1.

(a) {Sequence / series) of reactions;

Each reaction {catalysed / controlled) by a (specific) enzyme;
Product of one reaction is substrate for the next; 2
(b) xidised;
!ac" to #$%(
&
);
'ransfers {hydro(en electrons) to the electron transport chain; 2
(c) *+ ,t -ill {reduce / pre.ent) production of $'P / eq;
2+ /educed acti.ity of aconitase;
0+ ('herefore) less #$%1&1
&
produced / #$% not reduced;
2+ {/educed #$% / #$%1&1
&
) are required for the production of $'P;
3+ ,n the electron transport chain / by oxidati.e phosphorylation; 2
[8]
2. (a) *+ 4atty acids and cholesterol are {fat5soluble / non5polar / hydrophobic);
2+ xy(en and carbon dioxide are small and {unchar(ed / non5polar);
0+ So {diffuse / pass mo.e) throu(h the phospholipid (bilayer);
2+ {Polar molecules / ions) are {-ater soluble / char(ed / hydrophilic);
3+ So pass throu(h (specific channel) proteins; 0
(b) 'he -ater permeability of the P6' is much (reater than that of the %6' /
more -ater (re)absorbed / credit fi(ure reference;
('herefore) (reater number of aquaporins in P6' (than in %6'); 2
(c) {,ons / solutes / named solutes) are reabsorbed by acti.e transport;
7i(nore urea8
'herefore {hi(her concentration / lo-er -ater potential / lo-er solute
potential) {outside P6' / in blood); 2
(d) *+ %escendin( limb has a (reater permeability to -ater (than the
ascendin( limb) / con.erse;
2+ %escendin( limb has more aquaporins (than the ascendin( limb) /
con.erse;
0+ 6redit reference to comparati.e fi(ures;
2+ (6ells in the) ascendin( limb acti.ely pump out (ions sodium chloride)
(into medulla);
35 ('his) creates a hi(h concentration of {ions / solutes) {in the medulla /
outside loop) / creates a lo- {-ater / solute) potential {in the
medulla / outside the loop);
9+ /eference to osmotic (radient (in medulla);
:+ So -ater is {-ithdra-n / (re)absorbed) from the descendin( limb;
;+ <ater is {-ithdra-n / (re)absorbed) from collectin( duct;
=+ /eference to counter5current multiplier / reference to lon(er loops
in desert mammals / the lon(er the loop the (reater the concentration; 3
249554466.doc 1
(e) *+ $%1 increases (membrane) permeability;
2+ 6redit fi(ure manipulation;
0+ $%1 binds to receptor on cell membrane;
2+ $%1 has an effect on aquaporins / credit sensible su((estion
(of effect on aquaporins); 0
[15]
3. ,ntroduction could include outline of protein structure and di.erse roles
of proteins >
Specific roles of proteins?
Enzymes@ illustrated -ith examples such as di(esti.e enzymes@
enzymes in %#$ replication >
Structural proteins@ e+(+ colla(en >
1ormones@ illustrated by insulin and (luca(on@ $%1@ other protein /
peptide hormones >
Aembrane transport proteins >
1aemo(lobin and myo(lobin >
$ntibodies >
/hodopsin and iodopsin >
/ubisco >
Scientific Content 13 marks
Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
[15]
ESSAY MARK SCHEME
Outline Scheme for Marking Essa !uestions
Scientific content
Above average
*0 Excellent
** Bood
Essays in this cate(ory demonstrate a sound understandin( of the topic@ contain
a si(nificant amount of material rele.ant to t-o or more units of the specification@
and suitable examples -here appropriate+
Average
= Sli(htly abo.e a.era(e
: $.era(e
3 Sli(htly belo- a.era(e
Essays in this cate(ory contain factually correct and rele.ant material+
Some areas should sho- a pro(ression from B6SE@ particularly if a mar" of
= is a-arded+
249554466.doc 2
Below average
0 Some correct facts
* Cery fe- correct facts
D #o correct information
Essays in this cate(ory contain fe- rele.ant facts+ 'he material that has been
included has little depth and barely reaches the standard expected at B6SE+
S = 13 marks
"alance
2 $ balanced essay co.erin( all the main areas outlined
Some discussion of each area co.ered -ith@ suitable examples -here
applicable
Aaterial all rele.ant to the topic
4e-@ if any@ errors
* Aost of the main areas of the topic co.ered@ but possibly one or t-o lac"in(
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen
Some irrele.ance@ either in the areas chosen or in the material -ithin an area
Some errors
D Cery limited account@ possibly only one aspect chosen
Aaterial mostly irrele.ant
Ear(e number of errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence
2 Aaterial lo(ically presented@ -ith little or no repetition
Essay has coherence@ ideas are de.eloped -ell; continuous prose used throu(hout
Essay has an introduction and a conclusion@ summin( up the main points
'echnical terms ha.e been used correctly
Spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar are sound
* Aaterial is presented in an orderly -ay and some ideas de.eloped
6ontinuous prose used throu(hout
'he introduction and conclusion may be present@ but brief
'echnical terms are used and (enerally in the correct context
Spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar are (enerally sound
D Essay style not used
Aaterial in note form or numbered points
Cery poor standard of spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar
C = 2 marks
[max 15]
#. ,ntroduction could include reference to (eneralised structure of a plant cell
249554466.doc 3
Expect descriptions of structure and functions of?
Palisade cell -ith reference to structure of chloroplasts and
photosynthesis >
Buard cell >
Spon(y mesophyll cell >
Fylem .essel >
4ibre >
Sie.e tube element >
6ompanion cell >
Epidermal cell >
/oot hair >
Expect discussion of relationship between structure and function
Scientific Content 13 marks
Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
[15]
ESSAY MARK SCHEME
Outline Scheme for Marking Essa !uestions
Scientific content
Above average
*0 Excellent
** Bood
Essays in this cate(ory demonstrate a sound understandin( of the topic@ contain
a si(nificant amount of material rele.ant to t-o or more units of the specification@
and suitable examples -here appropriate+
Average
= Sli(htly abo.e a.era(e
: $.era(e
3 Sli(htly belo- a.era(e
Essays in this cate(ory contain factually correct and rele.ant material+
Some areas should sho- a pro(ression from B6SE@ particularly if a mar" of
= is a-arded+
Below average
0 Some correct facts
* Cery fe- correct facts
D #o correct information
Essays in this cate(ory contain fe- rele.ant facts+ 'he material that has been
included has little depth and barely reaches the standard expected at B6SE+
S = 13 marks
249554466.doc 4
"alance
2 $ balanced essay co.erin( all the main areas outlined
Some discussion of each area co.ered -ith@ suitable examples -here
applicable
Aaterial all rele.ant to the topic
4e-@ if any@ errors
* Aost of the main areas of the topic co.ered@ but possibly one or t-o lac"in(
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen
Some irrele.ance@ either in the areas chosen or in the material -ithin an area
Some errors
D Cery limited account@ possibly only one aspect chosen
Aaterial mostly irrele.ant
Ear(e number of errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence
2 Aaterial lo(ically presented@ -ith little or no repetition
Essay has coherence@ ideas are de.eloped -ell; continuous prose used throu(hout
Essay has an introduction and a conclusion@ summin( up the main points
'echnical terms ha.e been used correctly
Spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar are sound
* Aaterial is presented in an orderly -ay and some ideas de.eloped
6ontinuous prose used throu(hout
'he introduction and conclusion may be present@ but brief
'echnical terms are used and (enerally in the correct context
Spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar are (enerally sound
D Essay style not used
Aaterial in note form or numbered points
Cery poor standard of spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar
C = 2 marks
[max 15]
$. ,ntroduction could include reference to (amete production in.ol.in( reduction di.ision
Spermato(enesis?
Spermato(onia >
Primary and secondary spermatocytes >
Spermatids and sperm maturation >
o(enesis?
o(onia >
Primary and secondary oocytes
249554466.doc 5
.a >
6redit references to the roles of mitosis and meiosis >
Cariations in fertility?
4actors affectin( fertility 5 could include references to birth control >
%emo(raphic chan(es@ reference to (ro-th cur.es or population pyramids >
6onsequences for population trends >
Scientific Content 13 marks
Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
[15]
ESSAY MARK SCHEME
Outline Scheme for Marking Essa !uestions
Scientific content
Above average
*0 Excellent
** Bood
Essays in this cate(ory demonstrate a sound understandin( of the topic@ contain
a si(nificant amount of material rele.ant to t-o or more units of the specification@
and suitable examples -here appropriate+
Average
= Sli(htly abo.e a.era(e
: $.era(e
3 Sli(htly belo- a.era(e
Essays in this cate(ory contain factually correct and rele.ant material+
Some areas should sho- a pro(ression from B6SE@ particularly if a mar" of
= is a-arded+
Below average
0 Some correct facts
* Cery fe- correct facts
D #o correct information
Essays in this cate(ory contain fe- rele.ant facts+ 'he material that has been
included has little depth and barely reaches the standard expected at B6SE+
S = 13 marks
"alance
2 $ balanced essay co.erin( all the main areas outlined
Some discussion of each area co.ered -ith@ suitable examples -here
applicable
Aaterial all rele.ant to the topic
4e-@ if any@ errors
249554466.doc 6
* Aost of the main areas of the topic co.ered@ but possibly one or t-o lac"in(
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen
Some irrele.ance@ either in the areas chosen or in the material -ithin an area
Some errors
D Cery limited account@ possibly only one aspect chosen
Aaterial mostly irrele.ant
Ear(e number of errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence
2 Aaterial lo(ically presented@ -ith little or no repetition
Essay has coherence@ ideas are de.eloped -ell; continuous prose used throu(hout
Essay has an introduction and a conclusion@ summin( up the main points
'echnical terms ha.e been used correctly
Spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar are sound
* Aaterial is presented in an orderly -ay and some ideas de.eloped
6ontinuous prose used throu(hout
'he introduction and conclusion may be present@ but brief
'echnical terms are used and (enerally in the correct context
Spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar are (enerally sound
D Essay style not used
Aaterial in note form or numbered points
Cery poor standard of spellin(@ punctuation and (rammar
C = 2 marks
[max 15]
249554466.doc 7