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Los verbos modales - Modal Verbs

Can
Indica habilidades o posibilidad.
Ejemplos
I can speak english (Yo s hablar ingls.)
The doctor can see you at 3.00 ( El doctor le puede
visitar a las tres. )
Can you speak geran! ("#abes hablar ale$n! )
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( can ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( can not ) can*t ( verbo
pregunta& can ( su'eto ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( can ) ,o+ su'eto ( can*t

Could
Es el pasado de can. Tabin se utili-a para preguntar
por algo+ pero $s educadaente .ue con can.
Ejemplos
Could you speak /aponese be%ore you 0ent to /apan!
("#ab1as hablar 'apons antes de .ue %uiste a /ap2n!)
Tony could s0i 0hen he 0as si3. (Toni sabia nadar
cuando tena seis a4os. )
Could you help e! ("5odr1a ayudare!)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( could ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( could not ) couldn*t ( verbo
pregunta& could ( su'eto ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( could ) ,o+ su'eto (
couldn*t

May
6o utili-aos para decir .ue algo es posible o uy
probable. 6o usaos con el presente o %uturo.
Tabin se utili-a para preguntar por algo pero $s
educadaente .ue con el could.
Ejemplos
I ay stay at hoe or I ay go to a disco.(5uede .ue
e .uede en casa o puede .ue vaya a la discoteca)
7ay I use your dictionary! ("5odr1a usar su diccionario!)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( ay ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( ay ( not
pregunta& ay ( su'eto ( verbo!

Might
Es el pasado de ay. Tabin se usa para e3presar una
eventualidad pero con s probabilidad.
Ejemplos
8e care%ul. You ight burn yoursel%. (Ten cuidado. Te
podr1as .uear.)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( ight ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( ight not ) ightn*t

Must
#e utili-a cuando pensaos o reali-aos algo .ue es
necesario o uy probable.
6a %ora negativa e.uivale a una prohibici2n.
5ara hablar en pasado o %uturo debeos usar el odal
have to.
Ejemplos
I a really tired. I ust go hoe no0. (Estoy realente
cansado. 9ebo ire a casa ahora)
You ust keep your roo tidy. (9ebes conservar tu
habitacin ordenada.)

Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( ust ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( ust not ) usn*t ( verbo
pregunta& ust ( su'eto ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( ust ) ,o+ su'eto (
ustn*t

Have to
6o utili-aos para e3presar .ue algo es necesario.
5ara %orular la pregunta y la negaci2n debeos utili-ar
el au3iliar do.
El pasado es had to.
Ejemplos
You have to drive on the right in the :#;.(Tienes .ue
conducir por la derecha en los EE::.)
I don*t have to 0ear a uni%or at school. (,o tengo .ue
llevar uni%ore en la escuela.)
9id you have to 0ork yesterday! ("Tuviste .ue traba'ar
ayer!)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( have to ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( don*t have to ) do have to ( verbo
pregunta& 9o ( su'eto ( have to ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( do does )) ,o+ su'eto (
don*t doesn*t

Should
#e utili-a para dar conse'o o una opini2n.
Ejemplos
You should have a holiday. (9eber1as tener vacaciones.)
You shouldn*t 0ork so hard (,o deber1as traba'ar tanto.)
<hat do you think I should do! ("=u crees .ue deber1a
hacer!)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( should ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( should not ) shouldn*t ( verbo
pregunta& should ( su'eto ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( should ) ,o+ su'eto (
shouldn*t

Ought to
#igni%ica deber+ esperar .ue ocurra algo...
Ejemplos
I think I ought to tell hi. (Creo .ue debo cont$rselo.)
#he ought to pass the e3a. (#eguraente aprobar$ el
e3aen.)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( ought ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( ought not ) oughtn*t ( verbo
pregunta& ought ( su'eto ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( ought ) ,o+ su'eto (
oughtn*t

Would / would like
<ould se utili-a en general para las %rases condicionales.
Tabin lo usaos para predicciones+ o%reciientos y
para preguntar por algo educadaente.
Ejemplos
I 0ould like to go to 6ondon (7e gustar1a ir a 6ondres)
5eter 0as 0orking very hard. >e 0ould be tired
toorro0. (5eter estuvo traba'ando duro. Estar$ cansado
a4ana.)
<ould you like co%%e! ("6e gustar1a toar ca%!)
Sintaxis
a%irativa& su'eto ( 0ould ( verbo
a%irativa corta& su'eto( *d ( verbo
negativa& su'eto ( 0ould not ) 0ouldn*t( verbo
pregunta& 0ould ( su'eto ( verbo!
respuesta corta& Yes+ su'eto ( 0ould ) ,o+ su'eto (
0ouldn*t

THE PASSIVE VOICE
COJUGATION
Verb tense Active voice Passive voice
Present infinitive
Perfect infinitive
Present participle/Gerund
Past participle
Simple present
Simple past
Simple future
Future intensive
Present continuous/progressive
Past continuous/progressive
To give
To ave given
Giving
Given
Give/gives
Gave
!ill give
Am/are/is going to give
Am/are/is giving
!as/"ere giving
To be given
To ave been given
#eing given
#een given
Am/are/is given
!as/"ere given
!ill be given
Am/are/is going to be given
Am/are/is being given
!as/"ere being given
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
$ave/as given
$ad given
!ill ave given
$ave/as been given
$ad been given
!ill ave been given
Tense Active voice Passive voice
SIMPLE
PRESENT
!e store butter in te fridge. #utter is stored in te fridge.
SIMPLE PAST Some bod% stole m% "atc. M% "atc was stolen.
SIMPLE
FUTURE
& will send a letter to im.
A letter will e sent to im.
$e will e sent a letter.
FUTURE
INTENSIVE
!e are !oin! to rin! up tat point.
Someone is !oin! to warn er.
Tat point is !oin! to e
ro"!#t "$.
Se is !oin! to e warned.
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS%
PROGRESSIVE
Te% are re$airin! te roof.
$e is &eedin! te bab%.
Te roof is ein! re$aired.
Te bab% is ein! &ed.
PAST
CONTINUOUS%
PROGRESSIVE
$er fans were '#eerin! er.
Se was ein! '#eered b% er
fans.
PRESENT
PERFECT
Someone #as !i(en im a dog.
A do! #as een !i(en to im.
$e #as een !i(en a dog.
PAST PERFECT
Se #ad s$ent ours planning tis
part%.
$ours #ad een s$ent planning
tis part%.
FUTURE
PERFECT
!e will #a(e 'leared tings up b%
ten.
Tings will #a(e een 'leared
"$ b% ten.
Use)
A'ti(e (oi'e) te fello" ma'es te action.
Passi(e (oi'e) te fello" suffers te action( is sub)ected to er or receives benefit of te
same.
/*/+, +,-+. PM /*0..1 visitas2
LA VOZ PASIVA EN INGLS.
Dado que se usa mas en ingls que en espaol aca os deo un
!ema que espe"o # deseo que os a#ude en $ues!"o ap"endi%ae.

&A'A&(E'IS(I&AS.
) El uso de la pasi$a es muc*o mas com+n en ingls que en
espaol. Se usa la $o% pasi$a pa"a *a,la" de algo o alguien
a-ec!ado po" la acci.n poniendo n-asis en la acci.n # el sue!o.
Eemplos/

0" 'oldan 1as a""es!ed in Laos. 2De!u$ie"on al seo" 'oldan en
Laos3.

(*e go$e"nmen! *as ,een in-o"med o- !*e a""es!. 24an
in-o"mado al go,ie"no de la de!enci.n3.

) El sue!o del $e",o ac!i$o es el agen!e5 in!"oducido po" la
p"eposici.n 67 en la $o% pasi$a. El agen!e a $eces con mo!i$os
apa"en!es # l.gicos se puede omi!i". Eemplos/
'omeo and 8ulie! 1as 1"i!!en ,# 9illiam S*a:espea"e. 2'omeo
# 8ulie!a -ue esc"i!a po" 9illiam S*a:espea"e3.

(*e -i"e 1as pu! ou! quic:l#. 2El -uego se e;!inui.
"apidamen!e3. SE SA6E <=E SON LOS 6O06E'OS LOS <=E
E>(ING=EN LOS IN&ENDIOS. PO' ELLO SE O0I(E EL
AGEN(E )-i"emen) PO' 'AZONES LOGI&AS.

) La $o% pasi$a se -o"ma con el $e",o (O 6E en el mismo
!iempo $e",al que el $e",o ac!i$o ? el pa"!icipio del $e",o.

(*e# p"oduced a lo! o- 1ine in Spain. 2Ellos p"oducen muc*o
$ino en Espaa3.VOZ A&(IVA.
A lo! o- 1ine is p"oduced in Spain. 2Se p"oduce muc*o $ino en
Espaa3.VOZ PASIVA.
Impo"!an!e !ene" en cuen!a que la !"aducci.n al espaol se
*ace con el p"onom,"e "e-le;i$o SE que en ingls no e;is!e.

) &uando un $e",o !iene @ complemen!os puede *ace"se @
es!"uc!u"as de pasi$a en ingls. Eemplos/

A ,oo: 1as sen! !o (om ,# 0" Smi!*. 2=n li,"o -ue en$iado a
(om po" el seo" Smi!*3.
(om 1as sen! a ,oo: ,# 0" Smi!*. 2Pasi$a IdiomA!ica3. Es!a
es!"uc!u"a no es posi,le en cas!ellano. ("aducida la -"ase
queda"ia asi/ A (om le -ue en$iado un li,"o po" el seo" Smi!*.

Passi(e Voi'e
Te passive voice is used "en focusing on te person or ting affected b% an action.
Te Passive is formed- Passi(e S"*e't To +e Past Parti'$le
&t is often used in business and in oter areas "ere te ob)ect of te action is
more important tan tose "o perform te action. For E,a-$le) !e ave
produced over *+ different models in te past t"o %ears. C#an!es to) 3ver *+
different models ave been produced in te past t"o %ears.
&f te agent /te performer of te action2 is important( use 4b%4 For E,a-$le)
Tim !ilson "rote 4Te Fligt to #runns"ic'4 in 15.,. C#an!es to)4Te Fligt
to #runns"ic'4 "as "ritten in 15., b% Tim !ilson.
3nl% verbs tat ta'e an ob)ect can be used in te passive.
Te follo"ing cart includes sentences canged from te active to te passive in te
principal tenses.
A'ti(e Passi(e
Ti-e
Re&eren'e
Te% ma'e Fords in
6ologne.
Fords are -ade in
Colo!ne.
Present
Simple
Susan is coo'ing
dinner.
.inner is ein! 'oo/ed
0 S"san
Present
6ontinuous
7ames 7o%ce "rote
48ubliners4.
1."liners1 was written
0 Ja-es Jo0'es.
Past Simple
Te% "ere painting
te ouse "en &
arrived.
T#e #o"se was ein!
$ainted w#en I arri(ed.
Past
6ontinuous
Te% ave produced
over *+ models in
te past t"o %ears.
O(er 23 -odels #a(e
een $rod"'ed in t#e
$ast two 0ears.
Present
Perfect
Te% are going to A new &a'tor0 is !oin! to Future
build a ne" factor%
in Portland.
e "ilt in Portland.
&ntention
"it Going
to
& "ill finis it
tomorro".
It will e &inis#ed
to-orrow.
Future
Simple
Check your understanding 0ith these .ui--es&
Active to assive !"ans#o"mation $ui%
Passi(e to A'ti(e Trans&or-ation 4"i5
CARACTERISTICAS
?. #e dice .ue una oraci2n est$ en &O' AC!(&A cuando la signi%icaci2n del verbo es
producida por la persona graatical a .uien a.ul se re%iere&
Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires.
(5edro de 7endo-a #und) 8uenos ;ires).
@. #e dice .ue una oraci2n est$ en &O' AS(&A cuando la signi%icaci2n del verbo es
recibida por la persona graatical a .uien a.ul se re%iere&
Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza.
(8uenos ;ires #ue #undada po" 5edro de 7endo-a).
3. #e %ora con el au3iliar del verbo to *e y el participio pasado del verbo .ue se
con'uga.
A. El copleento de la oraci2n activa pasa a su'eto de la pasiva. Coo en castellano+
el su'eto de la activa se puede conservar coo su'eto agente.
B. Cuando un verbo tiene dos copleentos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de
pasiva&
a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith+ :n libro %ue enviado a To por 7r. #ith.
b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idio$tica). Esta estructura no es
posible en castellano.
MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA
!O +E SEE, - SE. &(S!O
.ESE,!E
I am seen+ soy visto
you are seen+ eres visto
he is seen+ es visto
we are seen+ soos vistos
you are seen+ sois vistos
they are seen+ son vistos
.E!E.(!O E./EC!O
I have been seen+ he sido visto
you have been seen+ has sido visto
he has been seen+ ha sido visto
we have been seen+ heos sido vistos
you have been seen+ habis sido vistos
ASA0O
I was seen+ %ui visto
you were seen+ %uiste visto
he was seen+ %ue visto
we were seen+ %uios vistos
you were seen+ %uisteis vistos
they were seen+ %ueron vistos
/1!1.O
I shall be seen+ ser visto
you will be seen+ ser$s visto
he will be seen+ ser$ visto
we shall be seen+ sereos vistos
you will be seen+ seris vistos
they have been seen+ han sido vistos they will be seen+ ser$n vistos
.E!E.(!O 21SC1AME./EC!O& I had been seen+ hab1a sido visto
CO,0(C(O,A2& I should be seen+ ser1a visto
/1!1.O E./EC!O& I shall have been seen+ habr sido visto
CO,0(C(O,A2 E./EC!O& I should have been seen+ habr1a sido visto


VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS.
1. 6a vo- pasiva se %ora con el ve"*o to be conjugado m3s el pa"ticipio del
ve"*o p"incipal. En ingls es ucho $s %recuente .ue en espa4ol y+ noralente+
aparece cuando no es iportante .uien reali-a una acci2n sino el hecho en s1. 5or eso+
no siepre .ue veaos una pasiva+ teneos .ue traducirlo literalente+ puesto .ue
en espa4ol suena $s %or-ado. S)lo es posi*le el uso de la vo% pasiva con
ve"*os t"ansitivos (verbos .ue llevan copleento directo).
&O' AC!(&A
To w"ites a letter
To is w"iting a letter
To was w"iting a letter
To w"ote a letter
To has w"itten a letter
To had w"itten a letter
To will w"ite a letter
To is going to w"ite a letter
To can w"ite a letter
To could w"ite a letter
To must w"ite a letter
To may w"ite a letter
To might w"ite a letter
&O' AS(&A
; letter is w"itten by To
; letter is *eing w"itten by To
; letter was *eing w"itten by To
; letter was w"itten by To
; letter has *een w"itten by To
; letter had *een w"itten by To
; letter will *e w"itten by To
; letter is going to *e w"itten by To
; letter can *e w"itten by To
; letter could *e w"itten by To
; letter must *e w"itten by To
; letter may *e w"itten...
; letter might *e w"itten...
2. El su'eto agente se e3presa con by. #in ebargo+ en la ayor1a de las ocasiones
se prescinde del su'eto ya .ue no nos interesa saber .uin e3actaente e'ecuta la
acci2n. #i una oraci2n activa tiene copleento directo e indirecto+ cual4uie"a de
los dos complementos puede ser su'eto paciente de la pasiva&
AC!(&E5 #oeone gives e a dog
ASS(&E 65 ; dog is given to e
ASS(&E 75 I am given a dog (%ora pasiva idio$tica)
6a %ora pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc.
AC!(&E5 I don*t like people telling me 0hat to do
ASS(&E5 I don*t like *eing told 0hat to do
En ocasiones en las .ue ocurre algo a veces iprevisto+ no planeado o %ortuito para la
%oraci2n de la vo- pasiva se pre%iere usar get y no be&
get hurt+ get annoyed+ get divorced+ get arried+ get invited+ get bored+ get lost
3. 6as construcciones ipersonales (se dice+ se coenta+ etc.) son uy t1picas de la
pasiva y di%1ciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construcci2n
pasiva Cutili-ada cada ve- con ayor %recuencia en los ediosC se %ora con la
estructura sujeto 8 to *e 8 pa"ticiple& It is reported (#e in%ora)D It is said (#e
dice)D It is kno0n (#e sabe)D It is supposed (#e supone)D It is considered (#e
considera)D It is e3pected (#e espera). Eeaos algunos e'eplos&
AC!(&E5 Eve"y*ody thinks Cathy 0orks very hard.
ASS(&E 65 Cathy is thought to 0ork very hard. (#e piensa .ue Cathy...)
ASS(&E 75 (t is thought that Cathy 0orks very hard. (#e piensa .ue Cathy...)
AC!(&E5 !hey *elieve To is 0earing a 0hite pullover.
ASS(&E 65 To is *elieved to be 0earing a 0hite pullover. (#e cree .ue...)
ASS(&E 75 (t is *elieved that To is 0earing a 0hite pullover. (#e cree .ue...)
4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE
a) #e usa en a%irativo para acciones .ue estaban planeadas+ .ue se supone .ue van
a reali-ar+ u obligaciones .ue uno deber1a cuplir.
You we"e supposed to be here at F&00 aGG
b) Htras veces+ el uso de suosed indica .ue estos planes o obligaciones %inalente
no se cuplieron&
The train was supposed to arrive at B o*clock. (but it arrived at I o*clock)
You we"e supposed to go to the superarket. (but you didn*t go)
c) 5or el contrario+ en negativo+ suosed signi%ica la no conveniencia o prohibici2n de
hacer algo&
You a"e not supposed to soke here. (you are not allo0ed to soke here)
You a"e not supposed to copy our 0eb %iles. (you ust not copy our 0eb %iles)

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