Electrical Installation and Practices

Topic:
Types of Electrical wirings and their
Selection
Wiring accessories
Motors and starters
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Contents
Fundamentals of electricity
Electrical word, definition and unit
Wiring System
Requirement of electrical installation
Types of wiring System.
TW Batten wiring
PVC Casing Capping Wiring
Conduit Pipe Wiring.
IE Rules of Wiring.
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Multy Storage wiring.
Wiring Installation Diagram and Symbol.
Fault of Wiring.
Magger.
DC Motor and its Speed Control.
Motor use in industries.
Starter.
Winding.
Telephone Wiring.
Transformer Winding.
Contents
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Fundamental concept of electrical energy
Introduction.
Importance of electricity.
Use of electricity
1. In industries : Heating, welding,
electroplating.
2. Domestic : Light, fan, heater, washing
machine.
3. Commercial : Cinema, Lift, water pump,
lighting, adverting display.
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Direct Current.
Alternating current.
Source of electricity.
1. Battery.
2. Dc generator.
3. Alternator.
Fundamental concept of electrical energy
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Electrical word, Definition & Unit
Electromotive force. (emf)
Current
Resistance
One Ampere
One volt
Electric power
One watt ( W )
One Ohms
Electric energy
One kilo watt hour
Specific resistance
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Wiring introduction & system
Introduction of wiring.
Types of wiring as using.
1. Domestic Wiring.
2. Commercial Wiring.
3. Industrial wiring.
Wiring System
1. Tree System.
2. Looping System.
(a) Switch and two plate ceiling rose or
switch and batten holder lopping.
(b) Three plate ceiling rose looping.
(c) In junction box looping
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Indian electricity rules pertaining to Domestic wiring
Electrical Supply line and equipment s
construction, I nstallation, protection, operation
and safety.
Consumer s service line and equipment.
Cut out in consumers area.
Introduction of earth conductor and earth neutral
position of switch and cut out.
Earth terminal in consumers area.
Handling of electrical supply line and equipment.
Supply of energy and uses.
Seal of meter and cut out.
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Introduction of wiring.
Types of wiring according to the Uses.
1. Domestic Wiring.
2. Commercial Wiring.
3. Industrial Wiring.
WIRING
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Safety
Duration
Appearance
Accessibility
Maintenance
Cost
Factors Affecting choice of wiring
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1. Cleat Wiring
2. Batten Wiring
(a) PVC Batten wiring.
(b) TRS/CTS Wiring.
(c) Lead Sheath Wiring.
3. Casing Capping wiring
(a) Wood Casing capping
Wiring
(b) PVC Casing Capping
Wiring.
Types of Wiring
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4. Conduit Wiring
(a) Surface conduit wiring
Metal Conduit Wiring
PVC conduit wiring
(b) Cunsild Conduit Wiring
Metal Conduit Wiring.
PVC Conduit wiring.
Types of Wiring
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I ntroduction
The types of wiring to be adopted is dependent on
various factors, viz, durability, safety, appearance,
cost, consumers budget etc.
Cleat wiring
This System uses insulated Cables sub protected
in porcelain cleats.
CLEAT WIRING
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Cleat wiring is recommended only for temporary
installations. The cleats are made in pairs having
bottom and top halves. The bottom half is grooved to
receive the wire and the top half is for cable grip.
Initially the bottom and top cleats are fixed on the
wall loosely according to the layout. Then the cable is
drawn, tensioned and the cleats are tightened by the
screw. Cleats are of three types, having one, two or
three grooves, so as to receive one, two or three
wires. Two types of cleats.
CLEAT WIRING
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Cleat wiring is one of the cheapest wiring considering
the initial cost and labor, and is most suitable for
temporary wiring. This wiring can be quickly
installed, easily inspected and altered. When not
required, this wiring could be dismantled without
damage to the cables, cleats and accessories
CLEAT WIRING
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CLEAT WIRING
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B.I.S. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLEAT
WIRING
General
This system shall not be employed for wiring on
damp walls or ceilings unless precautions are
adopted for effectively preventing dampness and
thus the deterioration of the insulation of the
conductors.
Accessibility
Cleat wiring shall be run, as far as practicable, so as
to be visible. In positions where they would be
liable to mechanical injury and where they are less
than 1.5 m above the floor, they shall be
adequately protected.
CLEAT WIRING
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Class of cables
Vulcanized rubber insulted cables, PVC and
polythene insulted cables, braided or unbraided
insulted cables could be used without any further
protection.
Cleats
All cleats shall consist of two parts, a base piece
and a cap. Cleats shall be fixed at distances not
more than 60 cm apart and at regular intervals.
CLEAT WIRING
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Where cleat wiring is laid along an iron joist,
porcelain cleats shall be inserted either with
varnished wood fillets or varnished wood clamps
securely fixed so as to prevent the conductors from
coming in contact with the metal along witch they
are passing.
Fixing of cleats
In ordinary cases, cleats shall be attached to wooden
plugs fixed to the walls
CLEAT WIRING
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Distance apart of wires
For pressure up to 250 volts, cleats shall be of such
dimensions that in the case of branch loads,
conductors shall not be less than 2.5 cm apart,
centre to centre, and in the case of sub-mains not
less than 4 cm apart, centre to centre. Care shall be
taken in selecting the size of cleats particularly for
branch distribution wiring where two-way and
three-way porcelain cleats are essential and the
difference in size shall be reasonable. Care should
CLEAT WIRING
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also be taken ensure that grooves of porcelain cleats
are essential and the difference in size shall be
reasonable. Care should also be taken to ensure that
grooves of porcelain cleats do not compress the
insulation nor be too wide for a loose fit. Under no
circumstances two wires shall be placed in one
groove of the porcelain cleats.
CLEAT WIRING
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Crossing of conductors
Where cleated conductors cross each other they shall be
separated by an insulating bridging piece, which will
rigidly maintain a distance of atleast1.3 cm between the
conductors. Where joints are required for connecting
bifurcating wires, junction boxes with porcelain
connectors inside shall be used.
Protection near the floor
No cleat wiring shall be left unprotected up to 1.5 m above
the floor level. When brought through the floor it shall
be enclosed in a conduit. (IS 732-1963)
CLEAT WIRING
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Batten Wiring
Tough rubber-Sheathed (T.R.S.) or PVC- Sheathed
cables are suitable to run on teak wood battens.
Varnishing of teak wood batten
Method of securing the battens
Suitability of tough rubber-sheathed cable
Suitability of PVC sheathed cable
Painting
Bending in wiring
Passing through the walls
Buried cable
BATTEN WIRING
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Link Clips
Link clips are used for family clipping the cables in
position.
Link clips are of two types.
Link clip which has separate linking eye.
Joint link clip which has combined linking eye.
Link clip are available in the following size.
BATTEN WIRING
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25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 50mm, 63mm, 80mm, out of
which up to 40mm clips have one hole, while above
that they have two holes for fixing.
Fig2 shows the joint link clips. These are available in
the sizes 16mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 50mm,
63mm, 80mm with a thickness of 0.32mm and have
one hole up to 40mm while above that they have two
hole for fixing.
Link clips are made of tin or brass- coated tin or
aluminium.
BATTEN WIRING
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BATTEN WIRING
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Introduction
This system of wiring is suitable for low voltage
installation, in this wiring, cables like vulcanized
rubber, insulated cables or plastic insulated cables are
use and carried within the wood casing enclosures.
The wood casing wiring system shall not be use in
damp places and in ill-ventilated places, unless
suitable precautions are taken.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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Material and pattern of casing
All casing shall be of first class, seasoned teak wood
or any other approved hardwood free from knots,
shakes, saps or other defects, with all the sides planed
to a smooth finish, and all sides well varnished, both
inside and out side with pure shellac varnish. The
casing shall have a grooved body with a beaded or
plain- moulded cover as desired.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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Dimensions of casing.
The size of casing and capping to be used for various
sizes of 250 volts grade insulated cables in a groove
shall be in accordance with those specified in table 1.
Bunching of circuits.
Attachment of casing to wall and ceiling.
Attachment of capping.
Passing over the floors.
Joints in casing and capping.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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Types of Joint
1. Straight joint.
2. Tee joint.
3. Right- angled joint.
4. Corner joint.
5. Tee-bridge joint.
6. Cross- bridge joint.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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1. Straight joint.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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1. Tee joint.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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1. Corner joint.
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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Half-lap T joint
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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Cross- Joint
CASING CAPPING WIRING
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Introduction
In general, a conduit is defined as a tube or channel.
Tubular conduit is the most commonly used
material in electrical installations. When cables are
drawn through the conduit and terminated at the
outlet or switch points, the system of wiring is
called conduit wiring.
CONDUIT WIRING
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Types of conduits.
There are four types of conduits used for wiring.
1.Rigid steel conduit
2.Rigid non-metallic conduit
3.Flexible steel conduit
4.Flexible non metallic conduit.
CONDUIT WIRING
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PVC Fittings and accessories couplers
1. Couplers
2. Elbow
3. Bends
4. Tee
5. Circular boxes
6. Rectangular boxes.
CONDUIT WIRING
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Couplers
CONDUIT WIRING
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Elbow
CONDUIT WIRING
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Bends
CONDUIT WIRING
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Tees
CONDUIT WIRING
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Circular boxes
CONDUIT WIRING
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Rectangular boxes
CONDUIT WIRING
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Junction Boxes
CONDUIT WIRING
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DC Motor
Introduction of DC motor.
Principal and operation of DC motor.
Motor Characteristics.
Types of Dc motor.
1. DC Shunt Motor
2. DC Series Motor
3. DC Compound Motor.
4. DC Different ional Compound Motor
Starting of DC Motor
Speed Control of DC Motor.
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Different types of variable speed AC Motors and their
control.
Different types of motors used in industries.
Squirrel cage induction motor
Slip ring induction motor
Single phase induction motor
A C Motor
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Classification and cooling methods
Motor size, speed and their method of wiring
Motor connection and earthling
Application of 3-point, 4 point star delta
starters.
A C Motor
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Types of Winding
Introduction
DC machine winding
1. Lap winding
2. Wav winding
- Pole Pitch, Back pitch, Front pitch, winding pitch,
coil pitch.
AC machine winding
1. Single phase winding
2. Three phase winding
1. Single layer winding
2. Double layer winding
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Transformer winding
Introduction of transformer winding
Prepare data of transformer
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Introduction
Requirement of Starter
Different types of Starter
Direct on line Starter
Auto Transformer Starter
Star-Delta Starter
Rotor resistance Starter
Working principal of all different types of starter.
Starters A C Motor
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Introduction
Types of Single phase
induction motor.
Shaded pole motor
Capacitor Start
Induction run motor
Capacitor start
capacitor run motor.
Single phase A C Motor
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MEGGER
Introduction
Varies uses of megger
1) To measure insulation resistance of wire.
2) Testing of faults.
3) Testing of continuities of circuits.
4) To measure earth resistance .
Structure of megger
Megger use as a earth tester
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