2-Port Networks Final

BITSPilani
Pilani Campus ANU GUPTA, BITS PILANI

EEE / INSTR C272
2-port network analysis
BITSPilani
Pilani Campus
2 Port Network analysis
Not necessary to know the detailed configuration of the network elements.
5/1/2013Anu Gupta BITS PILANI
Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages
across, and the currents through, every component in
the network
Network analysis
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Component-- device with two or more terminals into which, or
out of which, charge may flow.
Node--A point at which terminals of more than two components
are joined. A conductor with a substantially zero resistance is
considered to be a node for the purpose of analysis.
Branch--The component(s) joining two nodes
Mesh--A group of branches within a network joined so as to form
a complete loop
Other Definitions
Component-- device with two or more terminals into which, or
out of which, charge may flow.
Node--A point at which terminals of more than two components
are joined. A conductor with a substantially zero resistance is
considered to be a node for the purpose of analysis.
Branch--The component(s) joining two nodes
Mesh--A group of branches within a network joined so as to form
a complete loop
Port--Two terminals where the current into one is identical to the current out of
the other
Circuit--A current from one terminal of a generator, through load component(s)
and back into the other terminal.
A circuit is, in this sense, a one-port network and is a trivial case to analyse. If
there is any connection to any other circuits then a non-trivial network has
been formed and at least two ports must exist.
Often, "circuit" and "network" are used interchangeably, but many analysts
reserve "network" to mean an idealised model consisting of ideal
components.
[
Definitions
Port--Two terminals where the current into one is identical to the current out of
the other
Circuit--A current from one terminal of a generator, through load component(s)
and back into the other terminal.
A circuit is, in this sense, a one-port network and is a trivial case to analyse. If
there is any connection to any other circuits then a non-trivial network has
been formed and at least two ports must exist.
Often, "circuit" and "network" are used interchangeably, but many analysts
reserve "network" to mean an idealised model consisting of ideal
components.
[
A pair of terminal at which a signal (current or voltage) may
enter or leave is called a port
A network having only one pair of such terminals is called
one port network
No connections can be made to any other node internal to
the network
One port network can be modeled by thevenin or norton
equivalent
Terminal, port
A pair of terminal at which a signal (current or voltage) may
enter or leave is called a port
A network having only one pair of such terminals is called
one port network
No connections can be made to any other node internal to
the network
One port network can be modeled by thevenin or norton
equivalent
A large number of networks of practical interest and importance have two ports of
entry.
The two-port network model is used in circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of
larger circuits.
A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties specified by a
matrix of numbers.
This allows the response of the network to signals applied to the ports to be calculated
easily, without solving for all the internal voltages and currents in the network.
Any linear circuit with four terminals can be transformed into a two-port network
provided that it does not contain an independent source and satisfies the port
conditions.
Need for 2 Port N/ W analysis
A large number of networks of practical interest and importance have two ports of
entry.
The two-port network model is used in circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of
larger circuits.
A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties specified by a
matrix of numbers.
This allows the response of the network to signals applied to the ports to be calculated
easily, without solving for all the internal voltages and currents in the network.
Any linear circuit with four terminals can be transformed into a two-port network
provided that it does not contain an independent source and satisfies the port
conditions.
We can develop an electrical equivalent of an unknown circuit
A complex circuit can be broken up in its sub circuits whose
electrical equivalents can be developed by using 2-port
theory. Then these electrical equivalents can be connected
together appropriately to do analysis of complete system
An electrical equivalent of active devices like BJT, MOSFET
can be developed using 2-port theory, which can be used for
analysis and synthesis of systems using these electrical
equivalents
Usefulness of 2 port N/W analysis
We can develop an electrical equivalent of an unknown circuit
A complex circuit can be broken up in its sub circuits whose
electrical equivalents can be developed by using 2-port
theory. Then these electrical equivalents can be connected
together appropriately to do analysis of complete system
An electrical equivalent of active devices like BJT, MOSFET
can be developed using 2-port theory, which can be used for
analysis and synthesis of systems using these electrical
equivalents
For example, the determination of Thevenins and Nortons
equivalents pertain to one-ports, since there is one pair of
terminals through which we look into the network
Thevenin or Norton equivalent is sufficient for determining the
voltages and currents in any branch or circuit connected
externally to the one-port.
A network with n ports of entry is called an n-port.
One port network
2 terminals
For example, the determination of Thevenins and Nortons
equivalents pertain to one-ports, since there is one pair of
terminals through which we look into the network
Thevenin or Norton equivalent is sufficient for determining the
voltages and currents in any branch or circuit connected
externally to the one-port.
A network with n ports of entry is called an n-port.
The one-port is a black box with a
single pair of input/output terminals,
referred to as a port.
A voltage is applied at the terminals
and a current flows in the direction
shown.
The admittance seen at the port is
called the driving point admittance
One Port
Vs
Is
Is x (s)
The one-port is a black box with a
single pair of input/output terminals,
referred to as a port.
A voltage is applied at the terminals
and a current flows in the direction
shown.
The admittance seen at the port is
called the driving point admittance
Is x (s)
A large number of networks of practical interest and importance
have two ports of entry.
An amplifier, for example, has a pair of input terminals (the input
port) and a pair of output terminals (the output port).
There are four variables of interest in a two-port; the current and
voltage at the input port and the current and voltage at the
output port.
2 port network4 terminals
A large number of networks of practical interest and importance
have two ports of entry.
An amplifier, for example, has a pair of input terminals (the input
port) and a pair of output terminals (the output port).
There are four variables of interest in a two-port; the current and
voltage at the input port and the current and voltage at the
output port.
The response of a two-port network is studied by using
parameter matrices that express the interdependence of
these four variables.
The actual configuration of elements is of no interest in
order to analyze the relationship between any external
connections at the input and output ports.
The response of a two-port network is studied by using
parameter matrices that express the interdependence of
these four variables.
The actual configuration of elements is of no interest in
order to analyze the relationship between any external
connections at the input and output ports.
The common occurrence of two-ports in modeling electronic
devices, electronic circuits, and communication networks and
systems makes it important to study them in some detail.
The attractive feature of two-port theory is that the network is
viewed simply as a black box described by certain parameter
matrices.
We can concentrate on the four variables (currents and voltages
at the two ports) and any external connections to the two-port.
Need to study
The common occurrence of two-ports in modeling electronic
devices, electronic circuits, and communication networks and
systems makes it important to study them in some detail.
The attractive feature of two-port theory is that the network is
viewed simply as a black box described by certain parameter
matrices.
We can concentrate on the four variables (currents and voltages
at the two ports) and any external connections to the two-port.
The network in the black box is assumed to consist of
linear components,
linear dependent sources),
no independent sources.
No stored energy in the network
Conditions to be met
The network in the black box is assumed to consist of
linear components,
linear dependent sources),
no independent sources.
No stored energy in the network
The standard convention is to choose both the currents I
I
and 1
2
entering the positive voltage reference terminals
at the input and output ports to introduce symmetry in
the analysis of two-ports.
It is possible to express any two of the four variables, V
1
, I
I
,
V
2
, and 1
2
as linear functions of the other two variables.
Convention
The standard convention is to choose both the currents I
I
and 1
2
entering the positive voltage reference terminals
at the input and output ports to introduce symmetry in
the analysis of two-ports.
It is possible to express any two of the four variables, V
1
, I
I
,
V
2
, and 1
2
as linear functions of the other two variables.
Reciprocal networks. A network is said to be reciprocal if the voltage
appearing at port 2 due to a current applied at port 1 is the same as
the voltage appearing at port 1 when the same current is applied to
port 2.
Exchanging voltage and current results in an equivalent definition of
reciprocity.
In general, a network will be reciprocal if it consists entirely of linear
passive components (that is, resistors, capacitors and inductors). In
general, it will not be reciprocal if it contains active components such
as generators.
Properties of 2 port network
frequently occur in practical networks
Reciprocal networks. A network is said to be reciprocal if the voltage
appearing at port 2 due to a current applied at port 1 is the same as
the voltage appearing at port 1 when the same current is applied to
port 2.
Exchanging voltage and current results in an equivalent definition of
reciprocity.
In general, a network will be reciprocal if it consists entirely of linear
passive components (that is, resistors, capacitors and inductors). In
general, it will not be reciprocal if it contains active components such
as generators.
Symmetrical networks. A network is symmetrical if its input
impedance is equal to its output impedance.
Most often, but not necessarily, symmetrical networks are also
physically symmetrical.
Sometimes also ant metrical networks are of interest. These are
networks where the input and output impedances are the
duals of each other.
Properties of 2 port network
Symmetrical networks. A network is symmetrical if its input
impedance is equal to its output impedance.
Most often, but not necessarily, symmetrical networks are also
physically symmetrical.
Sometimes also ant metrical networks are of interest. These are
networks where the input and output impedances are the
duals of each other.
Common types are -
Open-circuit impedance (Z) parameters. (I
1
, I
2
)
Hybrid (H) parameters. (I
1
, V
2
)
Short-circuit admittance (Y) parameters. (V
1
, V
2
)
Transmission (ABCD)parameters. (V
2
, I
2
)
Types of two port N/W
Common types are -
Open-circuit impedance (Z) parameters. (I
1
, I
2
)
Hybrid (H) parameters. (I
1
, V
2
)
Short-circuit admittance (Y) parameters. (V
1
, V
2
)
Transmission (ABCD)parameters. (V
2
, I
2
)
Open-circuit impedance parameters
The current I
I
and 1
2
are selected as the independent variables,
the voltages V
2
and V
I
are then expressed as functions of I
I
and
1
2
.
The parameters that appear in the resulting equations are called
open circuit impedance, or z parameters.
choices of independent
variable
Open-circuit impedance parameters
The current I
I
and 1
2
are selected as the independent variables,
the voltages V
2
and V
I
are then expressed as functions of I
I
and
1
2
.
The parameters that appear in the resulting equations are called
open circuit impedance, or z parameters.
2 port N/W
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
5/1/2013 Anu Gupta BITS PILANI
Z parameter model
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 2
Example - Terminated Two
Port Network
Equations
Driving point impedance
EXAMPLEDO YOURSELF
For analysis, it is customary to connect a signal source
with a series impedance to the input port and a load
impedance to the output port.
System Analysis Using Z
Parameters
Model of reciprocal N/W
Example
Hybrid parameters
Example1
Relationship of h and z
parameters
Short-circuit Admittance
Parameters of a Two-port
Y parameter model
Transmission parameters
When the design of a two-port leads to a rather complex
structure, it is advisable to break the design down into
simpler two-ports and interconnect them
Two commonly used interconnections
parallel connection of two-ports
cascaded connection of two-ports.
Interconnection Of Two-port
Networks
When the design of a two-port leads to a rather complex
structure, it is advisable to break the design down into
simpler two-ports and interconnect them
Two commonly used interconnections
parallel connection of two-ports
cascaded connection of two-ports.
The parallel connection of two-ports requires that the
voltages VI and V 2 of each two port are, respectively,
equal to the voltages VI and V 2 of the other two-ports.
In addition, an important condition must be observed: the
parallel connection must not alter any of the original
networks.
Parallel Connection of Two-
Ports
The parallel connection of two-ports requires that the
voltages VI and V 2 of each two port are, respectively,
equal to the voltages VI and V 2 of the other two-ports.
In addition, an important condition must be observed: the
parallel connection must not alter any of the original
networks.
Example
the y parameter matrix of the parallel connection is the sum of
the y parameter matrices of the individual two-ports.
The result for the parallel connection of two two-ports is readily
extended to cover the general case of n two-ports in parallel:
Cascaded two port nw
the ABCD parameter matrix of the cascaded connection of
two two-ports is the product
of the ABCD parameter matrices of the individual two-ports.

2-Port Networks Final

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