0 valutazioniIl 0% ha trovato utile questo documento (0 voti)
106 visualizzazioni7 pagine
This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. The thermal properties of bamboo single jersey knitted fabrics have been studied in relation to stitch length and yarn linear density in tex. The anticipated increase in air permeability and relative water vapour permeability with decrease in yarn linear density and increase in stitch length was observed.
Descrizione originale:
Titolo originale
A study of the thermal properties of bamboo knitted fabrics.pdf
This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. The thermal properties of bamboo single jersey knitted fabrics have been studied in relation to stitch length and yarn linear density in tex. The anticipated increase in air permeability and relative water vapour permeability with decrease in yarn linear density and increase in stitch length was observed.
This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. The thermal properties of bamboo single jersey knitted fabrics have been studied in relation to stitch length and yarn linear density in tex. The anticipated increase in air permeability and relative water vapour permeability with decrease in yarn linear density and increase in stitch length was observed.
Calorimetry An International Forum for Thermal Studies
ISSN 1388-6150
J Therm Anal Calorim DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-2166-5 A study of the thermal properties of bamboo knitted fabrics Chidambaram Prakash, Govindan Ramakrishnan & Chandramouli Venkataraman Koushik 1 3 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest, Hungary. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted authors version for posting to your own website or your institutions repository. You may further deposit the accepted authors version on a funders repository at a funders request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. A study of the thermal properties of bamboo knitted fabrics Chidambaram Prakash
Govindan Ramakrishnan
Chandramouli Venkataraman Koushik Received: 12 October 2011 / Accepted: 15 December 2011 Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary 2012 Abstract In this research, the thermal properties of bamboo single jersey knitted fabrics have been studied in relation to stitch length and yarn linear density in tex. The objective was to determine the inuence of fabric factors like stitch length and the constituent yarn linear density on fabric properties, such as air permeability, thermal con- ductivity, thermal resistance and relative water vapour permeability. Yarns with linear densities of 19.6, 23.6, 29.5 tex and with the same twist level were used to construct the fabrics of single jersey structure with stitch lengths of 0.27, 0.29 and 0.31 cm. The anticipated increase in air perme- ability and relative water vapour permeability with decrease in yarn linear density and increase in stitch length was observed. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance tended in general to increase with constituent yarn linear density but decreased with increase in stitch length. Keywords Thermal properties Yarn count Air permeability Water vapour permeability Thermal conductivity Thermal resistance Introduction Comfort, which dened as states in which there are no driving impulses to correct the environment by the behaviour [1]. Clothing comfort is closely related to ther- mal comfort [2, 3]. The body produces lots of heat energy and the body temperature increases. To reduce the high temperature, the body perspires a lot in liquid and vapour form. Whilst this perspiration is transmitted to atmosphere, the body temperature reduces and then the body feels cool. So the garments should allow the perspiration to pass through, otherwise it will result in discomfort. Comfort plays a vital role in the selection of apparel. It is considered as a fundamental property when a clothing product is evaluated. The comfort provided by clothing depends on several factors. One of them is thermal com- fort; other factors include softness, exibility, moisture diffusion, etc. Thermal comfort properties of textile fabrics are actually inuenced by the gamut of bre, yarn and fabric properties. Fibre type, spinning technology, yarn linear density, yarn twist, yarn hairiness, fabric thickness, fabric cover factor, fabric porosity and nish are major factors that determine the comfort properties of fabrics [1]. Knitted fabrics are known to possess excellent comfort properties. They not only allow for stretch and ease of movement, but they also have good handle and facilitate easy transmission of water vapour from the body. These attributes make knitted fabrics the commonly preferred choice for sportswear, casual wear and underwear. Knitted structures offer several advantages. Physically, they present properties of comfort, such as high stretch and elasticity, snugness of t to body shape, soft and pleasing handle, feeling of freshness and the like. Knitted fabrics have therefore long been preferred as fabrics in many kinds of clothing. Efforts are on to make knitted fabrics more C. Prakash (&) C. V. Koushik Department of Fashion Technology, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India e-mail: dearcprakash@rediffmail.com C. V. Koushik e-mail: cvkoushik@yahoo.com G. Ramakrishnan TIFAC-CORE, Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India e-mail: g.ramki.15@gmail.com 1 3 J Therm Anal Calorim DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-2166-5 Author's personal copy comfortable by incorporating different bres, altering yarn parameters like twist, bulk, count and nishing treatments, and knitting factors like stitch length, CPI, WPI and fabric weight and adopting new or different nishes [4]. In todays context, the naturally renewable resources are increasingly being sought after owing to mans commit- ment to protect nature. Chemical processes are being devised to produce new biodegradable materials. Such materials can successfully replace or improve the existing articial or natural materials. Bamboo bre is a regenerated cellulose bre, of relatively recent origin, produced from the bamboo plant. Bamboo is an important forest biomass resource [5]. A bamboo textile product has a host of incredible properties. It is breathable, cool and extremely soft; it has a pleasant lustre; it rapidly absorbs water and is antibacterial. Yarns of bamboo bre provide the desirable properties of high absorbency, antimicrobial behaviour and a soft feel in textiles and made ups [6]. It is also very hygroscopic, absorbing more water than other conventional bres, such as cotton and polyester. The most prominent attribute of bamboo material is its remarkable ability to breathe and its inherent coolness. The transverse section of bamboo bre is predominantly lled with innumerable microgaps and microholes, a characteristic that confers on the bre-enhanced moisture absorption and ventilation. Intimate clothing like sweaters and bathing suits, and household textiles, such as blankets and towels are increasingly being made from bamboo material. Bamboo- bre clothing products display good water absorption and are comfortable; they have a pleasing lustre and are bright in colour [7]. Bogun et al. [8] analysed the thermal properties of sodium alginate and calcium alginate bres containing nanoadditives. When ceramic nanoadditives (MMT, SiO 2 and bioglass) are added to the material of calcium alginate bres, the nature of the thermal processes is not affected. Xu et al. [9] studied the characteristics of the regenerated bres depended on the procedure and raw materials, that clearly affected the material structure and, thereby prop- erties. They found that thermal decomposition can facili- tate to understand the relationship between the properties and structures of new regenerated cellulosic bres. Extensive research has been carried out to investigate the thermal comfort behaviour of knitted fabrics [38]. Oglak- cioglu et al. [10] analysed the thermal properties of cotton and polyester basic knitted structures and found that each knitted structure trends to show quite different thermal comfort properties. Hu et al. [11] examined the effect mod- ied organicinorganic hybrid materials on thermal prop- erties of cotton fabrics. Both of the organic and inorganic parts of the coating contributed to the increase of char layers and a positive effect on the thermal stability for cotton fab- rics. Ozdil et al. [12] conclude that whilst the thermal resistance values decrease, water vapour permeability values increase with yarn twist and yarn count. Gun et al. [13] analysed the properties of fabrics made from 50/50 bamboo/ cotton yarns and compared them with those of fabrics made from 50/50 viscose/cotton and 50/50 modal/cotton yarns. The study compared the weight per unit area, thickness, bursting strength, air permeability and pilling of the fabrics, and it was found that fabric weight, thickness and air per- meability was independent of bre type. This research investigates the inuence of different stitch lengths and different yarn linear densities in 100% bamboo knitted fabric on the thermal comfort properties of the single jersey fabrics. With this aim in mind, single jersey structures were produced with yarns of three dif- ferent linear densities to three different stitch lengths in the fabric and their thermal comfort properties were evaluated and analysed. Materials and methods Preparation of fabric samples Single jersey fabric was produced from 100% bamboo yarns of linear density 19.6, 23.6 and 29.5 tex possessing the same twist coefcient (ae = 3.6). Table 1 lists the properties of the bamboo bre used. The fabrics were produced in a Meyer and Cie knitting machine of the fol- lowing details: Single jersey machine, model MV4, gauge 24 GG, diameter 23 00 , speed 30 rpm, feeders 74 and num- ber of needles 1728. The knitting-room atmosphere had a humidity of 65% and a temperature of 30 2 C. Samples were produced with three different stitch length values of 0.27, 0.29 and 0.31 cm. The knitting process was achieved with constant machine settings and the samples were kept in standard atmosphere for 24 h to allow for relaxation and conditioning. Evaluation of fabric properties Structural properties like weight (mass per unit area) and thickness were evaluated. Thermal comfort properties, namely thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, water vapour permeability and air permeability were also eval- uated. The Alambeta instrument was used to measure thermal conductivity, fabric thickness and thermal resis- tance; water vapour permeability was measured on a Table 1 Properties of the bamboo bre Fibre length/mm 36 Fibre neness/dtex 1.52 Tenacity/cN tex -1 19.87 C. Prakash et al. 1 3 Author's personal copy Permetest instrument working on the simulated skin prin- ciple as recommended in ISO 11092; fabric air perme- ability was measured according to the TS 391 EN ISO 9237 using Tester FX3300. All measurements were per- formed under the standard atmospheric conditions. Results and discussion The fabric properties are given in Table 2. Air permeability The air permeability of the fabrics is depicted in Fig. 1. It may be seen that the fabric composed of 19.6-tex yarn and with 0.31-cm stitch length is the most permeable fabric of all. The yarn neness in combination with the large loop length results, as expected, in an open structure. The obvious decrease in fabric thickness and weight may also be clearly seen in Table 2. The results show that fabric thickness has a signicant effect on the air permeability values of the bamboo fabric, as air permeability tended to increase as thickness decreased, irrespective of yarn linear density and stitch length. The lower thickness and mass per square metre also facilitate the passage of air through the fabric. The lower hairiness of the bamboo blended yarns may be another contributing factor towards the better air permeability [9]. Fabrics made from ner tex show higher air permeability consistently. The mass per square metre and thickness of the fabrics made from the ner tex are lower. All these factors contribute towards the higher air permeability. Thermal conductivity It is observed from the Fig. 2 that as the linear density and stitch length of bamboo bre increases, the thermal con- ductivity of the knitted fabrics reduces. For the same stitch length, ner tex yarns show lower thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is calculated using the following expression. k Wm 1 K 1
Qh ADTt ; where Q is the amount of conducted heat (J), A is the area through which the heat is conducted (m 2 ), t is the time of conductivity (s), DT is the drop of temperature (K) and h is the fabric thickness (m). The amount of bre in the unit area increases and the amount of air layer decreases as the weight increases. As is known, thermal conductivity values of bres are higher than the thermal conductivity of entrapped air. The lower thermal conductivity of fabrics made from the ner counts could be ascribed to the higher porosity value of the fabrics made from the ner yarns [3]. Thermal resistance As can be seen from the Table 2, as the fabric thickness decrease, the thermal resistance values decreases. This situation might be explained by the fabric thickness. The fabric thickness value is signicantly lower in 0.31-cm Table 2 Effect of stitch length and yarn linear density on the thermal properties of the single jersey fabrics Linear density in tex Loop length/ cm Fabric thickness/ mm Weight in unit area/ gm -2 Air permeability/ cm 3 cm -2 s -1 Relative water vapour permeability/ % Thermal conductivity/ Wm -1 K -1 9 10 -3 Thermal resistance/ m 2 KW -1 9 10 -3 29.5 0.27 0.598 176 304 43.01 42.22 18.44 0.29 0.572 149 364 42.05 41.13 17.99 0.31 0.563 128 389 40.44 40.77 17.03 23.6 0.27 0.552 110 402 46.04 42.94 18.32 0.29 0.542 101 467 44.97 41.87 17.74 0.31 0.529 97 499 42.33 40.02 17.01 19.6 0.27 0.540 94 542 49.28 42.1 16.78 0.29 0.528 85 558 48.04 40.1 16.35 0.31 0.519 80 574 46.68 38.1 16.05 700 Air permeability/cm 3 cm 2 s 1 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0.27 cm 29.5 Tex 23.6 Tex 19.6 Tex 0.29 cm 0.31cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm Fig. 1 Inuence of loop length and linear density on air permeability A study of the thermal properties 1 3 Author's personal copy loop length with 19.6-tex linear density (Fig. 3). Therefore, with the decreasing of fabric thickness, thermal resistance will decrease as it is given in Eq. 1. R m 2 KW 1
h m k Wm 1 K 1 ; 1 where h is thickness (m) and k is the thermal conductivity (W/m K). Relative water vapour permeability Figure 4 illustrates the values of water vapour permeability with respect to stitch length and different linear density. According to the results, there is no signicant difference between the relative water vapour permeability values of bamboo fabrics. The water vapour permeability is highly dependent on the macroporous structure of constituent bres. According to the results, as the linear density of bamboo bre increases, the water vapour permeability increases. The water vapour permeability is higher for the fabrics made from ner tex yarns. The higher water vapour permeability of bamboo fabrics can be attributed to the lower values of mass per square metre and thickness, which facilitate the easy passage of the water vapour through the fabrics. Conclusions In this study, the thermal properties of single jersey fabrics knitted with 19.6-, 23.6-, 29.5-tex 100% bamboo yarns with different stitch lengths were investigated. The increase of linear density and stitch length in the fabric affected thermal comfort properties. So thermal resistance and thermal conductivity values of these fabrics were compared and it was found that as the yarn gets ner the thermal resistance and thermal conductivity decrease. The water vapour permeability and air permeability shows concomi- tant increase as the linear density and stitch length increases. References 1. Li Y. The science of clothing comfort. Text Prog. 2001;31(1/2): 1135. 2. Watkins DA, Slater K. The moisture vapour permeability of textile fabrics. J Text Inst. 1981;72:118. 3. Pac MJ, Bueno MA, Renner M. Warm-cool feeling relative to tribological properties of fabrics. Text Res J. 2001;71:80612. 4. Parmar MS. An unconventional way to incorporate comfort in knitted fabrics. Indian J Fiber Text Res. 1999;24:414. 5. Majumdar A, Mukhopadhyay S, Yadav R. Thermal properties of knitted fabrics made from cotton and regenerated bamboo cel- lulosic bres. Int J Therm Sci. 2010;40(10):20428. 6. Sekerden F. Investigation on the unevenness, tenacity and elon- gation properties of bamboo/cotton blended yarns. Fibres Text East Eur. 2011;19(86):269. 7. Saravanan K, Prakash C. Bamboo bres & their application in textiles. Indian Text J. 2007;7:336. 8. Bogun M, acz A. Effect of the material structure and nanoad- ditive type on the thermal properties of nanocomposite alginate bres. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;106:95363. 60 Relative water vapour permeability/% 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.27 cm 29.5 Tex 23.6 Tex 19.6 Tex 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm Fig. 2 Inuence of loop length and linear density on thermal conductivity 44 Thermal conductivity/Wm 1 K 1 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 0.27 cm 29.5 Tex 23.6 Tex 19.6 Tex 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm Fig. 3 Inuence of loop length and linear density on thermal resistance 19 Thermal resistance/m 2 KW 1 10 3 18.5 18 17.5 17 16.5 16 15.5 15 14.5 29.5 Tex 23.6 Tex 19.6 Tex 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm 0.27 cm 0.29 cm 0.31 cm Fig. 4 Inuence of loop length and linear density on relative water vapour permeability C. Prakash et al. 1 3 Author's personal copy 9. Xu Y, Lu Z, Tang R. Structure and thermal properties of bamboo viscose, Tencel and conventional viscose ber. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;89:197201. 10. Oglakcioclu N, Marmarali A. Thermal comfort properties of some knitted structures. Fibres Text East Eur. 2007;15(56): 6465. 11. Hu S, Hu Y, Song L, Lu H. Effect of modied organicinorganic hybrid materials on thermal properties of cotton fabrics. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;103:4237. 12. Ozdil N, Marmarali A, Donmez S. Effect of yarn properties on thermal comfort of knitted fabrics. Int J Therm Sci. 2007;46: 131822. 13. Gun AD, Unal C, Unal BT. Dimensional and physical properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 bamboo/cotton blended yarns. Fibers Polym. 2008;9(5):58892. A study of the thermal properties 1 3 Author's personal copy
Studying Effects of Fabric Thickness, Loop Shape Factor, Fabric Tightness Factor and Aerial Weight On Thermal Conductivity of Plain Single Jersey Cotton Knitted Fabric Using Box Behnken Design
(23000929 - Autex Research Journal) Comparison of Mechanical and Thermal Comfort Properties of Tencel Blended With Regenerated Fibers and Cotton Woven Fabrics