1

INDIAN MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS AND

PRACTICES

INCREDIBLE INDIA AND POLITICAL LEADERS

DR.DADABHAI NAOROJI

NAME : HARSHIT MASTER
ROLL NO : 53
DIV : T.Y.BMS-A

ACADEMIC YEAR
2013-2014



2
INDEX
SR.NO TOPIC PAGE
NO


1


INTRODUCTION

3


2

CAREER


4


3

DRAIN THEORY AND POLITICS


6


4

ACHIEVEMENTS OF DADABHAI NAOROJI

8


5

CONTRIBUTION OF DADABHAI NAOROJI TO INDIAN
NATIONAL MOVEMENT

9

6
THE IMPACT OF THE DRAIN THEORY OF DADABHAI
NAROJI IN THE GROWTH OF ECONOMIC NATIONALISM

12




3
INTRODUCTION
Dadabhai Naoroji was born in Bombay on 4th September 1825, the son of Maneckbai and
Naoroji Palanji Dordi, a poor Athornan (priestly) Parsi family. At the age of 4, Dadabhai's father
died and his mother was left the difficult task of bringing up the family, and she managed
admirably. According to prevailing customs, she arranged the marriage of Dadabhai to Gulbai at
the early age of 11. For the rest of her life, Maneckbai remained a close companion and mentor
to Dadabhai. "She made me what I am" noted Dadabhai in 1901 when he gave an account of his
early life in "The Days of my Youth."
Dadabhai became a scholar at the Elphinstone Institution (now Elphinstone College, Bombay)
and had a brilliant academic career. In 1850 at the early age of 25, he was appointed Assistant
Professor, and 4 years later, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at the Elphinstone
Institution. Professor Orlebar of the college called him "The Promise of India". Dadabhai, being
an Athornan (ordained priest), founded the Rahnumae Mazdayasne Sabha (Guides on the
Mazdayasne Path) on 1st August 1851. The ethos of the Rahnumae at its inception was to restore
the Zoroastrian religion to its original purity and simplicity. The society is still in operation in
Bombay. In 1867 Naoroji helped establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor
organizations of the Indian National Congress. In 1874 he became Prime Minister of Baroda and
was a member of the Legislative Council of Mumbai (then Bombay) (1885-88). He also founded
the Indian National Association from Calcutta a few years before the founding of the Indian
National Congress in Mumbai, with the same objectives and practices. The two groups later
merged into the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886.
Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the
Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he was the first British Indian MP.
He refused to take the oath on the Bible as he was not a Christian, but was allowed to take the
oath of office in the name of God on his copy of Khordeh Avesta. In Parliament he spoke on
Irish Home Rule and the condition of the Indian people. In his political campaign and duties as
an MP, he was assisted by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the future Muslim nationalist and founder of
Pakistan. In 1906, Naoroji was again elected president of the Indian National Congress. Naoroji
was a staunch moderate within the Congress, during the phase when opinion in the party was
split between the moderates and extremists.
Dadabhai was elected to Parliament on the 5th of July 1892 and entered the House of Commons
as a Liberal, representing the Central Finsbury constituency. He delivered his maiden speech in
the House of Commons in August 1892. This was indeed a historic occasion as Dadabhai
Naoroji became the first ever Indian/Asian Member of the British Parliament. Dadabhai
immediately championed various causes in the House of Commons. He made many speeches
both in England and in India on political reforms, fair play and justice for India, which
spearheaded the beginning of the freedom struggle. He was renowned as the founding father of
Indian Nationalism. Dadabhai's success on being elected to the Parliament was followed by two
other Indian Parsi Zoroastrians; Sir Muncherjee Merwanji Bhownagree and Sir Sorabji
Saklatvala. Dadabhai's reputation and his help facilitated the political careers of both these
gentlemen.


4
CAREEER
Naoroji was born in Bombay and educated at the Elphinstone Institute School. Being an
Athornan (ordained priest), Naoroji founded the Rahnumae Mazdayasne Sabha (Guides on the
Mazdayasne Path) on 1 August 1851 to restore the Zoroastrian religion to its original purity and
simplicity. In 1854, he also founded a fortnightly publication, the Rast Goftar (or The Truth
Teller), to clarify Zoroastrian concepts. In 1855, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and
Natural Philosophy at the Elphinstone College in Bombay, becoming the first Indian to hold such
an academic position. He travelled to London in 1855 to become a partner in Cama & Co,
opening a Liverpool location for the first Indian company to be established in Britain. Within
three years, he had resigned on ethical grounds. In 1859, he established his own cotton trading
company, Naoroji & Co."Dadabhai Naoroji, 1825-1917", Migration Histories. Later, he became
professor of Gujarati at University College London.


Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near Flora Fountain, Mumbai
Plaque referring to Dadabhai Naoroji, located outside the Finsbury Town Hall on Rosebery
Avenue, London.
In 1867 Naoroji helped to establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor
organizations of the Indian National Congress with the aim of putting across the Indian point of
view before the British public. The Association was instrumental in counter-acting the
propaganda by the Ethnological Society of London which, in its session in 1866, had tried to
prove the inferiority of the Asians to the Europeans. This Association soon won the support of
eminent Englishmen and was able to exercise considerable influence in the British Parliament. In
1874, he became Prime Minister of Baroda and was a member of the Legislative Council of
Mumbai (188588). He was also a member of the Indian National Association founded by Sir
Surendranath Banerjee from Calcutta a few years before the founding of the Indian National
Congress in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices. The two groups later merged into


5
the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886. Naoroji published Poverty
and un-British Rule in India in 1901.


Naoroji in 1892.
Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the
Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he was the first British Indian MP.
He refused to take the oath on the Bible as he was not a Christian, but was allowed to take the
oath of office in the name of God on his copy of Khordeh Avesta. In Parliament, he spoke on
Irish Home Rule and the condition of the Indian people. In his political campaign and duties as
an MP, he was assisted by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the future Muslim nationalist and founder of
Pakistan. In 1906, Naoroji was again elected president of the Indian National Congress. Naoroji
was a staunch moderate within the Congress, during the phase when opinion in the party was
split between the moderates and extremists. Naoroji was a mentor to Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal
Krishna Gokhale and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was married to Gulbai at the age of
eleven. He died in Bombay on 30 June 1917, at the age of 91. Today the Dadabhai Naoroji Road,
a heritage road of Mumbai, is named after him. Also, the Dadabhai Naoroji Road in Karachi,
Pakistan is also named after him as well as Naoroji Street in the Finsbury area of London. A
prominent residential colony for central government servants in the south of Delhi is also named
Naoroji Nagar. He was president of Indian National Congress, Calcutta section1906.






6
DRAIN THEORY AND POLITICS

Dadabhai Naorojis work focused on the drain of wealth from India into England through
colonial rule. One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to
estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonization has on the
country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining
money out of the India. Naoroji described 6 factors which resulted in the external drain. Firstly,
India is governed by a foreign government. Secondly, India does not attract immigrants which
bring labour and capital for economic growth. Thirdly, India pays for Britains civil
administrations and occupational army. Fourthly, India bears the burden of empire building in
and out of its borders. Fifthly, opening the country to free trade was actually a way to exploit
India by offering highly paid jobs to foreign personnel. Lastly, the principal income-earners
would buy outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel. In
Naorojis book Poverty he estimated a 200-300 million pounds loss of revenue to Britain that is
not returned. Naoroji described this as vampirism, with money being a metaphor for blood,
which humanized India and attempted to show Britains actions as monstrous in an attempt to
garner sympathy for the nationalist movement.
When referring to the Drain, Naoroji stated that he believed some tribute was necessary as
payment for the services that England brought to India such as the railways. However the money
from these services were being drained out of India; for instance the money being earned by the
railways did not belong to India, which supported his assessment that India was giving too much
to Britain. India was paying tribute for something that was not bringing profit to the country
directly. Instead of paying off foreign investment which other countries did, India was paying for
services rendered despite the operation of the railway being already profitable for Britain. This
type of drain was experienced in different ways as well, for instance, British workers earning
wages that were not equal with the work that they have done in India, or trade that undervalued
Indias goods and overvalued outside goods. Englishmen were encouraged to take on high
paying jobs in India, and the British government allowed them to take a portion of their income
back to India. Furthermore, the East India Company was purchasing Indian goods with money
drained from India in order to export to Britain, which was a way that the opening up of free
trade allowed India to be exploited.
When elected to Parliament by a narrow margin of 3 votes his first speech was about questioning
Indias place in India. Naoroji explained that they were either British subjects or British slaves
which would be identified based on how willing Britain was to give India the institutions that
Britain already operated. By giving these institutions to India it would allow India to govern
itself and as a result the revenue would stay in India. It is because Naoroji identified himself as
an imperial citizen that he was able to address the economic hardships facing India to an English
audience. By presenting himself as an Imperialist citizen he was able to use rhetoric to show the
benefit to Britain that an ease of financial burden on India would have. He argued that by
allowing the money earned in India to stay in India, tributes would be willingly and easily paid
without fear of poverty; he argued that this could be done by giving equal employment
opportunities to Indian professionals who consistently took jobs they were over-qualified for.


7
Indian labour would be more likely to spend their income within India preventing one aspect of
the drain. Naoroji believed that to solve the problem of the drain it was important to allow India
to develop industries; this would not be possible without the revenue draining from India into
England.
It was also important to examine British and Indian trade in order to prevent the end of budding
industries due to unfair valuing of goods and services. By allowing industry to grow in India,
tribute could be paid to Britain in the form of taxation and the increase in interest for British
goods in India. Over time, Naoroji became more extreme in his comments as he began to lose
patience with Britain. This was shown in his comments which became increasingly aggressive.
Naoroji showed how the ideologies of Britain conflicted when asking them if they would allow
French youth to occupy all the lucrative posts in England. He also brought up the way that
Britain objected to the drain of wealth to the papacy during the 16th century. Naorojis work on
the drain theory was the main reason behind the creation of the Royal commission on Indian
Expenditure in 1896 in which he was also a member. This commission reviewed financial
burdens on India and in some cases came to the conclusion that those burdens were misplaced.















8
ACHIEVEMENTS OF DADABHAI NAOROJI
A versatile scholar, Dadabhai Naoroji began his career as the professor of Mathematics and
Natural Philosophy. But in 1855 he left the profession and moved to London as the partner of the
Parsi firm. In 1859, he started his s own business of cotton trading, but later, at University
College London, he became professor of Gujarati. Naoroji facilitated the establishment of the
East India Association in 1867. Dadabhai Naoroji was elected as Prime Minister of Baroda and
accepted the office of Diwan in 1874. He also became a member of the Indian National
Association originally established by Sir Surendra Nath Banerjee from Calcutta (Kolkata) and
later founded the Indian National Congress with similar objectives and aims. Eventually the two
groups united and Naoroji became the president of the Indian National Congress. He again
moved back to Britain and in the year 1892, he became the first Indian member of the House of
Commons. Moreover, he became the President of the Indian National Congress thrice, in 1886,
1893 and 1906.
From his very childhood, Dadabhai Naoroji was sympathetic to the socio-political condition of
his countrymen. Therefore he was very much active in taking steps for the social and the political
advantage of his countrymen. He founded the Dyan Prasarak Mandali and a Girls High School at
Bombay for the purpose of educating the women. He also established the Bombay Association in
1852. The Bombay Association was the first political association in India. During the long years
of his stay in London, he made every effort to make the English people aware about the Indian
affairs. He established the London Association and the East India Association in order to
propagate his ideals among the European people. In this way Dadabhai Naoroji became the
national hero.
In politics Dadabhai Naoroji was conscious of the numerous benefits that the Indians derived
from the British rule in India. He pledged "loyalty to the backbone" to the British crown and "the
permanent continuance" of the British rule in India. As the congress Movement passed its early
years of development, it demanded for Swaraj. Although Bal Gangadhar Tilak first raised the
slogan that "Swaraj is my birth s right", it was Dadabhai Naoroji who demanded for Swaraj from
the platform of Congress. In Calcutta Session during delivering his Presidential address in the
Calcutta session he emphasized the need for self-government or Swaraj. However, Dadabhai
Naoroji had enough faith in the justice and the statesmanship of the British.
It was Dadabhai Naoroji who exposed the exploitative nature of the British ruler in India. He was
the first Indian who drew the attention of both the Indians as well as the Europeans, to the
economic exploitation of India. He brought to the public notice the drain of Indian wealth to the
European countries and the resulting poverty of the Indians. In his book, Poverty under British
rule in India, Dadabhai Naoroji, proved his thesis of drain of wealth logically. He brought to
notice that the relation between the Government and the common people in India was that of a
master and slave. The Indians were plundered and oppressed continuously. Dadabhai during his
presidency in the assembly of Indian National Congress brought all these issues to the public
notice.


9
CONTRIBUTION OF DADABHAI NAOROJI TO INDIAN
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Dadabhai has himself stated, She made me what I am. Dadabhai married early when he was
only in his eleventh year. His wife, Gulabi, who was barely seven at the time, was the daughter
of Shorabji Shroff. He had three children, one son and two daughters. Dadabhai had his early
schooling in a primary institution run by a Mehtaji at Bombay. On its completion, Manekbai, as
urged by Mehtaji, sent her son to the Elphinstone Institution, Bombay, for his secondary
education. This was followed by a course of studies at the Elphinstone College. Dadabhais
performance here was outstanding, and in 1840 he obtained the Clare Scholarship. He became a
graduate in 1845. In 1916, he was awarded the Honorary degree of LL.B. by the Bombay
University.
On 27 June 1855 he left for London to join business as a partner in Camas firm in London. Four
years later he started his own firm, having returned to India in the meantime, He travelled back
and forth on business between India and England during 1865 to 1876. In 1886 he went to
England to contest for election to Parliament and in 1907 to espouse the cause of the freedom on
India from British rule.Foreign travel left its mark on his character and personality. Himself a
product of liberal western education, he was an admirer of the western system of education. He
sent his daughter abroad for medical education. His son, Adi, was taken to London at the age of
5 and was put to school there. Dadabhai believed that India had cause to be grateful to the British
for introducing the western system of education in India and he helped several Indian students
who went to England for higher studies.
Books and friends added their contribution to the flowering of his personality. Shahnama of
Firdausi, Improvement of Mind by Watt, the works of Carlyle, Mill and Herbert Spencer, to
name a few, made a deep impression on him, His constant companion was The Duties of the
Zoroastrians, which stressed pure thoughts, pure speech and pure deed. His friends among
foreigners were innumerable. They started with Professor Orlebar of the Elphinstone College
who hailed Dadabhai as the promise of India, and Sir Erskine Perry, the Chief Justice of the
Bombay Supreme Court, who was so struck by Dadabahais academic distinction that he
suggested that he should be sent to England. He was willing to pay half the expenses provided
the community was prepared to share the other half. Later, he helped Dadabhai on the Civil
Service issue. Samuel Smith, a leading cotton merchant was impressed by Dadabhais character
and became a close friend and partner in Dadabhais fight for the freedom of India. Allan Hume,
the founder of the Indian National Congress, was another friend. So too were Sir W. Wedderburn
Martin Wood, the Editor of the Times of India, who supported Dadabhais candidature to
Parliament, Henry Mayers Hyndmann a British Socialist, Major Evans Bell of the Madras Staff
Corps, Sir George Birdwood, Sheriff of Bombay, Charles Bradlaugh, M.P., W.S. Caine and
W.A. Chambers. The bond that united them with Dadabhai was love for India and a keen desire
to understand her problems.
In India, his friends included Sorabjee Bengali the social reformer, Khursetji Cama, Kaisondas
Mulji, K.R. Cama, the Orientalist, Naoroji Furdonji, Jamesdji Tata, and some Indian Princes.


10
Among his younger friends were R.G. Bhandarkar, the Orientalist, N.G. Chandavarkar, the
nationalist reformer, Pherozeshah Mehta, G.K. Gokhale, Dinshaw Wacha and M.K. Gandhi.
Soon after graduation in 1845, he was appointed as the Native Head Assistant at the Elphinstone
Institute, Bombay. In 1850 he became an Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy at the Elphinstone College, Bombay. He was the first Indian to be appointed
Professor at this College. He taught in the special classes held for the spread of womens
education. In March 1856, he was nominated as Professor of Gujarati in the University College,
London, a post he continued to hold till 1865-66. During this period Dadabhai took a keen
interest in and laboured hard for the spread of education. In 1855-56, he became a business
partner and took charge of the London Branch of Cama and Co., and also became a member of
the Manchester Cotton supply Association, Further, he took an active part in the deliberation of
the Council of Liverpool, the Athenaeum and the National Indian Association. In 1865 he
founded, along with W.C. Bonnerjee, the London India Society and became its President. He
continued as President till 1907, when he returned to India. Thereafter, till his death he remained
as its Honorary President.
In 1861 he established the London Zoroastrian Association. In 1862 he separated from Cama and
Co., and started his own business in the name of Dadabhai Naoroji & Co. On 1December 1866
he founded the East India Association, London, whose scope for activity was wider, and became
its Secretary.
In 1974 he was appointed the Dewan of Baroda and a year later, on account of differences with
the Maharaja and the Resident, he resigned the Dewanship. In July 1875 he was elected a
Member of the Municipal Corporation, Bombay, and in September of the same year, he was
elected to the Town Council of the Corporation. In 1876 he resigned and left for London. He was
appointed as Justice of the Peace in 1883 and was elected to the Bombay Municipal Corporation
for the second time. In August 1885 he joined the Bombay Legislative Council at the invitation
of the Governor, Lord Reay.
On 31 January 1885, when the Bombay Presidency Association came into being, he was elected
as one of its Vice-Presidents. At the end of the same year, he took a leading part in the founding
of the Indian National Congress and became its President thrice, in 1886, 1893 and 1906.
During this period, he was engaged in other important activities. In 1873 he gave evidence
before the Parliamentary Committee on Indian Finance, the Fawcett Committee, which was
appointed through his efforts. Here he sought to prove that the incidence of taxation in India was
very high, while the average income of an Indian was barely Rs. 20/-.
In 1883 he had started a newspaper called the Voice of India.
In 1887 he gave evidence before the Public Service Commission. In 1897 he was appointed a
Member of the Royal Commission on Indian Expenditure Kinden known as the Welby
Commission. He gave evidence as a witness before this Commission in 1897, and in 1898 he
submitted his views in the form of two statements to the Indian Currency Commission. In 1905
he represented India at the International socialist Congress at Amsterdam. Dadabhai was
frequent contributor of articles and papers to various journals and magazines. He wrote regularly


11
for the Students Literary Miscellany, a journal started by the students Literary and Scientific
Society at the Elphinstone College, Bombay, which was founded in 1850. He himself edited his
societys Gujarati journal the Dnyan Prakash. In 1889, along with a few collaborators, he started
the Rast Goftar (Truth Teller), a Gujarati weekly which was known for its advanced and
progressive views, and edited it for two years.
In 1883 he started the Voice of India in Bombay and later incorporated it into the Indian
Spectator. In 1878 he published a pamphlet, Poverty of India, later revised and enlarged in the
form of a book published in 1901 from London, under the title Poverty and un-British Rule in
India. He is known in the history of Indian economic thought for his pioneering work in
assessing Indias national income, Under the title Dadabhai Naorojis Speeches and Writings,
G.A. Natesan & Co., Madras, Published various learned papers which he wrote and read before
different societies. He was a patriot and a nationalist of a high order. India was constantly in his
thoughts. As Dinshaw Wacha said: By universal consent, he has been acclaimed as the Father
of Indian Politics and Economics. Through the innumerable societies and organisations with
which he was associated and his contributions to organs of public opinion, he voiced the
grievances of the Indian people and proclaimed their aims, ideals and aspirations to the world at
large. He won with effortless ease high distinction on many fronts and will always be
remembered in the history of the national movement.



12
THE IMPACT OF THE DRAIN THEORY OF DADABHAI
NAROJI IN THE GROWTH OF ECONOMIC
NATIONALISM
Of all the national movements in colonial countries, the Indian national movement was the most
deeply and firmly rooted in an understanding of the nature and character of colonial economic
domination and exploitation.

Its early leaders, known as the moderates were the first in the 19
th
century to develop an
economic critique of colonialism.
The focal point of the nationalist critique of colonialism was the drain theory. The nationalist
leaders pointed out that a large part of Indias capital and wealth was being transferred or drained
to Britain in the form of salaries and pensions of British civil and military officials working in
India, interests on loans taken by the Indian government, profits of the British capitalists in India
and the home charges or expenses of the Indian Government in Britain.
This drain took the form of an excess of exports over the imports for which India got no
economic or national return. According to the nationalist calculations, this chain amounted to
one-half of the government revenues more than the entire land revenue collection and over one-
third of Indias total savings.
The acknowledged high priest drain theory was Dadabhai Naroji. It was in May 1867 that
Dadabhai Naroji put forward the idea that Britain was draining and bleeding India. From then on
for nearly half a century he launched a raging campaign against the drain, hammering at the
theme through every possible form of public communication. R.C. Dutt made the drain the major
theme of his Economic History of India.
He protested that taxation raised by a king is like the moisture sucked up by the sun, to be
returned to earth as fertilizing rain, but the moisture raised from the Indian soil now descends as
fertilizing rain largely on other lands, not on India.
The drain theory incorporated all the threads of the nationalist critique of colonialism, for the
drain denuded India of the productive capital its agriculture and industries so desperately needed.
Indeed the drain theory was comprehensive, inter-related and integrated economic analysis of the
colonial situation.


13
The drain theory had far reaching impact on the growth of the economic nationalism in India.
Banking on this theory the early nationalists attributed the all- encompassing poverty not as a
visitation from God or nature. It was seen as man-made, and therefore capable of being
explained and removed.
The drain by taking form of excess of exports over imports, led to progressive decline and ruin of
Indias traditional handicrafts. The British administrators pointed with pride to the rapid growth
of Indias foreign trade and rapid construction of railways as instruments of Indias development
as well as proof of its growing prosperity.
However, because of their negative impact on indigenous industries, foreign trade and railways
represented not economic development but colonization and under development of economy.
What mattered in case of foreign trade was not its volume but its pattern or nature of goods
internationally exchanged and their impact on national industry and agriculture. According to
early nationalists, drain constituted a major obstacle to rapid industrialization especially when it
was in terms of policy of free trade. The policy of free trade was on the one hand ruining Indias
handicraft industries and on the other forcing the infant and underdeveloped modern industries
into a premature and unequal and hence unfair and disastrous competitive with the highly
organized and developed industries of the west. The tariff policies of the Government convinced
the nationalists that the British economic policies in India were guided by the interest of British
capitalist class.
For the early nationalists the drain also took the form of colonial pattern of finance. Taxes were
so raised as they averred, so as to overburden the poor while letting the rich especially the
foreign capitalists and bureaucrats to go scot-free. Even on expenditure side, the emphasis was
on serving Britains imperial needs while the developmental and welfare departments were
starred.
The corrosion of faith in the British rule inevitably spread to the political field. In course of time,
the nationalist leaders linked nearly every important question with the politically subordinated
status of the country. Step by step, issue by issue, they began to draw the conclusion that since
the British administration was only the handmade to the task of exploitation, pro-Indian and
developmental policies would be followed only by a regime in which Indians had control over
political power.
The result was that even though the early nationalists remained moderates and professed loyalty
to British rule, they cut at the political roots of the empire and sowed in the land, the seeds of
disaffection and disloyalty and even sedition. Gradually, the nationalists veered from demanding
reforms to begin demanding self government or swaraj like that of the United Kingdom or the
colonies.
The nationalists of the twentieth century were relying heavily on the main themes of their
economic critique of colonialism. These themes were then to reverberate in Indian villages,
towns and cities. Based on this firm foundation, the later nationalists went on to stage powerful
mass agitations and mass movements. The drain theory thus laid the seeds for subsequent
nationalism to flower and mature.


14
REFERENCE
GOOGLE

WIKIPEDIA

http://greatfightersindia.blogspot.in

www.beta-theta.com

http://indianeducation1.weebly.com/dadabhai-naoroji.html