Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Protection Testing
cover story
20
Customer 1
Product realization
Project x
System test
Verification*
Customer x
Routine
test of
products
Prototype series
FAT*
of system
equipment
Site
commissioning
Site acceptance
test
Trial operation*
Project n
Type test
Customer n
Warranty
Development
(EN ISO 9001)
Maintenance
Conformance
Test
* Optional
Decommissioning
PAC.WINTER.2009
020-025_cover_story_winter09_E_OK.indd 20
2/17/09 5:52:20 PM
21
constant current or constant voltage, while the testing
of an advanced multifunctional IED may require the use of
electromagnetic transient simulation.
How are we testing?
This third question is related to the selection of the testing
tools. It is clear that we can not answer it if we dont already
have the answers to the first two questions. But this is not
sufficient. We need to also know very well the capabilities of
the test equipment available, as well as the functionality of the
available testing tools.
For example, if we are testing a high-burden
electromechanical ground overcurrent protection relay,
we will need to use a test set that can deliver the required
current at the necessary compliance voltage. But if we are
testing a relay using the IEC 61850 sampled values and
GOOSE messages a test device with communications only
capabilities and support of the protocol may be used. Manual
testing may be OK if we are just verifying the connections
of a relay during commissioning, while execution of large,
object-oriented test plans is needed for acceptance testing.
We will try to explain in mode details the answers to the
above questions and discuss some modern methods and tools
that can be used for twenty first century testing.
Quality assurance process
The requirements for testing that can be defined by a
quality assurance process used by a manufacturer, utility or
anyone else, can vary significantly from one entity to another
and depend on philosophy, experience, available tools and
other factors. One of the benefits from the introduction of
IEC 61850 is that it not only defines a new communications
protocol, but also describes in Part 4 of the standard a quality
assurance process that can be applied for any device or system,
not only to the ones supporting the standard.
The quality assurance is a process that requires
involvement of all participants in the development and
manufacturing of individual devices and their acceptance
Alex Apostolov
received MSEE,
MSAM and Ph.D.
degrees from the
Technical University
in Sofia, Bulgaria.
He has more than
30 years experience in protection,
automation and
communications.
He is presently
Principal Engineer at
OMICRON
electronics in Los
Angeles, CA. He
is IEEE Fellow and
Member of the
Power Systems
Relaying Committee
and Substations C0
Subcommittee. He
serves on many IEEE
PES working groups
and is Chairman
of Working Group
C9. He is Member
of CIGRE and is
Convener of CIGRE
WG B5.27. He is US
representative in
IEC TC 57 WG 10,
17, 18. He holds
three patents and
has authored and
presented more
than 280 technical
papers.
PAC.WINTER.2009
020-025_cover_story_winter09_E_OK.indd 21
2/17/09 5:52:21 PM
Protection Testing
cover story
22
Advanced
protection
functions
based on
superimposed
components
require the use
of different
testing
methods
Prefault
Fault
compared
to electromechanical
i rly
= i mem
+
Current
or solid state
= Superimposed
ir
Power
Swing
Start
Power
Swing
Detection
relays.
PAC.WINTER.2009
020-025_cover_story_winter09_E_OK.indd 22
2/17/09 5:52:23 PM
and t
ethods
23
Failures of
different types
of substation or
system equipment
result in 'natural'
testing of
Advanced functions
protection devices.
The technology for protection
of transmission lines has changed
significantly in the last two decades due to the advancements
of microprocessor based hardware and new algorithms
implemented in the relay software. We can not cover a lot
in this article due to the limited space, so we will just use as
an example some protection or protection related functions
based on superimposed components - fault, directional and
power swing detection, as well as faulted phase selection.
When a fault, such as a short circuit, occurs in the electric
power system, it leads to a dynamic transition from the
normal system condition to a fault system condition. The
currents and voltages measured by the relay will change
as a function of the pre-fault system configuration and
the parameters of the fault - fault type, fault location, fault
resistance, etc.
Superimposed components can be used for system
analysis if the fault system condition is caused by a single
event (the fault inception) and no other simultaneous event
has occurred. In this case the faulted network state can be
considered as the result of the superposition of the pre-fault
and the fault generated quantities (Figure 3).
There are different approaches to the derivation of the
superimposed components. The general aim is to estimate
what the expected no-fault current or voltage sample should
be at this moment and then subtract that from the latest
sample captured.
Once the superimposed components of the currents and
voltages have been calculated, the relay can run in parallel the
PAC.WINTER.2009
020-025_cover_story_winter09_E_OK.indd 23
2/17/09 5:52:24 PM
Protection Testing
cover story
24
Network
Simulator
Waveform
Record
Comtrade file
Test
Sequence
different
Test
Computer
simulation,
V, I, binary
signals
performance
Test
Device
evaluation and
V
52a
documentation
Multifunctional
Protection IED
tools.
Trip
PAC.WINTER.2009
020-025_cover_story_winter09_E_OK.indd 24
2/17/09 5:52:25 PM
25
way to generate the signals used for the performance testing
of the distance element. Evaluation of the distance element
operation for multiple points on the selected characteristic is
typically required. Figure 7 shows the configuration for the
testing of a distance relay with a complex characteristic.
If the results from the testing of the distance characteristics
and the operating time are within the expected range, the
next step is the testing of the different communications based
schemes.
Testing Of Distance Protection Schemes
The testing of distance protection schemes is the final
step in the testing of a distance relay and is based on the
assumption that all individual protection elements distance,
overcurrent, directional, faulted phase selection, etc. have
already been tested and proven to be operating correctly. An
important consideration is the purpose of the test. If the test
of a distance scheme is performed as part of a relay acceptance
test, the complete test can be performed by the simulation of
the analog and binary signals that the relay is going to measure
or monitor under the specific test case conditions. However, if
the test is part of the commissioning of the protection system
of a transmission line before it is put in service, it may be
necessary to test the complete protection system, including
the communications channel. End-to-end testing using GPS
synchronization is the preferred method in this case.
When communication aided schemes are used in complex
system configurations, including double circuit transmission
line or transmission line loops with or without mutual
coupling, sequential tripping of faults on adjacent lines may
result in incorrect operation of the accelerated schemes. It is
required to develop test sequences simulating such conditions
to verify that the protective relay is going to operate correctly.
The next step in the Distance Protection Scheme testing is
the extension of the same test cases into the full operational
protection system test. This is commonly referred to as
End-to-End Testing or System Testing.
IEC 61850 can also be an integrated function in
transmission line protection relays. It impacts the testing
process by requiring the test system to be configurable using
the Substation Configuration Language, as well as to be able to
simulate GOOSE and sampled values, as well as to subscribe
to and process GOOSE messages from the tested relay.
Transient
simulation
should be
used for the
testing of the
performance
of advanced
protection
functions
that operate
based on
simultaneous
changes of
currents and
voltages.
PAC.WINTER.2009
020-025_cover_story_winter09_E_OK.indd 25
2/17/09 5:52:25 PM