Granor Elastomeric Bridge Bearings

ELASTOMERIC LAMINATED BEARINGS

Introduction
Granor Elastomeric Laminated Bearings are designed for use
in bridge & building structures, under pre-cast concrete beams,
steel beam supports etc as a load bearing component capable of
providing translational movement in both horizontal directions
together with rotational capacity, whilst also providing a degree
of vibration isolation to the structure they support.
The dilemma often faced by structural engineers is the attempt
to balance the factors of cost, ease of installation, life expectancy,
maintenance, corrosion protection and consistency of
manufacture of structural bearings. The structural engineer must
also at times meet restrictions on both bearing support area and
height. When balancing all the above factors the
ELASTOMERIC LAMINATED BEARING will almost
certainly triumph above any other concept of a structural load
bearing component, providing the maximum translation
required is within the capacity of an Elastomeric Bearing.

Specification / Testing

Granor Elastomeric Laminated Bearings are manufactured and

tested to the requirements of AS-1523 or to AUSTROADS
BDC-1992.
The above specifications are based upon the original British
Ministry of Transport publication, known as M.O.T. 802.
Material and physical testing of our bearings is available if
requested at the time of placement of orders. Such would be
carried out by a N.A.T.A. laboratory specifically registered for
the specified testing procedures.

Life Expectancy
One particular advantage that Laminated Elastomeric Bearings
have over other types of structural bearings, is their inherent long
life expectancy. Recorded visual inspection of natural rubber
pads and rings uncovered in old tunnels in London, UK, show
that after some 50 years of service, they were still in good
condition. Keeping in mind that technology in the compounding
of rubber has greatly improved since these pads and rings were
installed, it can be safely stated that current day Laminated
Elastomeric Bearings can be given a predicable life expectancy
of some 100 years.

* The texture of the contact surface should be kept at a high

coefficient of friction. Where steel plates are used, hot dip
galvanising of plates has been shown to be most
satisfactory surface treatment, although the relatively low
friction of galvanised plates must be considered.
* Edge clearance, ie; support area around perimeter of the
bearing. A distance of approx 25 mm around the bearing
should be adopted.
* Supporting mortar pads under the bearings should be of a
high quality grout or epoxy resin and should allow a
greater stress capacity than that potentially given by the
bearing under full design load, and rotation. A normal
thickness of 25 to 30 mm is typical. It should not be less
than 10mm. If greater than 25mm, re-inforcement may be
required.

Attachment Methods
Bearings may be restrained in position by friction only, provided
that under all load combinations:
H 0.1 (V + 2A x 10-3)
eff

and under permanent loads only:

a for plain pad and strip bearings
V x 103 1+
Aeff
b
V x 103 2
Aeff

for laminated bearings

Aeff = Effective plan area, ie projected area common to top and

bottom and when a bearing is distorted tangentially (mm2).
Where mechanical devices are used to restrain the bearing, the
design engineer should be aware that these may limit the depth
of elastomer available to accommodate shear deformation.
Figs. 1 4 illustrate some options of fixity.

Installation of Laminated Bearings

Whilst, as previously stated, one can expect the Granor
Laminated Elastomeric Bearings to last the life of the structure,
it is always good design practice to detail installation to facilitate
possible removal and / or replacement of the bearings.
The following guidelines should be considered
* Flatness of the contact surface should be within + / - 1 mm
over the required area. Where contact surfaces are
preformed, then any out of parallelism should be
considered in the context of the total available rotational
capacity of the bearing.

Explanation of Tables
The technical information on the following four pages relates to
the physical and calculated performance characteristics of
bearings available in our standard ranges, both in rectangular and
circular bearings. Values quoted are nominal. Tolerances apply.

Page 3

Granor Elastomeric Laminated Bearings

Dimensions nominated are subject to standard manufacturing tolerances.

Rated load

PLAN
SIZE

SERIES A
230
X
150
SERIES B
230
X
200
SERIES C
350
X
170

SERIES D
350
X

Granor
Part
Number

Height
overall
mm

At
max.
shear
kN

At
zero
shear
kN

RECTANGULAR PLAN SERIES BEARINGS

Shear
deflection
capacity
mm

Rotation capacity
at unit applied load
Short
Long
dimension dimension
10-6 rad/kN 10-6 rad/kN

Number
of
internal
rubber
layers

Calculated
compressive
stiffness
at zero
shear
103 kN/m

Mean
shear
stiffness
(Tol. 20%)
103 kN/m

GAA-02-M
GAA-04-M
GAA-06-M
GAA-08-M

35
57
79
101

190
180
170
160*

280
280
280
280

10.0
16.0
22.0
27.6*

28.9
57.7
86.6
115.5

18.8
37.6
56.5
75.3

2
4
6
8

243
159
118
94.2

1.33
0.830
0.604
0.474

GAB-01-M
GAB-02-M
GAB-04-M
GAB-06-M

27
41
69
97

130
130
120
120*

190
190
190
190

8.5
13.0
22.0
27.6*

45.4
90.8
181.5
272.3

29.6
59.2
118.4
177.6

1
2
4
6

187
114
64.2
44.7

1.56
1.02
0.604
0.428

GBA-02-M
GBA-04-M
GBA-06-M
GBA-09-M

35
57
79
112

310
300
290
280

450
450
450
450

10.0
16.0
22.0
31.0

11.6
23.2
34.9
52.3

10.1
20.2
30.3
45.5

2
4
6
9

441
291
218
158

1.77
1.11
0.805
0.571

GBB-01-M
GBB-02-M
GBB-04-M
GBB-06-M
GBB-08-M

27
41
69
97
125

210
210
200
190
180*

300
300
300
300
300

8.5
13.0
22.0
31.0
37.6*

18.0
36.0
72.0
108.1
144.1

15.7
31.3
62.6
94.0
125.3

1
2
4
6
8

344
212
120
83.9
64.5

2.08
1.36
0.805
0.571
0.443

GCA-02-M
GCA-04-M
GCA-06-M
GCA-09-M

35
57
79
112

430
410
400
370

620
620
620
620

10.0
16.0
22.0
31.0

9.4
18.8
28.2
42.3

4.6
9.1
13.7
20.5

2
4
6
9

636
422
316
229

2.29
1.43
1.04
0.739

GCB-02-M
GCB-04-M
GCB-06-M

41
69
97

290
270
250

420
420
420

13.0
22.0
31.0

28.9
57.8
86.7

14.0
28.1
42.1

2
4
6

310
176
123

1.76
1.04
0.739

GDB-02
GDB-04
GDB-06
GDB-08
GDB-10

45
73
101
129
157

630
610
580
560
540

900
900
900
900
900

15.0
24.0
33.0
42.0
51.0

6.4
12.8
19.1
25.5
31.9

5.1
10.2
15.3
20.4
25.5

2
4
6
8
10

576
380
284
227
188

2.52
1.57
1.14
0.898
0.740

GDC-02
GDC-04
GDC-06
GDC-08

51
85
119
153

470
450
420
410*

680
680
680
680

18.0
30.0
42.0
52.0*

14.2
28.5
42.7
56.9

11.4
22.8
34.1
45.5

2
4
6
8

353
207
147
114

2.10
1.26
0.898
0.699

GDD-02
GDD-04
GDD-06

57
97
137

380
350
330

550
550
550

21.0
36.0
51.0

26.8
53.6
80.4

21.4
42.9
64.3

2
4
6

218
120
82.7

1.80
1.05
0.740

GEB-02
GEB-04
GEB-06
GEB-08

45
73
101
129

810
780
740
710

1170
1170
1170
1170

15.0
24.0
33.0
42.0

5.3
10.6
15.9
21.1

2.8
5.5
8.3
11.0

2
4
6
8

774
512
383
305

3.08
1.92
1.4
1.1

GEC-02
GEC-04
GEC-06

51
85
119

600
570
540

890
890
890

18.0
30.0
42.0

11.7
23.5
35.2

6.1
12.2
18.3

2
4
6

476
280
199

2.57
1.54
1.1

GED-02
GED-04
GED-06

37
97
137

480
450
440*

720
720
720

21.0
36.0
46.0*

22.1
44.1
66.2

11.5
23.0
34.5

2
4
6

295
163
112

2.20
1.28
0.906

280

SERIES E
480
X
250

*Note 1 - Value based on the maximum allowable reduction in projected plan area = 20 per cent for shear parallel to the short dimension.
*Note 2 - For fixed bearings, with holes, it should be noted that a reduction in rated load capacity will occur. Exact load capacity figures can be
determined from first principals. Consultation with us can assist in determining these values.
*Note 3 - Manufacturing tolerances do not apply to compressive stiffness values stated in these tables. If the rotational capacity of the bearing
selected is "marginal", then it is suggested the next thicker bearing should be specified.

Page 4

Granor Elastomeric Laminated Bearings

Dimensions nominated are subject to standard manufacturing tolerances.

Rated load

PLAN
SIZE

SERIES F
480
X
300

SERIES G
480
X
380

SERIES H
600
X
330

SERIES J
600
X
450

SERIES K
600
X
600

Height
overall

RECTANGULAR PLAN SERIES BEARINGS

Shear
deflection
capacity

Rotation capacity
at unit applied load

Number
of
internal
rubber
layers

Calculated
compressive
stiffness
at zero
shear
103 kN/m

Mean
shear
stiffness
(Tol. 20%)

mm

At
max.
shear
kN

At
zero
shear
kN

GFB-03
GFB-05
GFB-07
GFB-09

59
87
115
143

1110
1070
1040
1000

1620
1620
1620
1620

19.5
28.5
37.5
46.5

4.4
7.3
10.2
13.1

2.7
4.6
6.4
8.2

3
5
7
9

919
655
509
416

2.84
1.95
1.48
1.19

GFC-02
GFC-04
GFC-06
GFC-08

51
85
119
153

840
810
770
730

1220
1220
1220
1220

18.0
30.0
42.0
54.0

6.4
12.8
19.2
25.6

4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0

2
4
6
8

719
425
302
234

3.08
1.85
1.32
1.03

GFD-02
GFD-04
GFD-06

57
97
137

670
630
590

980
980
980

21.0
36.0
51.0

12.0
23.9
35.9

7.5
15.0
22.4

2
4
6

449
249
172

2.64
1.54
1.09

GGB-04
GGB-06
GGB-08
GGB-10

73
101
129
157

1660
1620
1570
1530

2410
2410
2410
2410

24.0
33.0
42.0
51.0

2.8
4.2
5.6
7.0

2.2
3.3
4.5
5.6

4
6
8
10

1240
932
746
622

2.93
2.13
1.67
1.38

GGC-03
GGC-05
GGC-07
GGC-10

68
102
136
187

1250
1210
1160
1090

1810
1810
1810
1810

24.0
36.0
48.0
66.0

4.5
7.6
10.6
15.1

3.6
6.0
8.4
12.0

3
5
7
10

882
585
438
318

2.93
1.95
1.46
1.06

GGD-03
GGD-05
GGD-07
GGD-09

77
117
157
197

1460
1460
1460
1460

28.5
43.5
58.5
72.0*

8.4
14.0
19.6
25.2

6.7
11.1
15.5
20.0

3
5
7
9

535
341
250
197

2.460
1.610
1.200
0.955

GHB-05
GHB-07
GHB-09
GHB-11

87
115
143
117

1750
1700
1640
1590

2610
2610
2610
2610

28.5
37.5
46.5
55.5

3.7
5.2
6.7
8.2

2.1
2.9
3.7
4.5

5
7
9
11

1160
900
737
624

2.67
2.03
1.64
1.37

GHC-03
GHC-05
GHC-07
GHC-09

68
102
136
170

1340
1290
1230
1770

1970
1970
1970
1970

24.0
36.0
48.0
60.0

4.8
8.0
11.2
14.4

2.6
4.4
6.2
7.9

3
5
7
9

958
636
476
380

3.18
2.12
1.59
1.27

GHD-02
GHD-04
GHD-06
GHD-08

57
97
137
177

1090
1040
980
960

1590
1590
1590
1590

21.0
36.0
51.0
62.0*

5.9
11.9
17.8
23.8

3.3
6.5
9.8
13.1

2
4
6
8

812
452
313
240

3.63
2.12
1.49
1.15

GJC-03
GJC-05
GJC-07
GJC-09
GJC-11

68
102
136
170
204

2320
2250
2190
2120
2050

3330
3330
3330
3330
3330

24.0
36.0
48.0
60.0
72.0

1.8
3.0
4.2
5.4
6.7

1.4
2.3
3.2
4.1
5.0

3
5
7
9
11

1840
1220
919
735
613

4.33
2.89
2.17
1.73
1.44

GJD-03
GJD-05
GJD-07
GJD-09
GJD-11

77
117
157
197
237

1840
1780
1710
1640
1600*

2670
2670
2670
2670
2670

28.5
43.5
58.5
73.5
86.0*

3.3
5.5
7.7
9.9
12.1

2.5
4.1
5.8
7.4
9.1

3
5
7
9
11

1140
727
534
422
349

3.65
2.39
1.78
1.41
1.17

GJE-03
GJE-05
GJE-07
GJE-09

86
132
178
224

1530
1460
1390
1330*

2240
2240
2240
2240

33.0
51.0
69.0
86.0*

5.5
9.1
12.8
16.4

4.1
6.8
9.6
12.3

3
5
7
9

731
457
332
261

3.15
2.04
1.51
1.19

GKD-04
GKD-06
GKD-08
GKD-10
GKD-13

97
137
177
217
277

2930
2850
2770
2680
2560

4220
4220
4220
4220
4220

36.0
51.0
66.0
81.0
103.5

1.9
2.8
3.7
4.7
6.1

1.9
2.8
3.7
4.7
6.1

4
6
8
10
13

1560
1090
833
676
527

3.85
2.72
2.10
1.71
1.34

GKE-04
GKE-06
GKE-08
GKE-10
GKE-12

109
155
201
247
293

2420
2340
2260
2180
2100

3530
3530
3530
3530
3530

42.0
60.0
78.0
96.0
114.0

3.1
4.6
6.1
7.6
9.2

3.1
4.6
6.1
7.6
9.2

4
6
8
10
12

1000
687
523
422
353

3.30
2.31
1.78
1.44
1.22

Granor
Part
Number

990
950
900
870*

mm

Short
Long
dimension dimension
10-6 rad/kN 10-6 rad/kN

103 kN/m

*Note 1 - Value based on the maximum allowable reduction in projected plan area = 20 per cent for shear parallel to the short dimension.
*Note 2 - For fixed bearings, with holes, it should be noted that a reduction in rated load capacity will occur. Exact load capacity figures can be
determined from first principals. Consultation with us can assist in determining these values.
*Note 3 - Manufacturing tolerances do not apply to compressive stiffness values stated in these tables. If the rotational capacity of the bearing
selected is "marginal", then it is suggested the next thicker bearing should be specified.

Page 5

Granor Elastomeric Laminated Bearings

Dimensions nominated are subject to standard manufacturing tolerances.

Rated load

PLAN
SIZE

SERIES N
240
CIRCULAR

SERIES Q
330
CIRCULAR

SERIES R
400
CIRCULAR

SERIES S
480
CIRCULAR

SERIES T
530
CIRCULAR

Granor
Part
Number

Height
overall
mm

At
max.
shear
kN

At
zero
shear
kN

CIRCULAR PLAN SERIES BEARINGS

Number
of
internal
rubber
layers

Calculated
compressive
stiffness
at zero
shear
103 kN/m

Mean
shear
stiffness
(Tol. 20%)

mm

Rotation
capacity
at unit
applied
load
10-6 rad/kN

Shear
deflection
capacity

GNA-02
GNA-04
GNA-06
GNA-08
GNA-10

35
57
79
101
123

350
340
330
310
300

500
500
500
500
500

10.0
16.0
22.0
28.0
34.0

7.9
15.8
23.7
31.6
39.5

2
4
6
8
10

532
354
265
212
176

1.74
1.09
0.792
0.622
0.512

GNB-02
GNB-04
GNB-06
GNB-08
GNB-10

41
69
97
125
153

230
220
210
210*
220*

340
340
340
340
340

13.0
22.0
31.0
35.8*
35.8*

24.1
48.3
72.4
96.5
120.7

2
4
6
8
10

261
149
104
79.8
64.8

1.34
0.792
0.562
0.435
0.355

GNC-02
GNC-04
GNC-06
GNC-08

47
81
115
149

170
160
160*
170*

260
260
260
260

16.0
28.0
35.8*
35.8*

54.5
109.1
163.6
218.2

2
4
6
8

134
71.4
48.7
36.9

1.09
0.622
0.435
0.335

GQB-03
GQB-05
GQB-07
GQB-1O

59
87
115
157

620
600
570
540*

910
910
910
910

19.5
28.5
37.5
50.0*

7.5
12.5
17.5
25.1

3
5
7
10

491
349
271
203

1.69
1.16
0.878
0.646

GQC-02
GQC-04
GQC-06
GQC-08

51
85
119
153

470
450
420
420*

690
690
690
690

18.0
30.0
42.0
50.0*

11.1
22.2
33.3
44.4

2
4
6
8

380
224
159
123

1.83
1.10
0.784
0.610

GQD-02
GQD-04
GQD-06

57
97
137

380
350
330*

560
560
560

21.0
36.0
50.0*

20.8
41.7
62.5

2
4
6

236
130
90

1.57
0.915
0.646

GRB-04
GRB-07
GRB-10

73
115
157

1050
1000
950

1550
1550
1550

24.0
37.5
51.0

4.3
7.5
10.8

4
7
10

774
516
387

2.02
1.29
0.949

GRC-02
GRC-04
GRC-06
GRC-08
GRC-09

51
85
119
53
170

810
780
740
710
690

1170
1170
1170
1170
1170

18.0
30.0
42.0
54.0
59.7*

4.7
9.3
14.0
18.7
21.0

2
4
6
8
9

732
435
309
240
216

2.69
1.61
1.15
0.896
0.806

GRD-02
GRD-04
GRD-06
GRD-08

57
97
137
177

650
610
580
580*

940
940
940
940

21.0
36.0
51.0
59.7*

8.7
17.4
26.1
34.8

2
4
6
8

461
256
177
135

2.30
1.34
0.949
0.733

GRE-02
GRE-04
GRE-06

63
109
155

540
500
470*

790
790
790

24.0
42.0
59.7

14.6
29.1
43.7

2
4
6

299
160
109

2.02
1.15
0.806

GSD-04
GSD-06
GSD-08
GSD-10

85
119
153
187

1400
1350
1300
1250

2070
2070
2070
2070

30.0
42.0
54.0
66.0

3.8
5.7
7.7
9.6

4
6
8
10

875
624
485
397

2.32
1.66
1.29
1.06

GSE-03
GSE-05
GSE-07
GSE-09

77
117
157
197

1130
1080
1030
990*

1660
1660
1660
1660

28.5
43.5
58.5
72.3*

5.3
8.8
12.3
15.8

3
5
.7
9

671
428
315
249

2.44
1.60
1.19
0.948

GSF-02
GSF-04
GSF-06
GSF-08

63
109
155
201

960
910
860
850*

1390
1390
1390
1390

24.0
42.0
60.0
72.3*

5.8
11.7
17.5
23.3

2
4
6
8

616
331
226
172

2.90
1.66
1.16
0.893

GTC-03
GTC-06
GTC-09
GTC-12

68
119
170
221

1960
1860
1770
1670

2810
2810
2810
2810

24.0
42.0
60.0
78.0

1.8
3.6
5.4
7.1

3
6
9
12

1580
904
633
487

3.54
2.02
1.42
1.09

GTD-03
GTD-05
GTD-07
GTD-09
GTD-11

77
117
157
197
237

1550
1490
1430
1360
1380*

2260
2260
2260
2260
2260

28.5
43.5
58.5
73.5
80.1

3.2
5.4
7.6
9.7
11.9

3
5
7
9
11

981
628
462
365
302

2.98
1.95
1.45
1.16
0.96

GTE-02
GTE-04
GTE-06
GTE-08

63
109
155
201

1310
1250
1190
1130

1890
1890
1890
1890

24.0
42.0
60.0
78.0

3.6
7.1
10.7
14.3

2
4
6
8

903
486
333
253

3.54
2.02
1.42
1.09

*Value based on the maximum allowable reduction in projected plan area = 20 per cent

Page 6

103 kN/m

Granor Elastomeric Laminated Bearings

Dimensions nominated are subject to standard manufacturing tolerances.

Rated load

PLAN
SIZE

590
CIRCULAR

SERIES V
650
CIRCULAR

SERIES W
750
CIRCULAR

SERIES X
810
CIRCULAR

SERIES Y
880
CIRCULAR

Shear
deflection
capacity

Number
of
internal
rubber
layers

Calculated
compressive
stiffness
at zero
shear
103 kN/m

Mean
shear
stiffness
(Tol. 20%)

mm

At
max.
shear
kN

At
zero
shear
kN

GUC-03
GUC-06
GUC-09
GUC-12

68
119
170
221

2740
2630
2510
2300

3920
3920
3920
3920

24.0
42.0
60.0
78.0

1.1
2.2
3.2
4.3

3
6
9
12

2340
1340
941
724

4.39
2.51
1.75
1.35

GUD-03
GUD-05
GUD-07
GUD-09

77
17
157
197

2180
2100
2020
1940

3150
3150
3150
3150

28.5
43.5
58.5
73.5

1.9
3.2
4.5
5.8

3
5
7
9

1470
944
695
550

3.69
2.42
1.80
1.43

GUE-02
GUE-04
GUE-06
GUE-08
GUE-10

63
109
155
201
247

1840
1760
1690
1610
1590*

2630
2630
2630
2630
2630

24.0
42.0
60.0
78.0
89.5*

2.1
4.2
6.3
8.4
10.5

2
4
6
8
10

1360
737
505
384
310

4.39
2.51
1.75
1.35
1.10

GVD-03
GVD-05
GVD-07
GVD-09
GVD-11

77
117
157
197
237

2960
2860
2770
2670
2580

4240
4240
4240
4240
4240

28.5
43.5
58.5
73.5
88.5

1.2
2.0
2.8
3.6
4.5

3
5
7
9
11

2110
1360
999
791
655

4.48
2.94
2.18
1.74
1.44

GVE-03
GVE-05
GVE-07
GVE-09

86
132
178
224

2450
23.50
2260
2160

3550
3550
3550
3550

33.0
51.0
69.0
87.0

2.0
3.3
4.6
5.9

3
5
7
9

1380
869
633
498

3.87
2.50
1.85
1.47

GWE-03
GWE-05
GWE-07
GWE-09
GWE-11

92
138
184
230
276

3810
3690
3560
3430
3300

5500
5500
5500
5500
5500

36.0
54.0
72.0
90.0
108.0

1.0
1.7
2.3
3.0
3.7

3
5
7
9
11

2010
1340
1000
803
669

4.72
3.15
2.36
1.89
1.57

GWF-03
GWF-05
GWF-07
GWF-09

101
153
205
257

3250
3120
2990
2870

4730
4730
4730
4730

40.5
61.5
82.5
103.5

1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5

3
5
7
9

1450
938
693
550

4.20
2.77
2.06
1.64

GXE-03
GXE-05
GXE-07
GXE-09
GXE-11

92
138
184
230
276

4850
4700
4550
4400
4250

6970
6970
6970
6970
6970

36.0
54.0
72.0
90.0
108.0

0.7
1.2
1.6
2.1
2.5

3
5
7
9
11

2660
1780
1330
1070
890

5.51
3.67
2.76
2.20
1.04

GXF-03
GXF-05
GXF-07
GXF-09

101
153
205
257

4140
3990
3840
3690

5990
5990
5990
5990

40.5
61.5
82.5
103.5

1.0
1.7
2.4
3.1

3
5
7
9

1930
1250
926
734

4.90
3.23
2.40
1.92

GYE-04
GYE-07
GYE-1O
GYE-12

115
184
253
299

6200
5930
5670
5490

8980
8980
8980
8980

45.0
72.0
99.0
117.0

0.6
1.1
1.6
1.9

4
7
10
12

2870
1800
1310
1110

5.20
3.25
2.37
2.00

GYF-03
GYF-05
GYF-07
GYF-09
GYF-11

101
153
205
257
309

5360
5180
5010
4830
4650

7710
7710
7710
7710
7710

40.5
61.5
82.5
103.5
124.5

0.7
1.2
1.6
2.1
2.6

3
5
7
9
11

2620
1700
1260
1000
830

5.78
3.81
2.84
2.26
1.88

Granor
Part
Number

SERIES U

Height
overall

CIRCULAR PLAN SERIES BEARINGS

Rotation
capacity
at unit
applied
load
10-6 rad/kN

mm

103 kN/m

*Value based on the maximum allowable reduction in projected plan area = 20 per cent
This catalogue/brochure is for information concerning product availability only. No warranties, express or implied are made.
Granor Rubber and Engineering Company reserves the right to make any changes i the products herein described and shown.

Page 7