [<CT
*kert-]
kirtgs DX107 Kaa shepherds carving stick.
kirtil- RI:1363 Kacha to shake, to shiver; to have pain in the bones.
kirtk BI77b notch, incision [kertik RII:1104 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *kertk]
kirtn- BI77b to hope, to rely, to trust [kertin- RII:1104 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to believe; to guaran-tee, to
warrant; kertn- RII:1103 Sagay to believe]. [cf CT *kertkn-]
kirtndr- BI77b to give hope, to reassure, to assure, to make believe, to convince [kertindr- RII:1104
Sagay to guarantee, to warrant].
kirtns BI77b hope, trust.
kirtns- BI77b to rely upon, trust one another.
kirtnstg: kirtnstg gramota BI77b credentials, letters of credence.
kertink RII:1104 Sagay, kertinik RII:1104 Koybal guarantee, bail.
kirtr- BI77b to let fell, chop, crumble; to let make a notch or incision; to have erected, built from logs.
kirts BI77b hope; faith, trust; guarantee; obs gift to the groom as a sign of consenting in marriage;
engagement, betrothal [kertis RII:1104 Sagay, Koybal, kerti RII:1105 Kacha true; guarantee]; kirts ox
BI77b unreliable, insecure; hopeless; kirtske tur- BI77b to guarantee; krtisk o- RII:1104 to guarantee. [cf
CT *kertkn]
kirtstg BI77b reliable, trustworthy, faithful guarantee [kertist RII:1104 Sagay].
kis BI77b sediment, scale (of a samowar, teacup).
kis RII:1385 Sagay, Koybal zoo sable animal; qara kis RII:1385 black sable. [<CT *ki]
kis- BI77b to cut, to cut off; to slice; to fell, to chop [kes- RII:1157 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; pek kis- BI77b,
as kis- BI77b to cut or slice bread; od kis- BI77b to chop firewood; ara kis- BI77b to cleave; kize sap- BI77b
to chop off; q pa kes-aar RII:1157 Sagay s/he chops with the sword; azan tizn kes tastad,
qon snaqta kes tastad RII:1157 Koybal s/he chopped of his/her feet at the knees, s/he chopped off
his/her arms at the elbows. [<CT *kes-]
kis- BI78a to dress, to get dressed [kes- RII:1157 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; odus qat quyaq kes-adr RII:1157
s/he put on a mail of thirty layers; quyaq kbn kestd RII:1158 s/he did not put on a mail; ooaq abal
dgn kes tur RII:1158 the boy wore his bad boots. [<CT *ked-]
kis- BI78a to go through, to cross, to pass [kes- RII:1157 Sagay, Koybal to cross a river; to forgive]. [<CT
*ke-]
kisk RII:1387 Koybal arrow.
kiskek BI78a curved (of the back, fingers).
kiskek BI78a Sagay disease; certain eye disease [keskk RII:1166 Sagay, Koybal temporary disease,
cold]. [cf CT *kezig]
kist BI78a backside; (from) behind; kistndeg BI78a being at the backside, behind [kestndg RII:1168
Sagay]; ta kistne xara pulut sx-kild BI78a black clouds appeared from behind the moun-tains; an
kistnde BI78a behind it; stol kistnde BI78a behind the table; ol kistnde tura BI78a s/he stands behind it;
kistndeg zeep BI78a back pocket; kestnn RII:1177 from behind. [cf CT *kedin]
kistnzer BI78a backwards; kistnzer tur- BI78a to stand back. [cf CT *kesre]
kestr- RII:1169 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to let cut. [<CT *kestr-]
kite- BI78a to steal up to; to sneak up to; to track, to trace; to lie in wait for; xoosxa kske kiteen BI78a
the cat sneaked upon the mouse. [LM gete-]
kiteg BI78b sneaking, stealing up.
kitet- BI78b to make to steal up to, lie in wait for.
kitrat DX104 Beltir notebook. [Ru tetrad Stach96:221]
kize-tor BI73b, BI77b flatly, straight, point-blank; roughly, impolite; ol aaa kize-tor nandran BI73b
s/he answered him/her point-blank.
kizek BI73b piece, part, bit, lump, segment, section, fragment [kizk RII:1389 Sagay small]; pu kizekt
xr-sal BI73b read this section loud; ulu pek kizp alan BI73b s/he cut off a large piece of bread for
him/herself; kizek mal BI73b scanty livestock; kizk is RII:1389 small shrubbery. [<CT *kesek, LM keseg]
kizek BI73b stack, haystack, stack of straw.
kizk RII:1389 W Sagay striped.
kizekte- BI73b to take by pieces; to go here and there; namr kizektep aap parbsxan BI73b the rain
fell here and there. [LM kesegle-]
kizen- BI73b to intimidate, to bully, to threaten, to bear malice towards.
kizens- BI73b to intimidate, bully, threaten one another, to bear malice towards (several people).
kizer- BI73b to burn slightly; st kizer-paran BI73b the milk got burned slightly; cf Sagay kirs-.
kizert- BI73b to make burn slightly; st kizertpe dont let the milk got burned.
kizl- BI73b to be cut, cut off, sliced [kezil- RII:1178 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kesil-]
kizm BI73b epidemic, infectionous [kezm RII:1178 Sagay, Koybal hot fever]; kizm arlar BI73b
epidemic diseases.
kizn BI73b hind, rear [kezin RII:1176 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal hind, hind part,, behind, back]; kezin azaq
RII:1176 hind foot; att kizn aza BI73b horses hind leg; kizn terpekter BI73b rear wheels (of a cart);
kizn tirg BI73b back ** (of the saddle); ta kestnd RII:1176 behind the mountain; qan kestnn RII:1177
from behind; kezin pard RII:1177 s/he went back; kezin a par RII:1177 bring it back. [<CT *kedin]
kizn- BI73b to cut oneself [kezn- RII:1177 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to cut for oneself]. [<CT *kesin-]
kizn- BI74a to get dressed, to dress oneself; tim tiriin tirnedr timr xuyan kiznedir BI74a folk he
prepared his outfit and dressed himself in an iron coat of mail.
kiznd BI74a scraps, fragments (of leather, fabric). [cf CT *kedindi]
kizr- BI74a to dress someone, to help get dressed [kezr- RII:1177 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, kezr- RII:1174
Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kedr-]
kizr- BI74a to put across or over, to let pass [kezr- RII:1177 Sagay, Koybal]; cf kir-.
kizre BI74a across, over; ol kizre urtapa BI74a s/he lives across the road; su kizre par- BI74a to
cross the river; cf azra, kire.
kizrt- BI74a to have someone dressed, to let help get dressed [kezrt- RII:1177 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
kizs BI74a cutting, sawing (of firewood), felling (of trees), slicing (of bread).
kizs- BI74a to cut, saw, fell, slice together.
kbren- BI78b to rumble, to grumble, to grunt; cf namzan-, naxlan-, nmlan-, pern-, dial malan-.
kbrenk BI78b grumbler; cf naxlanx, pernek.
kbrenk B114 grumbling, grumpy; cf namzanax.
kelg BI80a diligent [kigli RII:1380 Sagay, kiblik RII:1380 Sagay].
ken- BI80a to look after, to take care of; to apply oneself to; to make efforts.
kenbes BI80b light-hearted, careless.
kiek BI80b small, little; tiny, wee; a little, just a bit [kiik RII:1384 Sagay, kik RII:1383 Kyzyl]; kiek
tusta BI80b when s/he was small, in his/her early youth; kiek botinkalar BI80b small boots.
kg BI80b small; young, youthful [kii RII:1383 Sagay]; kg qras RII:1383 Sagay name of a month,
January; xara kgde sara BI80b from a young age; kg oolm BI80b my youngest son. [<CT *kiig]
kdr BI78b rough, rugged.
kdre: kdre xatxr- BI78b to roar with laughter.
kle- BI79a to ask for, to beg, to request; to look for, to search for; to look after, to take care of [kil-
RII:1367 Koybal]; pozna klebine BI79a s/he does not take care of him/herself.
klebes BI79a light-hearted, unconcerned, careless.
klen- BI79a to ask for oneself; to ask for alms.
klenk BI79a beggar, mendicant.
klendr- BI79a to make to ask for oneself.
kles BI79a request; search.
kles- BI79a to ask together, to beg together; to help search.
klet- BI79a to make to ask, beg, search.
kl BI79a velvet.
kl BI79a brilliant, bright, shining; smooth; kl ay BI79a smooth ice.
kmel BI79a bot hop [Ru xmel].
kn: kn od BI79a bot **plant name.
kn BI79a navel; umbilical cord [kin RII:1344 Sagay navel of the musk animal, musk bag]; cf kndik. [<CT
*ki:n]
kndk BI79a navel; umbilical cord [kindik RII:1348 Kacha, Koybal]; cf kn. [<CT *kindik]
kndkte- BI79a to bandage the umbilical cord.
kindikt RII:1348 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal with a navel.
knige B24** book [Ru kniga].
kne: kine xuraan BI79a lamb of the second lambing.
knelep: knelep tuan xoy BI79b sheep that has given birth to its second lamb.
kre- BI79b to ring (of dishery, voice) [kir- RII:1343 Koybal to neigh ringingly]; an n krep sxa
BI79a his/her voice is ringing.
kren- BI79b to sing to oneself, to utter a muffled sound to oneself.
kret- BI79b to make a shrill sound [kert- RII:1071 Kacha to have a high sound, tone]; at krede
kstebsken BI79b the horse neighed shrilly.
kr BI79b dirt, filth [kir RII:1349 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kir]
kr- BI79b to enter, to come or go in [kir- RII:1350 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; ibge kr- BI79b to enter the
house; sua kr- BI79b to bathe; trtn klassxa krd BI79b s/he entered the fourth class; on ske kirgen
BI79b s/he was going on thirty; kn kr-pard BI79b the sun set; tosxa krd BI79b s/he started working;
grenerge kr- BI79b to start studying; komsomola krd BI79b s/he joined the komsomol; xaldxxa kr-
BI79b obs to marry ones elder brothers wife; pke kr- BI79b to agree, to consent; sasxa kr- BI79b to
remember, to recall; alnna kr- BI79b to take the lead, to outstrip; stne kr- BI79b to learn a secret;
knne kr- BI79b, klge kr- BI79b to please; mlaa kr- BI79b to have a bath; qamana kir atqan
RII:1352 Koybal s/he hit it on the forehead. [<CT *ki:r-]
krbk BI80a eyelash; uzun krbk BI80a long eyelashes; krbk saal BI80a Sagay small moustache. [<CT
*kirpik]
krdr- BI80a cf kirdr- to have brought in, admitted.
krs: krs paa BI80a bowstring. [<CT *kiri]
krs BI80a entrance, entry; kn krz BI80a setting of the sun; west. [<CT *ki:ri]
krs- BI80a to enter together, to come or go in together; to start or join together; to interfere, to
intervene; krspin odr BI80a stay and dont intervene. [<CT *ki:ri-]
kirt RII:1358 Sagay, Koybal entrance.
krl BI80a slovenly, untidy person.
krl- RII:1362 Sagay, Koybal to soil, to dirty.
kirln- RII:1362 Sagay to quickly turn in circles.
krlen- BI80a to become soiled, dirty, stained [kirln- RII:1362 Sagay]; kisken kibm krlen-pard BI80a the
clothes I cut got stained. [<CT *kirlen-]
krlendr- BI80a to soil, to dirty, to stain; to make turbid.
krlenk BI80a easily soiled.
krles BI80a porch [Ru krylco].
krlg BI80a filthy, dirty; turbid; krlg kip BI80a filthy clothes. [<CT *kirlig]
krpis BI80a tile, brick; krpis stene BI80a brick wall; krpis ng BI80a brick coloured; krpis ay BI80a
brick tea. [Ru kirpi <CT *kerpi]
kste- BI80a to neigh [kist- RII:1388 Sagay, Koybal]; cf oran- to whinny. [<CT *kine-]
ksteg BI80a neighing.
kists- RII:1388 Sagay, Koybal to neigh together.
kstet- BI80a to make neigh.
kzen BI78b hobble [kizn RII:1389 Sagay, Koybal, kin RII:1394 Kacha horse hobble (tying both frontlegs
and one hind leg)]; cf tuzax. [<CT *kien]
kzenne- BI78b to hobble (a horse); to chain, to fetter [kiznn- RII:1390 Sagay, kinn- RII:1395 Kacha];
cf tuzaxta-.
kz BI78b person [kizi RII:1390 Sagay, Koybal, kii RII:1396 Kacha, k B6 Kyzyl]; ip kz BI78b woman; ir kz
BI78b man; ors kz BI78b Russian; xakas kz BI78b Khakas; altay kz BI78b Altay; tadar kz BI78b Tatar; ulu
kz BI78b adult, grown-up; pirn-salan kz BI78b devoted person; xaydag-da kz BI78b someone; pr kz
BI78b someone; an pr dee kz plbine BI78b no one knows that; kzni BI79a someone elses, anothers;
tans nimes kz BI79a stranger; trg nimes kz BI79a corpse; ib-suu ox kz BI79a person without a
home; kz l BI79a year of man; niik kz BI79a compliant, complaisant person; ruffian; kz al- BI79a to
marry, Stach96:221 of a man to marry, to take to wife **; cf Kyzyl k. [<CT *kii]
kz BI79a son-in-law [kz RII:1505 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal son-in-law; gun (named so when hunting),
kze Vop **, kd RII:1485 Sagay son-in-law]. [<CT *kdeg].
kzlg BI79a having a son-in-law.
kleyle- BI81a to glue; cf apsr-. [Ru kleit]
klop BI81a bug, bed bug; cf Kyzyl kandala. [Ru klop]
klk BI81a poker.
kls BI81a key [kls RII:1472 Sagay, Koybal, kls RII:1469 Sagay]; zkt klske ap- to lock the door with
a key; zamokka kls arat- to fit the key into the lock. [Ru klju]
klst- RII:1473 Sagay, Koybal to lock with a key.
knes BI81a obs prince. [Ru knjaz]
kn BI81a hang-over, thick head.
knle- BI81a to have a hang-over.
koka BI81b Kacha (hens) egg; cf kukuyak, nmrxa.
korobok BI86a box. [Ru korobka]
korobkaax BI85b small box. [Ru koroboka]
kovik BI81b scoop, dipper, laddle; cf xams, Sagay kpek. [Ru kov]
kbee BI86b the hemming of the skirt of a garment. [LM kbege(n)]
kbeele- BI86b to hem the skirt of a garment. [LM kbegele-]
kbe BI86b fluffy, downy; friable, crumbly, loose, porous [kb RII:1316 Kacha, Koybal filled with
feathers, upholstered, kbn RII:1316 Sagay feather-bed]; kbe tzek BI86b downy bed; kbe ks BI86b
crumbly embers; cf kp. [<CT *kben, LM kbeng]
kbe BI86b folk dark blue.
kbe-ks BI86b haze; taya kbe kst abn-salan BI86b the tayga got covered in a dark blue haze.
[cf Leb kst- of the fog to rise]
kbg BI86b swelling, tumor, oedema; swollen.
kbgey BI86b Kyzyl bot cowberry, red whortle-berry; kk kbgey BI86b bilberry, whortleberry; cf nir,
nonx.
kbk BI86b foam, froth [kmk RII:1320 Sagay, Koybal, kmk RII:1526 Sagay]. [<CT *kpik]
kbz BI86b, BI91a the larger part, majority, for the larger part; largely; olarn kbz BI91a most of them;
kbz kilgen BI86b the majority came. [cf Shor kps]
kmkt- RII:1320 Sagay, Koybal to make foam. [cf Shor kbkt-]
kbkten- BI86b to foam [kmktn- RII:1320 Sagay, Koybal, kmktn- RII:1526 Sagay]. [cf Shor
kbktn-]
kbktendr- BI86b to make to foam, to cover with foam.
kbktg BI86b with foam [kmkt RII:1320 Sagay, Koybal]. [cf Shor kbkt]
kbn- BI86b to become swolle, puffed.
kbr BI86b forge, forging furnace.
kbrgen BI86b, B381 bot wild onion [kbrgn RII:1317 Sagay, Koybal, kbergn Cas98a, Cas149a Koybal].
[<CT *kbrgen]
kbrgenne- BI86b to gather wild onions.
kbrgenng BI87a rich in wild onions.
kbrtk BI87a Sagay planked footway, plank over a brook or swampy place [kbrtk RII:1520 Sagay
bridge].
kbr RII:1317 Sagay bridge. [<CT *kprg]
kbr- RII:1317 Sagay, Koybal to foam, to ferment. [<CT *kpr-]
ke BI93a bot barley [k RII:1288 Sagay, Koybal soup or porridge made from uncrushed barley
grains; ke Cas97b Koybal barley]; ke gre BI93a barley soup. [cf Shor k, Alt, Tel, Leb k]
kk RII:1289 Sagay, kk RII:1289 Sagay lower part of the body, buttocks; paz atn poq, kg
kms poq RII:1289 his/her head was gold, his/her buttocks were silver. [<CT *ktk]
kr- BI93a cf kzr-, kstr- to let nomadise.
kr- BI93a cf kzr- to copy.
krs- BI93a cf kzrs- to let nomadise together.
krs- BI93a cf kzrs- to let copy together.
ks BI93a migrating; nomad camp.
ks- BI93a to nomadise together.
kde BI87a certain brain disease in horses [kd RII:1282 Sagay]. [cf Shor kd]
kdes BI87b bucket, pail; (cast iron) kettle, pot [kds RII:1282 Sagay, Koybal]; toy kdes BI87b
earthenware pot [toi kds RII:1282]; syn kdes BI87b kettle, pot [syn kds RII:1282 iron pot]; kds
tmir RII:1283 Sagay the iron rod for taking the pot off the fire. [cf Argu *kde]
kds- RII:1283 Sagay, Koybal, kds- RII:1286 Kyzyl to show; srtna kskn qaist kdzp odura pard,
umacana kskn puun kd-zp odura pard RII:1286 s/he showed the belt cut from his/her back,
s/he showed the joint cut from his/her little finger.
kdr- BI87b to lift, to take up, to raise; to weigh [kdr- RII:1284 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to lift, to raise,
to carry]; sada kdrp pobass RII:1285 Sagay you cannot lift the bow; seni kdrrg at ou
RII:1285 Sagay there is no horse that can carry you; ad pazn kdrp sqan RII:1285 Sagay his/her horse
lifted its head. [<CT *ktr-]
kdrg BI87b lifting, raising, hoisting; weighing. [<CT *ktrg]
kdrl- BI87b to be lifted, taken up, raised; to be weighed; to cheer up, to take heart; to become
proud, arrogant [kdrl- RII:1285 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to rise, to be raised]. [<CT *ktrl-]
kdrls- RII:1286 Sagay, Koybal to rise together.
kdrlek BI87b boaster, braggart; boastful.
kdrm BI87b rise, development; proizvodst-vennay kdrm BI87b industrial development. [<CT
*ktrm]
kdrn- BI87b to rise; to boast, to take on airs [kdrn- RII:1285 Sagay]. [cf Shor kdrn-]
kdrs BI87b lifting, raising, hoisting; weighing.
kdrs- BI87b to lift, raise together; to weigh together [kdrs- RII:1284 Sagay, Koybal, kdr- RII:1284
Kacha to raise together]. [<CT *ktr-]
kdrt- BI87b to have lifted, taken up, raised; to have weighed; kdrtn turan mal ~ kdrtp et-ken
mal BI87b exhausted, emaciated livestock (that can no longer get up by itself but has to be assisted).
kdre BI87b Sagay swamp, bog. [cf Shor kdr]
kdn RII:1283 Sagay, kdn RII:1282 Sagay, Koybal buttocks. [cf CT *kt, Alt, Te, Leb kdn]
kg BI87a joy; mood; melody; Kyzyl song [k RII:1231 Koybal tone, noise, sound, voice, melody]; pu
k kemn eskni? RII:1231 from whom did yoy hear this melody? [LM kg]
kgbe BI87a gum of the teeth. [cf Shor kg]
kgil BI87a orn species of bird.
kgder- BI87a Kacha folk to torment, to harass, to make to suffer; cf ilet-.
kgenek BI87a clothing, shirt [kgnk RII:1231 Sagay, knk RII:1427 Sagay]; stne kse kgenek BI87a
undershirt, chemise. [<CT *klek]
kgenektg BI87a having clothing, a shirt.
kger- BI87a to turn or become blue, green [kgr- RII:1231 Sagay, Koybal to become blue, green; to
become covered with plants]; ibre kgerbsken BI87a all around has turned blue; as kger-sxxan BI87a
the bread turned green; xara kger-paran BI87a his/her eye turned black (of a bruise). [<CT *k:ker-
]
kgerbe B58 pool.
kgert- BI87a to turn or become blue, green; to sprout, to germinate [kgrt- RII:1231 Sagay to make
blue, green].
kglbey BI87a bluish, grayish; cf kgmdk.
kgld BI87a orn sandpiper.
kgmdk BI87a [kgmdk RII:1235 Sagay] cf kglbey bluish, grayish. [LM kkemdg]
kgn: kgn rtek BI87a orn bluish duck.
kgs BI87a chest, thorax; bosom, bust [kgs RII:1233 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal the upper part of the body
between the shoulders and the loins, chest; Sagay, Koybal mind, sense]; kks BI89a pos3; kgs orxaz
BI87a pectoral vertebra. [<CT *kkz]
kgst RII:1234 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal sensible, wise. [cf Shor kgst]
kgzek BI87a orn tomtit, blue tit. [cf LM kke]
kgle- BI87a to sing; to twitter, to chirp [kl- RII:1235, Sagay, Koybal to utter in a loud voice, to sing loud, to
roar]; cf sarna-, rla-. [cf Shor kl-]
kgles- BI87a to sing; to twitter, to chirp; to enjoy oneself, to have a good time [kls- RII:1235 Koybal
to sing together]; xustar usxunp kgleseler BI87a the birds wake up and are twittering together; ikki
abaqay klzp-adr RII:1235 his two wives sang together.
kglg BI87a merry, joyful.
kges BI93b Sagay cf kges puppy.
kk BI89a blue, green, grey; greenery, grass [RII:1218 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal blue, green]; kk-arax BI89a
bluish, greyish; ax kk BI89a greyish; kk xara BI89a dark blue; kk pora BI89a blue-grey; kk noan BI89a
blue-green; kk ala BI89a blue-spotted [kk aa RII:1219 Sagay]; kk at BI89a grey horse; kk oi at RII:1219
Sagay grey horse; kk para at RII:1219 Sagay grey horse; kk pas BI89a orn tomtit, blue tit; kk ot BI89a
green grass; kk taay RII:1219 Sagay blue sea; kk tasq RII:1219 Sagay blue mound; kk tigr BI89a blue
sky; tegri kg RII:1221 Sagay dome of the sky; s kkt srtnda RII:1221 Sagay above the third heaven;
kk sbsxan BI89a the green sprouted; cf noan. [<CT *k:k]
kkesm BI89a bragging; cf kkmer bragging.
kk- BI89a to be not exact, particular; to be obstinate, stubborn. [cf LM kki-]
kkmer BI89a dial cf kkesm bragging.
kks BI89a conceit.
kkt- BI89a to stir up against, to set up on.
kkl BI89a doll [RII:1227 Sagay] cf Kyzyl axpyax**. [Ru kukla]
kkse- BI89a to scold, to abuse, to rebuke [kks- RII:1229 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to scold, to get angry,
kks- RII:1230 Kyzyl to scold; (of a bear) to roar]; kksep ayt- BI89a Sagay to speak angrily, to rebuke;
kksp aitt RII:1229 s/he spoke angrily. [cf Shor, Kzk kks-]
kkset- BI89a to let scold, abuse, rebuke.
kksre- BI89a to have a slight cough. [cf ksr- **]
kkte- BI89a to take after, to inherit a habit, charac-teristic; ol min kkted BI89a s/he took after me;
szra kkteen BI89a resembling, being very much alike. [cf CT *kk]
kkte- BI89b to sew together the straps of the harness [kkt- RII:1227 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to sew].
[CT *kkle-]
kktet- BI89b to let sew together the straps of the harness [kktt- RII:1228 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to let
sew].
kktg BI89b bluish, with a blue hue.
kl BI89b lake [RII:1267 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal lake, RII:1268 Sagay swamp]; oym kl BI89b lake formed in a
depression. [<CT *k:l]
kl- BI89b to harness a horse [RII:1268 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *k:l-]
klbe BI89b wooden tub, trough for watering.
klbek BI89b Sagay cf klgek first horse in a team of horses.
klbene- BI89b (of clothes) to be wide and splendid; of women to wear long and wide clothing; to
move grandly (of a person in a costly wide dress).
klbes BI89b dial [klbs RII:1274 W Sagay] cf kibs carpet.
klbey- BI89b to wear a long, wide dress; (of women) to go smooth, to walk with a light step; **.
klbign RII:1274 Koybal vast, spread out (of a blanket).
kldr- BI89b to have a horse harnessed. [<CT *k:ltr-]
kle- BI89b to cover, to screen, to shield; to give shade [kl- RII:1267 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to give
shade, to throw ones shadow on]. [cf CT *kli-]
kleke BI90a ring. [Ru koleko]
klede BI89b Christmas.
klek BI89b shadow, shade [klk RII:1269 Sagay]; klek ir BI89b shady place; klekte odr- BI89b to sit in
the shade; cf kletk. [cf CT *klik]
klk RII:1269 Sagay riding animal, cart. [cf CT *k:lk]
klektg BI89b shady. [cf CT *kliklig]
klen- BI89b to hide oneself, to take cover; to give shade; uzun otxa klenbsken BI89b s/he hid in the
long grass.
klendr- BI89b to hide, to conceal; to shade.
kler- BI89b of horses to be frightened, startled [klr- RII:1269 Sagay]; cf xuy-.
klerk BI89b Sagay (of horses) easily frightened, startled [klrik RII:1269 Sagay]; cf xuya. [cf Shor
klrk]
klet- BI90a to cover, to hide, to screen; to cover in shade [klt- RII:1272 Kyzyl to cover]; arazna ay
kletk, kksne kn kletk BI90a folk the moon covered his/her back, the sun covered his/her
chest. [cf CT *klit-]
kletk BI90a cf klek shadow, shade [kltki RII:1270 Sagay, Koybal]. [cf CT *kleki]
kley BI89b ploughed field that has been long fallow [kli RII:1268 Sagay, Koybal fallow field, kli
RII:1468 Sagay filed that has been lying fallow for a long time]; kly odu RII:1268 bot Artemisia vulgaris.
klgek: klgekteg at BI89b the first horse in a team of horses; cf Sagay klbek. [cf LM klg]
klg BI90a harnessing; (horse) team.
klglg BI90a harnessed.
klmek Samoz Kyzyl people [klmk RII:1275 Kyzyl].
kltek BI90a thick and clumsy, big and clumsy.
kltey- BI90a to look heavy, massive, bulky, full.
km- BI90a to bury [RII:1319 Sagay]; adn apqa qosta kmgen RII:1319 Sagay s/he buried the heros
horse with him.. [<CT *km-]
kmd RII:1322 coffin.
kmdr- BI90a to let bury [kmdr- RII:1322 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kmtr-]
kmeek Stach95:149 flat cake made of unleavened daough with milk, spread with milk cream or fat
and baked in ashes. [<CT *kme]
kmerle- BI90a (of a male animal or bird) to turn around a female animal.
kmes little bit, trifle, just a bit; kmes oraylattm BI90a I was a little late. [? < kp nimes]
kmr BI90a charcoal [kbr RII:1317 Sagay, Koybal smiths fine coal]. [<CT *kmr]
kms- BI90a to bury together, to help inter. [<CT *km-]
kmske BI90a eyebrow, brow [kmsk RII:1322 Sagay eyebrow]. [LM kmsge]
kmskelg BI90a having eyebrows; xara kmske-lg BI90a having black eyebrows.
kne BI90a Sagay pool; palxt kne BI90a place where fish abound. [cf Shor kn]
knek BI90a bucket [knk RII:1242 Sagay, Koybal]; aas knek BI90a wooden bucket; timr knek BI90a
iron bucket. [<CT *knek]
kn BI90a straight, right, direct; sheer, spon-taneous; steadfast, steady, unflinching; vertical,
perpendicular [kn RII:1242 Kacha, Koybal]; kn oox BI90b direct speech (grammar); tmir sna
kn par RII:1242 go straight to the iron mountain ridge. [<CT *kni]
knk- BI90b to get used, accustomed to; klimatxa knk- BI90b to get used to the climate.
knl- BI90b to become straight, erect.
knldr- BI90b to make straight, erect.
knlen- BI90b to become straight, erect.
kdey BI90b emptiness; empty, hollow, void [kd RII:1239 Sagay, Koybal]; kd aas RII:1239 hollow
tree; cf kr. [LM kndei]
kdl- RII:1239 Sagay, Koybal to hollow out, to disembowel, to clean out (game). [LM kndeile-]
kdln- RII:1239 Sagay, Koybal to become hollow.
kt- RPI:660:38 Kyzyl ?to touch ones feelings. [cf CT *kle-]
k RII:1216 Sagay, Koybal wish, desire; kn BI90b pos3 wish, desire, striving, will; mood, humour;
disposition, inclination; k ox BI90b joyless, de-pressing, gloomy; k-saa ox BI90b sad, weak; ol k-
saa ox kln-salan BI90b s/he smiled weakly; an knn pulap polbassar BI90b his/her will is
unbending; sin knne polzn BI90b let it be as you wish; min knmn toldr BI90b fulfil my
wish; knn kdr- BI90b to encourage, to cheer up; knme krd BI90b it pleased me, I liked it;
knme krbed BI90b it did not please me, I did not like it; knm albina BI90b I did not like it; I cant
help; xara knne BI90b all of a sudden, for no reason at all; in itself; knm pulala BI90b it makes
me sick; cf kl. [<CT *kl]
kdelen- BI90b Kacha to hope for a chance.
kk BI90b orn cuckoo [RII:1223 Sagay, Koybal cuckoo; part of proper names]; xayda-da kk tap-sapa
BI90b the cuckoos are cuckooing everywhere; kkt dg BI90b bot [Ru kukukiny bamaki]; cf dial
kekk. [cf Shor kk, LM kkege]
kk- BI91a to imitate.
kktr- BI91a to let imitate; to stimulate, to en-courage; an postarn tabstarna kktrp xatxr-
sxannar BI91a folk they burst out laughing, encouraging him/her by their voices.
kl BI91a mood; feelings, sense; love; cf k. [<CT *kl]
klbek BI91a good person, amiable person; person of weak character.
klen- BI91a to love; to fall in love [kln- RII:1269 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kllen-]
klendr- BI91a to make to love, fall in love [klndr- RII:1269 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; o mni
klndrdi RII:1269 s/he attracted me. [cf Shor klndr-]
klengenm BI91a my dear, my love.
klens BI91a love. [cf Shor klni]
klens- BI91a to love one another, to fall in love with one another.
klenstg BI91a loved, beloved, dear. klenstg ars BI91a dear friend.
klenk BI91a amorous.
kle BI91a slow, quiet, gradual, careful.
kllg BI91a loving, liking, fond of, favouring [kl RII:1272 Sagay, Koybal minded]; uu klg
RII:1272 proud. [<CT *kllg]
kl- RII:1270 Sagay to make noise, to sing; quaq kld RII:1270 the ears were ringing; el klp
adr RII:1270 the wind is making noise.
kr Stach96:221 measles; kr rkn DX104 Beltir, kr aal DX98 Beltir measles. [Ru kor]
kz- BI90b to baste, to sew together with large stitches.
kzt- BI90b to have basted, sewn together wth large stitches.
kp BI91a much, many [RII:1309 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kpte kp BI91a large amount; kp xatap BI91a
repeatedly, many times; kp nimes BI91a a little, a few; kp-arax BI91a more, a little more; kbok <kp
ox BI91a so much; kp san BI91a plural (grammar); kp toka BI91a dots (grammar). [<CT *kp]
kp- BI91b to swell, to become swollen; (of dough) to rise, to puff up [RII:1310 Sagay of dough to rise];
xoytxan testa kpe BI91b the kneaded dough puffs up; qoyutqan un kp r RII:1310 Sagay the
kneaded flour rises. [<CT *kp-]
kpazax BI91b ins myriapod.
kpek BI91b Sagay [kpsk RII:1314 Sagay] cf kovik scoop, dipper, laddle.
kpk RII:1314 Sagay smelly, stinking.
kpen BI91b shock, stook, haycock. [Rus kopna]
kpenng BI91b with shocks, stooks, haycocks; kpenng az BI91b field with shocks.
kppeges BI91b deep blue, bright blue; kppeges tigrde pr dee puludax krnmin turan BI91b in
the deep blue sky not even one little cloud could be seen.
kpsek BI91b dial bulging (of the eyes); puffed (of bread); fluffy (of a pillow); cf kbr. [<CT *ke:bek]
kpseme BI91b (of vegetables) quickly withering.
kps- BI91b (of vegetables) to quickly wither. [<CT *ke:be-]
kpss BI91b dial cf ksks species of fish.
kptel- BI91b to become more, to increase, to rise.
kpteldr- BI91b to let become more, increase, rise.
kpteldre BI91b a little more.
kpteldrer BI91b increase, expansion.
kptr- BI91b to let swell, become swollen; (of dough) to let rise, puff up.
kptrges BI91b flat dry shortbread, flat cake.
kr- BI91b to see; to watch, to look; to look after; to test, to examine [RII:1249 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal];
pit kr[rg] RII:1250 Sagay to look for lice; axsaan kr- BI91a to see as, to consider, to regard as;
palalar kr- BI92a to look after the children; mal kr- BI92a to watch the livestock; an min pozmn
xaramna krgem, pozmn xulamna iskem BI90b folk I saw it with my own eyes and heard it
with my own ears; ol pray nime krgen BI92a s/he tested everything; xaraxxa krerge axs BI92a good
to see, nice to look at; pu xaraxna krbine BI92a s/he detested it; kre saam ol BI92a to strongly
detest; tudp kr- BI92a to feel, to perceive; xr-kr- BI92a to try to cry; pas-kr- BI92a to try to write;
kis-kr- BI92a to try on; odr-kr- BI92a to try to sit down; tadiin kr- BI92a to try the taste. [<CT *kr-]
krbeek BI92a who pretends not to see, look.
krdr- BI92a to let see, look, watch, to show. [<CT *krtr-]
kre: kre ot BI92a bot sedge. [cf Tel kr]
krgs- BI92a to let see, look, watch, to show [krs- RII:1263 Sagay to show]; krgzp ayt- BI92a to
reveal, to expose, to denounce. [<CT *krgz-]
krgstr- BI92a to let show.
krgze BI92a evident, obvious.
krg BI92a versed in, experienced; wise man sorcerer.
krk BI92a zoo burunduk, chipmunk [krk RII:1252 Sagay, Koybal, krk RII:1456 Sagay, Koybal Tamias
Striatus]; krk ai RII:1456 name of a month, March; ulu krk ay BI92a obs March (month of the big
chipmunk); kg krk ay BI92a obs April (month of the small chipmunk); cf keerk. [<NE *krk]
krk BI92b smiths bellows [krk RII:1252 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal bellows]. [<CT *krk]
krkte- BI92b to hunt for burunduks.
krktg BI92b teeming with burunduks.
krm BI92b view, look, form, appearance, aspect [krm RII:1258 Sagay]; talayn krm BI92b view of
the sea; olarn krmner pasxa BI92b their forms are different; glagoln idlgen krm BI92b perfect
aspect of the verb; glagoln idlbeen krm BI92b imperfect aspect of the verb. [<CT *krm]
krmg: krmg pade BI92b accusative case.
krmng BI92b model, demonstrative; handsome, stately [krmn RII:1258 Sagay, Koybal signifi-
cant, stately]; krmng xs BI92b stately girl. [<CT *krmlg]
krn- BI92b to look at oneself; to appear as, to be visible [krn- RII:1254 Sagay, Koybal to be seen, to
be visible]; krndeske krn- BI92b to look at one-self in the mirror; krnmes BI92b invisible; pr dee
nime krnmine BI92b nothing was visible at all; att paz krnd apt qama krnd RII:1255
Sagay a horses head was visible, a heros forehead was visible; yti-on kzkti tura krn-d RII:1255
Sagay a house with seventy windows was visible. [<CT *krn-]
krndes BI92b mirror, mirroring [krns RII:1264 Sagay mirror]; sun st krndes osxas BI92b the
waters surface resembles a mirror. [cf Alt, Leb krn, Tel krn]
krndestg BI92b having a mirror; krndestg kaf BI92b wardrobe with a mirror.
krndre BI92b apparently, seemingly, evidently.
krs BI92b look, sight; examination, survey; krz ttg BI92b s/he has a sharp-sight, vigilant look. [<CT
*kr]
krs- BI92b to look at one another. [<CT *kr-]
krstr- BI92b to let look at one another.
krtk BI93a snow heap. [<CT *krtk]
krts- BI93a to show, to indicate [krts- RII:1265 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; ol krts-pir- BI93a to show
the way. [cf Shor krts-]
krl- RII:1256 Koybal to sob; kks krlp RII:1256 sobbing.
krst RII:1257 Sagay crushed flax. [cf Shor krst]
ks BI93a embers [RII:1291 Sagay, Koybal embers; Koybal ray]; ks sala BI93a scoop, dustpan for
embers; ks tarta BI93a poker. [<CT *k:z]
ks BI93a Sagay eye; eye of the needle; look, gaze, stare; sight, eyesight [RII:1291 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal
eye]; ks krngen BI93a ghost, spook, apparition; kste kste BI93a tte--tte, confidentially; kz-
m RII:1292 Sagay in all, altogether; cf xarax, Kyzyl k. [<CT *kz]
ks- BI93a to nomadise, to migrate; ?of the nail to come off [RII:1293 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *k-]
ks- RII:1293 Koybal to show.
kspk RII:1299 Sagay who has sharp eyes; who is able to see ghosts. [cf Alt, Tel ksmk]
kste- BI93a to aim at, to take aim. [<CT *kzle-]
ksteg BI93a the act of taking aim.
kstel- BI93a to become charred [kstl- RII:1298 Koybal to glow]; kstelp sxxan arx kn BI93a the
crimson rising sun; kstlp kn sqt RII:1298, kstlp klip sqt RII:1298 the sun rose glowingly.
kstg BI93a with embers.
kstr- BI93a to let nomadise, migrate; cf kzr-, kr-.
kstr- RII:1298 Kacha to show.
k BI93b Kyzyl cf ks.
ky- BI88b to burn, to burn down; to be scorched; to catch fire, to be on fire; to become tanned,
sunburnt [ki- RII:1216 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; tzm kye BI88b I have a heartburn; knge ky- BI88b to
become tanned from the sun; ugara ky- BI88b to be poisoned by charcoal fumes (Ru ugorat); st
koye BI88b s/he is envious. [<CT *k-]
kydr- BI88b to burn, to scorch, to set fire to [kidr- RII:1218 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf kygs-, rte-.
[<CT *kdr-]
kydrt- BI88b to have burned, scorched.
kye BI88b soot [ky RII:1240 Sagay, ky RII:1432 Kacha]. [<CT *ke]
kyelg B88b sooted, covered with soot.
kyele- BI88b to smear with soot [kl- RII:1268 Sagay, Koybal to make black with soot].
kygere- BI88b dial cf kyirke- to envy.
kygs- BI88b cf kydr- to burn, to scorch.
kyirke- BI88b to envy; cf dial kygere-.
kyirks BI88b envious; envious person.
ky BI88b maternal aunt. [<CT *kgy]
kyg BI88b burning; burnt, scorched; kyg aas burnt forest. [Rs307b]
kykenek BI88b orn red-footed falcon. [Rs307a]
kytk BI89a sly, cunning.
kytkten- BI89a to be sly, cunning.
kze BI87b tombstone ** [kz RII:1300 Sagay, Koybal, kz B25 Kacha, kz RII:1505 Sagay]; kz araz
RII:1300 tomb with erect stones; po s kzni qodra tart-adr RII:1300 s/he pulls out the copper
tombstone; cf obaa. [LM ksiye]
kz- RII:1300 Koybal to poke the fire. [<CT *kze-]
kzeg BI87b ich species of fish [Ru soroga].
kzege BI88a curtain; bedcurtains around the bed of the newly-wed or young pair [kzg RII:1301
Sagay, Koybal curtain]; kzenekte kzege BI88a window curtain: scenan kzegez BI88a stage curtain;
cf dial kzee. [LM ksige(n)]
kzegele- BI88a to draw the curtains, to drop the curtain [kzgl- RII:1301 Sagay, Koybal]. [LM
ksigele-]
kzegelg BI88a curtained [kzgl RII:1301 Sagay, Koybal]; kzegelg kzenek curtained window.
kzeneges BI87a little window.
kzenek BI88a window [kznk RII:1303 Sagay, Koybal, kznk RII:1302 Kyzyl]; kzenek irkn BI88a
window sill; kzenek xara BI88a window pane. [<CT *kznek, *kznk]
kzee BI88a dial cf kzege curtain [kz RII:1301 Kyzyl bed curtain].
kzeres BI88a dial (of a person) obstinate, stubborn; cf es.
kzerke- BI88a to praise oneself, to boast; Sagay to bother with chattering; cf maxtan-, payorxa-. [LM
ksigrke-]
kzerkek BI88a proud, haughty, arrogant; cf kzrks, payorxax.
kzes BI88a Sagay poker [kzs RII:1301 Koybal]. [cf Tel kz]
kzt- RII:1301 Sagay to show; oda parp kiz piikt kztp RII:1301 on the way do not show this
letter to anyone; cf kzt-.
kzttr- RII:1301 Sagay to let show.
kzdg BI88a example, standard, model; show, showing, demonstration; indication; pzk kzdg-ler
BI88a big showings; cf kzdm.
kzdglg BI88a model, demonstrative; kzdglg primer BI88a demonstartive example.
kzdm BI88a example, standard, model; cf kzdg.
kzne BI88a with, in the presence of, together with; onn kzne oylana BI88a s/he lies to all the
people; xaraan kzne ooxta- BI88a to talk square in the eye; ol maa at sylap pirgen kms izer
gen kzne BI88a folk s/he gave me a horse with a silver saddle and bit.
kzr- BI88a to let migrate [kzr- RII:1302 Sagay]; cf kstr-, kr-. [<CT *kr-]
kzr- BI88a to let copy; cf kr-. [<CT *kr-]
kzrs- BI88b to help migrate, to migrate together [kzrs- RII:1303 Sagay]; cf krs-.
kzrs- BI88b to let copy together; cf krs-.
kzt- BI88b to show, to indicate [kzt- RII:1303 Sagay to show]; poqan m kzt RII:1303 show me
the barrel; cf Sagay kzt-.
kz BI88b knot (in wood).
kzek B88b little knot (in wood).
kzrks BI88b cf kzerkek proud, haughty, arrogant.
kre BI93b small saw [kr RII:1530 Sagay big saw]; xol krez BI93b file; krm tartt RII:1530 Sagay s/he
has sawed. [LM kirage]
krs RII:1530 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal cross. [Ru krest]
kresen BI94a cf krestyan peasant.
kreste- BI94a to baptise, to christen; to make the sign of the cross [krst- RII:1530 Sagay to baptise].
[Ru krestit]
kresten- BI94a to make the sign of the cross on oneself [krstn- RII:1531 Sagay].
krstg RII:1531 Sagay having a cross, baptised.
krestyan BI94a peasant; cf kresen. [Ru krestjanin]
kristop BI94a Eastern. [Ru]
kukuyak BI94a Kacha egg; cf koka, nmrxa.
kumaznik BI95a purse.
kurka BI95a dial cf taax chicken, hen.
kbr BI95a fluffly, crumbly, loose; kbr xar BI95a loose snow; cf dial kpsr.
kbrn- RII:1519 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to grumble, to be unwilling. [cf Shor kbrn-]
kbrnk RII:1520 Sagay, kbrnk RII:1520 Kacha, Koybal the act of grumbling, unwillingness.
kbrndr- RII:1520 Sagay, Koybal to make to grumble, to evoke unwillingness.
ken- BI98b cf ksten- to strive, to reinforce. [<CT *k:en-]
kkr- RII:1496 Kyzyl to become stronger.
krke- BI98b Kacha to consider oneself strong, powerful; cf matrxa-. [LM krke-]
kdr RII:1489 Sagay (weighing) scales.
kdrede: kdrede xatxr- BI95a to laugh booming-ly, to roar with laughter.
kdn- BI95a to ?become entanled (e.g. of rats); kske kdne BI95a the mice got entangled.
kdr BI95b shaggy, tousled; cf abax.
kdret- BI95b dial to tousle, to dishevel.
kgdr: kgdr-xadr BI95a cf kzrt noise, murmur, hubbub, knock, crash, roar; noisy.
kgdre- BI95a cf kzre- to thunder, to clatter.
kgr RII:1426 Sagay, Koybal leather bottle. [LM kkegr]
kgre- BI95a Sagay to thunder, to clatter [kgr- RII:1427 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to thunder]; tegr
kgrp-adr RII:1427 it is thundering; cf kzre-.
kgrt- RII:1427 Sagay to produce a muffled sound when hitting a hollow object; cf kzret-.
kgrt BI95a thunder [RII:1427 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kgrt o BI95a rainbow.
kgrttg BI95a thunder-; kgrttg namr BI95a thunder storm.
kges BI98b zoo puppy; cf Sagay kges. [cf Shor k]
kk ** puppy, whelp, cub.
krle-BI98b to deceive, to cheat, to swindle [krl- RII1499 Sagay to break ones promise]. [cf LM
girle-]
krlees BI98b deceiver, cheat, swindler.
krles BI98b deception, cheating, swindle.
krles- BI98b to deceive, cheat one another.
kkr RII:1424 Sagay, Koybal sulphur. [Ir ggird]
kl BI95b ashes [RII:1465 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *kl]
kl- BI95b to laugh, to smile; to make fun of, to mock, to deride [RII:1465 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to
laugh]. [<CT *kl-]
klbr- RII:1479 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal (of fire) to crackle.
klbk-qabq RII:1479 Sagay loud noise.
klbs BI95a zoo wild buck [RII:1479 Sagay, Koybal roebuck]; cf kiik. [<CT *klmiz]
kldn- RII:1477 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to burn to ashes. [cf Shor]
kldr- BI95b to let laugh, mock, make fun of; to disgrace. [<CT *kltr-]
kldrt- BI95b to make oneself laughed at; to let oneself be disgraced [kldrt- RII:1478 Sagay to make
oneself laughed at, to let oneself be vanquished by enemies]; klkk kldrtp RII:1478 dont let
yourself be vanquished.
kle- BI95b to shift from foot to foot (of tired horses) [kl- RII:1467 Sagay to put the feet together (of
tired horses)]; klp past RII:1468 it walked putting the feet together.
kl- RII:1467 Sagay to mould, to shed hair.
kle BI96a mocker.
klet BI95b walk, stroll.
klette- BI96a to walk, to stroll.
klmzre- BI96a to smile. [<CT *klmsire-]
klmzres BI96a smile.
kln- BI96a to smile, to laugh [kln- RII:1472 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to laugh in oneself].
kls BI96a laugh, laughter [kls RII:1472 Sagay].
kls- BI96a to laugh together; to mock one an-other; to disgrace one another [kls- RII:1473 Sagay,
Kyzyl, kl- RII:1473 Kacha]. [<CT *kl-]
klst RII:1473 Sagay ridiculous.
klk BI96a smile, laugh, laughter [klk RII:1474 Sagay, Koybal laughter, laughable things]. [<CT *klk]
klkstg BI96a funny, ridiculous [klkst RII:1474 Sagay, Koybal, klkt RII:1474 Kacha, klgst
RII:1475 Sagay].
klk RII:1474 Sagay, klki RII:1474 Koybal, Kacha who likes to laugh, make jokes.
klks RII:1474 Sagay, Koybal, klk RII:1474 Kacha, klgs RII:1474 Sagay laughter.
klk BI96a wisdom; wise smart, dexterious, apt, daring, bold [RII:1470 Sagay, Koybal hero]; kstg
polp klk poltr BI96a folk s/he was strong and s/he was wise; klk taban BI96a dare-devil, bold
fellow; ap klk RII:1471 Sagay hero. [cf CT *klg]
kms BI96a silver [RII:1527 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, km B**7 Kyzyl]; kms samnax BI96a silver
teaspoon; kms ayaq RII:1527 Sagay silver bowl; kms gn, kms zr RII:1527 Sagay silver inlaid
bit and silver inlaid saddle; kms tktg at BI96a folk horse with a silver coat [kms tkt at RII:1527
Sagay]. [<CT *km]
kmste- BI96a to silver, to silver-plate.
kmstet- BI96a to have silvered, covered with silver.
kmstg BI96a with silver, containing silver [kmst RII:1528 Sagay]. [<CT *kmlg]
kn BI96a sun; day; weather [RII:1436 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kn sxt BI96a the sun rose; knge kygen
BI96a sunburn, tan; kn sz BI96a sunrise; east; kn krz BI96a sunset; west; kn azar RII:1437 Sagay
north; pasta kn BI96a first day; tgeni kn BI96a next day; tona kn BI96a working day; tnana
kn BI96b rest day, day off; undulbas kn BI96b unforgetable day, memorable day; aaskal knner
BI96b happy days; knne knge BI96b from day to day; knn BI96b every day; pr knn normaz BI96b
daily routine; prs kn BI96b the day after tomorrow; alnda kn BI96b the day before yesterday;
treen kn BI96b ones birthday; xomay kn BI96b bad weather; ayas kn BI96b clear weather; kn sari
BI96b the direction of the sun; kn suz BI96b sunlight, sunray [kn s RII:1437 Sagay]; kn arii BI96b
daylight; kn kr- BI96b to live; kn kstk BI96b folk mirror. [<CT *kn]
kn RII:1435 Sagay the people; aa kn RII:1436 Sagay village, settlement; aa kndg RII:1436 Sagay
subjects; men pu tura knd podm RII:1436 Kat Sagay I was in this village. [cf LM kmn]
kndg RII:1443 Sagay fellow, subject; aal kndglr RII1443 the villagers.
kndg RII:1443 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal daily, in daytime.
kndes BI96b in daytime, by day, during the day; the slope facing the sun; gorodsar ol kndes r-
kilgen BI96b s/he made a trip to the town for the day.
kndk BI96b chimney; cf tnk.
kndk BI96b Sagay twenty four hours, around the clock; pr kndk ol BI96b a twenty four hours
journey. [<CT *knlk]
knds BI96b noon, midday; kndske itre BI96b until noon. [<CT *kndz]
kn BI96b cf knneg jealous. [cf Shor kni]
knne- BI96b to be jealous [knn- RII:1442 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to be jealous, kn- RII:1439 Sagay,
Koybal to gossip, to slander]; men qatnm o qsqa knnp adr RII:1442 my wife is jealous of that
girl. [<CT *kunile-]
knneg BI96b cf knnes jealousy.
knneg BI96b jealous; cf kn. [cf Shor kni]
knnes BI96b jealousy; cf knneg.
knnes- BI96b to envy one another, to be jealous of one another.
knnet- BI96b to make jealous.
knng BI96b sun-; day-, days.
knrte BI96a during the day, by day [knrt < kn orta RII:1439 Koybal noon]; xaraa-knrte BI96b day
and night, by day and by night. [<CT *kn ortu]
knrtk BI96b day-, daytime-; knrtk tos BI96b daytime job.
kr BI96b emptiness, void; empty, hollow, void; kr aas BI97a hollow tree; cf kdey.
kre- BI97a to utter a muffled sound; to grumble. [LM kngeris-, kngne-]
kp BI97a soft, downy; kp tzek BI97a soft, downy bed; cf kbe.
kp: kp pas-par- BI97a to decay (of fabric, clothes, from lying shelved to long).
kpik RII:1515 Sagay jacket.
kplet- BI97a dial to knock, to clatter; tas kplede tsken BI97a the stone fell with a knock; cf kzre-.
kpsr BI97a dial cf kbr fluffly, crumbly, loose.
kr BI97a impudent, bold; terrible, ferocious; violent, wild; (of horses) frisky, fast [RII:1447 Koybal (of
water) fast flowing]; kr ot BI97a thick, high grass that grows quickly. [<CT *kr]
krdek BI97a dial [krdk RII:1462 Sagay, Koybal hump, hunch, hook, curved] cf krspek bulging, fluffy,
large.
krdene- BI97a to pretend to be brave, to get on ones high horse; cf irdene-.
kre- BI97a to rake up, to rake together [kr- RII:1448 Sagay, Koybal to shovel, to scrape (with the
feet)]; xar kre- BI97a to shovel up the snow. [<CT *kre-]
kree BI97a border; nails head. [LM kriye(n)]
kreelg BI97a having a border; (of a nail) having a head [krl RII:1452 Sagay, Koybal decorated (of
the saddle)]; kreelg izer BI97a inlaid saddle; krl ezrn zrlp adr RII:1452 s/he saddled it with a
decorated saddle.
krel- BI97a to be raked up, raked together; to be overturned.
krend BI97a the act of raking up; garbage, refuse.
kre BI97a brown, swarthy [kr RII:1450 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kre BI97b brown colour; xara
kre BI97b dark brown [qara kr RII:1450]; xara kre tlg BI97b red fox; kre at BI97b brown horse;
kre nek BI97b brown cow; kre xzl BI97b dark red, brown red. [LM kreng]
kres- BI97b to fight, to struggle [krs- RII:1452 Sagay, Koybal, kr- RII:1453 Kacha to struggle, to
wrestle]; sovetskay on mir n krese BI97b the sovjet people fight for peace. [<CT *kre-]
kres- BI97b to help rake up, rake together. [<CT *kre-]
krestr- BI97b to let struggle, fight [krstr- RII:1452 Sagay, Koybal to let struggle, wrestle].
krl RII:1453 Sagay wrestler, fighter.
kret- BI97b to make rake up, rake together. [<CT *kret-]
krezg BI97a struggle, fight; klasstarn krezii BI97a class struggle; mir n krezg BI97a fight for
peace; xazr krezg BI97a brutal fight.
krezg BI97a fighter; mir n krezg BI97a fighter for peace.
krgen BI97a Kacha obs January (first month of the folk calendar).
krek BI97b spade, shovel [krk RII:1462 Sagay small shovel, especially one carried along while skiing,
krk RII:1460 Koybal]; timr krek BI97b iron spade; aas krek BI97b wooden spade. [<CT *krek, LM
kre]
krke BI97b Sagay luxuriant bed curtains.
krk BI97b orn grey hen, heath-cock, black cock, black grouse [RII:1458 Sagay, Koybal]; xara krk BI97b
male grouse [qara krk RII:1458]; sar krk BI97b female grouse [pora krk RII:1458]; cf krtk. [cf
Shor, Alt krtk]
krle- BI97b to flit, to flutter; to take wing [krl- RII:1460 Koybal to hiss].
krlen- BI97b to cry, to shout; to scold, to rebuke; to become violent; to snarl; to find fault with.
krles BI97b Sagay orn tayga hazel-grouse.
krsle- BI97b (of the heart) to beat [krsl- RII:1463 Sagay, krl- RII:1464 Sagay to make a big noise].
krspek BI97b bulging, embossed; krspek buk-valar BI97b embossed letters; fluffy, puffed; large, big;
krspek pek BI97b fluffy bread; krspek as BI97b large grains.
krtk BI97b dial cf krk grouse. [Rs311b]
krp BI97b ambush for hunting game or birds; pen for chickens or pigs, dug in the earth. [Rs311b]
ks BI97b force, strength, power, might; strong, fierce [ks RII:1500 Sagay, Koybal, k B7 Kyzyl, k
RII:1511 Kacha, B7 Shor]; tirglg kster BI97b armed forces; ks par kizi RII:1500 strong person; par-ox
kzne BI97b of all ones might; arq ks pil RII:1500 beyond ones power; k ox BI97b power-less;
tarts kz BI98a draught force; pst kzbs BI98a our strength, our force; xara ksne BI98a forced.
[<CT *k:].
ks BI98a obs autumn; ksk BI98a autumn, autum-nal [ksk RII:1502 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal autum-nal];
kskdeg BI98a autumnal; kskde BI98a in autumn; ksk tostar BI98a autumnal tasks. [<CT *k:z]
ks RII:1500 Sagay heap; ks kizi RII:1500 one family. [Ru kua]
kske BI98a zoo mouse [ksk RII:1501 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal rat]; az kskez BI98a field mouse; ulu
kske BI98a rat; uzun xuzuruxt kske BI98a dial rat; kske l BI98a year of the mouse. [<CT *ksk]
kskeek BI98a little mouse [kskk RII:1502 Sagay].
ksks BI98a ich species of fish [RII:1502 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal Siberian salmon]. [cf Shor ksk]
kskzn BI98a in autumn.
kste- BI98a to spend the autumn [kst- RII:1503 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [cf Shor kst-]
kste- BI98a to strengthen, to reinforce; to compel, to force [kst- RII:1503 Sagay to force, to make
to]; parara kstp-adr RII:1503 s/he made him/her go. [<CT *k:le-]
kstee: kstee nakloneniye BI98a imperative mood (grammar).
ksteg BI98a strengthening, reinforcing, insistence.
kstel- BI98a to be strengthened, reinforced.
ksten- BI98a to strive, to endeavour; to make an effort, to reinforce; cf ken-. [<CT *k:len-]
kstendr- BI98a to strengthen, to reinforce.
kstens BI98a endeavour, effort.
kstet- BI98a to promote, to further; to compel, to force.
kstg BI98a strong, powerful, able, vigourous, energetic [kst RII:1503 Sagay, Koybal]; sovyets-kay
soyuz kstg flott the Sovet Union has a strong fleet. [<CT *k:lg]
k BI98b ins moth; cf Sagay kye. [<CT *kye]
kle- BI98b to be noisy, to buzz, to drone; maina klepe BI98b the car is buzzing; aastar paz
klepe BI98b the tree tops are rustling; xulaam klepe BI98b my ears are buzzing.
kl RII:1469 Sagay, Kyzyl rustling; kl yl tst RII:1469 Sagay a rustling wind blew.
klr RII:1469 Sagay, Koybal folk fine, white iron or steel. [LM kler]
kles BI98b noise, buzz, drone.
kles- BI98b to be noisy, buzzing together.
klet- BI98b to let be noisy, to let buzz.
klgen BI98b springtime wind.
kril- ** to move quickly.
kye BI95b Sagay ins beetle; cf k, xaraxurt. [<CT *kye]
kiln- RII:1420 Sagay, Koybal to bend down, to squeeze oneself together; W to love.
kze- BI95b to defame, to discredit.
kze- BI95b to hobble a horse for the night; cf tuzaxta-. [cf Shor kz-]
kzl- RII:1507 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to woo, to seek in marriage.
kzeg BI95b night pasture (for horses).
kzen BI95b zoo pole-cat. [<CT *kzen]
kzen- BI95b Sagay to to portend, to herald, to betoken.
kz RII:1506 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal mirror; qaraq kzz RII:1506 glasses; kn kzz RII:1506 bot
Trollius asiaticus. [cf CT *kz]
kzer BI95b ants hill.
kzerget BI95b Sagay bot stone berry, stone bramble; cf xusxaax isteg. [cf Shor krgt]
kzet- BI95b to guard (livestock). [<CT *kzed-]
kzi RII:1506 Sagay poker. [*kseg]
kzrk RII:1510 Sagay thunder, loud noise.
kzr RII:1509 Sagay detritus; kzr ta RII:1509 collapsed rocks.
kzre- BI95b to thunder, to roar, to knock, to clatter, to jingle [kzr- RII:1510 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal];
cf kgdre-, kgre-, nzra-. [cf Shor kzr-]
kzret- BI95b to make thunder, roar, knock, clatter, jingle [kzrt- RII:1510 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to
make a loud noise]; cf Sagay kgrt-, nzrat-.
kzrt: kzrt-xazrt BI95b noise, murmur, hub-bub, knock, crash, roar; noisy; cf kgdr-xadr, nzrt-
nazrt.


M


ma well; ma, al! well, take [it]!
maa dial cf magha dative to me.
maarka Cas129a Koybal hardly.
maarqalgh (~ maarqlgh) RIV:2029 Sagay having buttons, knots, knobs; buttoned up.
maas gadfly [Cas129a Koybal]; Kyzyl fly; obsol a large fly, horsefly; cf seek fly.
maax= to get wet, to soak; to not be waterproof (from the rain).
magha dative to me; cf dial maa, Sagay mee.
maghan white horse; horse having bright eyes; Sagay blaze [RIV:2000 Sagay blaze,
white spots around the eyes]; cf maan.
maghan Sagay weak-sighted.
maghat good; decent, honest, upright; just, true; very good [RIV:2001 Sagay]; cf maat.
[LM maghad sure(ly)].
maghatta= to do good, well, thoroughly; to act justly [maghatta= ~ maghat= RIV:2001
Sagay]; maghadp kr! RIV:2001 look good [at it]!; aragh ikende adghan
maghadp qaqt RIV:2001 when s/he had drunk liquor, s/he played the chatkan well.
[LM maghadla= to verify].
makpas Cas129a Kandakov tall tree trunk.
mal livestock; mstg oon mal (large) horned livestock, cattle [RIV:2036, Cas129a
Koybal, bal Cas129a] Kott ; lgh mal horses; as mal young livestock; az irtken mal
old livestock incapable for work; mal xazaaz livestock pen; mal fermaz animal farm;
nola mal RIV:2036 Sagay all kinds of cattle.
mala= Sagay cf manna= to be careful.
malan= dial to grumble (of people); cf kbren=.
malax Sagay liquid mud; silt [malaq RIV:2042 Sagay]; cf palghas.
malghada capricious, fickle, fretful; cf malghat.
malghat= to swagger, to swank, to put on airs; to be capricious, to play up; kemge
malghat-turz? for whom are you putting on airs?
malghat cf malghada capricious.
maljay= to become flat (e.g. of metal objects); to wear (boots) down at the heels.
[Mongolic].
malj RIV:2040 Kacha, Koybal herdsman.
mallan= to acquire livestock, to provide oneself with livestock.
mallgh having livestock; being rich with livestock [RIV:2040 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
malql= RIV:2039 Kacha to complain.
malsrax who fancies livestock.
malta Sagay axe RIV:2040; malta qab axe case; malta sab handle of the axe; malta
tkpezi butt end of the axe; cf palt.
malt B75:7 Shor cf palt axe.
maltrghan Sagay bunch [RIV:2009 Sagay Heracleum (a species of plant)]; azgh
maltrghan RIV:2009 Angelica silvestris; cf paltrghan Angelica.
maltrxa= dial to pretend to know everything; maltrxap tumziin suxa thinking to
know it all, s/he pokes his/her nose into anything; cf pzrxa=.
mana= RIV:2016 to fence in.
manit silver money; ruble. [Rus moneta].
manna= to be careful, to take care of, to spare; to carefully make use of, to not waste; to
be considerate; cf Sagay mala=.
mannan= to be careful, to mind.
mannancx thrifty, economical; considerate.
mannat= to let be careful, to let spare; to let be considerate.
ma free, spare (of time) [RIV:2011 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; magha ma oghl I have
no time.
ma dial with; mltx ma with a rifle.
maan cf maghan white horse, blaze, maxan dial pale yellow [maan Cas129a
Koybal, Kandakov pale yellow (a horse colour)].
maat very good; maatta maat best, excellent; cf maghat.
mas RIV:2007 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal silk; ala mas multicoloured (of the exterior of
new-born children in folk tales).
marsn field garlic; reg ? [Rus slizun]; xoy marsn ? [Rus ovechij slizun]. [cf LM
manggir wild onion].
marsnna= to gather field garlic.
marsnngh abundant in field garlic; marsnngh ir place where field garlic grows
abundantly.
manan= to have leisure time, spare time, to be free from work; to manage, to cope with
(businesses); to tidy up (a room) [RIV:2009 Kacha, Koybal, Cas129a Koybal to manage,
to cope; Sagay to still have time to do something; Sagay, Kyzyl to overtake, to catch up].
mananmas having no spare time.
manans progress; grenclern mananstar axs the progress of the students is
good.
mananstgh hurried(ly); quick(ly); urgent(ly); pst predpriyatiyelern toghnclar
naa axghlarn mananstgh toldralar the workers of our undertakings are hastily
filling new orders.
manx free (from work).
mangh Koybal embroidered pocket [manq RIV:2009 Koybal embroidered]; manq
ton RIV:2009 embroidered dress; cf nandx.
mara RIV:2008 Kamas thunder.
mats RIV:2010, Kacha Koybal rest.
maxan dial pale yellow (a horse colour) [maqan RIV:2008 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf
maghan, maan. [LM mangxan horse with a star on its forehead].
mazay Sagay often, always [RIV:2006 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf treml.
mazra= to hurry [RIV:2011 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, mazera= Cas129a Koybal]; cf
mide=.
mazraa hurried; fussy; cf mazros.
mazraaq RIV:2011 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal hurried, being in a hurry.
mazraas B75:16 Sagay cf mazroos hastily.
mazral RIV:2011 Sagay being in a hurry.
mazras hurry, haste.
mazras= to hurry one another; to hurry (of several people).
mazrat= to cause to hurry [RIV:2011 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
mazroos B75:16 hastily; cf mazraas.
mazros cf mazraa hurried, fussy.
mazt haste, hurry; fuss.
maztta hastily, in a hurry; ulugh maztta in a big hurry.
mazttgh urgent, pressing; mazttgh kirek urgent matters.
mara= to bleat [maara= RIV:2025, mara= RIV:2008 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT *mangra=
to shout]
marat= to cause to bleat.
mara saline land, salt-marsh; place where salt is strewn (by hunters) [mara RIV:2026
Sagay salt steppe; mar RIV:2032 Sagay saline land]; cf xucur.
margha Kyzyl argument, bet; cf margh.
marghs= to bet, to have a contest, to compete, to emulate in [RIV:2029 Sagay, Koybal].
marghzgh competition, emulation; contest; cf margh.
margh argument, bet; competition, emulation; contest [margh RIV:2029 Sagay,
Koybal]; cf margha, marghzgh, marghlas.
marghlas emulation; sotsiyalistieskay marghlas socialist emulation; cf margh.
marghlas= to emulate, to compete.
mars image on the handle of a shaman's drum [RIV:2033 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
mars RIV:2033 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal cf pars tiger.
marsa= Sagay to love (somebody); to take pity upon; to indulge, to pamper [RIV:2033];
cf parsa=.
marsx Kyzyl sparrow; cf parx.
martxa Sagay cf marxa button [martqa RIV:2031 Sagay, Kyzyl clasp]; martqa
pashlgh ot RIV:2031 Sagay, Kyzyl Tanacetum vulgare (lit. button head grass, a species
of plant). [cf Kerk maghrtqa RIV:2002 button].
marxa button, knot, knob; xoltx marxaz lateral knot (of a Khakas dress) [maarqa
RIV:2028 Sagay, maarq RIV:2029; toghulaq maarqa a globular knob]; cf martxa.
marxala= to button up.
marxalan= to button oneself up.
marxalandr= to have oneself buttoned up.
marxalas= to button up together.
mas straight at the mark, bull's eye.
maspaq RIV:2056 Sagay, Koybal flat stones on which grain and salt are crushed; cf
paspaq.
masta= to hit the mark.
masxa Sagay hammer [masqa RIV:2053 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal large hammer]; cf pasxa.
mata= dial to do something well, thoroughly [matta= RIV:2047 Sagay].
matap very, very good, greatly; matap soox very cold; matap kr= to look well.
matr hero; bold, courageous [RIV:2045 Sagay bold]; cf alp.
matrlan= to boast of.
matrxa= to consider oneself strong and important.
max fame; praise [maq RIV:1993 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; maxxa sx= to become
famous.
maxa revenge; anger [maqqa RIV:1996 Sagay, Kacha]; maxam xand I took revenge.
maxa brave, courageous, bold, fearless, daring.
maxa evil, furious, bloodthirsty; robber [maqqa RIV:1996 Sagay, maqqaj RIV:1996
Kacha].
maxalan= to be brave, courageous, bold, fearless, daring.
maxalan= to grow furious; to rob, to plunder.
maxan= Sagay to go down on all fours.
maxayax pine cone, fir cone.
maxayax ankle bone; cf paghayax, Sagay maxpayax.
maxla= to grieve, to mourn; to lament; to squeal [maqla= RIV:1996 <Verbitskij Sagay];
pala yoqta maqlap adr s/he was sad that the child was not there; pala kkti maqlap
adr the child squealed like a cuckoo.
maxlan= to grieve, to mourn; to lament; to squeal.
maxpayax Sagay ankle bone [maqpayaq RIV:1999 Sagay sole of the foot]; cf maxayax.
maxta= to praise [maqta= RIV:1997 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, maxta=, makta= Cas129a
Koybal, Kandakov]. [LM].
maxtagh praise, approval, boasting; maxtagh doska board of honour.
maxtaghlgh praised; maxtaghlgh gramota certificate of good work and conduct.
maxtal= to be praised [maqtal= RIV:1997 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; an toghz
maxtala his/her work is praised.
maxtan= to praise oneself, to boast [maqtan= RIV:1997 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf
kzerke=, payorxa=.
maxtancx boaster, braggart; bragging, boastful [maqta[n]d'q RIV:1998 Koybal].
maxtans boasting, bragging.
maxtas= to praise one another; to praise together.
maxtat= to let praise.
maxt Koybal [Cas129a] the side of the body, flank.
maxtgh well-known, notorious; famous, celebrated.
maygha easily fatigued, easily getting tired.
mayl= to get tired, fatigued [RIV:2014 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Kyzyl, mayl= RIV:1989
Sagay, Koybal]; cf mayx=. [<CT *mayl=].
maylt= RIV:2014 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to make tired, fatigued, meagre.
may weak; slack, sluggish, slow; leisurely [maya RIV:2012 Sagay]; an xazgh
may his/her health is weak.
mayq RIV:2014 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal tired, worn out, meagre.
mayx= to get tired, fatigued; to be exhausted [mayq= RIV:2014 Sagay]; mayx-
parghan exhausted, worn out; cf mayl=.
mayla= to mew.
maymax boot; kiis maymax felt boots; tuup maymax leather boots; maymax tike
bootmaker; maymax sata magazin shoe shop [maymaq RIV:1991 Sagay, Koybal,
maymak Cas129a Koybal].
maymaxtgh having boots.
mee Sagay cf magha to me.
mekei Sagay RIV:2073 deceiver, cheater.
men B7 Kyzyl cf min I.
mendile= Sagay, Koybal [RIV:2088] to greet.
menig Sagay, Koybal [RIV:2083] to have a mole, birth mark.
meley glove [RIV:2099 Sagay, Koybal, meeley Cas129a Koybal]; xoostaan meley
embroidered gloves; tuup meley leather gloves; sazan meley gloves from raw hide; tk
meley mittens. [Bur beelei].
meshke Kyzyl fungus, mushroom; xzl meshke field mushroom; cf miske.
met: pas met start; azax met finish.
mii brain, marrow [Sagay, Koybal RIV:2148, Koybal Cas129a, Cas129b brain]; pas
miiz brain; argha miiz spinal cord; cf miis, Sagay mis.
miilg with brain.
miis Vop60 Sagay, Kyzyl [RIV:2162 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal] cf mii brain.
mike deception, cheating, trick; slyness, ruse [meke RIV:2071 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
mikele= to deceive, to cheat; to be cunning; to seduce, to tempt [mekele= RIV:2073
Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Cas129a Koybal]; sin mikelrge an sumezi ider folk his/her
?cunning sufficed to cheat you. [Bur mekelnem].
mikelee deceiver, cheater, seducer, tempter, flatterer; sly, cunning, flattering.
mikelen= to be deceived, cheated, seduced, tempted.
mikelet= to let deceive, cheat, seduce, tempt.
mikelig deceptive, delusive [mekelig RIV:2073 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
milcestes= dial to meet, to run across; cf toghas=.
min I; min genitive mine, of me; min accusative me [miini, meeni Cas129b Koybal];
magha dative to me; minde locative at me; minne ablative from me; instrumental with
me; minzer directive towards me; mindeg equative like me [men RIV:2085 Sagay,
Koybal, Cas129b Koybal]; cf men.
mind word used as a greeting [mendi RIV:2087 Sagay, Koybal]; irkn altap mind
piredr stepping over the threshold, s/he welcomed [him/her]; paza toghasxanca, izen
mind! until the next meeting, be healthy! [LM].
mindles= to greet, to welcome one another [mendiles= RIV:2088 Sagay, Koybal] alp
izennezp minlezp parp kilp trzer odrd the heroes greeted and welcomed one
another, and went and sat down on the places of honour.
mindr eel [mindir, meender, mendir Cas129b Koybal, meentara Cas129a Kott]; cf
xort.
mindr hail; ulugh mindr large hail; cf tas mindr, todol.
mindrle= to fish for eel.
minksn= to consider as one's own, to appropriate.
minksneec who likes to appropriate; owner, proprietor.
minksns appropriation.
mi mole, birth mark [me RIV:2079 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
mide= to hurry, to haste; xaydar midep parirz? where are you hurrying to?; cf
mazra=.
mir Sagay cf mirt lymph gland.
mirce Sagay imperturbable, cool, calm; inert, sluggish.
mirge stick for playing 'gorodki' (a kind of skittles).
mirgecek Kyzyl hedgehog.
mirgele= to aim; to threaten; to throw, to hurl, to fling.
mirgelet= to let aim, threaten, throw.
mirgen well-aimed, accurate; dexterous [mergen RIV:2094 Sagay formidable, strong];
mirgen ats well-aimed shot; mirgen atghc good marksman; mirgen ooxtaan he hit
the mark, he said well; cf ie.
mirs gland with internal secretion.
mirt lymph gland; cf Sagay mir.
mis Sagay brain of the head; cf mii.
miset pol= to impede, to interfer with; toghnargha miset polba do not impede the
work. [Rus meshat'].
miske mushroom [RIV:2163 Sagay, Koybal]; ie miske edible mushroom; xurutxan
miske dried mushroom; xaz miskez brown cap boletus; os miskez orange-cap
boletus; xaraghay miskez saffron milk cap; tizek miskez agaric, field mushroom; xzl
miske red mushroom; ax miske white mushroom; tlg miskez chanterelle [calqued
from Rus lisichka]; namr miskez [Rus kolpachki]; aday miskez morel; tree-fungus;
cf Kyzyl meshke.
miskele= to gather mushrooms. to go mushrooming.
miskelet= to make gather mushrooms.
miskelg having fungi, mushrooms; miskelg ir a place where fungi, mushrooms grow;
miskelg rge mushroom soup.
mistrk a species of bird.
mitingele= to hold a meeting. [Rus mitingovat'].
mk Sagay reading, writing [miik RIV:2161 Sagay]; cf pk.
mck Sagay literate [miikil RIV:2161 Sagay]; cf pk.
mcra= to crack, to crackle, to creak; to crunch; to rustle; cf tcra=.
mla bath [RIV:2144 Sagay, mlja RIV:2143 Kacha, Koybal].
mltx gun [multak, multk Cas129a Koybal]; tas mltx flintlock, firelock; xrlgh
mltx threaded, rifled gun; mltx at= to shoot with a gun; mltxt atz gunshot.
mna on, using; at mna par= to go, set out on horseback.
ml RIV:2139 Sagay, Koybal vibration, trembling.
mlla= RIV:2139 Sagay, Koybal to vibrate, to tremble.
mllaq RIV:2139 Sagay, Koybal soft, vibrating, trembling.
mqta= RIV:2137 Sagay to roar.
mra Cas129b Salba a species of fish, Cyprinus rutilus.
mrgh shepherd's horn.
mrs Sagay pepper [RIV:2143].
moghus RIV:2122 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal fighter, warrior.
molat steel [RIV:2126 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, moolat Cas129a Koybal, Kandakov,
mulat RIV:2196 Sagay]; molat kizen RIV:2126 Sagay steel shackles; molat tomaraq
RIV:2126 Sagay steel shaving knife [LM].
molagh clumsy, awkward.
molca= to arrange, to agree, to reach an agreement, understanding [molja= RIV:2126
Koybal to decide on a term].
molcagh agreement, understanding, condition; term, date, period [molaq, molcaq
RIV:2127 Sagay, moljagh RIV:2126 Kacha, Koybal, mold'ax Cas129b Koybal]; cf
molcas.
molcaghlgh having an agreement, understanding.
molcam RIV:2127 Kyzyl beating to death, abatis.
molcas cf molagh agreement, term.
molcas= to arrange, agree with one another, to reach an understanding.
moltrx cervical vertebra [moltrq RIV:2127 Sagay spine, moltrgha RIV:2127 cervical
vertebra, molterak Cas129b Koybal neck].
momax Sagay crop, gizzard (of a bird); goitre; cf pogho.
momax Sagay pinafore, collar consisting of beads as a part of a woman's bridal
ornaments; cf pogho.
momaxtgh Sagay having a goitre.
moncx necklace of beads; cf Kyzyl mo.
mondl= to be slightly rocking (e.g. of flowers).
mondx such, so, thus, like this.
mongol Mongol; cf mool, dial moul. [Rus mongol].
mo Kyzyl cf moncx necklace.
moul dial cf mongol Mongol.
mool obs [RIV:2125 Sagay, Koybal] cf mongol Mongol.
moon= to hang oneself.
moondr= to smother, to strangle; to hang.
moos RIV:2128 Sagay, Koybal hero, fighter, warrior; bold courageous, strong; evil,
revengeful.
moqay RIV:2121 Sagay bear.
mora Sagay buttercup, yellow-cup [mor RIV:2125 Sagay].
morkam cuff; cf smax Sagay handcuffs, manacles.
morsx dial cf porsx badger.
morshx Kyzyl cf porsx badger.
morsho Kyzyl flower; shargh morsho dandelion; cf poro.
morsholan= Kyzyl to bloom, to blossom; cf porolan=.
mortxa Sagay cf orxa vertebra.
morxax cf dial orxax wooden plug through a calf's nose to prevent it from drinking.
morxaxta= to put wooden plug through a calf's nose to prevent it from drinking.
mosta Sagay bridge; cf taxta. [Rus most].
mox moss; cf torbas. [Rus mox].
moxayax monster; very ugly, terrible, dreadful.
moxta= to collect moss.
moydrx collar [moydrq RIV:2120 Sagay, Koybal fur collar, moyderak Cas129b
Koybal, moyturuk Cas129b Kamas].
moyn (moyn) neck [moyn RIV:2119 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, moyen Cas129b Koybal,
moyn Cas129b Kandakov, moyin Cas129 Salba]; moyn orxaz cervical vertebra;
xatgh moyin Kacha taboo wolf.
moyncax collar.
moynna= to overcome, to overpower, to conquer.
moynax (< moyn ax) white-neck (a dog's name).
mge folk eternal [mg RIV:2129 Kacha]; lbes mge polzn! may [your life] be
immortal and eternal! mge sugh folk water of life.
mgs Sagay cf ms melancholy.
mkey= to incline, to stoop, to bend down, to bow (of people) [RIV:2129].
mkeyt= to make incline, bend down, bow (of people).
mk RIV:2129 Sagay, Koybal strong; cf pk.
mnek joyless, mirthless, sorrowful, mournful.
ms melancholy, sad(ness), sorrow(ful) [mgs RIV:2129 Sagay weak].
my similar; cf my.
mzktg RIV:2134 Sagay height [mzktg RIV:2226 Sagay].
mughan= dial cf muxan= to suffer.
mughuy thick, fat (of people).
muksun onion [muqsun RIV:2174 Koybal garlic, chives, muxsun Cas130a chives
Koybal].
munzurux fist; cf dial nuzurux.
munzuruxta= to hit with the fist; cf dial nuzuruxta=.
munu= to grow old, to grow decrepit.
mu thousand [RIV:2180 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; nince-nince mu several thousands.
mu RIV:2178 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal sickliness.
muar with thousands.
munan= dial cf muxan= to suffer.
munugh RIV:2180 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal suffering (from a disease), ill.
muqal= RIV:2178 Sagay to tire, trouble oneself, to wear oneself out; muqalp sqtad,
lghad s/he cried vehemently.
musta= of a bull to bellow.
mustas the bellowing of a bull.
mustas= of bulls to bellow together.
muxalan= cf muxan= to suffer.
muxan= to suffer (from); to act negligently, careless [mughan= RIV:2174 Sagay, Kacha,
Koybal to be tired, weak; to tire, trouble oneself, to wear oneself out]; cf muxalan=, dial
mughan=, munan=.
muxandr= to cause to suffer (from) [mughandr= RIV:2174 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to
make weak; to let oneself be troubled, worn out].
muxas suffering.
muyghax female of the maral deer [ muygak Cas130a Koybal]; cf sn.
muyghax Sagay Orion.
mre Sagay cheese curd from sour milk; cf pr.
mk Sagay eternal [RIV:2218 Sagay, mg RIV:2219 Sagay]; mk suu, mg suu
water of life; cf mge.
mk= Kacha to rear, to prance, to kick, to skip, to jump (of a wild horse) [mk=
RIV:2218 Sagay, Koybal, Kyzyl]; alpt at mkp tastabst the horse jumped and threw
down the hero; cf tulgha=.
mn stock, soup [RIV:2221 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Cas130b Koybal fish soup]; palgh
mn fish soup.
mn= to ride, to mount [RIV:2221 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Cas130b Koybal]; atxa mn=
to ride, to mount a horse.
mnce riding; mnce mal riding livestock, animals.
mndr= to let ride, to mount [mndr= RIV:2221 Sagay, Koybal , Cas130b Koybal ].
mndr dial [RIV:2221: Sagay, Koybal] cf mindr hail.
mndrle= RIV:2222 Sagay, Koybal to hail.
mndrt= RIV:2222 Sagay to let ride, to mount.
mndrges mountain ash, rowan-tree [mndrbes RIV:2222 Sagay].
mn RIV:2220 Sagay silver. [LM].
mreske RIV:2222 Koybal a kind of mouse [cf Karagas mreshke, mreshk,
mrneshke Cas130b, Cas150a].
mt RIV:2132 Sagay honey. [Rus med'].
mre= to moo, to bellow (of cows, calves) [mre= RIV:2132 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
mreg mooing, bellowing (of cows, calves).
mres= to moo, bellow together (of cows, calves); ax mal kistes, mres, maras-
xald folk his white livestock was neighing, bellowing, bleating together.
mret= to make to moo, bellow (of cows, calves).
ms horn [RIV:2221 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, ms, mz Cas130b Koybal]; xua mz
rams' horns; sn mz antlers.
mste= RIV:225 to inlay with horn, to manufacture from horn.
mstg horned [mstg RIV:2226 Sagay, mstx Cas130b Koybal]; mstg oon
mal (large) cattle.
my B17 Sagay cf my similar.
mzk Sagay high [mzk RIV:2134 Sagay, mzk RIV:2226 Sagay, mzk Cas130b
Kandakov ]; mzk tagh high mountain; cf pzk.
mzrk RIV:226 <Verbitskij Sagay bed.

O


o oh! o, xaydagh klkshtg! oh, how ridiculous!; o, xaydagh axs ir! oh, what a
good place!
obaa kurgan stone [RI:1157 Sagay]; obsol sacrificial pile of stones (in honour of
mountain spirits); cf oma. [LM obogha(n)].
obaala= to put on a pile. [LM oboghala=].
obagh misfortune, grief, sorrow, calamity, disaster; loss.
obal misfortune; punishment, penalty; obsol sin; Sagay miracle [obal' RI:1158 Sagay
misfortune; RI:1158 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal sin; RI:1158 <Verbitskij Sagay miracle;
oobal, oopal Cas86a Kott]; obal xuday! obsol oh God! [obal' quday RI:1158 Sagay].
[?Ar]
oballan= to presage, to point to misfortune, grief, disaster; to swear, to make a vow;
obsol to sin; cf Sagay njxtan=.
oballgh unfortunate, miserable.
obr hoop [obras RI:1160 Sagay]. [Rus obruch].
obrlgh having hoops.
oborona defence; kii oboronaz aerial defence; rcn oboronann s= to break the
enemy's defence. [Rus oborona].
oboronyat' pol= to defend. [Rus oboronjat'].
oboronyat'sya pol= to defend oneself. [Rus oboronjat'sja].
oaghnda at yonder side [RI:1134 Sagay]; ol kld oaghnda at yonder side of the
lake [RI:1134].
o youngest, benjamin; o ool youngest son. [o RI:1135 Sagay, ot' RI:1042 Kacha,
Koybal , oug' RI:1135 Koybal]. [LM odcigin].
ox trivet [oq RI:1135 Sagay, ot'q RI:1042 Kacha, Koybal, ouq RI:1135 Kyzyl,
Koybal]. [<CT *oouk ~ *ooak perhaps < *oook hearth].
oda= to weed; xra oda= to weed crops; cf odala=. [<CT *ota=].
odala= [odal'a= RI:1122 <Verbitskij Sagay] cf oda= to weed.
odas weeding; ogorod odaz the weeding of the kitchen-garden.
odas= to weed together.
odat= to order to weed.
odn= to make hot, to kindle (oven); to make a fire; to burn.
odndr= to order to make hot, kindle (oven), make a fire, burn.
odns kindling, lighting.
odns= to make hot, kindle (oven), make a fire, burn (of several people).
od firewood [odu RI:1126 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; xaz od firewood of
birchwood. [< CT *ootu].
odna= to go into the wood for firewood [oduna= RI:1126 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
[<CT *ootula=].
odr= to sit, to sit down; to live, to dwell [odur= RI:1131 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; xyn
odr= to recline; pagha odr= obsol to enjoy oneself, to make merry (lit. to sit down on
the rope); irnme zt odrbsxan obsol a sore occurred on my lip. [cf CT *oltur=].
odrx obsol a small stool, a block to sit on [odurq RI:1132 Sagay].
odrt= to make sit (down), to seat, to offer a seat [odurt= RI:1132 Sagay, Kacha,
Koybal]; pozn xrinzar odrtt he made [me] sit down at his side; aghas odrt= to
plant a tree (Rus sazat' to seat; to plant]. [cf CT *olturt=].
odrta Sagay a small wooden barrel (for wine).
ods Kyzyl cf ots thirty.
odunat= RI:1126 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to order to go into the wood for firewood.
odunug' RI:1126 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal having an abundancy of firewood.
oduq= RI:1125 Sagay to mourn; saghsta odughup mourning.
ogorod kitchen-garden. [Rus ogorod].
oghaa dial cf ughaa very.
oghl Kyzyl cf ool son.
oghr thief [oghur RI:1010 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *ogr ~ *ogr].
oghrla= to steal, to rob [oghurl'a= RI:1012 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, oorl'a= RI:1064
Sagay, Koybal]; oghrlaan stolen. [<CT *ogurla= ~ *ogrla=].
oghrlas= to steal, to do stealthily, to slink together.
oghrlat= to order to steal, to let rob [oorl'at= RI:1064 Sagay, Koybal to order to steal, to
let oneself be robbed].
oghla= dial to cry, to make a hubbub (of children) [oghl'a= RI:1022 Sagay].
oghl'as= RI:1024 Sagay to cry, make a hubbub together (of children).
oghlax one-year-old wild kid. [<CT *oglak].
oghnan= Sagay [og'nan= RI:1018 Sagay] cf ona= to understand; to feel, to sense.
oghnaax Sagay [og'nanaq RI:1018 Sagay] cf oarlghax quick in the uptake.
oghra= RI:1019 Kacha to neigh loudly. [<CT *okra=].
oghran= to whinny [RI:1019 Sagay to neigh, oghuran= RI:1011 Koybal to neigh
loudly]; cf kste= to neigh. [cf Teleut oghron= RI:1020 of young livestock to cry loudly].
oghro larva of the gadfly.
ol he, she, it, that [ol' RI:1078 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; an genitive of him, her, it;
aghaa dative to him, her, it; hither; an accusative him, her, it; anda locative at him, her,
it; there; anna ablative from him, her, it; thither; instrumental with him, her, it; anzar
directive towards him, her, it; olox emphatic he, she, it. [<CT *ol].
olaay simple, common, ordinary [ol'aay RI:1084 Sagay]; olaay kzler the common
people; olaay predlojeniye simple sentence; olaayda pasxa unususal, uncommon; cf
Sagay onagh.
olana= to become loose, unsteady, to rock, to swing, to reel, to stagger; cf ilene=,
Kacha olasta=.
olanas= to rock, swing, reel, stagger together [ol'anas= RI:1084 Sagay]; cf Koybal
olbanas=.
olanat= to make loose, unsteady, to rock, swing, to make reel, stagger.
olar they; olarn genitive of them; olargha dative to them; olarn accusative them;
olarda locative at them; olarna ablative from them, instrumental with them; olarzar
directive towards them.
olartax Kacha cf oltrx island.
olasta= Kacha cf olana= to become loose, unsteady, to rock.
ol'at RI:1085 <Verbitskij Sagay a place to sit [ol't RI:1086 <Verbitskij Sagay].
ol'banas= RI:1096 Koybal to swing; cf olanas=, Koybal orbanas=.
ol'ba-ol'ba RI:1096 Koybal staggering; cf Koybal orba.
ol'ghaaq (~ ol'ghaq) RI:1088 Sagay small boy.
olghan child [ol'ghan RI:1088 Sagay boy]; xs olghan girl; olghan-uzax children
[olghan uzaq RI:1088 Sagay]; olghan prg child's hat; olghan tus childhood, youth
[RI:1088 Sagay]; olghan tusta in one's childhood, youth. [<CT *oglan].
olghanax pupil of the eye.
olgh slope, hill side [ol'ug' RI:1086 Koybal valley]; olghli along the slope, hill side.
olox emphatic he, she, it; all the same; olox pararzar you will go all the same; olox tusta
side by side, at the same time.
oltrx island; arm oltrx peninsula; pulu oltrx cape, promontory; cf dial olturux,
ortalq, Kacha olartax. [< *ortuluk, cf <CT *otrug].
olturux dial cf oltrx island.
oma feature; pabazna omalgh resembling one's father('s features).
oma RI:1166 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal cf obaa kurgan.
omar shame; embarassment; cf uyads.
omas blunt, not sharp [RI:1167 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
omastan= to become blunt [RI:1167 Sagay]; pila pster omastan-pard the saw's teeth
have become blunt.
omastq RI:1167 Sagay bluntness.
omastr= to make blunt.
omastrs the act of making blunt.
omash Kyzyl spoon; cf samnax. [cf Tuva omaash].
omax dial cheerful, brisk of character; frisky; fiery, light-footed (of a horse); of great
endurance (of a horse) [omaq RI:1166 Kacha, Koybal]; omaq at RI:1166 a swift horse;
cf ktem. [LM omug].
omr Sagay cf omx a horse's chest.
omra dial cf omrtxa, orxa vertebra.
omrgh front part of (a horse's) chest; beautiful bearing (of people) [omrg' RI:1170
Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
omrghlgh a horse having a strong chest; person having a beautiful bearing [omrg'l'g'
RI:1171 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
omrtxa dial cf omra, orxa vertebra.
omx a horse's chest; cf Sagay omr. [cf LM omurugu(n)].
omx dial cf tomx knee cap, patella.
on ten [RI:1042 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; onoola Cas85b Koybal all ten; onaar Cas85b
Koybal with ten, the ten of them; on pr eleven; on xarax ten (of cards). [<CT *oon].
onagh Sagay cf olaay simple, common.
onar RI:1043 Sagay thither.
onartn RI:1043 Sagay thence.
ondq RI:1045 Sagay bed. [< *orunduk].
onn tenth [onnt' RI:1043 Koybal].
onngh decimal; having ten; palam onngh my child is ten years old.
o right [RI:1024 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; o xol right hand, arm; o sari the right side
of a fabric. [<CT *o].
o good luck, success; lucky, successful; aghaa o pold s/he was lucky, successful.
o= to fade, to lose colour; to whither [RI:1025 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf dial ugh=.
[<CT *o=].
oar straight on; correctly [RI:1028 Sagay, Koybal to the right, on the right way]. [<CT
*oaru].
oar= to understand; oar-tisker topsy-turvy, the wrong way round; like mad, at
breakneck speed; an-xust artnp, oar-tisker kiledir folk having loaded himself up
with the game, s/he came at breakneck speed. [< CT oar=].
oarl= to be understood; to gain an understanding of; to come to one's senses, to
recover, regain consciousness.
oarldr= to make clear, understand; to make recover, regain consciousness.
oarlghax quick in the uptake; cf Sagay oghnaax.
oarls understanding; regaining consciousness.
oarlstgh quick in the uptake; intelligible, clear.
oarljx cf oarlghax quick in the uptake.
oartn from the right side of [RI:1028 Sagay, Koybal].
oday manner; way, means [uday RI:1627 Sagay]; qaydii udayma RI:1627 how, in
what way; ol odayna in this way, manner; axsi odaylar good manners.
odayla= to correct, to set right, to repair; to adjust, to regulate.
odaylal= to be or become correct, set right, repaired; to get right, to return to normal, to
become sorted out; olarn xonii odaylala their life is returning to normal.
odaylan= to be or become correct, set right, repaired; to get better, to recover; to grow
fat, to put on flesh (of cattle); to put on weight.
odaylgh in good repair; industrious; suitable, appropriate; decent, respectable, honest;
odaylgh toghs an industrious worker; odaylgh motor a motor in good repair;
odaylgh kz an honest man.
ona= to understand; to master, to learn; to know, to recognize [RI:1031 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha, una= RI:1626 Sagay to know, to understand; to correct, to make better];
unabas kizhi RI:1626 an unknowing, unwise person; unabasta RI:1626 without
knowing, unaware; cf Sagay oghnan=.
ona= to be at the right side of; to be the right hand of.
onagh understanding, comprehension.
onan= to be succesful, good, apt, felicitous; to have the good fortune, luck to, to be
lucky enough to [RI:1031 Sagay to correct oneself, to become better].
onas understanding, comprehension.
onastgh quick in the uptake; intelligible, clear.
oo poison, poisonous [RI:968 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *agu].
oodl= to break, to be or become broken (glas) [oodl'= RI:1124 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
oods= to break, crash, destroy, hack (of several people together).
oodx fragment, debris; broken, jaded.
ooghas small; ooghas tasmindr small hail; ooghas axa small change; ooghas aghas
verdure, shoots, young growth.
ool son, young man, youngster [ool' RI:1080 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; oolgh his/her son;
ol'ghm RI:1080 Sagay my son; ool'n ol'gh RI:1080 Sagay grandson; palamn
oolgh grandson; palamn xz granddaughter; ool tuma younger brother; cf Kyzyl
oghl. [<CT *ogul].
oolax (~ oolghjax) boy [ool'aq RI:1084 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
oolgh poisonous [ool'g' RI:1086 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [<CT *agulug].
oor steam [RI:1047 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [LM aghur].
ooral= to gape, to yawn (of a precipice); (of eyes) to become hollow, sunken; xaraxtar
oolalbsxan his/her eyes have become sunken.
oorx (~ orx) spindle. [<CT *agurk].
oorm Sagay sheer, vertical; oorm xaya a perpendicular rock.
oorm Sagay impassable; oorm taygh impassable tayga.
oorlan= to emit steam; to evaporate, become evaporated.
oorta= to slurp; ay oorta= to drink tea; oortap s= to gulp down. [<CT *aburtla=].
oortax at the side; olda oortax at the side of the road; oortax tur= to move away
from, to withdraw from.
oos yolk; biestings. [<CT *aguz].
oos handful [RI:1138 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; pir oos un perd RI:1138 s/he gave a
handful of flour; qos oos RI:1138 two hands ful; pir ooz as pol'-adr RI:1138 Sagay,
pir oot' as pol'-aar RI:1138 Koybal one handful of you is to little. [<CT *abu].
oosta= to take a handful. [<CT *abula=].
oostgh having yolk, biestings.
oot= to break, to crash, to smash something; to destroy, to demolish; to smash to pieces;
to fell, to hew, to hack, to mince, to chop [RI:1102 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
oottr= to order or cause to break, crash, smash, destroy, fell, hack.
oox small, little [ook (~ ok) Cas85a Koybal]; oox mal small livestock; oox namr
apa it is drizzling; oox palalar little children; oox-teek small things, small articles
[oox-tk RI:1001 Kacha].
oox= to be poisoned; ooxa ot henbane; fly-agaric; death-cap. [<CT *aguk=].
ooxta= to make small, to turn into small pieces; it ooxtadlar they cut the meat into
small pieces.
ooxta= of a cow to bellow, of a bear to roar; to thunder.
ooxtal= to become small, turned into small pieces.
ooxtat= to make turn into small pieces.
ooxtr= to poison.
ooxtrja poisonous; ooxtrja gaz poisonous gas.
ooy easy. [<CT *oay].
ooyak Cas85a Koybal valley, canyon; cf oy.
oozup Kyzyl hoe, mattock; cf Sagay ozup.
oqa RI:1001 <Verbitskij Sagay bow; the bow of a violin; oqa qomz violin.
or= to dig, to burrow; cf xas=.
or= Sagay cf orxala= to cut at the joints.
ora Sagay cellar, vault, basement; hole to store potatoes; cf or.
ora= to wrap, to wind, to twist around, to muffle, to roll up, to tuck up, to fold, to coil
[RI:1048 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to wrap]; bek xurn s ori pilne tartp xurancx
folk s/he put on his/her silken girdle around his/her waist after having wrapped it thrice;
oraq oraja RI:1048 Sagay what is used as a foot binding, puttee. [LM oragha=].
oral= to be wrapped, winded, muffled, rolled up; to wrap, wind, muffle oneself; to coil
oneself; altn oralghan s/he intertwined the gold; lan li oralghan s/he coiled like a
snake.
oraldr= to order to wrap, wind, twist around, roll up, coil.
oraljx winding, climbing (of plants).
oraq RI:1048 Sagay] wrapping, binding.
oray late [RI:1049 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; oray ovoshtar late vegetables; oray ksk
late autumn; oray-arax a little later; [Rus posdnovato ?]; oray polbsxan it has become
dark; ert kel dn, sn oray keld RI:1049 I told you to come early, but you have
come late. [LM oroi].
oray Sagay craddle; not grown up, small [RI:1049]; oray astgh pal'a a small child
[RI:1049]; cf pizk.
oraylat= to be or become late; to be overdue; to linger, to stay too long; of the evening to
fall, to become evening; ileede oraylatxan s/he was rather late.
oraylattr= to cause to be late, overdue; to delay.
orax Sagay track, path along which game passes [oraq RI:1050 Sagay]; cf orghax. [<CT
*orak~ *oruk perhaps < *orok].
oraxan dial ravine, gully.
oraxta= Sagay to follow a track, path along which game passes [oraqta= RI:1050
Sagay].
oraz RI:1052 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal fasting. [Ir].
orba stick of the shaman's drum [orb RI:1077 Sagay].
orba Koybal a staggering movement [RI:1077]; cf Koybal ol'ba-ol'ba.
orbana= to be startled, to be frightened.
orbanas= RI:1077 Koybal to topple, to roll; cf Koybal ol'banas=.
orbanos easy to startle, easily scared.
orbay= to be bewildered, to betaken aback. [cf LM orboi=].
orx cf oorx spindle.
ord'aq RI:1061 Sagay, Koybal ordinary, common, insignificant.
orda Sagay lair, den; lan ordaz a snake's den. [<CT *orda ~ *ordu perhaps < *ordo].
ordash Kyzyl cf ornas exchange.
ordr= to order to dig, burrow.
orghal' RI:1061 Sagay, Koybal bed.
orghan Sagay bed [orghn RI:1061 Sagay].
orghaq RI:1061 Sagay mower.
orghax track, path along which game passes; cf Sagay orax.
orghax sickle, scythe [orghaq RI:1061 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *orgak].
orghax: orghax ay August [orghaq RI:1061 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha harvest].
orientirovat'sya pol= to orientate oneself; pu arada ol axs orientirovat'sya pola
s/he [can] orientate him/herself well around here.
or RI:1054 Sagay hole in the yurt to store potatoes; cf ora.
orn (~ orn) place [RI:1055 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; toghs orn working place; bagaj
orn luggage depot; orn pir= to make place for, to give way to; ot orn hearth;
marghlasta pastagh ornn an brigadaz tuta his/her brigade holds the first place
in the the contest; ornna instead of; ornnda RI:1055 Sagay instead of; turghan ornm
RI:1055 Sagay the place where I was standing. [<CT *orun].
orn= RI:1055 Sagay, Koybal to be at a place, to be situated; quru sg orntr [only]
his/her dry bones were [left].
orndagh being at a certain place, local; orndagh promshlennost' the local industry.
orngh: orngh padezh locative case.
ornj deputy, stand-in. [<CT *orun].
ornnan= to settle oneself down at a place; cf ornx=.
ornnandr= to order to settle down at a place.
ornng' RI:1056 Sagay bed.
ors Russian. [Rus rus'].
orsta= to speak Russian; ol orstap axs ooxtana s/he speaks Russian well.
orla= of livestock or people to roar [orl'a= RI:1064 Koybal of cattle to roar]. [<CT
*orla=].
orlas= of livestock or people to roar together [< orl'as= RI:1064 Koybal]. [<CT
*orlash=].
orlat= to cause to roar (of livestock or people).
orna= RI:1061 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to be instead of, in the place of, to exchange
places. [<CT *orna=].
ornas change, exchange [RI:1062 Sagay, Koybal, ornash RI:1063 Kacha]; cf Kyzyl
ordas.
ornas= to exchange with one another [RI:1063 Sagay, Koybal, ornash= RI:1063 Kacha].
ornastr= to let exchange, order to exchange [RI:1063 Sagay, Koybal].
ornashsh RI:1063 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal one who exchanges.
ornazgh dial exchange.
ornx= cf ornnan= to settle oneself down at a place.
oron dial cf aron separate; other.
orsax Sagay without teeth; cf xorsax. [cf Teleut orsoq RI:1076 protruding teeth].
ort RI:1064 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal the cavity of the mouth, the pouch of the cheek. [<CT
*aburt].
orta right, correct, true, regularly [RI:1064 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha middle]; orta pazar
spelling, orthography; orta drob'tar proper fraction in mathematics; op-orta absolutely
correct; orta nimes not correct, not right; xap orta ted s/he hit the target, mark; qam
orta RI:1064 Sagay right in the middle; kn ortaz RI:1064 Sagay noon; tn ortaz
RI:1064 Sagay midnight; ortamsta pol'd RI:1065 Sagay s/he was right between us; on
ortaznda RI:1065 Sagay through the middle of the people; orta qol' RI:1066 Sagay
middle finger; cf ort middle. [cf CT *ortu ~ *orta middle, perhaps < *orto].
ortadagh RI:1070 Sagay being in the middle.
ortal'q RI:1070 Sagay, Koybal an island in the middle of a river or lake; cf oltrx.
ortaq RI:1067 Sagay forwards, further.
ort middle; incomplete; distance between two places; ort xara midnight; ort ol half-
way; k aal ortz the distance between two villages; ortznda in the middle;
ortzndagh being in the middle; cf orta right. [cf CT *ortu ~ *orta middle, perhaps
<*orto].
ortla= to decrease, to become less, to become only half of the amount, to de divided in
two halves.
ortmax middle, medium; obsol peasant of average means; ortmax snngh of medium
height; ortmax shkola middle school.
ortmaxti half, in two; ortmaxti ur= to break in two.
ortn middle; ortn oolgh middle son; ortn salaa middle finger [ortan sal'a RI:1068
Sagay].
ortn RI:1072 Sagay midnight.
orxa vertebra [orqa RI:1060 Kacha, Koybal]; moyn orxaz jugular vertebra; kgs
orxaz breast vertebra; pil orxaz lumbar vertebra; xuzurugh orxaz tail vertebra; orxa
sk spine, backbone; cf dial omrtxa, omra, Sagay mortxa. [<CT *omurtka].
orxala= to cut at the joints; cf lne=, Sagay or=.
orxalghlar vertebrates.
orxax dial wooden ring in the nose of a calf (to prevent it from sucking milk); cf
morxax.
os aspen [RI:1137 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal aspen, RI:1137 Kyzyl poplar].
os= to free oneself, to save, rescue oneself, to escape, to outstrip [RI:1137 Sagay, Kacha,
Koybal to be earlier; to prevent, to go away, escape, to outstrip, to leave behind];
xanattgh polp xus polza, uughp os-polbass, xarsaxtgh polp a polza, xalx
salp os-polbass folk even if you are a bird and have wings, you cannot escape by
flying, even if you are an animal and have claws, you cannot escape by running. [<CT
*oz=].
os= of a squirrel to jump from tree to tree.
osqr RI:1141 Sagay busy, animated, agile; sterlet (a species of fish).
ostol' RI:1142 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal chair; table. [Rus stol' table, stul' chair].
osxas similar, as, like (+ nominative or accusative) [osqas RI:1141 Sagay, oqsas RI:1002
Koybal, oqshash RI:1003 Kacha]; sin osxas like you; pala osxas like a child; kilgen
osxas it seems s/he came; ibde ox osxas it seems s/he is not at home; cf dial oxsas,
osxs. [<CT *oxshash].
osxr= to let escape, to save, rescue from; mallarnn prne osxrd s/he saved the
livestock from the wolf. [<CT *ozgur=].
osxs dial [oqss RI:1002 Sagay, osqs RI:1141 Kacha] cf osxas similar.
ot fire; Kacha pupil of the eye [RI:1096 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Kyzyl fire]; ot sal= to
light a fire; ot oymagh fireplace, hearth; xara aday ot xaraxtgh folk the black dog with
the fiery eyes; xarax od optic nerve; ot tal'ay RI:1099 Sagay the fire lake. [<CT *oot].
ot grass [RI:1100 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kk ot green grass; vegetables; purtax ottar
weeds; kp llgh purtax ottar perennial weeds; tastaan ot haystack; ot sap= to mow
grass; ot saa kz mower; saxa ot stinging nettle; xazalcx ot plant with prickles,
spikes, thorns; ooxa ot henbane; fly-agaric; death-cap; poja ot sorrel; xy ot pastor's
lettuce; aghbax ot baby's breath; tumbleweed; zg ot dial feathergrass; sorokin ot a
species of grass; ot ay July. [<CT *ot].
otax wooden shed, hut [odag' RI:1121 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal wooden shed, grass shed].
[<CT *otag].
otrba bran. [Rus otrubi].
ots thirty [otts RI:1116 Sagay, Koybal]; ottzn RI:1116 Sagay the thirtieth; cf Kyzyl
ods. [<CT *ottuz].
oty= Kyzyl to knit one's brow, to make a wry face, to wrinkle one' clothes; cf rl=.
otx steel (used for striking fire) [ottuq RI:1116 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; otx tas flint.
otta= to graze [RI:1115 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; mal ottapa the livestock is grazing.
[<CT *otla=].
ottat= to pasture, to let graze, to feed [RI:1115 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
ottgh having fire [ottg' RI:1116 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *ootlug].
ottgh having grass [ottg' RI:1116 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; ottgh ir a grassy place.
[<CT *otlug].
ottzn RI:1116 Sagay thirtieth.
otxar= to feed, pasture the livestock. [<CT *otkar=].
otxart= to order to feed, pasture the livestock.
-ox (-k) very, just, also [-oq RI:991 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; andox that very one; pozox
the very same; parboghsxan s/he also left.
oxsan= to kiss [oqsan= RI:1002 Sagay, Koybal, oqshan= RI:1003 Kacha]; cf Sagay
ksn=. [<CT *oxshan=].
oxsandr= to let kiss [oqsandr= RI:1002 Sagay, Koybal].
oxsans kiss.
oxsans= to kiss one another [oqsans= RI:1002 Sagay, Koybal, oqshansh= RI:1003
Kacha].
oxsanstr= to let oneself be kissed [oqsanstr= RI:1002 Sagay, Koybal, oqshanshtr=
RI:1003 Kacha].
oxsas dial cf osxas similar.
oxta= dial cf uxta= to load.
oy a low or hollow place, deepening, depression; valley [RI:969 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal];
izern oy the hollowing, the bow of the saddle [ezrdi oy RI:969 Sagay]. [<CT
*ooy].
oy brownish-grey, light dun, isabel (a horse colour) [Cas84b Koybal light blue, bluish;
light]; oy at an isabel horse; ax oy at a light grey horse; cf agh-oy. [<CT *oy].
oy Samoz Kyzyl mind, spirit [RPII:660:38]. [LM oy].
oy oh-oh!
oy= to hollow out, to gouge out [RI:970 Sagay, Kacha to pierce, to transfix]; pus oy= to
hew a hole in the ice; regn oybst RI:970 s/he pierced his/her heart. [<CT *ooy=].
oyanax tender, soft; touchy.
oyba ashes. [cf Karagas oifa Cas134a].
oybalgh having ashes.
oyda on the back [RI:983 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha on the back, back, backwards]; acaa
attrghan a sas-oyda tsti the game that was shot by the hunter fell on its back; oyda-
tbin ts= to stagger (of a drunk); oyda tsti s/he fell on his/her back; oyda-arax tur=
to stand throwing back one's head; oyda azax Sagay mole [RI:984]; oyda keldi RI:983
Koybal s/he returned.
oydarq RI:984 Sagay over and under.
oydarxa= to have a fair opinion of oneself, to give oneself airs.
oydas RI:984 Sagay on the back, backwards; rkn oydas-pard the old woman fell on
her back.
oydas= to fall on one's back, to lean back; ol oydas-pard s/he fell on his/her back.
oydatamas mole; cf tisker azax, Sagay oyda azax.
oydr= to have made a hole, to oreder to hollow out, gouge out. [<CT *ooytur=].
oygh a sloping place.
oym valley.
oyn game; sport; joke [oyn RI:972 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; futbol oyn football; krk
oyn courtship behaviour of grouses. [<CT *oyun].
oynj playful; joker, jester [oynt' RI:979 Koybal, Kacha player].
oyq RI:1038 Koybal the folds of clothes, the fit of clothes; oygh ok kep clothes that
are not tight, wide and comfortable clothes.
oys= to hollow out, gouge out together. [<CT *ooyush=].
oyx excavation, hollow, groove, depression.
oyx Sagay ice-hole; cf tilt.
oyxta= to excavate; to break off.
oyla= to run, to race [oyl'a= RI:981 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf gr=.
oylaa being able to run quickle, racing-; oylaa at horse that is irrepressible ? to burst
into actions in the mountains.
oylas= to run, race together.
oylat= to order to run, race, to let run, race [oyl'at= RI:982 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal].
oyloba shaft. [Rus ogloblya].
oymar= to appear, to crop up from out of a hollow, pit.
oymart= to make appear, crop up from out of a hollow, pit.
oymax hole, hollow; depression, pit; valley [oymaq RI:987 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal,
oybaq RI:986 Sagay]; xaraxt oymagh eye socket; kl oymagh fire place (place in a
yurt where the fire is lighted).
oymaqtg' RI:987 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal having holes, hollows, depressions.
oyna= to play, to sport, to amuse oneself; to joke, to jest [RI:972 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal];
oynaja nime toy; mna grgen xan xzl at xazr il cli pari, xazr xuyun cli
oynap pari folk the khan riding on horseback ? the red horse runs as the swift wind and
plays as the swift whirlwind; qart oynap-adr RI:973 Sagay s/he is playing cards;
quyun oynap-adr RI:973 Sagay a whirlwind started blowing. [<CT *oyna=].
oynajax toy; yolka oynajaxtar christmas tree toys; cf Sagay oynax.
oynal= to be played (in a lottery).
oynas play, game.
oynas RI:977 Sagay, Koybal adultery, adulterer [oynash RI:977 Kacha]. [<CT *oynash].
oynas= to play, sport together, to amuse oneselves; to joke, jest together [RI:977 Sagay.
Koybal, Kacha, oynash= RI:978 Kacha to play together; to commit adultery].
oynasta= Sagay, Koybal to lead a depraved life, to indulge in lust; to be involved in a
love relation, to commit adultery [RI:977 Sagay, Koybal, oynashta= RI:978 Kacha].
oynashsh RI:978 Sagay, Kacha adulterer, man or woman who sleeps around.
oynat= to let play, sport, to let amuse; to entertain [RI:976 Sagay. Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT
*oynat=].
oynax Sagay [oynaq RI:975] cf oynajax toy. [<CT *oynak].
oynt'l' RI:979 Koybal who loves to play, player [ooyjil Cas85a Koybal].
oza ot Sagay feather-grass; Hemerocallis flava [ozaat RI:1144, ozaot RI:1144 Sagay
plant that is used by the poor to wrap around the feet in winter time]; cf le.
ozari on yonder side, on the other side [ozar RI:1144 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; granitsa
ozari on the other side of the border, over the border; ozarinda on yonder side (of the
river); behind; sugh ozarinda over the river.
ozarx yonder side (of the river); cf oaghnda.
ozarx being on yonder side (of the river) [ozarq RI:1145 Sagay].
ozma RI:1147 Sagay totally, completely.
ozna: ol ozna since that time; parighan ozna turbsxan ?as s/he went s/he
stopped.
ozr= RI:1147 Sagay, Koybal to fart. [<CT *osur=].
ozrt= RI:1147 Sagay to cause to fart.
ozy Sagay Daphne mezereum (a kind of bush) [RI:1147 Sagay].
ozup Sagay small rounded iron shoulder shovel for digging kandk (an edible plant of the
lily family); cf usp, Kyzyl oozup. [cf further Altay, Teleut, Kerk, Shor RI:1147, Tofa
osuq].




beke Sagay surname; ancestor, forefather [bkk RI:1312 Sagay, Koybal]; beke
kem? what is your surname?. [LM ebgen].
= RI:1285 Sagay to be hostile, to take revenge; ol meni p-aar s/he is hostile to
me; cf ste=. [<CT *e=].
es obstinacy, stubbornness; obstinate, stubborn; disobedient; es pala a stubborn
child.
s= RI:1285 Sagay to become hostile towards each other, to take avenge; to mock, to
make fun of. [<CT *esh=].
eske dial on an empty stomach; eske im is= to take in medicine on an empty
stomach.
t= RI:1285 Sagay to cause to be hostile, to incite against.
d RI:1277 Kacha, Koybal high up.
dele= to rise, to ascend; to go upstream; to grow; to flare up [dl= RI:1278 Kacha to
rise]; ib xrinde odrtxan xuzux aghaz kle delep pari the fir which has been
planted near the house grows slowly; aln delepe the flames are flaring up. [LM
gedele=].
delen= to rise, to ascend; to go upstream; to grow; to flare up.
delet= to raise, to make ascend, flare up.
dk boot [dk RI:1279 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; psxax dk boots from the skin of the
paws; cf, maymax, Sagay edik. [<CT *eetk].
dr= to kill, to beat to death [dr= RI:1282 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; alar aba
drgenner the hunters killed the bear; pjmni dr sapamn RI:1279 Sagay I will
beat my sister to death; cf ldr=, Sagay dr=, Sagay, Koybal lr=.
drt= to order to kill, beat to death [drt= RI:1283 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to order to
kill, to run the risk of being killed]; palan drtt RI:1283 s/he ordered to kill the child;
qaydp nan-arm? drtp salarm! RI:1283 how could I return? I will get killed!.
ds debt; obligation [ds RI:1283 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal loan, borrowing]; dsk
RI:1283 on loan; dske al= to borrow; dske pir= to lend. [cf CT *te=].
dstes= to borrow to one another.
ds trachea; throat [ds RI:1278 Koybal, dsh RI:1278 Kacha]; cf tamax. [<CT
*tsh].
gbe gum.
jek Kyzyl peg.
ker Sagay beautiful; cf kerek.
kerek beautiful; sympathetic, friendly; xaydagh kerek poro! what a beautiful
flower!; sray kerek with a beautiful, friendly face; cf abaxay, slg, Sagay ker.
ks orphan [kks RI:1181 <Verbitskij Sagay, kss RI:1190 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal,
kks RI:1805 Sagay]; ks xal= to be left orphan; ks ip, ks iney widow; kn
kks yan Sagay north, northern side; cf dial kss. [<CT *gsz].
kpe lung [kp RI:1191, kp RI:1807 Sagay]; kpe aghrghlar lung diseases; kpe-
rek liver. [<CT *pke].
kpl= RI:1191 Sagay to make angry. [<CT *pkele= to be angry].
kpelen= to take offence, to feel hurt, to be irritated, to be angry, indignant with, to fly
into a rage; of horses to be fiery, agitated; sin di teenme kpelenme don't feel offended
about what I said; inste adbs kpelenbsken on the mountain slope, our horse got
agitated.
kpelendr= to offend, to hurt, to irritate, to annoy, to make angry; to agitate (a horse).
kpelens offense, irritation, annoyance, agitation.
kpelens= to offend, hurt, irritate, annoy one another, to be angry at one another; of
horses to be agitated.
kpelenjk touchy, being easily offended, hurt, annoyed; fiery, ardent.
kpelg having lungs, lung-; touchy, being easily offended hurt, annoyed; fiery, ardent
[kplig' RI:1191, kplg' RI:1807 Sagay irascent]; kpelg kz a fiery person,
kpelg at a fiery horse. [<CT *pkelig].
kpen Sagay vermilion, crimson, scarlet; cf aalay.
ksren= to become an orphan.
ksret= to make an orphan.
kss dial cf ks orphan.
ksn= RI:1188 Sagay to kiss; aqsnan ksnp-adr s/he kissed him/her on the
mouth; cf oxsan=.
kss RI:1188 Sagay alike; tasql kss alp keldi a hero like a mountain came.
ktem fiery (of horses); ktem at a fiery horse; cf dial omax. [<CT *ktem].
ktemne= to burst, leap to the front.
ktemnes= to burst, leap to the front together.
ktemnet= to order to burst, leap to the front.
ktnis= RI:1182 Sagay to imitate one another; cf tkn=.
l humidity, wetness; humid, wet [l RI:1246 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, l RI:1845
Koybal]; l pol= to be or become humid, wet; l pol-parghan s/he became wet. [<CT
*l].
l= to die [RI:1246 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, l= RI:1845 Sagay, Koybal]; lgen kz a
dead person, corpse. [<CT *l=].
lbes immortal; an ad xajan daa lbes his/her name will be immortal forever.
ldr= cf dr= to kill. [<CT *ldr=].
len Sagay fry, young fish; cf len.
le feather-grass; Hemerocallis flava; cf Sagay oza ot. [<CT *le].
lg dead; lifeless [lg' RI:1250 Sagay, Koybal dead; calm (of the weather), Kacha
death]; lg'g' d'etti RI:1250 Kacha s/he has to die. [<CT *lg].
lm death [lm RI:1251 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; lmne al-xal= to save from death;
lem ox immortal. [<CT *lm].
lmng dead; lmng palgh deadly wound; lmng ir place where one's life is in
danger. [<CT *lmlg].
ls= to be busy, occupied, troubled, concerned with.
ljes a species of fish, Misgurnus fossilis (Rus pishchuxa, urjup).
lle= to make wet, to soak; to sprinkle, to wash; to irrigate, to water [le= RI:1246
Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to make wet, to moisten]; kip-azax lle= to soak the washing; ir
lle= to water the land.
lles= to make wet, sprinkle, wash, water together.
llet= to order to make wet, to have sprinkled, washed, watered.
llg wet, humid.
lr= RI:1250 Sagay, Koybal cf dr= to kill. [<CT *lr=].
me with joint forces, conjointly; mene kres= to fight conjointly.
mekte= RI:1313 Koybal cf nmekte= to crawl.
mele= to overpower, to conquer with joint forces, conjointly. [?cf LM mle=].
melet= to subject to a massive attack.
nenne all of a sudden, for no reason at all.
netn intentionally, especially, purposely, on purpose, with the purpose, intention;
sirerne ooxtazargha min netn kildm I have come with the purpose of talking with
you.
colour, tint, tinge, shade [ RI:1814 Sagay, Koybal]; -paz multicoloured,
variegated; diverse, various; -paz porolar all kinds of flowers; -paz azaghlgh
having all kinds of adornments, decorations. [<CT *, cf also CT *i].
de Sagay ambush [d RI:1207 Sagay, Koybal].
dek Cas86b, Cas164a Koybal short woman's dress with a border.
dele= to lie in ambush; to steal up to, sneak up to; to peep in, glance in, to peer; to
scrutinize, observe closely; to go imperceptibly, bent down [dl= RI:1207 Sagay,
Koybal]. [cf Shor = RI:1203, Shor, Kuu dl= RI:1209, Teleut, Kumandy le=
RI:1205].
delet= to order to lie in ambush, steal up to, peer, scrutinize, go imperceptibly
[dlt= RI:1207 Sagay].
d= to steal up to, sneak up to while bent down; cf Sagay de=.
men collar-bone, clavicle. [<CT *mgen].
nen= to flower, to bloom; to flourish, prosper; cf dial z=. [<CT *len=].
nendr= to cause to flower, flourish.
nens bloom, blossoming, flourishing.
ng having a colour, tint, tinge, shade; blooming, in one's prime [ng' RI:1815
Sagay, Koybal]; xzl ng red coloured; pasxa-pasxa ng multicoloured; sray
ng of blooming appearance, in the pink of health. [<CT *lg].
z= dial cf nen= to flower.
k peritoneum of an animal's skin (the line along which the knife cuts when sliding
open the skin of the belly). [?cf LM jke].
kte= to slide open the skin along the middle line of the belly of a slaughtered animal.
[?cf LM jkele=].
n main, basic, fundamental, principal, foremost, most important, large; n zakon
basic law; n predlojeniye main clause; cf n.
n Cas87a, Cas166b Koybal the space in between (lit. large intestine); nene to the
space in between; nene from the space in between.
r herd, flock [r RI:1217 Koybal, r RI:1824 Sagay, Koybal]; cf r. [<CT *gr].
rlg cheerful, joyous. [<CT *grnlg].
re friend, pal.
re Sagay up, upwards, above [r RI:1217 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; r turghan
aya RI:1217 Sagay the Creator who is above.
rele= dial cf rle= to rise.
rle= (~ rle=) to rise, to ascend, to climb, to gain height; to go upstream; Verbitskij of
the sun to rise high up in the sky [rl= RI:1219 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kn
sghzna parp, kn rleze le kilier go with the rising of the sun, come [back] only
if the sun is high up (at noon); cf dial rele=. [<CT *rle=].
rlen= of animals or birds to assemble in flocks or groups. [<CT *grlen=].
rlen= to rise, to ascend, to climb, to gain height; of the sun to rise [rln= RI:1233
Sagay]; kn rlenip sxt the sun rose [RI:1233]. [<CT *rlen=].
rlet= to raise, to order to ascend, climb [rlt= RI:1233 Sagay, Koybal].
rlg having a herd, flock. [<CT *grlg].
s Sagay thorax [s RI:1877 Sagay, Koybal, sh RI:1903 Kacha trachea]; zn
axs the hollow in the pit of the stomach; s-tarts a coughing disease. [<CT *].
t gall, bile; gall bladder [t RI:1260 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, t RI:1862 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]. [<CT *t].
ttg having gall, bile [ttg' RI:1274 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal proud, ttg' RI:1868
Sagay, Koybal smart, wise, tx Cas87a Koybal proud, courageous].
x Koybal Cas86b a string instrument.
y step- [RI:1173, y RI:1800 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; y ije, y ij stepmother;
y paba, y aba stepfather; y ool stepson; y xs stepdaughter; y pala, y
pal'a stepchild. [<CT *gey].
r herd (of horses); cf r.
r= RI:1217 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to plait. [<CT *r=].
rbekey butterfly; kapusta rbekey cabbage white butterfly.
rbele= to embroider in satin-stich.
rbelet= to order to embroider in satin-stich.
rdr= RI:1239 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to have plaited, to order to plait.
rg RI:1219 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal being above.
reken Sagay old woman, grandmother [rkkn RI:1219 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf
iney.
reme cream on the milk; cf rme. [LM rme].
rge palace, the house of a hero [rg RI:1230 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, rg RI:1839
Sagay, Koybal]; ax rge a fairy-tale palace. [LM rge].
rge dial cf rke gopher.
rge od mirage.
rgele= dial cf rkele= to hunt for gophers.
rgen pole [RI:1229 Kacha, Koybal, rgn RI:1230 Sagay, Kyzyl]; cf Sagay, Koybal
zek. [?<CT *rgen].
rgen roe, spawn, caviar; cf zrgen.
rgenne= to make an enclosure or fence using poles.
rgennet= to order to make an enclosure or fence using poles.
rn= to be glad, happy [rn= RI:1834 Sagay, Koybal, Kyzyl]; axs xabar istp,
rne s/he was glad having heard good news; cf Sagay rn=. [<CT *grn=].
rndr= to make glad, happy [rndr= RI:1834 Sagay, Koybal, Kyzyl]; cf Sagay
rndr=. [<CT *grndr=].
rns gladness, joy, happiness; ulugh rns great joy. [<CT *grn].
rns= to make one another glad, happy.
rnstg glad, joyful, happy; rnstg xabar joyful news; rnstg urtas a happy life.
[<CT *grnlg].
rmejek Sagay [rmejek RI:1225 Sagay] cf rmjk spider. [< rmik].
rme sour cream; cream on the milk; cf reme.
rmelg Sagay having sour cream; rimelg ay tea with sour cream.
rke gopher, ground-squirrel, suslyk [rk RI:1836 Sagay, Koybal]; soya rkz
RI:1836 marmot; cf dial rge.
rkele= to hunt for gophers; cf dial rgele=.
rk RI:1228 Sagay being above.
rle= cf rle= to rise.
rt fire, forest fire, flames [RI:1228 Sagay, [rt RI:1842 Sagay, Koybal]; adza rt
kye fire is burning on the plains. [<CT *rt].
rte= to burn, to scorch (something), to set fire to, to set on fire; xazan rte= to burn the
cauldron; cf Sagay rte=, kydr=. [<CT *rte=].
rteg the act of setting fire to something, arson.
rtek duck [drek RI:1284 Kacha, Koybal, terek Cas87a Koybal]; irgek rtek drake,
male duck; tz rtek female duck; rtek palaz duckling; az rteg, sas rteg wild
duck; xol rtek domesticated duck; kgn rtek grey, bluish duck; sus rtek pochard
(Rus kroxal'); xara rtek loon, diver; cf Sagay rtek. [<CT *rtek].
rtekte= to hunt for ducks.
rtektes= to hunt together for ducks.
rtektet= to order to hunt for ducks.
rtel= to be burning, scorching, to be on fire. [<CT rtel=].
rte ay Cas87a Koybal (speech of Kondakov) name of a month.
rtes burning, scorching.
rtes= to to burn, scorch, set fire to something together. [<CT *rtesh=].
rtet= to order to burn, scorch (something), set fire to, set on fire. [<CT *rtet=].
rmjik RI:1227 Sagay, Koybal, rmt'ik RI:1226 Kacha cf rmck spider.
r (~ ren) Sagay the butt end of an ax [RI:1224 Sagay, Koybal, rn RI:1828
Koybal].
s vengeance, revenge [RI:1290 Sagay, s RI:1877 Sagay, Koybal, sh RI:1903 Kacha,
Kyzyl]; s nandr= to take revenge; s nandrgh vengeance. [<CT *].
s= to grow, to grow up. [<CT *s=].
sk RI:1294 Sagay strange [sk RI:1879 Sagay other]. [<CT *zge].
sk goat [sk RI:1879 Sagay]; sk xuaz a billy-goat; sk palaz kid; sk l year
of the goat. [<CT *ek].
skle tall, stalwart, high; growing, developing quickly; skle pala a child that grows
quickly.
skr= to rear, to raise, to bring up; to grow, to yield, to sprout, to germinate; palalar
skr= to rear children; axs urojay skr= to yield a good harvest; ren azn skr= to
grow grain.
skrt= to order to rear, raise, grow, yield.
ste= to moan, to groan [st= RI:1297 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to sigh, st= RI:1884
Sagay, Koybal to moan].
st= RI:1298 Sagay to hate, be hostile, take revenge [st= RI:1883 Sagay, Koybal]; cf
e=. [from s, or cf LM sle=].
steg moan, groan.
stes moaning, groaning.
stes= to moan, groan together.
stet= to cause to moan, groan [stt= RI:1298 Sagay].
stt= RI:1298 Sagay to incite hostility.
st Cas87a Koybal bone of the upper arm.
stg' RI:1298 Sagay revengeful, hostile, hating [stg' RI:1886 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT
*lg].
shtg Shor enemy, foe; cf rj.
t RI:1260 <Verbitskij Sagay, Koybal pupil of the eye.
t= to go through, to penetrate, to permeate [t= RI:1862 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; soox
tip pard the cold penetrates [me]. [<CT *t=].
tg piercing, shril, strident, sharp; tg soox piercing cold; tg tabstgh having a shril
voice; tgh xaraxtgh having piercing eyes; tg tllg having a sharp tongue; tg p'esa
a keen piece. [? <CT *tg].
tk= to get wet, to soak; tk-pardm I got soaked through. [cf CT *lit=].
tktr= to make wet, to soak.
tre (tre) through, over, across; pr kksn tre attrghan the wolf was shot
through its chest; tire tus-par= to come through; tire krinetken suleyke transparent
glass. [<CT *t()r].
trke= to give the impression to see or know everything.
trkees chatterbox, windbag; know-all.
tkn smart; reckless; pushful [tkn RI:1269 Sagay piercing, sharp]; t tkn reckless,
pushful; a pushful, intrusive person, sly-boots, dodger, sly old fox.
tkn= to imitate, to mimic; to tease [ktn= RI:1182 Sagay]; magha tkne he
imitates, mimics, teases me. [<CT *tkn=].
tks hole.
ttk RI:1274 Sagay dung; diarrhoea. [<CT *tkek].
ttkt= RI:1274 Sagay to have diarrhoea.
ttr= to order to go through, penetrate, permeate [ttr= RI:1868 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha, ter= Cas87a Koybal]. [<CT *t(t)r=].
yzr= RI:1176 <Verbitskij Sagay to slumber, to take a nap.
yzrs= RI:1176 Sagay to slumber, to take a nap.
zek Sagay, Koybal pole [zk RI:1300 Sagay, Koybal]; cf rgen.
zels melancholy, yearning, anguish.
zelstg melancholy, sad, sorrowful; zelstg n a sorrowful voice.
zen narrow gully; ravine. [<CT *zen].
zen core, pith, heart [zn RI:1301 Sagay, zn RI:1302 Kacha, Koybal]; aghast
zen the core of a tree; karandash zen the core of a pencil; ss zen the core of a
furuncle. [<CT *zen].
zenng having a core, pith, heart.
zenng cut with ravines; pu arada zenng irler this place here is cut with ravines.
zk= to be or become hungry; zgbstm I have become hungry.
zktr= to cause to be hungry.
zm plant; growth (of a plant).
zgs hunger.

U


ua Sagay back, spine; the loins, hind part of an animal [RI:1721 Sagay, ut'a RI:1638
Koybal, Kacha hind part of a horse]; cf argha. [<CT *uua].
u-paz ox cf uz-paz ox endless.
ur= to put out, to blow out (fire, light). [cf CT *r=].
ur= dial to cause to fall, drop, to fell; cf Sagay uzur=.
urt= to order to put out, blow out (fire, light).
ura= to meet. [LM ucira=].
uras meeting.
uras= to meet one another.
urastr= to give the opportunity to meet one another.
urat= to let meet, to give the opportunity to meet.
uu= to get frost-bitten; to freeze, to feel cold, to suffer from cold; cf z=. [cf CT
*uguk cold].
uughs flight, the act of flying [uughush RI:1724 Sagay]; pzk uughs a high flight.
uughs= to fly together.
uux chaff. [cf CT *uuk].
uux end of a thread [uuq RI:1724 Sagay, ut'uq RI:1639 Koybal, Kacha]. [LM ucig].
uux= to fly, to fly up [uuq= RI:1724 Sagay, ut'uq= RI:1638 Koybal]; uughbs= to
fly off [RI:1724]; qus uuq-adr RI:1724 the bird is flying; uux kil= to come flying.
uuxta= to make pointed (of a thread so as to put it through a needle), to pass a thread
through a needle, to thread a needle [uuqta= RI:1724 Sagay, ut'uqla= RI:1639 Koybal,
Kacha]; cf usta=.
uuxtgh having chaff, with chaff.
uuxtgh threaded (of a needle) [ut'uqtg' RI:1639 Koybal, Kacha].
uuxtr= to make fly, to let fly (a bird) [uuqtr= RI:1724 Sagay, ut'uqtr= RI:1639
Koybal, Kacha].
uxan lightly, thoughtlessly; playful, frolicsome.
udaa frequent, often; ol pste udaa poladr s/he is often at our place. [LM udagha].
udur opposite, in front, contrary [RI:1713 Sagay, udra RI:1715 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha];
udur il re a contrary wind is blowing; udra salqn RI:1715 Sagay a contrary wind,
head-on wind; alard udra annda RI:1715 Sagay at the opposite side; udur gr=
to run towards, to run to meet; udra pardm RI:1715 Sagay I went to meet him/her;
udra attand RI:1715 Sagay s/he rode to meet him/her; udra-sq-partr RI:1715 Sagay
s/he threw him/herself on him/her; udra sqan kizi RI:1715 Sagay a person sent to meet;
udur-tdr opposite one another [udur-ddr RI:1714 Sagay, Kyzyl to opposite sides];
udur ooxta= to object, to raise an objection; aa udra ss aydp-tro RI:1714 Sagay s/he
started objecting him/her. [<CT *utru].
udurla= to meet [RI:1714 Sagay Koybal to meet; to object]; asx targhn maat
udurla= to get well prepared for the the spring wheat.
udurlagh meeting.
udurlan= to oppose, to resist. [cf CT *utrulan=].
udurlas resistance, objection.
udurlas= to meet one another; to oppose, to object; to be prepared for a mutual attack
[RI:1714 Sagay to meet].
udurlastr= to order to meet, oppose, prepare for an attack.
udurlat= to let meet.
uglaba Sagay shaft [ughlaba RI:1623 Sagay, Kacha, uglama RI:1623 Koybal]. [Rus
ogloblja].
ugh= to rumple, to crumple, to press, to knead [uu= RI:1591 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to
pulverize; to close the eyes tightly]; tuupt uupsal= to press leather. [CT *ub=].
ugh= dial to fade, to wither [ug'= RI:1616 Sagay, u= RI:1623 Koybal]; cf o=.
ughaa very; ughaa axs very good; cf Sagay una, dial oghaa. [LM oguga].
ughus Sagay sweepings, dust; cf sp, Sagay umus.
ughus= Shor to report, to let know, to inform, to announce [RI:1619 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]. [<CT *ukush=].
ughusta= Sagay to scatter rubbish, dust; cf spte=, Sagay umusta=.
ughuza= RI:1620 Sagay, Koybal to crumble into small pieces.
ughuzal= RI:1620 Sagay to be crumbled into small pieces.
ul= Sagay [RI:1674 Sagay, Koybal] cf ulu= (of dogs, wolves) to howl.
ula= to point to with the finger; to take aim at.
ula= Sagay, Koybal [RI:1676] cf ulastr= to lengthen. [<CT *ula=].
ulaar= to rave; to talk in one's sleep; to be a sleepwalker.
ulagh Sagay cart [ulag' RI:1676 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *ulag].
ulagha foundation, base of the yurt.
ulagh Sagay carter [ulag'j RI:1680 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
ulag'la= RI:1681 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to transport by cart.
ulam more, still more, quite [RI:1687 Sagay, Koybal]; ulamox xorxxan s/he was even
more afraid; at ulamox ksteptr the horse neighed even more, at ulam kishtp-t
RI:1688 the horse kept on neighing; ulam t RI:1687 more; ulam aydas RI:1687 more
and more; ulam sayn RI:1688 every time, continiously; ulam qara RI:1688 ?. [LM
ulam].
ulam Kyzyl haystack.
ulars= dial to feel tired, weary, fatigued; cf aars=.
ulastr= to lengthen, to make longer; to extend, to prolong; to join, to put together, to
connect, to tie the ends together; cf Sagay, Koybal ula=. [cf CT *ulash=].
ulastra in single file, one after the other.
ulastrgh lenthening, joining, connecting.
ulastrl= to be lengthened, joined, connected.
ulastrs= to lengthen, join, connect together.
ulastrt= to order or allow to lengthen (e.g. sleeves), join, connect.
ulay big, large.
ulghaaq RI:1699 Sagay cf olghaaq small boy.
ultu sole (foot, shoe) [RI:1700 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, uldu RI:1701 Sagay]. [<CT
*ultu].
ultur= to put a sole underneath a boot or shoe.
ulturux inner sole in a boot or shoe [ulturuq RI:1700 Koybal, Kacha inner sole of
grass].
ulu= (of dogs, wolves) to howl [ula= RI:1675 Kyzyl]; cf Sagay ul=. [<CT *uul=].
ulugh big, large, great; elderly [ulug' RI:1695 Sagay, Koybal]; ulughda ulugh biggest,
largest; t ulugh very big, huge; ulugh astgh overgrown; ulugh omalgh with strong
facial traits; ulugh abam Sagay grandfather; i ulugh eldest; ulugh xarndazm my
eldest brother; ulugh pis Russian oven; ulugh xarn stomach; ulugh tn= to breathe
deeply, to sigh; ulug ezird RI:1695 Sagay s/he was very drunk; ulug kgld RI:1695
Sagay s/he sang loudly; ulug' qrlas ay RI:1695 Sagay name of a month. [<CT *ulug].
ulughaat= (of a wound) to ache; of a disease to grow worse; to live to old age; ulughaat-
parghan kz a person having lived to old age.
ulughla= to consider great, to honour, to respect [ulug'la= RI:1695 Sagay, Koybal].
[<CT *ulugla=].
ulug'lal= RI:1695 Sagay, Koybal to be honoured, respected.
ulug'lan= RI:1695 Sagay, Koybal to consider oneself big, to bragg.
ulughlat= to let honour, respect.
ulughzras proud, pompous; arrogant man.
ulughzras= to put on airs, to pride oneself on.
ulus people, nation; iit ulus youth, young people; cf on. [<CT *ulush].
ulus= to howl together. [<CT *ulsh=].
ulut= to cause to howl. [<CT *ult=].
umax dial cf nmax tale.
umdu= dial [RI:1795 Sagay] cf undu= to forget.
umrt Kyzyl cf nmrt bird cherry.
umju feeding bottle [RI:1797 Sagay, umt'u RI:1794 Koybal, Kacha]. [LM ubuzi].
umjula= to feed with a feeding bottle [RI:1797 Sagay].
umjulat= to let feed with a feeding bottle.
umus RI:1794 Sagay sweepings, dirt; cf ughus, sp.
umusta= RI:1794 Sagay to make dirty; cf ughusta=.
umusqa RI:1794 Sagay chip.
umzan= RI:1798 Sagay to wish, to want, to strive for, to ask for, to request; to put to
work; to promise. [cf CT *um=].
un flour [RI:1639 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; pughday un wheat flour; un xab flour bag.
[<CT *uun].
una= dial cf na= to agree.
unal= to be broken, crushed, shattered, scattered; olgha unal-pardm I felt jaded on the
journey.
una Sagay cf ughaa very.
unat= to break, crush into small pieces, to shatter, to scatter.
unax small, fine [unnaq RI:1645 Sagay, Koybal fine, finely ground]; unax drob'
decimal (fraction).
undar dial very; undar kp very much; cf ughaa.
undu= to forget [udu= RI:1627 Sagay, unut= RI:1643 Koybal, umut= RI:1794 Sagay];
unduba don't forget; undubas knner unforgetable days; cf dial umdu=. [<CT *unt=].
undul= to be forgotten [udul= RI:1627 Sagay]; xajanox undul-parghan it was long
forgotten.
undut= to let forget; cf Koybal unuttr=.
undut forgetful.
unnugh: unnugh nime oghl there is nothing good in him/her/it.
unuttr= RI:1644 Koybal to let forget; cf undut=.
unat= RI:1626 to make aware of, to let know; cf ona=.
ur RI:1647 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha swelling, tumour. [LM ur].
ur= to scatter, to strew, to sprinkle, to pour (out), to spout, to cast [RI:1647 Sagay,
Koybal, Kacha]; as ur= to strew grain; sugh ur= to pour water.
ura= RI:1650 Sagay to come to an end, to break in two, to break.
urdr= to order to scatter, sprinkle, pour out, cast.
url= to be scattered, sprinkled, poured out, cast.
urs the act of scattering, sprinkling, pouring out, casting.
urs= to scatter, pour, cast together.
urnstr= RI:1668 Sagay, Koybal, urnshtr= RI:1668 Kacha to cause to bump into
one another, hit upon one another.
urok exercise; ol aghaa axs urok polghan that was a good exercise for him/her. [Rus
urok].
ursen Sagay water rat [ursan RI:1672 Sagay]; cf ustan.
url= RI:1663 Sagay, Koybal to be beaten, hit; to be put on (e.g. saddle). [<CT *urul=].
urun= to bump, strike, knock, dash, run against; to meet by chance, to run into, to hit
upon [RI:1659 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; ibrg alpqa oq urun-adr RI:1661 Sagay the
arrow hit the twenty heroes; tegirg azn urund RI:1661 Sagay flames reached up to
the sky; alp l'gn t'erg urun-t'adr RI:1661 Kacha s/he came to a place where a hero
had died. [<CT *urun=].
urundr= to order to strike or push against [urundr= RI:1662 Kyzyl to hit upon].
uruns collision; meeting; contact
uruns= to bump into one another, to hit upon one another, to meet by chance [urns=
RI:1668 Sagay, Koybal, urnsh= RI:1668 Kacha]; toghus kiik urnsht RI:1668 s/he
ran into nine deer.
urunjax sudden disease, illness. [cf CT *urunak].
urus Kyzyl, Sagay fight; battle; quarrel [urs RI:1663 Sagay, Koybal]; cf tuds. [<CT
*urush].
urus= Kyzyl, Sagay to fight, battle, quarrel with one another [RI:1663 Sagay, Koybal]; cf
tuds=. [<CT *urush=].
urusxax Kyzyl, Sagay pugnacious fellow, tease, bully [urusqaq RI:1664 Sagay, Koybal,
urushqaq RI:1665 Kacha]; cf tudsxax.
urux Sagay lasso, lasso pole [RI:1658 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; cf arghamj. [<CT *uruk
rope, or <CT *ukruk lasso (pole)].
uruxta= to catch a horse with a lasso pole [uruqta= RI:1659 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha];
uruqtap ald RI:1659 s/he caught with a lasso pole; cf raxta=.
us master; skillful; timr uz smith; aghas uz carpenter. [<CT *uuz].
us end, end point, tip [RI:1741 Sagay]; unda at the end; azax unda pas-r s/he
walks on tiptoes; aghas uu crown of a tree. [<CT *uu].
us= (of the fire) to go out, die out; to become dim; ltstar pznazp, up paralar
the stars twinkle and become dim. [cf CT *=].
us= dial to fall, to drop [uu= RI:1723 Sagay]; cf adar=. [<CT *u=].
usp Sagay cf ozup small shovel for digging plants.
usta= to sharpen (e.g. stick, pencil) [RI:1750 Sagay]. [< *uula=].
usta= to lead, to guide.
ustagh-pastagh guidance.
ustaghj leader, guide.
ustal= to become sharp (of e.g. stick, pencil).
ustan water-rat [RI:1751 Sagay, Koybal]; cf Sagay ursen.
ustana= to pry, to poke one's nose into.
ustas= to sharpen together (e.g. sticks, pencils).
ustat= to order to sharpen (e.g. sticks, pencils).
ustat= to have managed; kizek ott ustat= to have the hay stacked managed.
ustay= to prick up one's ears; to pout one's lips.
ustayt= to cause to prick up one's ears, to cause to pout one's lips.
ustgh sharp, pointed [ustg' RI:1750 Sagay]; ustgh-pastgh pointed; ustgh salaa
index-finger; ustgh qol RI:1753 Sagay, Koybal index-finger. [<CT *uulg].
ustg' RI:1753 Sagay, Koybal artistic, skilfully done.
ustux Sagay [ustughun RI:1753 Sagay] cf tzek knee. [<CT *udluk].
usqar= RI:1747 Sagay to take someone on the back of one's horse.
usxas= (of two people) to sit or mount on a beast of burden, to sit on a horse behind
someone [usqas= RI:1747 Sagay, Koybal]; kistmzer usxas go sit behind me (on the
horse). [< *ukash=].
usxastr= to seat or let mount (two people) on a beast of burden, to order to sit on a horse
behind one [usqartr= RI:1748 Sagay to take someone on the back of one's horse].
usxum Sagay cf muksun onion. [cf CT *oskun].
usxun= to wake up, to awaken [usqan= RI:1747 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, usqun=
RI:1748 Kacha]. [<CT *odgun= ~ *odgan=].
usxur= to wake up someone [usqar= RI:1747 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, usqur= RI:1748
Kacha]. [<CT *odgur= ~ *odgar=].
ut= to win, to gain (in a game, bet); to beat (in a game) [RI:1703 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
[<CT *ut=].
utgh prize, gain, winnings; kilkm utgh large prize cf uts, Kyzyl utxush.
uts prize, gain, winnings.
uttr= to lose, to let someone win (a game) [uttur= RI:1710 Sagay, Koybal].
uttrs loss.
uttrs= to lose together.
uttrt= to cause to lose.
utux Sagay well, spring, source.
utxush Kyzyl cf utgh prize, gain, winnings.
uuja (< ulugh ije) paternal grandmother; uuja grandmama; cf Sagay lje.
uul= to be or become crumpled [RI:1675 Sagay to clench]; ikki qoln uulucirc;p adr
RI:1675 s/he clenched both his/her hands.
uul= to fade, wither.
uura= to wear out, to be used up (e.g. shoes).
uustan= to use foul or bad language. [<CT *agzlan=].
uustanjx foul-mouthed person, ribald.
ux bullet, arrow [oq RI:988 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; ux ted s/he was hit by a bullet;
pstg ux folk an arrow with an iron tip; ux-tar hunter's supplies; ux lan loach (a fish);
oq kiren RI:990 Sagay goose-foot (a plant). [<CT *ok].
ux sock, stocking [uq RI:1606 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha felt stocking].
ux= dial to hear, to listen; to understand [uq= RI:1606 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; ss uxpas
disobedient; cf is=. [<CT *uk=].
uxanj watchfull, alert.
uqanjl RI:1607 Sagay soothsayer [uqqanjl RI:1607 Sagay].
uxsum Sagay [uqsum RI:1615 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha] cf muksun onion.
uxta= to load, to charge (gun, rifle); mltx uxta= to load, charge a gun, rifle; cf dial
oxta=.
uxtal= to be loaded, charged (of a gun, rifle); uxtalghan mltx loaded gun.
uxtgh loaded, having bullets. [<CT *oklug].
uya nest [RI:1628 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha, Kyzyl]; xus uyaz bird's nest; taax uyaz
coop, hen house; aday uyaz kennel; xmsxa uyaz ants' nest; aarlar uyaz bees' nest;
uya pas=. [<CT *uya].
uya Sagay joint [RI:1628 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha joint; generation]; etti uya tn
(tgn) RI:1628 until the seventh generation; cf s.
uyads shame; embarassment; cf omar.
uyala= to build a nest, to nest [RI:1630 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *uyala=].
uyalan= to build a nest for oneself.
uyalas= to build a nest together.
uyalat= to have build a nest.
uyan cf uya weak.
uya (~ uyan) weak, faint, feeble; scanty, poor; xarax uya poor eyesight. [LM uyan].
uyat shame, conscience [RI:1631 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; uyad ox shameless, without
a twinge of conscience. [<CT *uyat].
uyat= to be ashamed [RI:1631 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *uyat=].
uyat bashful, shy, conscientious.
uyatl RI:1632 Sagay diffident, bashful [uyatd'l RI:1632 Koybal, Kacha].
uyattg' RI:1632 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha shameful, causing shame.
uyattr= to make ashamed, to put to shame, to disgrace [RI:1632 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha].
uyghu sleep; dream [RI:1597 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; xaln uyghu sound sleep; uyghu-
adn ox without sleep; uyghun xan-pard I had a good sleep; cf dial uyghu. [<
*udgu].
uyghuj sleepyhead; sleepy, drowsy [RI;1599 Sagay, uygut' RI:1597 Koybal, Kacha
sleepyhead].
uyghujul RI:1599 Sagay sleepyhead.
uyghulug' RI:1599 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha sleepy.
uyghumzra= to doze, to slumber, to be half asleep.
uyghumzras= to doze, slumber, be half asleep together; uyghumzrazp odrghannar
they were sitting half asleep.
uyghumzrat= to make sleepy.
uyghu dial cf uyghu sleep; dream.
uy-ay noise, sound, uproar.
uyma= Sagay to put into disorder [RI:1604 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to make dirty, to cover
with dirt].
uymal= RI:1605 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha to be dirty, covered with dirt.
uysta= to set on, to set against, to stir up against.
uza= RI:1755 Sagay to become sharp.
uzada past, along; longer.
uzan= to be engaged in a trade. [<CT *uuzan=].
uzandr= to let engage in a trade.
uzanjx artisan, craftsman.
uzara= to lengthen, to become longer; of the days or nights to get longer; xaraaghz
uzarapa the nights became longer. [<CT *uzar=].
uzarat= to make longer, to stretch out, to prolong, to extend; urtast uzarat= to prolong
life; cf uzat=.
uzat= cf uzarat= to make longer. [<CT *uzat=].
uzax chip, sliver; cf tap, tapx. [<CT *ubshak].
uzax long, longer; far, far away; kn uzax polbst the days became longer; az uzax
polzn! may you live long! uzax olgha par= to set out on a long journey. [<CT *uzat=].
uzaxta= to collect chips, slivers.
uz-paz ox (~ u-paz ox) endless (e.g. steppe, tayga, sea); uz-paz ox kz
dishonourable person; chaotic person.
uzu= to sleep [RI:1767 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; uzbs= to go to sleep, to fall asleep;
uzup al= to have a good sleep, to sleep out. [<CT *ud=].
uzu= to thicken, to set, to congeal, to clot, to curdle (of sour milk) [uza= RI:1755 Sagay,
Koybal, Kacha]; uzaan st sour clotted milk [RI:1755]. [<CT *ud=].
uzun long [RI:1768 Sagay, Koybal]; saghz arx polzn, az uzun polzn! may
your mind be clear, may your life be long! ol uzun the journey is long; stol' uzun the
length of the table. [<CT *uzun].
uzur= Sagay to fell (trees); cf dial ur=. [<CT *uur=].
uzus= to sleep together. [<CT *udsh=].
uzut= to put to sleep, to let sleep [RI:1770 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]. [<CT *udt=].




beke Sagay surname; ancestor, forefather [bkk RI:1312 Sagay, Koybal]; beke
kem? what is your surname?. [LM ebgen].
= RI:1285 Sagay to be hostile, to take revenge; ol meni p-aar s/he is hostile to
me; cf ste=. [<CT *e=].
es obstinacy, stubbornness; obstinate, stubborn; disobedient; es pala a stubborn
child.
s= RI:1285 Sagay to become hostile towards each other, to take avenge; to mock, to
make fun of. [<CT *esh=].
eske dial on an empty stomach; eske im is= to take in medicine on an empty
stomach.
t= RI:1285 Sagay to cause to be hostile, to incite against.
d RI:1277 Kacha, Koybal high up.
dele= to rise, to ascend; to go upstream; to grow; to flare up [dl= RI:1278 Kacha to
rise]; ib xrinde odrtxan xuzux aghaz kle delep pari the fir which has been
planted near the house grows slowly; aln delepe the flames are flaring up. [LM
gedele=].
delen= to rise, to ascend; to go upstream; to grow; to flare up.
delet= to raise, to make ascend, flare up.
dk boot [dk RI:1279 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; psxax dk boots from the skin of the
paws; cf, maymax, Sagay edik. [<CT *eetk].
dr= to kill, to beat to death [dr= RI:1282 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; alar aba
drgenner the hunters killed the bear; pjmni dr sapamn RI:1279 Sagay I will
beat my sister to death; cf ldr=, Sagay dr=, Sagay, Koybal lr=.
drt= to order to kill, beat to death [drt= RI:1283 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to order to
kill, to run the risk of being killed]; palan drtt RI:1283 s/he ordered to kill the child;
qaydp nan-arm? drtp salarm! RI:1283 how could I return? I will get killed!.
ds debt; obligation [ds RI:1283 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal loan, borrowing]; dsk
RI:1283 on loan; dske al= to borrow; dske pir= to lend. [cf CT *te=].
dstes= to borrow to one another.
ds trachea; throat [ds RI:1278 Koybal, dsh RI:1278 Kacha]; cf tamax. [<CT
*tsh].
gbe gum.
jek Kyzyl peg.
ker Sagay beautiful; cf kerek.
kerek beautiful; sympathetic, friendly; xaydagh kerek poro! what a beautiful
flower!; sray kerek with a beautiful, friendly face; cf abaxay, slg, Sagay ker.
ks orphan [kks RI:1181 <Verbitskij Sagay, kss RI:1190 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal,
kks RI:1805 Sagay]; ks xal= to be left orphan; ks ip, ks iney widow; kn
kks yan Sagay north, northern side; cf dial kss. [<CT *gsz].
kpe lung [kp RI:1191, kp RI:1807 Sagay]; kpe aghrghlar lung diseases; kpe-
rek liver. [<CT *pke].
kpl= RI:1191 Sagay to make angry. [<CT *pkele= to be angry].
kpelen= to take offence, to feel hurt, to be irritated, to be angry, indignant with, to fly
into a rage; of horses to be fiery, agitated; sin di teenme kpelenme don't feel offended
about what I said; inste adbs kpelenbsken on the mountain slope, our horse got
agitated.
kpelendr= to offend, to hurt, to irritate, to annoy, to make angry; to agitate (a horse).
kpelens offense, irritation, annoyance, agitation.
kpelens= to offend, hurt, irritate, annoy one another, to be angry at one another; of
horses to be agitated.
kpelenjk touchy, being easily offended, hurt, annoyed; fiery, ardent.
kpelg having lungs, lung-; touchy, being easily offended hurt, annoyed; fiery, ardent
[kplig' RI:1191, kplg' RI:1807 Sagay irascent]; kpelg kz a fiery person,
kpelg at a fiery horse. [<CT *pkelig].
kpen Sagay vermilion, crimson, scarlet; cf aalay.
ksren= to become an orphan.
ksret= to make an orphan.
kss dial cf ks orphan.
ksn= RI:1188 Sagay to kiss; aqsnan ksnp-adr s/he kissed him/her on the
mouth; cf oxsan=.
kss RI:1188 Sagay alike; tasql kss alp keldi a hero like a mountain came.
ktem fiery (of horses); ktem at a fiery horse; cf dial omax. [<CT *ktem].
ktemne= to burst, leap to the front.
ktemnes= to burst, leap to the front together.
ktemnet= to order to burst, leap to the front.
ktnis= RI:1182 Sagay to imitate one another; cf tkn=.
l humidity, wetness; humid, wet [l RI:1246 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, l RI:1845
Koybal]; l pol= to be or become humid, wet; l pol-parghan s/he became wet. [<CT
*l].
l= to die [RI:1246 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, l= RI:1845 Sagay, Koybal]; lgen kz a
dead person, corpse. [<CT *l=].
lbes immortal; an ad xajan daa lbes his/her name will be immortal forever.
ldr= cf dr= to kill. [<CT *ldr=].
len Sagay fry, young fish; cf len.
le feather-grass; Hemerocallis flava; cf Sagay oza ot. [<CT *le].
lg dead; lifeless [lg' RI:1250 Sagay, Koybal dead; calm (of the weather), Kacha
death]; lg'g' d'etti RI:1250 Kacha s/he has to die. [<CT *lg].
lm death [lm RI:1251 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; lmne al-xal= to save from death;
lem ox immortal. [<CT *lm].
lmng dead; lmng palgh deadly wound; lmng ir place where one's life is in
danger. [<CT *lmlg].
ls= to be busy, occupied, troubled, concerned with.
ljes a species of fish, Misgurnus fossilis (Rus pishchuxa, urjup).
lle= to make wet, to soak; to sprinkle, to wash; to irrigate, to water [le= RI:1246
Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to make wet, to moisten]; kip-azax lle= to soak the washing; ir
lle= to water the land.
lles= to make wet, sprinkle, wash, water together.
llet= to order to make wet, to have sprinkled, washed, watered.
llg wet, humid.
lr= RI:1250 Sagay, Koybal cf dr= to kill. [<CT *lr=].
me with joint forces, conjointly; mene kres= to fight conjointly.
mekte= RI:1313 Koybal cf nmekte= to crawl.
mele= to overpower, to conquer with joint forces, conjointly. [?cf LM mle=].
melet= to subject to a massive attack.
nenne all of a sudden, for no reason at all.
netn intentionally, especially, purposely, on purpose, with the purpose, intention;
sirerne ooxtazargha min netn kildm I have come with the purpose of talking with
you.
colour, tint, tinge, shade [ RI:1814 Sagay, Koybal]; -paz multicoloured,
variegated; diverse, various; -paz porolar all kinds of flowers; -paz azaghlgh
having all kinds of adornments, decorations. [<CT *, cf also CT *i].
de Sagay ambush [d RI:1207 Sagay, Koybal].
dek Cas86b, Cas164a Koybal short woman's dress with a border.
dele= to lie in ambush; to steal up to, sneak up to; to peep in, glance in, to peer; to
scrutinize, observe closely; to go imperceptibly, bent down [dl= RI:1207 Sagay,
Koybal]. [cf Shor = RI:1203, Shor, Kuu dl= RI:1209, Teleut, Kumandy le=
RI:1205].
delet= to order to lie in ambush, steal up to, peer, scrutinize, go imperceptibly
[dlt= RI:1207 Sagay].
d= to steal up to, sneak up to while bent down; cf Sagay de=.
men collar-bone, clavicle. [<CT *mgen].
nen= to flower, to bloom; to flourish, prosper; cf dial z=. [<CT *len=].
nendr= to cause to flower, flourish.
nens bloom, blossoming, flourishing.
ng having a colour, tint, tinge, shade; blooming, in one's prime [ng' RI:1815
Sagay, Koybal]; xzl ng red coloured; pasxa-pasxa ng multicoloured; sray
ng of blooming appearance, in the pink of health. [<CT *lg].
z= dial cf nen= to flower.
k peritoneum of an animal's skin (the line along which the knife cuts when sliding
open the skin of the belly). [?cf LM jke].
kte= to slide open the skin along the middle line of the belly of a slaughtered animal.
[?cf LM jkele=].
n main, basic, fundamental, principal, foremost, most important, large; n zakon
basic law; n predlojeniye main clause; cf n.
n Cas87a, Cas166b Koybal the space in between (lit. large intestine); nene to the
space in between; nene from the space in between.
r herd, flock [r RI:1217 Koybal, r RI:1824 Sagay, Koybal]; cf r. [<CT *gr].
rlg cheerful, joyous. [<CT *grnlg].
re friend, pal.
re Sagay up, upwards, above [r RI:1217 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; r turghan
aya RI:1217 Sagay the Creator who is above.
rele= dial cf rle= to rise.
rle= (~ rle=) to rise, to ascend, to climb, to gain height; to go upstream; Verbitskij of
the sun to rise high up in the sky [rl= RI:1219 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kn
sghzna parp, kn rleze le kilier go with the rising of the sun, come [back] only
if the sun is high up (at noon); cf dial rele=. [<CT *rle=].
rlen= of animals or birds to assemble in flocks or groups. [<CT *grlen=].
rlen= to rise, to ascend, to climb, to gain height; of the sun to rise [rln= RI:1233
Sagay]; kn rlenip sxt the sun rose [RI:1233]. [<CT *rlen=].
rlet= to raise, to order to ascend, climb [rlt= RI:1233 Sagay, Koybal].
rlg having a herd, flock. [<CT *grlg].
s Sagay thorax [s RI:1877 Sagay, Koybal, sh RI:1903 Kacha trachea]; zn
axs the hollow in the pit of the stomach; s-tarts a coughing disease. [<CT *].
t gall, bile; gall bladder [t RI:1260 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, t RI:1862 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha]. [<CT *t].
ttg having gall, bile [ttg' RI:1274 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal proud, ttg' RI:1868
Sagay, Koybal smart, wise, tx Cas87a Koybal proud, courageous].
x Koybal Cas86b a string instrument.
y step- [RI:1173, y RI:1800 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; y ije, y ij stepmother;
y paba, y aba stepfather; y ool stepson; y xs stepdaughter; y pala, y
pal'a stepchild. [<CT *gey].
r herd (of horses); cf r.
r= RI:1217 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to plait. [<CT *r=].
rbekey butterfly; kapusta rbekey cabbage white butterfly.
rbele= to embroider in satin-stich.
rbelet= to order to embroider in satin-stich.
rdr= RI:1239 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to have plaited, to order to plait.
rg RI:1219 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal being above.
reken Sagay old woman, grandmother [rkkn RI:1219 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; cf
iney.
reme cream on the milk; cf rme. [LM rme].
rge palace, the house of a hero [rg RI:1230 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, rg RI:1839
Sagay, Koybal]; ax rge a fairy-tale palace. [LM rge].
rge dial cf rke gopher.
rge od mirage.
rgele= dial cf rkele= to hunt for gophers.
rgen pole [RI:1229 Kacha, Koybal, rgn RI:1230 Sagay, Kyzyl]; cf Sagay, Koybal
zek. [?<CT *rgen].
rgen roe, spawn, caviar; cf zrgen.
rgenne= to make an enclosure or fence using poles.
rgennet= to order to make an enclosure or fence using poles.
rn= to be glad, happy [rn= RI:1834 Sagay, Koybal, Kyzyl]; axs xabar istp,
rne s/he was glad having heard good news; cf Sagay rn=. [<CT *grn=].
rndr= to make glad, happy [rndr= RI:1834 Sagay, Koybal, Kyzyl]; cf Sagay
rndr=. [<CT *grndr=].
rns gladness, joy, happiness; ulugh rns great joy. [<CT *grn].
rns= to make one another glad, happy.
rnstg glad, joyful, happy; rnstg xabar joyful news; rnstg urtas a happy life.
[<CT *grnlg].
rmejek Sagay [rmejek RI:1225 Sagay] cf rmjk spider. [< rmik].
rme sour cream; cream on the milk; cf reme.
rmelg Sagay having sour cream; rimelg ay tea with sour cream.
rke gopher, ground-squirrel, suslyk [rk RI:1836 Sagay, Koybal]; soya rkz
RI:1836 marmot; cf dial rge.
rkele= to hunt for gophers; cf dial rgele=.
rk RI:1228 Sagay being above.
rle= cf rle= to rise.
rt fire, forest fire, flames [RI:1228 Sagay, [rt RI:1842 Sagay, Koybal]; adza rt
kye fire is burning on the plains. [<CT *rt].
rte= to burn, to scorch (something), to set fire to, to set on fire; xazan rte= to burn the
cauldron; cf Sagay rte=, kydr=. [<CT *rte=].
rteg the act of setting fire to something, arson.
rtek duck [drek RI:1284 Kacha, Koybal, terek Cas87a Koybal]; irgek rtek drake,
male duck; tz rtek female duck; rtek palaz duckling; az rteg, sas rteg wild
duck; xol rtek domesticated duck; kgn rtek grey, bluish duck; sus rtek pochard
(Rus kroxal'); xara rtek loon, diver; cf Sagay rtek. [<CT *rtek].
rtekte= to hunt for ducks.
rtektes= to hunt together for ducks.
rtektet= to order to hunt for ducks.
rtel= to be burning, scorching, to be on fire. [<CT rtel=].
rte ay Cas87a Koybal (speech of Kondakov) name of a month.
rtes burning, scorching.
rtes= to to burn, scorch, set fire to something together. [<CT *rtesh=].
rtet= to order to burn, scorch (something), set fire to, set on fire. [<CT *rtet=].
rmjik RI:1227 Sagay, Koybal, rmt'ik RI:1226 Kacha cf rmck spider.
r (~ ren) Sagay the butt end of an ax [RI:1224 Sagay, Koybal, rn RI:1828
Koybal].
s vengeance, revenge [RI:1290 Sagay, s RI:1877 Sagay, Koybal, sh RI:1903 Kacha,
Kyzyl]; s nandr= to take revenge; s nandrgh vengeance. [<CT *].
s= to grow, to grow up. [<CT *s=].
sk RI:1294 Sagay strange [sk RI:1879 Sagay other]. [<CT *zge].
sk goat [sk RI:1879 Sagay]; sk xuaz a billy-goat; sk palaz kid; sk l year
of the goat. [<CT *ek].
skle tall, stalwart, high; growing, developing quickly; skle pala a child that grows
quickly.
skr= to rear, to raise, to bring up; to grow, to yield, to sprout, to germinate; palalar
skr= to rear children; axs urojay skr= to yield a good harvest; ren azn skr= to
grow grain.
skrt= to order to rear, raise, grow, yield.
ste= to moan, to groan [st= RI:1297 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to sigh, st= RI:1884
Sagay, Koybal to moan].
st= RI:1298 Sagay to hate, be hostile, take revenge [st= RI:1883 Sagay, Koybal]; cf
e=. [from s, or cf LM sle=].
steg moan, groan.
stes moaning, groaning.
stes= to moan, groan together.
stet= to cause to moan, groan [stt= RI:1298 Sagay].
stt= RI:1298 Sagay to incite hostility.
st Cas87a Koybal bone of the upper arm.
stg' RI:1298 Sagay revengeful, hostile, hating [stg' RI:1886 Sagay, Koybal]. [<CT
*lg].
shtg Shor enemy, foe; cf rj.
t RI:1260 <Verbitskij Sagay, Koybal pupil of the eye.
t= to go through, to penetrate, to permeate [t= RI:1862 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha]; soox
tip pard the cold penetrates [me]. [<CT *t=].
tg piercing, shril, strident, sharp; tg soox piercing cold; tg tabstgh having a shril
voice; tgh xaraxtgh having piercing eyes; tg tllg having a sharp tongue; tg p'esa
a keen piece. [? <CT *tg].
tk= to get wet, to soak; tk-pardm I got soaked through. [cf CT *lit=].
tktr= to make wet, to soak.
tre (tre) through, over, across; pr kksn tre attrghan the wolf was shot
through its chest; tire tus-par= to come through; tire krinetken suleyke transparent
glass. [<CT *t()r].
trke= to give the impression to see or know everything.
trkees chatterbox, windbag; know-all.
tkn smart; reckless; pushful [tkn RI:1269 Sagay piercing, sharp]; t tkn reckless,
pushful; a pushful, intrusive person, sly-boots, dodger, sly old fox.
tkn= to imitate, to mimic; to tease [ktn= RI:1182 Sagay]; magha tkne he
imitates, mimics, teases me. [<CT *tkn=].
tks hole.
ttk RI:1274 Sagay dung; diarrhoea. [<CT *tkek].
ttkt= RI:1274 Sagay to have diarrhoea.
ttr= to order to go through, penetrate, permeate [ttr= RI:1868 Sagay, Koybal,
Kacha, ter= Cas87a Koybal]. [<CT *t(t)r=].
yzr= RI:1176 <Verbitskij Sagay to slumber, to take a nap.
yzrs= RI:1176 Sagay to slumber, to take a nap.
zek Sagay, Koybal pole [zk RI:1300 Sagay, Koybal]; cf rgen.
zels melancholy, yearning, anguish.
zelstg melancholy, sad, sorrowful; zelstg n a sorrowful voice.
zen narrow gully; ravine. [<CT *zen].
zen core, pith, heart [zn RI:1301 Sagay, zn RI:1302 Kacha, Koybal]; aghast
zen the core of a tree; karandash zen the core of a pencil; ss zen the core of a
furuncle. [<CT *zen].
zenng having a core, pith, heart.
zenng cut with ravines; pu arada zenng irler this place here is cut with ravines.
zk= to be or become hungry; zgbstm I have become hungry.
zktr= to cause to be hungry.
zm plant; growth (of a plant).
zgs hunger.

Y


ya affirmative particle yes, indeed; ol gret be? ya, gret is s/he a teacher? yes s/he
is; pu oolax axs grene? ya, axs is this boy studying well? yes, he is; ibzer
parazN ma? ya are you going home? yes.
yabal B75:6 Kyzyl cf abal bad.
yablax potato; yablax xas= to dig potatoes; yablax arghla= to peel potatoes; xaarghan
yablax cooked potatoes; yablax un potato flour; cf Sagay ablax.
yablaxtgh having potatoes, potato-; yablaxtgh gre potato-soup.
yabloko apple; pz yabloko ripe apple; pspaan yabloko unripe apple; xurutxan
yablokolar dried apples. [Rus jabloko].
yablonya apple-tree; sas yablonya wild apple-tree. [Rus jablonja].
yaga term of abuse baba-yaga (witch in Russian fairy tales). [Rus jaga].
yagala= to have an argument.
yagalan= to have an argument, to quarrel with, to abuse one another.
yags XTD131 Kyzyl cf yags alone.
yakor' anchor; yakor' tur= to be anchored (Rus stojat' na jakore); yakor' kdr= to
weigh anchor (Rus podnimat' jakor'); yakor' tasta= to drop anchor (Rus brosit' jakor').
[Rus jakor'].
yalgs (~ yags) XTD131 Kyzyl cf alghs alone.
yama pit, hole; tire yama deep pit; cf oymax. [Rus jama].
yanvar' January; yanvar' sooxtar frost, cold of January. [Rus janvar'].
ya echo; ya xayz-xayz irge taraan the echo rang out far away.
yala= to echo.
yalan= to echo; aghas araznda xaydagh-da tabstar yalanghan voices echoed
among the trees; cf naghlan=.
yalat= to cause to echo.
yarovizirovat' pol= to vernalize (cooling grain to shorten the blooming period). [Rus
jarovizirovat'].
yarxla= to bellow; to whistle (of gophers, ermines); cf xla=.
yarxlan= to bellow; to whistle.
yarxlat= to cause to bellow, whistle.
yashik box; aghas yashik wooden box; potovay yashik letterbox (Rus potovyj
jashchik); cf xaraax. [Rus jashchik].
yaxs B75:6 Kyzyl cf axs good.
yubiley anniversary, jubilee; gretn ilg l yubileyi fiftieth anniversary of the
teacher; yubiley oogh jubilee speech. [Rus jubilej].
yubka skirt; xl yubka woolen skirt. [Rus jubka].
yug south; cf stnsarx. [Rus jug].
yugtagh southern; cf stnsarx. [Rus jug]

THE TRADITIONAL KHAKAS CALENDAR

Like the Chinese, the Ancient Turks, the Mongols and the Tuvans, the Khakas used the calendar
of the 12-year animal cycle; each year was named after an animal, starting with the mouse. Some
Khakas designations deviate form the common ones.


The Names of the Years in Khakas
No. Name of the year Meaning Years
1. kske l year of the mouse 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008
2. nek l year of the cow 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009
3. tlg l
year of the fox
(elsewhere tiger)
1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010
4. xozan l year of the hare 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011
5. kilesk l
year of the lizard
(elsewhere dragon)
1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012
6. lan l year of the snake 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013
7. lgh l year of the horse 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014
8. xoy l year of the sheep 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015
9. kz l
year of the human
(elsewhere monkey)
1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016
10. taax l year of the chicken 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969. 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017
11. turna l
year of the crane
(elsewhere dog)
1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018
12. sk l
year of the goat
(elsewhere pig)
1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019

Also the months have their own designation, which may differ according to the dialect.
The months are usually named after seasonal activities: they are connected with the hunt on
certain game such as bears, burunduks (ground squirrels), the harvest of certain plants such as
grass, birch bark, dog tooth violet (Erythronium Sibiricum, an edible bulb), or with weather
phenomena such as wind or cold.
The table below is based on Baskakov's and Inkizhekova-Grekul's appendix (1953: 484-485),
where the Sagay, Beltir and Kacha dialect are specified. Also included are a few names found
only in the dictionary (nams ay, ps ay, tos ulugh).
Most of these names are presented in Balgazina's school book, without specifying the dialect,
and sometimes with a minor difference. She also mentions the name kikerek, with a final -,
which is most unusual for Khakas.
The material about the Koybal dialect is from Castrn (1969: 150-151); note that Castrn
mentions thirteen months, i.e. the real lunar months. Three of the Koybal names of months are
not identified with one of our twelve months.


The Names of the Months in Khakas
Dialect Name of the month Meaning
January Sagay, Beltir il ay month of the wind
Kacha krgen ay month of the big cold
Koybal krgn month of the big cold
February
Sagay, Beltir azgh ay month of the bear
Kacha pzg ay month of the ?harvest
Koybal bzk-ai
high month
(i.e. of the rising sun)
March
Sagay ulugh krk ay month of the big burunduk
Sagay pastaghy krk ay month of the first burunduk
Beltir krk ay month of the burunduk
Kacha, xaa ay ?
Koybal k ?
April
Sagay, Beltir kg krk ay month of the small burunduk
Sagay so krk ay month of the last burunduk
Kacha xosxar ay month of the ?polar star, or ?ram
Koybal koskar ?to increase
unspecified nams ay month of the ?afterbirth
May
Sagay, Beltir xra tarta ay month of plowing the fields
Sagay tarlagh ay month of the fields
Kacha slker ay, slker ay ?
Koybal silkr ?
June
Sagay paar ay, paar ay month of lying fallow
Sagay xandx ay month of the dog tooth violet
Sagay ps ay month of the awl
Beltir tos ay month of the birch bark
Kacha ulugh ay ?
Koybal kit'ik silkr ?
July
Sagay, Beltir tos ay month of the birch bark
Sagay ot ay month of the grass
Kacha xara ulugh (ay) ?
Kacha tos ulugh ?
Koybal toz-ai month of the birch bark
August
Sagay,
Kacha
ot ay month of the grass
Beltir xra kise ay month of reaping the fields
Sagay orghax ay month of the sickle

Koybal od-ai month of the grass
Koybal orgag-ai month of the sickle
September
Sagay xra kise ay month of reaping the fields
Sagay rtn ala ay month of taking the harvest
Beltir rtn ay month of the harvest
Kacha pzg ay month of the ?harvest
Koybal d'res-ai ?mild month
Koybal taiga-ai month of the forest
October
Sagay, Beltir ars ay month of the racing
Kacha kg soox ay() month of the small cold
Koybal kit'ik-sk month of the small cold
unspecified kikerek ?
November
Sagay, Beltir kg xrlas ay month of the small cold
Kacha ulugh soox ay() month of the big cold
Koybal uluk-sk month of the big cold
December
Sagay, Beltir ulugh xrlas ay month of the big cold
Kacha alay ay ?
Koybal al ai
variagated month (i.e. the earth showing through
the snow)


Khakas Folk Tales

How the Ant Visited the Frog

Tamax olda aar polbaja
On a journey food is not heavy


The Frog was angry with the Ant: she was small, but she bit. He decided to play a trick on her.
Once the Frog invited the Ant to visit him. The Ant was glad and busied herself by putting
some food into her bag. The Frog pretended to be offended: "Who on Earth goes visiting with his
own food?" The Ant felt confused and left her bag at home.
When they came up to the lake the Frog said: "Whould you like to see how I can dive?"
"I think I would," the Ant answered uncertainly.
The Frog dived and the Ant never saw him again. The Ant sat on the shore of the lake for a
long time and felt hungry. Her stomach just stuck to her back.
Since that time, people say: "If you are going to visit a wicked man, take your food with you. It
won't be heavy."

How the Ant Visited the Frog was published in Fairy Tales of Siberian Folks. 1992. Krasnojarsk.

The Bumble-bee

One day the seven-headed cannibal Delbegen said to the bumble-bee: "Bite everybody in the
world, and tell me which flesh is the sweetest. And I'll eat nothing but that."
The bumble-bee flew round the earth. It bit a dog, a cat, a tiger, a horse, a pig, a hare, a cow, a
deer, and a man.
"Oi!" it buzzed. "Man is the sweetest of all, man is the sweetest of all!"
"Dear bumble-bee," the people implored, "don't tell Delbegen about it. He'll eat all of us up."
"Man is the seetest of all, man is the sweetest of all!" buzzed the bumble-bee without ceasing.
"Ah, is that so!" said the hero Sartak-Pai. He seized the bumble-bee by the wings and tore out
its tongue.
Then the bumble-bee flew to the cannibal.
"Well?" said the seven-headed cannibal Delbegen. "Whose flesh is the sweetest of all?"
But the bumble-bee could only reply: "M-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m..."
And evr since then he has never been able to say anything else.

The Bumble-bee was published in Shelley, G. 1945. Folk Tales of the Peoples of the Soviet
Union. London. 125.

Picture of a Khakas Purse



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KHAKAS

Dictionaries, vocabularies and grammars
Anderson, G. D. 1998. Xakas. Languages of the world: Materials: 251. Mnchen.
Baskakov, N. A. 1975. Grammatika xakasskogo jazyka. Moscow.
Baskakov, N. A., and Inkizhekova-Grekul, A. I. 1953. Xakassko-russkij slovar'.
Moscow.
Chankov, D. I. (ed.). 1961. Russko-xakasskij slovar'. Moscow.
Castrn, M. A. 1969. Versuch einer koibalischen und karagassischen Sprachlehre
nebst Wrterverzeichnissen aus der tatarischen mundarten des minussinschen
Kreises. Leipzig. (reprint 1857).
Joki, A. J. 1953. Wrterverzeichnis der Kyzyl-Sprache. Studia Orientalia XIX: 1. 3-47.
Helsinki.
Joki, A. J. 1956. Kai Donners kleinere Wrterverzeichnisse. IV. Katschatatarisch. JSFOu
58. 18-25.
Pritsak, O. 1959. Das Abakan- und Chulymtrkische und das Schorische. Philologiae
Turcicae Fundamenta I. 598-639. Wiesbaden.
Radloff, W. 1893-1911. Versuch eines Wrterbuches der Trk-Dialecte I-IV. St.
Petersburg.
Patachakova, D. F. 1973. Xakas Tln Dialektter [Dialects of the Khakas Language].
Abakan.

Literature and texts
Balgazina, A. N. 1993. Xghrca kniga. Trt llgh pastalgh shkolangh 3-i
klazna. Abakan.
Burnakov, F. 1977. Tigr od. Abakan.
Doerfer, G. 1964. Die Literatur der Trken Sdsibiriens. Philologiae Turcicae
Fundamenta II. 862-885. Wiesbaden.
Domozhakov, V. I. 1986. Xakas onn nmaxtar / Xakasskie narodnye skazki.
Abakan.
Katanov, N. F. 1907. Proben der Volkslitteratur der trkischen Stmme. IX. Theil:
Mundarten der Urianchaier (Sojonen), Abakan-Tataren und Karagassen. St.
Peterburg.
Nugteren, H., Roos, M. and Kotozhekova, Z. Khakas and Shor Proverbs and Proverbial
Sayings. The Proceedings of the Shor Symposium, Frankfurt, July 2001. Das
Schorische und sein Umfeld: Dokumentation und Bewahrung srsibirischer
Trksprachen. Wiesbaden. (in preparation)
Radloff, W. 1866. Proben der Volkslitteratur der trkischen Stmme Sd-Sibiriens.
I. Theil: die Dialecte des eigentlichen Altai: der Altaier, Teleuten, Lebed-Tataren,
Schoren und Sojonen. St. Petersburg.
Radloff, W. 1867. Proben der Volkslitteratur der trkischen Stmme Sd-Sibiriens.
II. Theil: die Abakan-Dialecte (der Sagaische, Koibalische, Katschinzische), der
Kysyl-Dialect und der Tscholym-Dialect (Kerik). St. Petersburg.
Radloff, W. 1967. South Siberian Oral Literature. Volume I. Bloomington.
Trojakav, P. A. (ed.). 1963. N. F. Katanov. Xakasskij fol'klor (iz knigi 'Obrazcy
narodnoj literatury tjurkskix plemen', t. IX, SPb, 1907 g.). Abakan.
Turan, M. 1981. Pay tirek. Abakan.

Further materials
Radloff, W. 1968. Aus Siberien. Lose Bltter aus meinem Tagebuche. Oosterhout.
(reprint 1893).
Stachowski, M. 1995. Etymologycal studies on Khakas Food Names. Folia Orientalia
31. 147-161.
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