Biology revision notes Chapter 4 The chemicals of life

1. Our bodies are made up of ______________, we also contain ______________, ______________ and
______________.
2. In most organisms, ______________ of the body is made up of ______________. The spaces between our
______________ are also filled with watery liquid.
3. Chemical reactions are going on all the ______________ inside every living organism.
This is called _________________.
4. ______________ Reactions can ONLY take place if the chemicals are ______________ in water. If cells dry out, the
reactions will ______________, and the organism will ______________.
5. Uses of water:
i) Plasma (______________ part of blood) must contain a lot of water so that substances such as ______________ can
dissolve in it.
ii) To get rid of ______________ ______________ in our bodies. For instance, the kidneys remove urea from the body, it
dissolves in water, forming ______________.
iii) To keep our bodies ______________. When it is too hot, the ______________ ______________ in the skin releases
______________ which is mostly water. The water in the sweat will ______________ which cools us down.

CARBOHYDRATES
1. Starch and Sugars are carbohydrates. Give samples of foods containing carbohydrates (Please research)

______________, ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________,______________

2. Carbohydrates contain the following atoms in their molecule:

______________, ______________ and ______________

Ratio of atoms in Carbohydrates: ______C ______H _______O

A. GLUCOSE (Monosaccharide)
1. The _________________ kind of carbohydrate are the _________________ _________________ or called
_________________.
2. Glucose is an example of _________________sugar.
3. It is made of _________________ carbon atoms, _________________ hydrogen atoms and _________________
oxygen atoms. Molecular formula can be written as : _________________
4. It is _________________ in water and taste _________________.

B. SUCROSE (Disaccharide)
1. If two sugar molecules join together, a larger molecule is formed called a _________________ sugar, also known as
_________________.
2. Examples of complex sugar : _________________, _________________.
3. It is also _________________ in water and taste _________________.

C. STARCH (Polysaccharide)
1. If many simple sugars join together, a very large molecule is formed called a _________________. It is a long chain of
sugar.
2. Example of polysaccharide include the _________________ of plant cell walls.
3. It is _________________ in water, and does not taste _________________.

ENERGY FROM CARBOHYDRATES

1. Carbohydrates are needed for _________________. The energy is released by _________________.
-_________________ is normally used in respiration, it is also in this form of sugar that carbohydrate is transported
around an _________________s body.
-Human blood _________________ contains dissolved _________________ to transport to all the
_________________.

-The cells use the _________________ to release _________________.

2. Plants also use glucose in _________________ to provide them with _________________.
- Plants do not _________________ glucose around their body.
- Plants transport _________________.
-Plant cells will _________________ the sucrose to glucose when they _________________ to use it.
-Plants also stores _________________, it is easy for plants to change it into glucose or in reverse.
-Some plants store large quantities of starch in their _________________ or _________________.
3. Animals do not store _________________. They store _________________(a form of polysaccharide) in the
_________________ and the _________________ .

CARBOHYDRATES FROM PLANT BASED FOOD

1. Plants make their own _________________ by _________________. Animals and _________________ get their
carbohydrates from the food that they _________________.
2. Very little carbohydrates are stored in animals, that is why meat and fish do not contain any _________________.

Activity 4.1 : TESTING FOODS FOR SUGARS

(please design experiment using foods such as -Rice- strawberries - Broccoli Pasta chicken meat egg grapes)

FATS
A. MADE OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
1. Fats are also known as _________________.
2. Like _________________, fats contains only three kinds of atoms which are: _________________, ________________
and _________________.
3. A fat molecule is made of _________________ molecules joined together: one _________________ and three
_________________ _________________.
4. They are _________________ in water.
5. Fats that are liquid in _________________ _________________ are called _________________.
B. FATS ARE GOOD STORAGE PRODUCTS
1. Fats and oils can be used in a cell to _________________ energy.
2. It releases more than _________________ energy compared to carbohydrates.
3. However cells will use _________________ first when they need energy and only use _________________ when all
the available carbohydrates have been _________________.
4. Extra energy in fats make them very _________________ for storing energy.
5. For example, some cells in mammals underneath the skin become filled with large drops of _________________ or
oils. They are used to _________________ energy when needed.
-This layer of fat is called the ________________ _________________.
- This tissue helps to keep _________________ inside the body.
- It _________________ the body.
- Animals which live in cold place have especially _________________ layers of adipose tissue called
_________________.
6. Plants also stores _________________ in their seeds, for example: _________________, _________________, and
_________________ _________________. These oils provide a good store of energy for _________________.
C. FATS ARE IN FOOD FROM PLANTS AND ANIMALS
1. Plants make _________________ by _________________, they use some to make _________________.
2.We get fats from eating _________________ or _________________.

PROTEINS
A. PROTEINS ARE LONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS
1. Protein contains _________________, _________________ and _________________, it also contains
_________________ and _________________.
2. They are made of long chain of smaller molecules called _________________ _________________.
3.There are _________________ kinds of amino acid.
4. A small difference in the _________________ of the amino acid will result in a different kind of _________________.
5. Some proteins are _________________ in water. Example: _________________
6. Some proteins _________________ in water. Example: _________________ (found in _________________ and
_________________)
B. PROTEINS ARE USED FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR
1. Proteins are not normally used for _________________.
2. It is used for making _________________ _________________. These are needed for _________________ and for
_________________ damaged parts of the body.
3. Cell membranes and _________________ contain a lot of protein.
4. It is also used to make _________________ to fight _________________ and _________________ in the body.
5_________________ are also protein.
C. PLANT FOODS AND ANIMAL FOODS ARE GOOD SOURCES OF PROTEIN
1. Plants make _________________ by _________________, they use some carbohydrates to make fats and also to
make _________________.
2. To do proteins, plants need _________________ ions or _________________ ions. These ions contain
_________________, which is combined with _________________ by the plants to make _________________
_________________.
3. The _________________ _________________ are linked together to produce _________________.
List some food rich in protein: _________________, _________________,_________________

Activity 4.4 : TESTING FOODS FOR PROTEIN

(please design experiment using foods such as -Rice- beans - Broccoli Pasta chicken meat egg grapes- potato)

Please copy table 4.1