AlLernaung CurrenLs and

ComponenLs
AlLernaung CurrenLs
AlLernaung currenLs ow back and forLh.
1hey are preferred over dlrecL currenLs due Lo
Lhelr ease of generauon and dlsLrlbuuon.
AlLernaung CurrenLs
uC
AC
WaLch hup://www.youLube.com/waLch?
v=!Z[MulPo8eg
AC volLages
lf we pass an alLernaung currenL Lhrough a
reslsLor, we can observe across Lhe reslsLor an
AC volLage whose lnsLanLaneous value obeys
Chm's law.
1hls volLage can be wrluen as
!
"
ls Lhe peak value, ! ls Lhe angular
frequency (rad/s), and # ls ume.
!
v t ( ) =V
p
sin"t
AC volLages
noLe LhaL
$ ls Lhe frequency ln Pz.
WhaL abouL Lhe power?
!
" = 2#f
AC volLages
-2.3
-2
-1.3
-1
-0.3
0
0.3
1
1.3
2
2.3
0 0.3 1 1.3 2 2.3
l
v

AC volLages
LeL us solve for Lhe power
!
V =V
p
sin"t
I =
V
p
R
sin"t
P =VI =
V
p
2
R
sin
2
"t =
V
p
2
2R
1#cos 2"t ( )
[ ]
P
ave
=
V
p
2
2R
$
V
rms
2
R
V
rms
$
V
p
2
CapaclLance
lf we allgn Lwo conducuve plaLes parallel Lo
each oLher, separaLe Lhem wlLh an lnsulaLor,
we have formed a capaclLor.
CapaclLors sLored balanced charge.
1he varlable C ls used Lo denoLe capaclLance
and Lhe unlL ls larads.
!
Q = CV
CapaclLance
CapaclLance
CapaclLance
uslng Lhe denluon of currenL
lor a parallel plaLe capaclLor,
"
%
ls Lhe dlelecLrlc consLanL of Lhe maLerlal and
ls 8.83 x 10
-12
l/m.
!
I =
dQ
dt
= C
dV
dt
!
C =
"
r
"
0
A
d
CapaclLance
!
r
ls Lhe relauve dlelecLrlc consLanL
!"#$%&"' )$'"*+$ ,&$'$-#%&-
./01#"0#
,&$'$-#%&- 2#%$03#4
5678-9:
vacuum 1.00000 ~
Alr 1.00034 8
aper 3.3 140
olysLyrene 2.6 230
1eon 2.1 600
1lLanlum uloxlde 100 60
CapaclLance
lor a nlce anlmauon of ac clrculLs wlLh
reslsLors or capaclLors, please see hup://
www.magneL.fsu.edu/educauon/LuLorlals/
[ava/ac/
CapaclLance
1he waLer model for a capaclLor ls a waLer
lled cyllnder wlLh a movable plsLon or a Lank
dlvlded by a rubber dlaphragm.
CapaclLance
lor Lhe waLer Lank analogy, please see Lhe
anlmauon: hup://www.wlsc-onllne.com/
ob[ecLs/vlewCb[ecL.aspx?lu=ACL4803
CapaclLance
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 0.3 1 1.3 2 2.3
l
v

CapaclLance
1he overall power dlsslpauon over ume ls
zero.
CapaclLors do noL dlsslpaLe power, Lhey sLore
energy when charglng and reLurn lL Lo Lhe
clrculL when dlscharglng.
1he energy sLored ln a capaclLor ls glven by
!
U =
1
2
CV
2
8C ClrculLs
lmaglne Lhe clrculL below wlLh Lhe capaclLor
charged Lo !
%
.
C
R
8C ClrculLs
Pow wlll Lhe volLage across Lhe capaclLor look
llke?
lL wlll sLarL from !
%
.
lL wlll decrease unul all Lhe charge ls
dlsslpaLed and wlll drop Lo 0v.
As currenL ls owlng, an opposlLe volLage wlll
appear across Lhe reslsLor, slowlng down Lhe
dlscharge.
8C ClrculLs
We can wrlLe Lhe followlng equauons:
1he volLage ls a funcuon whose derlvauve ls
slmllar Lo lLself.
WhaL can Lhls funcuon be?
An exponenual!!!
!
C
dV
dt
= I = "
V
R
dV
dt
= "
1
RC
V # "
1
$
V
8C ClrculLs
1hus, v(L) Lurns ouL Lo be
!
%
ls Lhe lnlual volLage, whereas # ls called Lhe
ume consLanL and ls glven by #&'(.
( deLermlnes how much charge ls sLored, '
deLermlnes how fasL lL ls dlsslpaLed.
1helr producL deLermlnes Lhe raLe of decay.
!
V(t) =V
0
e
"
t
#
8C ClrculLs
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
XXX
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
ms
0
2
4
6
8
10
V v(2)
8C ClrculLs
1hls funcuon ls called Lhe exponenual decay.
lL ls very common ln many naLural processes:
8adloacuve decay
newLon's law of coollng
Chemlcal reacuon raLes dependlng on
concenLrauon of reacLanL.
.
8C ClrculLs
now, leL us Lake Lhe followlng clrculL
+
-
V
DC:5V
R
C
8C ClrculLs
WhaL does Lhe volLage across Lhe capaclLor
look llke?
We expecL Lhe capaclLor Lo charge Lo Lhe value
of Lhe volLage source.
We expecL LhaL lL charges fasL ln Lhe
beglnnlng, slowlng down as Lhe capaclLor
volLage lncreases.
8C ClrculLs
We can wrlLe Lhe followlng equauons:
!
"V
S
+V
R
+V
C
= 0
"V
S
+ IR+V
C
= 0
I = C
dV
C
dt
V
C
t ( ) =V
S
1"e
"
t
#
( )
8C ClrculLs
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
XXX
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
ms
0
2
4
6
8
10
V v(2)
8C ClrculLs
WhaL lf Lhe lnpuL were a pulse?
1he capaclLor would repeaLedly charge and
dlscharge.
8C ClrculLs
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
XXX
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
ms
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
V v(1) v(2)
lnducLance
When an elecLrlc currenL passes Lhrough an
lnducLor, lL creaLes a magneuc eld.
Lnergy ls sLored ln space around Lhe lnducLor
as magneuc eld bullds up.
1hls opposes any change ln currenL.
lL ls llke momenLum or lnerua.
ln our waLer model, lL ls llke a heavy paddle
wheel placed ln Lhe currenL.
lnducLance
We can wrlLe Lhe followlng equauon for
lnducLance:
!
V = L
di
dt
lnducLance
1ransformers
When Lwo or more lnducLors share a common
magneuc core, Lhe resulung devlce ls a
Lransformer.
When an AC volLage ls applled Lo one of Lhe
wlndlngs of Lhe Lransformer, lL wlll creaLe a
magneuc eld proporuonal Lo Lhe number of
Lurns.
1hls magneuc eld wlll be coupled Lo Lhe nexL
wlndlng, creaung an AC volLage dependlng on lLs
number of Lurns.
1ransformers
1herefore,
!
V
1
V
2
=
N
1
N
2
1ransformers
Slnce an ldeal Lransformer cannoL creaLe or
dlsslpaLe power,
!
P =V
1
I
1
=V
2
I
2
1ransformers
LlecLrlcal Cuanuues
;<"0*#= 7"%&">'$ ?0&# ?0&#
2=9>/'
@=A&-"'
7"'<$1
,$B0&03
)$'"*/01
C9A/%#"0#
DE<"*/01
Charge C Coulomb C 10
-18
- 1 Mag of
6.24x10
-18

charges
l = dq/dL
CurrenL l Ampere A 10
-6
- 10
3
1A = 1C/s kCL
volLage v volL v 10
-6
- 10
6
1v=1n-m/C kvL
ower Wau W 10
-6
- 10
6
1W = 1!/s = lv
Lnergy u !oule ! 10
-13
- 10
12
1! = 1n-m u = Cv
lorce l newLon n 1n=1kg-m/s
2
1lme L Second s
8eslsLance 8 Chm " 1 - 10
7
v = l8
CapaclLance C larad l 10
-13
- 10 C = Cv
lnducLance L Penry P 10
-6
- 1 v = L dl/dL