Mark Schemes March 2008

GCSE 360Science

GCSE

GCSE Additional Science (2103)

GCSE Biology (2105)

GCSE Chemistry (2107)
GCSE Physics (2109)

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March 2008
Publications Code UG ??????
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Edexcel Ltd 2008
 Contents

Multiple choice papers

Unit 5015/5027 1

Unit 5017/5037 2

Unit 5019/5047 3

Structured papers

Using the Mark Scheme 4

Unit 5016F/5028F 5

Unit 5016H/5028H 8

Unit 5018F/5038F 11

Unit 5018H/5038H 14

Unit 5020F/5048F 17

Unit 5020H/5048H 21
Multiple Choice Papers – March 2008

Unit B2 – 5015 Unit B2 – 5015 Unit B2 – 5015

Topics 1, 2, 3 & 4 Topics 1, 2, 3 & 4 Topics 1, 2, 3 & 4
1 B 17 B 25 B
2 C 18 B 26 D
3 B 19 D 27 A
4 D 20 A 28 C
5 A 21 A 29 C
6 C 22 C 30 D
7 C 23 C 31 A
8 C 24 B 32 B
9 A 33 C
10 C 34 C
11 B 35 D
12 D 36 B
13 A 37 B
14 D 38 C
15 D 39 D
16 C 40 D

1
Unit C2 – 5017/5037 Unit C2 – 5017/5037 Unit C2 – 5017/5037
Topics 5, 6, 7 & 8 Topics 5, 6, 7 & 8 Topics 5, 6, 7 & 8

1 C 17 C 25 A
2 D 18 C 26 C
3 B 19 A 27 A
4 C 20 A 28 C
5 B 21 D 29 B
6 A 22 C 30 C
7 B 23 B 31 A
8 D 24 B 32 C
9 A 33 C
10 B 34 D
11 B 35 A
12 C 36 D
13 C 37 D
14 D 38 A
15 C 39 C
16 A 40 C

2
Unit P2 – 5019/5047 Unit P2 – 5019/5047 Unit P2 – 5019/5047
Topics 9, 10, 11 & 12 Topics 9, 10, 11 & 12 Topics 9, 10, 11 & 12
1 C 17 C 25 B
2 D 18 C 26 A
3 C 19 B 27 D
4 B 20 C 28 A
5 D 21 A 29 A
6 B 22 D 30 C
7 B 23 A 31 D
8 B 24 D 32 B
9 A 33 D
10 D 34 B
11 A 35 C
12 A 36 C
13 A 37 A
14 D 38 B
15 D 39 C
16 B 40 D

3
Structured Papers – March 2008

Using the Mark Scheme

1. This mark scheme gives you; * an idea of the type of response expected
* how individual marks are to be awarded
* the total mark for each question
* examples of responses that should not receive credit.

2. ; separates points for the award of each mark.

3. / means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit.

4. ( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark but helps the examiner to get the
sense of the expected answer.

5. Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase/word is essential to the answer.

6. OWTTE (or words to that effect) and eq (equivalent) indicate that valid alternative answers (which have not
been specified) are acceptable.

7. ‘Ignore’ means that this answer is not worth a mark but does not negate an additional correct response.

8. ‘Reject’ means that the answer is wrong and negates any additional correct response for that specific mark.

9. ORA (or reverse argument) indicates that the complete reverse is also valid for the award of marks.

10. ecf (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a question is used correctly
in answer to a later part of the same question.

Marking
1. You must give a tick (in red) for every mark awarded. The tick must be placed on the script close to the
answer. The total mark awarded for a question should be written in the box at the end of the question.

2. The total marks for a question should then transferred to the front of the script.

3. Suggestion/explanation questions should be marked correct even when the suggestion is contained within the
explanation.

4. Do not award marks for repetition of the stem of the question.

5. Make sure that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together
in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct scientific context.

Amplification
1. In calculations, full credit must be given for a bald, correct answer. If a numerical answer is incorrect, look at
the working and award marks according to the mark scheme.

2. Consequential marking should be used in calculations. This is where a candidate's working is correct but is
based upon a previous error. When consequential marks have been awarded write "ecf" next to the ticks.

3. If candidates use the mole in calculations they must be awarded full marks for a correct answer even though
the term may not be on the syllabus at their level.

4. If candidates use chemical formulae instead of chemical names, credit can only be given if the formulae are
correct.

4
 Additional Science 5016F
Biology 5028F

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 glucose;
oxygen;

(may be reversed)

carbon dioxide;
water;

(may be reversed)
(4)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) (i) 122 – 124; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) (ii) 11.5 – 13.5; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) (iii) 55 -58; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (b) (i) increased height / larger / get bigger / taller / (1)
weight / mass / number of cells;

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (b) (ii) number of cells / mass / weight / bigger;
[Ignore dry mass] (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (a) 27 or 28;

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (b) only Jean’s point would also explain why air (1)
pollution has increased; first box

5
Question Answer Mark
Number
3 (c) Any three from:
1. more people;
2. more factories;
3. less trees in urban areas / OWTTE;
4. more power stations;
5. bigger, more polluting cars;
6. need for more energy (power stations);
7. deforestation;
8. forest fires; (3)
9. more CFC’s / more fridge disposal /
more aerosols;

Accept other correct responses that would cause an

increase in air pollution

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (a) Any two from:
1. tree/trunk cut off;
2. just above ground level;
3. repeated every few years; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (b) Any two from:
1. stems harvested for use / supply / demand;
2. not all trees are at desired size;
3. provides annual crop / income;
4. correct reference to maintaining biodiversity;
(2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (c) Any two from:
1. lets in more light / increased temperature /
more rain / dryer;
2. increased variety of plants can grow; (2)
3. increased habitats for animals;

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (a) mitosis; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (b) Any two from:
1. wound sealed / healed / scab formed;
2. mass / ball of cells;
3. (which are) undifferentiated;

6
 4. stem cells / no Hayflick limit;
5. cells grow / regenerate / mitosis / divide;
6. differentiate / examples;
[Ignore cells grow larger] (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (c) re-grow human limbs /
cheaper compared to prosthetics/
better chance of survival if injured/
produce stem cells / must relate newt gene to GM; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (a) photosynthesis; (1)
[Reject respiration]

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (b) Any two from:
1. idea that percentage of carbon dioxide is not
affected (significantly) by a nearby plant/
a tree / enough carbon dioxide to go around;
[Ignore lots of carbon dioxide]
2. air movement/
wind means air constantly changing;
3. replaced by respiration /
trees make carbon dioxide / decomposition /
combustion; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (c) (i) Any two from:
1. sample the soil (under the tree);
2. test nitrate concentrations / levels;
3. link range to test;
4. research what typical nitrate levels are in soil
(using books / internet); (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (c) (ii) temperature / carbon dioxide levels / water levels / (1)
light intensity / other mineral levels / pH /
colour or green-ness of plant /
density of grass plants in the pots /
length or surface area of roots;
[Ignore width of stem / dry mass / wet mass]

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 30 MARKS

7
Additional Science 5016H
Biology 5028H

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (a) mitosis; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (b) Any two from:
1. wound sealed / healed / scab formed;
2. mass / ball of cells;
3. (which are) undifferentiated;
4. stem cells / no Hayflick limit;
5. cells grow / regenerate / mitosis / divide;
6. differentiate / examples;
[Ignore cells grow larger] (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (c) re-grow human limbs /
cheaper compared to prosthetics/
better chance of survival if injured/
produce stem cells / must relate newt gene to GM; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) photosynthesis;
[Reject respiration] (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (b) Any two from:
1. idea that percentage of carbon dioxide is not
affected (significantly) by a nearby plant/
a tree / enough carbon dioxide to go around;
[Ignore lots of carbon dioxide]
2. air movement/
wind means air constantly changing;
3. replaced by respiration /
trees make carbon dioxide / decomposition /
combustion; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (c) (i) Any two from:
1. sample the soil (under the tree);
2. test nitrate concentrations / levels;
3. link range to test;
4. research what typical nitrate levels are in soil
(using books / internet); (2)

8
Question Answer Mark
Number
2 (c) (ii) temperature / carbon dioxide levels / water levels /
light intensity / other mineral levels / pH /
colour or green-ness of plant /
density of grass plants in the pots /
length or surface area of roots;
[Ignore width of stem / dry mass / wet mass] (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (a) all points plotted correctly +/- half a small square; (2)
deduct one mark for each incorrectly plotted point;
suitable line of best fit; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (b) Any two from:
1. at the top of the fermenter the pH remains
steady / at the bottom the pH is more varied;
2. at the bottom of the fermenter as the speed
increases the pH falls;
3. credit accurate or detailed description of pupil
line e.g. levels off after 40;
4. pH at bottom never falls as low as pH at
the top of the fermenter;
5. credit correct manipulation of figures; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (c) to ensure optimum conditions throughout the whole
of the fermenter (for the micro organisms) /
stops settling / reduces settling /
stops or reduce areas where cells die; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (a) less (fossil) fuels/ containing sulphur being burnt /
smokeless zones /
idea of more efficient scrubbing /
cleaning of sulphur dioxide / (1)
switching to renewable energy;

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (b) lichen diversity increases / it increases /
more types of lichen; (1)

9
Question Answer Mark
Number
5 (a) 50 X 19; (1)
950(m3); (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (b) Any two from:
1. light intensity lower (on mars);
2. colder (for algae);
3. leakage of oxygen from biosphere;
4. other organisms may get in; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (c) Any two from:
1. not seasonal;
2. rapid population growth / wheat grows slowly;
3. easily manipulated;
4. uses up waste, e.g. nitrates more effectively;
5. no need for soil/eq;
6. less waste (e.g. straw) after harvesting /
less space used / ORA; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (d) (solar panels generate electricity) for heat / warmth /
increased light levels for more photosynthesis / enzymes
working faster;
OR
provide light at night so photosynthesis goes on for (1)
longer;

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 Any five from:
1. DNA splits (along a small length) / unwinds /
unzips;
[Ignore A-T]
2. complimentary base pairs match up;
3. (m)RNA made;
4. (m)RNA leaves nucleus;
5. (m)RNA lies on/attaches to ribosomes;
6. triplets/codons;
7. anticodons pair up; (5)
8. (t)RNA specific to amino acids;
[Reject wrong RNA]
9. amino acids joined together;
10. by enzyme (e.g. protein synthetase);
[Credit transcription or/and translation if used correctly]

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 30 MARKS

10
 Additional Science 5018F
Chemistry 5038F

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(a) alloys; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (b) electrons; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (c) malleable; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) exothermic / combustion / oxidation / burning; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (b) ethane; (1)
[Reject ethene]
3; (1)
H H H H (1)
H C C C C H
H H H H ;
[Allow CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3]

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (c) covalent; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (d) C C/ double bond / / ‘equals sign’; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (e) polymer; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (a) electrolysis / (electro)plating / silver plating / (1)
reduction / oxidation / redox;

11
Question Answer Mark
Number
3 (b) (i) atom (or group of atoms) with a (positive or (1)
negative) charge / charged particle /
atom that has gained or lost electrons;

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (b) (ii) AgNO3; (1)
[Allow Ag+NO3− / AgNO3]

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (b) (iii) positive (ions attracted to negative electrode) / (1)
they are cations /opposite charges attract;

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (a) reversible; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (b) 17 / 14 + 1 + 1 + 1 / 14 + (3 x 1); (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (c) increases rate of reaction / speeds up reaction/ (1)
can use a lower temperature for the reaction /
get ammonia faster / more profit / less energy used;

Question Answer Mark

Number
4(d) (i) greater yield / faster growth / better growth /
more crop / bigger plants / more profit / (1)
adds nutrients etc;

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (d) (ii) Any two from:
1. (excess) fertiliser washes off land / leaching;
2. pollutes rivers;
3. causes eutrophication;
4. kills wildlife / fish;
5. causes algae to grow in rivers; ….
6. …. which reduces oxygen content of water;
7. pollutes drinking water; (2)
8. Blue baby syndrome;

12
Question Answer Mark
Number
5 (a) Any two from:
1. non-biodegradable;
2. does not rot;
3. therefore persists;
4. uses up space;
5. toxic decomposition products;
6. toxic substances leached out;
7. animals can be stuck in plastic;
8. any other relevant point; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (b) Any two from:
1. harder to make /
shortage of any crude oil product;
2. need new source of crude oil product;
3. prices rise;
(2)
4. any other suitable point;

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (a) (i) 2,8,7; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (a) (ii) both same no/seven outer electrons / (1)
each short of one outer electron;

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (b) Any two from:
1. full outer shell/8 electrons in outer shell;
2. much energy needed to use electrons to form
bonds;
3. does not gain/ lose electrons; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (c) (i) 52 / 28 + 24; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6 (c) (ii) chromium/ Cr; (1)

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 30 MARKS

13
 Additional Science 5018H
Chemistry 5038H

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (a) Any two from:
1. non-biodegradable;
2. does not rot;
3. therefore persists;
4. uses up space;
5. toxic decomposition products;
6. toxic substances leached out;
7. animals can be stuck in plastic;
8. any other relevant point; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (b) Any two from:
1. harder to make /
shortage of any crude oil product;
2. need new source of crude oil product;
3. prices rise;
(2)
4. any other suitable point;

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) (i) 2,8,7; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (a) (ii) both same no/seven outer electrons / (1)
each short of one outer electron;

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (b) Any two from:
1. full outer shell/8 electrons in outer shell;
2. much energy needed to use electrons to form
bonds;
3. does not gain/ lose electrons; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (c) (i) 52 / 28 + 24; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2 (c) (ii) chromium/ Cr; (1)

14
Question Answer Mark
Number
3 (a) 2 HCl;
s, aq, g, l [Allow 1 error]; (2)
[Allow S, AQ, G, L]

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (b) Any three from:
1. particles gain energy;
2. move faster / more;
3. more collisions;
4. have more (activation) energy;
5. which is energy required for reaction; (3)
6. greater proportion of collisions successful;

Question Answer Mark

Number
3 (c) measure loss in mass/ volume gas produced /
use a datalogger / use balance / use gas syringe /
use upward measuring cylinder / time reaction / (1)
quantity
use stopwatch / ;
time

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (a) 1 correct shared pair;
rest of molecule correct (with or without inner (2)
electrons);

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (b) in diamond strong / covalent bonds must be broken;
in water only weak IMF / molecules easy to separate; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4 (c) (H2 = 2 and) H2O = 18; (or 2H2O = 36)
ratio 1:1;
20 g 180 g; (3)

Or
4g 36 g;;
20
20 g 36 x = 180 g;
4

15
Question Answer Mark
Number
5 (a) all three gases / N2, H2 and NH3 / everything;
reaction goes both ways/ reaches equilibrium/
reversible/ does not go to completion; (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (b) (i) increases / more (ammonia); (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (b (ii) fewer molecules on RHS / equilibrium moves to RHS; (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5 (c) Any three from:
1. higher temperature gives lower yield;
2. higher temperature more expensive; (3)
3. lower temperature slower;
4. 400 °C optimum;
5. 400 °C gives good yield;
6. 400 °C gives yield in reasonable time;
7. maximum output under these conditions;

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 30 MARKS

16
Additional Science 5020F
Physics 5048F

Q no. answer allow ignore reject mark

1a Any two from can’t control the car 2
• low friction (between road
surface and tyres)/ slippery;
• unable to produce turning
force/OWTTE;
• (tyres) can’t grip the road;
• stopping distance increased;

1b Any two sensible;; side impact bar reference to speed 2

e.g. a.b.s.
airbag/air cushion
crumple zone
seat belt

2a electrons; recognisable spellings 1

positive; recognisable spellings 1
repelled; recognisable spellings 1
like OR positive; recognisable spellings 1
(the) same (type of)
forces; recognisable spellings 1
2bi Any two from: 2
• static /charge;
• caused by friction;
• Phillip is earthed/ORA;
• car is charged;
• discharged through Phillip;

17
2bii Any one from: 1
• charges ‘leak’ in damp
weather/ORA;
• more charge when warm and
dry;
• less charge when raining;

3ai Any two from: fission fragments 2

• n hits U (nucleus);
• U (nucleus) becomes unstable;
• U (nucleus) splits;
• 2 daughter products;
• extra n released; high speed of particles
• energy released;

3aii kinetic (energy); movement (energy) thermal /(heat) 1

recognisable spellings
3b fuel rods remain radioactive for a 2
long time after use;
fuel rods could be used to help make
nuclear weapons;

1 correct tick = 1mark

2 correct ticks = 2marks
1 correct and 1 incorrect =1 mark
2 correct and 1 incorrect = 1 mark

2 or 3 incorrect = 0 marks

18
4ai (gravitational) potential energy stored for potential 2
reduced/transferred/changed;
movement energy for
kinetic energy; kinetic

4aii any two from: 2

requirement for energy to gain ht;
idea of energy loss;
where energy is lost;

4b work done equals electrical energy bald correct ans = 2 2

spent / V± I ±t; marks

600 x 25 x 180
OR 2 700 000 /2.7MJ / 2 700 KJ;

mark from bottom up

5a more than one tick per horizontal 2

row negates that row
most penetrating – gamma
least penetrating – alpha
most ionising – alpha
least ionising – gamma
Any one correct row; (1 mark)
All 4 rows correct;;

5b gamma 1
most penetrating/greatest range; least ionising so safer

5c protons =27 2
electrons = 27
neutrons = 33
Any one correct; (1 mark)
All 3 correct;;

19
5d (performance) cobalt x-rays 1
penetration OR time to scan;

5d (safety) cobalt X ray lower energy references to 1

faster; penetration

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 30 MARKS

20
Additional Science 5020H
Physics 5048H

Q no. answer allow ignore reject mark

1a more than one tick per horizontal 2
row negates that row
most penetrating – gamma
least penetrating – alpha
most ionising – alpha
least ionising – gamma
Any one correct row; (1 mark)
All 4 rows correct;;

1b gamma 1
most penetrating/greatest range; least ionising so safer

1c protons =27 2
electrons = 27
neutrons = 33
Any one correct; (1 mark)
All 3 correct;;

1d (performance–) cobalt X-rays 1

penetration OR time to scan;

1d (safety –) cobalt X ray lower energy references to 1

faster; penetration

2ai no mark for f=ma ecf from incorrect mass 2

substitution/ 7.92X0.93; (5) J39.6 (40) for 1 mark
(5.93)J 46.96 (47) for 1
7.37 (N)/7.4(N); mark
2aii backwards /to oppose movement/ unqualified ‘against the 1
to left; trolley’

21
2aiii Any two from: 2
1. (between) wheels/trolley
and bench;
2. friction at the axle(s);
3. (friction at) the pulley;
4. drag/air resistance;

2bi mgh no marks ecf from incorrect mass 2

substitution / 5 X 10 X 0.6; OR incorrect length for 1
30 (J); mark
35.58/ 5.58/ 3000

2bii 30 (J) ecf from 2bi 1

2biii no mark for equation ecf from bii or bi 2

substitution: 30 = 0.5 X 5.93 X v2;
3.18 (m/s)/3.2 (m/s);
35.58 J3.46…….2 marks
5.58 J1.372…….2 marks
3000J31.809……2 marks
ecf from incorrect mass
for 1 mark
if 0.93 usedJ8.032
if 5 used J3.46…CARE
Check and allow maximum
of 1 error in biii….ecf from
bii does not count as an
error

22
3a 2+ nuclei fuse/join/merge; specific example (H JHe) • particles unless 1
qualified by
nuclear
• idea of
chemical
bonding

3b Any two from: suitable/correct 2

• high pressure; high energy levels instead temperature
• high temperature; of temperature
• high particle density; suitable/correct pressure

4ai (background) radiation/ particles very high energy radiation rays microwave radiation 1
from the sun or outer space or plus consequence from big bang
galaxy; (range/penetration)
idea of source is needed

4aii Any one from • penetration idea • confusion with causes skin cancers 1
• ionises; • very high energy UV, IR etc
• produces secondary • mutates DNA • mutates cells
particles; • genetic damage
• causes mutations/tissue • damaging/killing
damage; cells
• causes cancer

4bi the greater the altitude the smaller inverse relationship (e.g. • if dose is not 1
the number of hours flying inversely proportional) the same
time/ORA; • greater dose at
higher
altitudes/ ORA
4bii idea altitude X flying time ≡ dose; OWTTE negative correlation 1
credit bii if seen in bi inversely proportional

23
4biii atmosphere absorbs radiation/ ORA; thinner air not closer to space 1

4ci all points; points not seen • “tram” lines 2

best fit curve; decent attempt at curve • thick lines
(some wobble, but must go • definite st lines
through at least 4 points)

4cii magnetosphere protects us/ (Earth’s) magnetic field ozone layer 1

forms ‘barrier’ esp. over
equator;

4di damage to cells leading to altered birth defects cancer

growth/ionising babies cells; mutation of DNA mutation of cells

4dii any sensible e.g. lead lined clothing

transfer to low level flying; fly less frequently
transfer to routes over equator;
become ground crew;

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 30 MARKS

24
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