CONTENTS

Introduction
Notation
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1 Simple Stress and Strain
1.1 Load
1.2 Direct or normal stress (a)
1.3 Direct strain ( E )
1.4 Sign convention for direct stress and strain
1.5 Elastic materials - Hookes law
1.6 Modulus of elasticity - Youngs modulus
1.7 Tensile test
1.8 Ductile materials
1.9 Brittle materials
1.10 Poissons ratio
1.1 1 Application of Poissons ratio to a two-dimensional stress system
1.12 Shear stress
1.1 3 Shear strain
1.14 Modulus of rigidity
1,15 Double shear
1.16 Allowable working stress -factor of safety
1.17 Load factor
1.18 Temperature stresses
1.19 Stress concentrations -stress concentration factor
1.20 Toughness
1.21 Creep and fatigue
Examples
Problems
Bibliography
2 Compound Bars
Summary
2.1 Compound bars subjected to external load
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2.2 Compound bars - <equivalent or combined modulus
2.3 Compound bars subjected to temperature change
2.4 Compound bar (tube and rod)
2.5 Compound bars subjected to external load and temperature effects
2.6 Compound thick cylinders subjected to temperature changes
Examples
Problems
3 Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Summary
3.1 Shearing force and bending moment
3.1.1 Shearing force (S.F.) sign convention
3.1.2 Bending moment (B.M.) sign convention
3.2 S.F. and B.M. diagrams for beams carrying concentrated loads only
3.3 S.F. and B.M. diagrams for uniformly distributed loads
3.4 S.F. and B.M. diagrams for combined concentrated and uniformly
distributed loads
3.5 Points of contrafexure
3.6 Relationship between S.F. Q, B.M. M, and intensity of loading w
3.1 S.F. and B.M. diagrams for an applied couple or moment
3.8 S.F. and B.M. diagrams for inclined loa&
3.9 Graphical construction of S.F. and B.M. diagrams
3.10 S.F. and B.M. diagrams for beams carrying distributed loads of
increasing value
3.1 1 S.F. at points of application of concentrated loads
Examples
Problems
4 Bending
Summary
Introduction
4.1 Simple bending theory
4.2 Neutral axis
4.3 Section modulus
4.4 Second moment of area
4.5
4.6
4.1 Skew loading
4.8
Bending of composite or fitched beams
Reinforced concrete beams -simple tension reinforcement
Combined bending and direct stress -eccentric loading
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4.9
4.10 Shear stresses owing to bending
4.1 1 Strain energy in bending
4.12 Limitations of the simple bending theory
Middle-quarter and middle-third rules
Examples
Problems
5 Slope and Deflection of Beams
Summary
Introduction
5.1
5.2 Direct integration method
5.3 MacaulayS method
5.4 Macaulays method for u.d.ls
5.5 Macaulays method for beams with u.d.1. applied over part of the beam
5.6 Macaulays method for couple applied at a point
5.7 Mohrs area-moment method
5.8 Principle of superposition
5.9 Energy method
5.10 Maxwells theorem of reciprocal displacements
5.1 1 Continuous beams - CIapeyrons three-moment equation
5.12 Finite difference method
5.13 Defections due to temperature effects
Relationship between loading, S.F., B.M., slope and akfection
Examples
Problems
6 Built-in Beams
Summary
Introduction
6.1 Built-in beam carrying central concentrated load
6.2 Built-in beam carrying uniformly distributed load across the span
6.3 Built-in beam carrying concentrated load offset from the centre
6.4 Built-in beam carrying a non-uniform distributed load
6.5 Advantages and disadvantages of built-in beams
6.6 Effect of movement of supports
Examples
Problems
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7 Shear Stress Distribution
Summary
Introduction
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Distribution of shear stress due to bending
Application to rectangular sections
Application to I-section beams
7.3.1 Vertical shear in the web
7.3.2 Vertical shear in the flanges
7.3.3 Horizontal she& in the flanges
Application to circular sections
Limitation of shear stress distribution theory
Shear centre
Examples
Problems
8 Torsion
Summary
8.1 Simple torsion theory
8.2 Polar second moment of area
8.3 Shear stress and shear strain in shafts
8.4 Section modulus
8.5 Torsional rigidity
8.6 Torsion of hollow shafts
8.7 Torsion of thin-walled tubes
8.8 Composite shafts -series connection
8.9 Composite shafts -parallel connection
8.10 Principal stresses
8.1 1 Strain energy in torsion
8.12 Variation of data along shaft length -torsion of tapered shafts
8.13 Power transmitted by shafts
8,14 Combined stress systems -combined bending and torsion
8.15 Combined bending and torsion - equivalent bending moment
8.16 Combined bending and torsion -equivalent torque
8.17 Combined bending, torsion and direct thrust
8.18 Combined bending, torque and internal pressure
Examples
Problems
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Contents
9 Thin Cylinders and Shells
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Summary
9.1 Thin cylinders under internal pressure
9.1.1 Hoop or circumferential stress
9.1.2 Longitudinal stress
9.1.3 Changes in dimensions
Thin rotating ring or cylinder
Thin spherical shell under internal pressure
9.3.1 Change in internal volume
Vessels subjected to JIuid pressure
Cylindrical vessel with hemispherical end
Effects of end plates and joints
Examples
Problems
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9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7 Wire-wound thin cylinders
10 Thick cylinders
Summary
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4 Longitudinal stress
10.5 Maximum shear stress
10.6 Change of cylinder dimensions
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10.8
10.9 Compound cylinders
10.10 Compound cylinders -graphical treatment
10.1 1 Shrinkage or interference allowance
10.12 Hub on solid shaji
10.13 Force fits
10.14 Compound cylinder -different materials
10.15 Uniform heating of compound cylinders of different materials
10.16 Failure theories -yield criteria
10.17 Plastic yielding - auto-frettage
10.18 Wire-wound thick cylinders
Difference in treatment between thin and thick cylinders -basic
assumptions
Development of the Lame theory
Thick cylinder - internal pressure only
Comparison with thin cylinder theory
Graphical treatment - Lame line
Examples
Problems
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Contents
11 Strain Energy
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Summary
Introduction
1 1.1
1 1.2 Strain energy -shear
1 1.3 Strain energy -bending
1 1.4 Strain energy - torsion
1 1.5 Strain energy of a three-dimensional principal stress system
1 1.6 Volumetric or dilatational strain energy
1 1.7 Shear or distortional strain energy
1 1.8 Suddenly applied loads
1 1.9 Impact loads -axial load application
1 1.10 Impact loads -bending applications
1 1.1 1 Castiglianos first theorem for deflection
1 1.12 Unit-load method
1 1.13 Application of Castigliano s theorem to angular movements
1 1.14 Shear deflection
Examples
Problems
Strain energy - tension or compression
12 Springs
Summary
Introduction
12.1 Close-coiled helical spring subjected to axial load W
12.2 Close-coiled helical spring subjected to axial torque T
12.3 Open-coiled helical spring subjected to axial load W
12.4 Open-coiled helical spring subjected to axial torque T
12.5 Springs in series
12.6 Springs in parallel
12.7
12.8
12.9 Allowable stresses
12.10 Leaf or carriage spring: semi-elliptic
12.1 1 Leaf or carriage spring: quarter-elliptic
12.12 Spiral spring
Limitations of the simple theory
Extension springs - initial tension
Examples
Problems
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Con tents
13 Complex Stresses
Summary
1 3.1 Stresses on oblique planes
13.2 Material subjected to pure shear
13.3 Material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses
13.4 Material subjected to combined direct and shear stresses
13.5 Principal plane inclination in terms of the associated principal stress
13.6 Graphical solution - Mohr 's stress circle
13.7 Alternative representations of stress distributions at a point
1 3.8 Three-dimensional stresses -graphical representation
Examples
Problems
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14 Complex Strain and the Elastic Constants
Summary
14.1 Linear strain for tri-axial stress state
14.2 Principal strains in terms of stresses
14.3 Principal stresses in terms of strains -two-dimensional stress system
14.4 Bulk modulus K
14.5 Volumetric strain
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14.8 Effect of lateral restraint
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14.10 Strains on an oblique plane
14.1 1 Principal strain - Mohr s strain circle
14.12 Mohr 's strain circle -alternative derivation from the
14.13 Relationship between Mohr 's stress and strain circles
14.14 Construction of strain circle from three known strains
14.15 Analytical determination of principal strains from rosette readings
14.16 Alternative representations of strain distributions at a point
14.1 I Strain energy of three-dimensional stress system
Volumetric strain for unequal stresses
Change in volume of circular bar
Relationship between the elastic constants E, G, K and v
general stress equations
(McClintock method) -rosette analysis
Examples
Problems
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15 Theories of Elastic Failure 401
Summary
Introduction
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15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
Maximum principal stress theory
Maximum shear stress theory
Maximum principal strain theory
Maximum total strain energy per unit volume theory
Maximum shear strain energy per unit volume (or distortion energy)
theory
Mohr 's modijied shear stress theory for brittle materials
Graphical representation of failure theories for two-dimensional
stress systems (one principal stress zero)
Graphical solution of two-dimensional theory of failure problems
Graphical representation of the failure theories for three-dimensional
stress systems
15.9.1 Ductile materials
15.9.2 Brittle materials
15.10 Limitations of the failure theories
15.1 1 Eflect of stress concentrations
15.12 Safety factors
15.13 Modes of failure
Examples
Problems
16 Experimental Stress Analysis
Introduction
16.1 Brittle lacquers
16.2 Strain gauges
16.3 Unbalanced bridge circuit
16.4 Null balance or balanced bridge circuit
16.5 Gauge construction
16.6 Gauge selection
16.7 Temperature compensation
16.8 Installation procedure
16.9 Basic measurement systems
16.10 D.C. and A.C. systems
16.11 Other types of strain gauge
16.12 Photoelasticity
16.13 Plane-polarised light - basic polariscope arrangements
16.14 Temporary birefringence
16.15 Production of fringe patterns
16.16 Interpretation of fringe patterns
16.17 Calibration
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16.18 Fractional fringe order determination - compensation techniques
16.19 Isoclinics - circular polarisation
16.20 Stress separation procedures
16.21 Three-dimensional photoelasticity
16.22 Reflective coating technique
16.23 Other methods of strain measurement
Bibliography
Appendix 1. Typical mechanical and physical pro'prties for engineering
materials
Appendix 2. Typical mechanical properties of non-metals
Appendix 3. Other properties of non-metals
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Index xxv