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Chemistry
Matter
Atom
Molecule
Ion
- Charged particle.
Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element with the same number of proton but different number of
neutrons.
Nucleon Number
- Number of times the mass of an atom is greater than 1/12 times of the mass of a carbon-12
atom. The relative mass of carbon-12 atom is 12.000.
Mole
- An amount of substance that contains as many particle as the number of atoms in exactly
12g of carbon-12.
Avogadro Constant NA
Molar mass
Chemical Formulae
- The representation of a chemical substance by using letters for atoms and subscript number
to show the number of each type of atoms that are present in the substance.
Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Empirical Formulae
- The formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the
compound.
Molecular Formulae
- The formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a
molecule of the compound.
- Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
Chemical equation
a) Lavoisier
- Classify into groups
b) Dobereiner
- Group of 3 element – triads
- Middle element having RAM equal average RAM of the other two elements.
c) Newland
- Arrange in order of increasing atomic mass
- Every eight element having similar properties (law of octaves)
- Periodic pattern for the properties.
d) Lothar Meyer
- Graph of atomic volume against mass
- Elements having similar properties (located at the same relative position)
e) Mendeleev
- Arrange in order of increasing atomic mass
- Make a few important changes
i) Element with similar properties in the same group
ii) Empty spaces for undiscovered elements (germanium)
iii) Predict the properties of undiscovered element
f) Moseley
- Graph of 𝑣 against proton number (directly proportional)
- Suggest elements arrange in order of increasing proton number
- Modern periodic table
i) Elements are arranged according to increasing proton number.
Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Group
Period
Electro negativity
- The measurement of the strength of an atom in its molecule to attract electron towards its
nucleus.
Group 18
- Density increases
i) Because the increases in atomic mass is bigger compared to the increase in volume.
Group 1
- Density increases
i) The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in atomic radius.
- Reactivity increase
i) Reactivity increases because the atomic size increase, the valence electron in the
outermost shell becomes further away from the nucleus. Hence, attraction between
nucleus and valence electron becomes weaker. Thus, the atoms can easily donate
the single valence electron to achieve the stable electron arrangement of the atom
of noble gas.
Group 17
- Reactivity decrease
i) This is because the atomic size of halogen increases. Thus, the outermost occupied
shell of each halogen atom becomes further from the nucleus. Thus, the strength to
attract one electron into the valence shell by the nucleus becomes weaker.
Period 3
Transitional Elements
Catalyst
- A substance used in a chemical reaction to speed up the reaction without itself being
affected.
Ionic Bond
- A chemical bond that involves metal atom and non-metal atom where the metal atom
donates electron to form positive ion (cation) while non-metal atom accepts electron to
form negative ion (anion).
- Electrical Conductivity
i) Solid- The ionic compound cannot conduct electricity because the ions in the
compound are constricted in the crystal lattice and unable to move freely.
ii) Molten/Aqueous- The ionic compound can conduct electricity because there are
freely moving ions which carry charges.
Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Covalent Bond
- A chemical bond that involves only non-metal atoms where electrons are shared to achieve
stable duplet or octet electron arrangements.
- Electrical Conductivity
i) Covalent compound cannot conduct electricity in any form as the molecules present
in the compound are neutral. There are no ions present and no charge.
Electrolytes
- Substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten or aqueous solution and
undergoes chemical changes.
Non- Electrolytes
Electrolysis
- A process whereby compounds in molten or aqueous solution are broken down into their
constituent element by passing electricity through them.
Anode
Cathode
Voltaic Cell
Daniell Cell
- Avoid the solutions from mixing and still allow electrical contact between the two solutions.
Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Batteries
a) Lead-acid Accumulator
Pro: Rechargeable, can produce large voltage
Cons: Heavy, expensive, Spoil easily
b) Dry Cell
Pro: Portable, cheap, provides stable voltage (1.5V)
Cons: Not rechargeable
c) Mercury Cell
Pro: Portable
Cons: Not rechargeable, 1.3V only, poisonous
d) Alkaline Cell
Pro: Portable, 1.5V, longer lasting
Cons: Not rechargeable, leak
e) Nickel-Cadmium Cell
Pro: Portable, rechargeable up to 100 times
Cons: Produce low voltage of 1.25V, expensive, heavy
Acid
Base
Alkalis
- Soluble base
Water
pH
Strength of Acid
Strong Acid
- Acid which ionizes completely with water to form hydrogen ion, H+(HCl)
Weak Acid
Strong Alkali
- Alkali which ionizes completely with water to form hydroxide ion, OH-(NaOH)
Weak Alkali
Standard Solution
Neutralisation
Monoprotic Acid
- One molecule of acid dissociates or ionizes in water to form one hydrogen ion, H+
Diprotic Acid
- One molecule of acid dissociates or ionizes in water to form two hydrogen ion, H+
Triprotic Acid
- One molecule of acid dissociates or ionizes in water to form three hydrogen ion, H+
Salt
- A compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an
ammonium ion.
Alloys
- A mixture of 2 or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major
component is metal (elements combined physically)
Polymers
- Large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-unit called monomers which are
joined together by covalent bond
Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Monomers
- A simple compound/ basic unit whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Polymerisation
Composite materials
- A structural material that is formed by combining two or more different substances such as
metal, alloys, ceramics, glass and polymers