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This document provides an operating manual for studying Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). It introduces the two laws and provides the experimental procedure to verify them. The procedure involves setting up a circuit with resistors and measuring currents at junctions or voltages around loops to validate that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction equals zero per KCL and the algebraic sum of voltages around a loop equals zero per KVL. Measurements are taken for different input voltages to thoroughly validate the two Kirchhoff laws.
This document provides an operating manual for studying Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). It introduces the two laws and provides the experimental procedure to verify them. The procedure involves setting up a circuit with resistors and measuring currents at junctions or voltages around loops to validate that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction equals zero per KCL and the algebraic sum of voltages around a loop equals zero per KVL. Measurements are taken for different input voltages to thoroughly validate the two Kirchhoff laws.
This document provides an operating manual for studying Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). It introduces the two laws and provides the experimental procedure to verify them. The procedure involves setting up a circuit with resistors and measuring currents at junctions or voltages around loops to validate that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction equals zero per KCL and the algebraic sum of voltages around a loop equals zero per KVL. Measurements are taken for different input voltages to thoroughly validate the two Kirchhoff laws.
Title of the experiment Study & verification of Kirchhoffs Current Law. Study & verification of Kirchhoffs Voltage Law.
Aim: The objective of this experiment is two fold: to familiarize the student with Kirchhoff Laws and how to apply them in analyzing circuit problems; and (ii) to experimentally verify Kirchhoff Laws
THEORY Kirchoffs current Law Kirchoffs voltage law. KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW It states that in any network of conductors, the algebraic sum of currents meeting at appoint (at a junction) is 0 In other words, the total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current entering that point. Incoming signal + ve. & outgoing signal ve . Explanation: Consider in case of 5 currents meeting at junction A of the network is shown in fig.1. All the currents entering the junction would be taken as positive where as those leaving is taken as ve . Determination of algebraic sign Battery EMF While going round a loop ( in a direction of our own choice ) if we go from the -ve terminal of battery to its +ve terminal , there is rise in potential , hence this EMF should be given as + ve signal .On the other hand if we go from its + ve terminal its -ve terminal , theres a fall in potential , hence this battery EMF should be given as -ve sign . IR drops in series If we go through a circuit in the same direction as its current, then there is a fall or decrease in potential for the simple reason that current always flow from higher to lower potential. Hence this IR drop should be taken as -ve. However, if we go around the loop in direction opposite to that of the current there is a rise in voltage. Hence these IR should be taken as +ve. It clears that the algebraic sign of IR drop across a resister depends on the direction of current through that resistor. Consider a loop, for example, ABCDA shown in the fig. Circuit diagram
V I V2 V3 V1 R2 150 R3 220 R1 100
I I2 I3 I1 V KIRCHOFF`S CURRENT LAW R1 100 R3 220 R2 150
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Kirchhoffs current Law: Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram on bread board supply using connecting wire sand chords. Select any point on the circuit Connect ammeter for I1, I2 & I3. Switch on the power supply and adjust input voltage V1. Measure the currents & note down the reading. Use 3 other ammeters or multimeters for measurement of I1, I2, I3. Now with the noted value of I1 , I2 & I3 verify the Kirchhoffs current law as point ( I1+I2+I3=I) Repeat step 4 onwards for different values of V1
For Kirchoffs Voltage Law. Starting from point A , if we go around the mesh in clockwise direction the different EMF s & IOR drop will have following values and signs . I1R1 ------ is -ve ( fall in potential ) I2R2 ----- - is -ve (rise in potential ) E1 ------ is +ve ( fall in potential I 3R3 ------ is -ve ( fall in potential ) E1=I1R1+I2R2+I3R3 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram on KIT supply using connecting wire chords. Switch on the power supply and adjust V1. Use 3 other voltmeter or multimeters to observe the reading of VR2, VR3, V1 Measure VR1 & VR2 , VR3 , V1 Select any desired loop say loop (1) , apply KVL as per given in observation table and verify the result. Repeat step (2) onwards for different V1
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