SCAFFOLDING

Course : Bachelors of Quantity Surveying (HONS)

Subject : Construction technology 2
Lecturer: Mr. Chiew Seng Khoon
Name : WILSON LO WEI KONG (0317382)
SASITHARAN RAVI (0310667)
CHEW JUN MING (0310173)
LEE KAI YANG (0314835)



Date : 28
TH
JUNE 2014




Content pgs
1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.0 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.0 FRAME SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.0.1 PUTLOG SCAFFOLDING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.0.2 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING. . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.1 SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 MULTI-POINT ADJUSTABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.2 TWO POINT SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.3 CATENARY SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING . . . . . 11

3.2 MOBILE SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1 ROLLING SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.2 AERIAL LIFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.0 SAFETY FOR SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

5.0 ELEMENTS OF SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

6.0 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

7.0 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-23






1.0 INTRODUCTION
Scaffolding is a temporary structure that enables individual people access
to the place of labor so as to hold out their work. There are some differing
kinds of scaffolding, that is supported scaffolding, Suspended scaffolding,
Mobile scaffolding (Rolling scaffolding and Aerial Lifts).

The operating of scaffolding is that it permits access to space that is
difficult to reach, and to enable the employees to hold out their job at the
operating height 1.5m or additional higher than the bottom level.

Besides that, it will act as an operating platform for walking passage and
putting materials. It will support individuals and hold materials that are to
be used for construction or repair of buildings and alternative structures,
and it is to confirm the employees will perform their job easier and safer.

There are 3 main benefits of the staging that the first primary advantage
that staging offers is that it provides access to higher places, for work on
higher walls or ceilings. As a little platform of wood, fiberglass or light-
weight metal on top of a network of support, scaffolding offers any the
necessary the mandatory height to get the job done.

The second primal advantage of staging is that the position that it puts an
employee in. Height and reach typically will be offered through different
ways in which, like a ladder. However, ladders are angled, and it doesn't
provide a gentle platform for the employee to work on. whereas staging
puts an employee directly before of the surface he has to work on, while
not awkward angles.

This may be a major boon, significantly once leverage comes into play.
Apart from that, a scaffold offers a wider surface, Therefore multiple
employees will work side by side while not having any nice issue. this can
be not usually for 2 employees who try to get two ladders side by side.

The last benefits the scaffolding have is safety. One amongst the largest
reasons to use scaffolding, and why it remains therefore popular, is that
the quantity of safety that it will give. Scaffolding is supportive and has a
minimum of four anchor points on the bottom. This suggests that it
provides a firm platform for employees to stand, sit and work from.

Additionally, scaffolding will be made from a variety of strong, light-weight
materials like aluminum, that permits it to remain even steadier. It's easier
for the employees to keep up their balance on a flat platform than on a
ladder, therefore accidents are less possible to happen with the utilization
of scaffolding.

To boot, scaffolding typically contains a hand rail on the highest platform,
that helps to prevent the employees from slump and injuring themselves
whereas operating.

2.0 BACKGROUND
Scaffolding in the past
The sockets in the walls around the paleolithic cave paintings at Lascaux
suggested that scaffolding being used as far back as 17,000 years ago in the
French caves at Lascaux, where some of the earliest cave paintings have
been found.
These images depict a range of animals - mostly being hunted and the
sockets in the wall suggest that scaffolding was used to reach the ceiling and
continue the decoration in an upwardly mobile direction. Given that it's
unlikely that scaffolding was developed for this early interior design project it
seems that the technology was already established.
The Berlin Foundry Cup depicts the statue of a warrior, larger than life-sized,
stands within a wooden scaffolding at the center of the exterior cup which was
found in ancient Greece (early 5th century BC).
Far away to the east in China other great dynasties were leaving their mark
on the built environment. The Great Wall of China was constructed using
varying techniques and is made up of several smaller walls constructed over a
long period. Chinese techniques of scaffolding relied on an abundant natural
resource - bamboo. Hollow, lightweight and incredibly strong, bamboo makes
the perfect ecologically sound scaffolding material.
Modern scaffolding
With nerves of steel in mind, modern-day construction projects have
long needed employees who have a powerful head for heights.
However, staging these days had become more and more stable as a result
of the employees had to receive coaching on it specific system.

The coaching involves in a way to properly wear the protection device, a way
to examine it before every use, and the way to
recognize once the instrumentation should be removed
from service. employees are provided a security harness after
they are functioning at a height of 3m or higher than the bottom level.

Although there are certain rules and requirement for staging, nonetheless that
almost all ancient of techniques of staging was still being
deployed once it involves building techniques, "if it's not about to break, do
not fix it".










3.0 FRAME SCAFFOLDING
This is the foremost normally used form of scaffolding and is the kind that will
see being used in construction work and on most alternative forms of work
where elevation is required. Additional support may be required if the
scaffolding will be long or needs to require lots of weight.
Supported scaffolding is built from the base upwards, and can commonly be
used wherever possible. It is considered the simplest, most convenient,
safest, and most cost effective form of scaffolding construct. Different forms of
supported scaffolding are available, and each will offer a very specific purpose
and utilized in specific circumstances.
Frame scaffolding is typically utilized in construction places where everything
is in a fixed position so that there is of no need to dissemble and reassemble
it again compared to other buildings where changing of position is needed.
There are a few advantages by using framed type of scaffolding. Such as,
maintenance and shoring, scaffolding for masonry, safe, huge selection of
frame lock types and tube sizes, easily assembled, fast erection and
dismantling, high-strength steel tubing, mason, ladder, walkthrough, pedestal
and canopy frames, efficient and dependable.
There are two different types of scaffolding that will be categorized under
frame scaffolding, which is putlog scaffolding and independent scaffolding.


3.0.1 PUTLOG SCAFFOLDING
Putlog Scaffold Consists of single row of standards set aloof from wall at
1.30m Standards are joined in conjunction with horizontal ledgers, ledgers are
tied to the building with putlogs erected as the building rises, used mostly for
brick construction. It is partly supported by the building.

3.0.2 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING
Independent Scaffold Consists of two roles of standards set away from wall at
1m. Two roles of standards are tied to the building with transoms which
doesnt rely upon building for support.


3.1 SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING
Invention of Modern Suspended Scaffolding
Nowadays a suspended scaffolding system which includes a connector
system adapted to engage a fixture, the fixture in use is in contact with an
airfoil of a structure, an arm connects the suspended scaffolding system to the
connector system, in order to use the suspended scaffolding system that is
suspended beneath the structure.
a) Characterized in that, the connector system has connections that let
relative motion with respect to the fixture in two orthogonal planes.
Therefore, according to this aspect of the invention, the scaffolding system is
capable to maneuver laterally, and it is the connection of the connector made
this possible. In the most popular embodiment, the connector includes a
spherical bearing while some other connector includes a socket device and a
ball.
It is preferred that the fixture incorporates a path on which the scaffolding
system will work. This enables the scaffolding system to maneuver both
laterally, forwards and backwards.
b) Agreeing to a second view of the invention, a suspended scaffolding
system, together with a connector system adapted to engage a fixture.
The fixture in use is in contact with a airfoil of a structure, an arm connects the
suspended scaffolding system to the connector system so that in use the
suspended scaffolding system is suspended beneath the structure,
characterized in that at least one moveable counterweight is provided with the
suspended scaffolding system, which is adapted to be forced out from the
primary location to a second spot so as to alter the center of gravity of the
suspended scaffolding system.
c) A further aim of the invention is to provide a suspended scaffolding system
a support positioned in one or additional of the upper, side and/or lower
surface of a construction whereby a counterweight between two positions
moves the suspended scaffolding system's center of gravity, thereby creating
a pushing force to stabilize the equipment in a working position against the
main firm structure.
Therefore the motion of the counterweight changes the center of the gravity of
the system by creating a force that bears on the suspended scaffolding
against the main stable structure to stabilize the scaffolding position.
Besides that, a hydraulic jack powered by a motor and a hand crank is
provided to move the counterweight as an alternative.
d) According to a third aspect of the invention, a suspended scaffolding
system which includes a track connector system adapted to engage a track,
the track in use is in contact with the surface of a structure, the track
connector system have a minimum of at least three fasteners, each of which
is in contact with the track and is adapted to be temporarily removed from the
track. So that when it encounters an obstacle, the suspended scaffolding
system can move around the obstacle and to get into a new position.
e) According to the fourth aspect, it is a method of having a scaffolding
system which is movable along a rail, the rail being mounted to a surface by
at least one fastener has the steps of:
Providing an extra fastener to fix the rail to a structure
Removing at least one of the fasteners to enable the scaffolding
system to continue with its movement
Optionally replacing the removed fastener once the scaffolding system
has progressed its movement.
The fastener can be removed from the rail entirely or pivoted out of the way.
This technique enables the scaffolding system to be used on the straight or
curved, or complete length of a structure, which for example a bridge, on a
rail, runner or section of a rail or runner. Sections of rail or runner can also be
removed and placed ahead of another section.
f) According to another aspect of the invention, there is a technique of
stabilizing a suspended structure which has the following steps:
Providing a suspended structure
Adjusting the suspended structures center of gravity away from a
neutral position and therefore makes it more balanced.
Preferably, the adjustment of the suspended structures center of gravity is
achieved by one or additional counterweight movement, ballasting and
swinging. Example include moving a mass element (sliding, rotating, pumping
ballast from tank to tank) or by adding or removing mass to/from the object.
The stabilizing force is then transferred to a supporting structure using a
bumper in a preferred embodiment.
3.1.1 Multi-point Adjustable
Platform(s) suspended by more than two ropes from overhead supports and
equipped with a method which allows platform to be raised and lowered.
Includes chimney hoists.


3.1.2 Two point suspended scaffold

Platform supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by two ropes from
overhead supports and equipped with a means to allow the platform to be
raised and lowered.



3.1.3 Catenary suspended scaffolding
Platform supported by two essentially horizontal and parallel ropes attached
to structural members of a building. Additional vertical pickups may also
provide support.


3.2 MOBILE SCAFFOLDING

A mobile scaffold is a variety of freestanding independent scaffold. It is
mounted on a castors and wheels. It permits the scaffolding to be simply
moved from places to places.

Thither are a many components to look at once deciding whether or not to use
static or mobile scaffolding. Ease access is one such consideration, alongside
with the quantity of motion along the scaffolding itself. Wherever possible, you
ought to consider the usage of a single scaffolding structure, or a number of
structures because mobile units, while perfectly safe when well-manufactured
and utilized the correct way, do cause additional of a risk than mobile
constructs.

Most scaffolding is taken into account semi-permanent. Once used, it can be
taken apart and moved to different location before it is constructed again.
Fixed scaffolding can be left in position for extended periods of time, making it
particularly helpful in those situations where permanent access could be
required to elevated positions.

Advantages of Mobile Scaffolding
One of the foremost obvious benefits with this sort of scaffolding is that it is
totally moveable. With different kind of scaffolding, you have to decide on a
location first and then set up the scaffolding. If you wish to move the
scaffolding later, it has to be disassembled, moved and then reassembled
once more. With portable scaffolding, there are casters with wheels on every
support pole, which means that as long as nobody is on the scaffolding at the
time, it can be simply wheeled from place to place to position, then secured
into place and used.

Another advantage with mobile scaffolding is that these kinds of scaffolding
tend to be considerably additional versatile than standard scaffolding.
Portable versions of scaffolding are also a good deal more adjustable than the
scaffolding that dont seem to be moveable. They can be adjusted to suit any
height that you like for any project, and they can be simply adjusted and
moved around as needed to suit a range of various work environments as a
result.

Other advantages of using portable types of scaffolding include that they are
generally constructed from powder coated blade, that means that they are
shielded from the weather and also capable of transport a significant batch of
weight at a time. A single scaffolding platform can accommodate every bit
much as 500lbs for most manufacturers and brands of portable scaffolding,
however the powder coated steel construction means that despite their
effectiveness, these scaffolds are light weight and simply moveable

Portable scaffolding: The mobile scaffolds are simply transferable from one
position to another. Since, there are wheels attached to the base of the
scaffold it is emotional with a easy push or pull.
Lightweight scaffolding: Most of the days the scaffold structure is built of
durable yet light-weight material like aluminium pipes that facilitate in
maintaining the entire scaffold. This helps in reducing the effort given by the
workers. They also do not get hurt in any approach whereas making the
movement of the scaffold.
Spacious: The plank on the top of the scaffold tower is sort if spacious. It
helps the workers keep their tools on it. Moreover, they will work additional
handily because of the big space they get.

When can you use it?
It is being used when it needs you work above the ground and need two free
hands, the portable scaffold towers are going to be useful to you. These
towers are used for residential yet as business uses. Moreover, with these
portable scaffold towers you will be able perform several roles such as
painting, plastering, rendering, maintenance, air conditioning, and so on.

Why should you use it?
Scaffold tower is straightforward to assemble and erect, you need the portable
scaffold towers. They are very light and can be carried to anywhere. If you
need to perform some tiny repairs to your home, you can simply utilize the
portable scaffold towers. On the opposite hand, if you need to utilize it for
heavier functions they are likewise pure.








3.2.1 ROLLING SCAFFOLDING

Rolling scaffolding is a similar type of construct to supported scaffolding,
however instead of providing a stable base, it uses castor style wheels that
enable the base to be moved freely on the ground. This can be a helpful kind
of scaffolding once you need to complete work over a extended distance than
one scaffolding construction would allow.
The wheels ought to be locked when workers or materials are on the
scaffolding, so as to confirm the safety of those using it, and people around it.


3.2.2 AERIAL LIFTS

Aerial lifts ought to be used wherever workers need to be able to access a number of
levels so as to be able to complete a construction. For instance, if building work is
being finished on the extraneous of a multi-storey property and each workers and
materials are required to figure outside two or additional storey, at different times,
then an aerial lift can build it more comfortable and safer to carry even heavy
quantities of material, and multiple workers to the levels required.

4.0 SAFETY FOR SCAFFOLDING

To control the danger of a scaffold falling or collapsing, employers should
assure that scaffolds are engineered at intervals government agency
standards concerning strength and structural integrity.
1. Capacity
2. Bracing
3. Pinning
4. Components

Scaffolds and scaffold parts should be capable of supporting, while not failure,
their own weight and a minimum of four times their greatest possible amount
of load. Scaffolds shall be altered solely underneath the supervising and
direction of a competent person.

Employees are not permissible to figure on or from a scaffold throughout
storms or wind, unless a competent person has determined that it is safe, and
people staff square measure protected by:
Personal fall arrest systems
Wind screens (when wind screens square measure used the scaffold should
be secured against the anticipated wind forces).

What must you check before victimization scaffold?
Install, inspect, maintain and repair staging in accordance with standards,
rules, and manufacturer\'s directions.
Check the subsequent before victimization staging associated examine on an
adequate basis:
The base is sound, level and adjusted,
The legs are plumb and every one braces are in-situ,
The lockup devices and ties are secured,
The cross members are level,
The planks, decks and guardrails are put in and secure

What must you do once victimization scaffold?
Use associate access ladder, not the scaffold frame, unless it's specially
designed to be climbed up to the opposite level of staging. Build a stairs if the
scaffold is used for a length of your time.
Build a rest platform for each ten meter (30 ft) tall beside the ladder.
Ensure that scaffold is firmly connected to the building structure.
Effects of winds increase once scaffolds are coated (hoarded).
Adequate ventilation for the work activity within should be provided if the
scaffold is totally hoarded.
Protect all planked or operating levels with correct guardrails, middle rails
and toe boards on all open sides and at the ends of scaffold platforms.
Replace any guardrails that were removed, whereas hoisting materials.
Wear fall protection till guardrails are reinstalled.

What do you have to not do once using scaffold?
Do not load in way over its rated operating load.
Do not mount up planks or platforms.
Do not force braces to suit. Level the scaffold until a correct level are often
made simply.
Do not climb or stand on cross braces or guardrails.
Do not work on scaffolds throughout storms or high winds.
Do not overload scaffold frames or platforms.
Do not rest materials or instrumentation on guardrails.
Do not try and repair bent or kinked frames. Throw them out.
Do not work below a scaffold while not head protection.
Do not use scaffolds close to electrical wires.






5.0 ELEMENTS AND FOUNDATION OF SCAFFOLDING

Element of scaffolding
The elements of a scaffold are standards, ledgers, transoms, coupler, plank,
handrail, toe board, base plate, sole plate, and braces.
The standards, additionally referred to as uprights, are the vertical scaffold
tube that bears the load of the system wherever they ordinarily rest on a base
plate to distribute the load. the bottom plate incorporates a shank in its center
to carry the tube.

Ledgers are horizontal scaffold tubes that extend between the standards to
support the transoms which forms a tie between the standards

Transoms rest upon the ledgers at right angles. it is supported by a
minimum of 2 ledgers or connected on to a minimum of 2 standards. Main
transoms are placed next to the standards, they hold the standards in-situ and
supply support for plank whereas intermediate transoms are placed between
the most transoms to produce further support for plank.

Coupler could be an element or a tool used to connect horizontal and
vertical tubes along.

Plank could be a wooden board or made-up element that is a platform unit. It
may be created in timber or metal.

Handrail is a barrier consisting of pipes erected to alter the employees to
carry themselves in position to stop worsening from their workspace.

Toe board could be a barrier that used to forestall material from falling from
work space.

Base plate facilitates to distribute concentrate leg masses over a bigger
space.
Sole plate could be a wood plate that distributes the load of system over an
appropriate ground space.

Bracing is employed to secure the vertical members along laterally and keep
the system plumb, level and square. However, it is subjected to wreck simply
owing to its weak properties and once it is bent or broken, the frame can out
of plumb and square.

Foundation of Scaffolding
Base plates are essential great foundation to unfold the load of the system to
larger space below. It can avert sinking of ordinary and overturning of
scaffold. They connect scaffold standards and SPF planks. Base plates attach
to scaffold legs with pins or lockup devices.

Employees erecting scaffolds typically place screw jacks between the scaffold
legs and base plates to permit the scaffold to be simply adjusted to desired
height to confirm the system is erected, plumb and square. Base plates
typically contain trained holes for attaching the plates to the SPF planks.

The SPF planks, that is additionally referred to as sole plates, may be a plate
that's accustomed distribute the system load over an acceptable ground
space. The dimensions of sole plate are set by the load carried over a
selected ground space and also the soil conditions.

The only real plate ought to be a minimum 2x 10 planks and will be
continuous beneath a minimum of two consecutive supports. Sole plates
could run either on the length of the system or across the breadth provided
the soil conditions are satisfactory.

However, system will be used while not base plates on concrete or similar
onerous surfaces, though base plates are perpetually recommended. Base
plates are recommended for sleek surface like pavements or tarmac. For
softer surfaces sole boards should be used, the only real board below, the
only common place ought to be a minimum of one, 1000 cm with no
dimension less than 220 metric linear unit, the thickness should be a minimum
of thirty five metric linear units.

For heavier duty scaffold way more substantial baulks set in concrete will be
needed. On uneven ground steps should be cut from the bottom plates, a
minimum step size of around 450 metric linear units is suggested. An
operating platform needs sure different components to be safe. They have to
be close-boarded, have double guard rails and toe and
stop boards. Safe and secure access should even be provided.








6.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, staging has several uses and differing kinds of scaffolding have
its own distinctive properties and it is utilized in totally different conditions.
Frame scaffolding is typically utilized in construction places wherever
everything is during a mounted position in order that there is no necessary
dissemble and tack it once more compared to different buildings wherever
dynamical of position is required.

Suspended scaffolding could be a platform that is suspended by rope or
different non-rigid means that, from associate in Nursing overhead structure
that tends to use in maintenance and repair work like to put in a replacement
window or for painting at a way higher place.

Mobile scaffolding are primarily accustomed gain access to places wherever
countless painting and coating are required, it has high skillfulness and
adaptability that it will move round the place simply.

Scaffolding allows stable access for the staff, however it needs to use
applicable scaffold construction strategies, for instance, to erect, move or alter
scaffold properly to stop objects or people from falling.



7.0 REFERENCES
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over normal scaffold.

2) Beeaccess.com,. (2009). Fixeo System Components | Suspended
Scaffolding Equipment.

3) Doityourself.com,. (2014). Portable Scaffolding: Pros and Cons |
DoItYourself.com

4) Formarkscaffolding.co.uk,. (2013). Types Of Scaffolding And Their
Uses

5) Litherland, N. (2014). What Are the Advantages of Using Scaffolding? |
eHow. eHow

6) Osha.gov.. (2014). Scaffolding eTool | Suspended Scaffolds Multi-
point Adjustable

7) Patentscope.wipo.int,. (2012). IB2012051092 SUSPENDED
SCAFFOLDING SYSTEM

8) Scaffold Supplies,. (2012). Steel Scaffolding Is Superior to Wooden
Scaffolding

9) Singh, J. (2012). Scaffolding. Slideshare.net

10) Sinha, S. (2013). Suspended Scaffold Training. Training by Hightek

11) Stooty, S. (2009). Scaffolding. Slideshare.net

12) Super, U. (2013). Scaffolding Guide & History. Gpscaffolders.co.uk