EXPERIMENT 1

DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF

ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR



NAME : MUHAMMAD HELMI BIN JAMAL@JAMIL
STUDENT ID : 2010420208
GROUP : EH2202C
LECTURER : MISS NORASMAH




TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. TITLE PAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Abstract
Introduction
Objective
Theory
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendices
















ABSTRACT
The objective of this experiment is to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of
acetic acid in vinegar by titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide solution. For the first
experiment, we must prepare 150 mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide from 3.6 grams NaOH
solid in a beaker. Next, approximately 1.5 grams of KHP was added into another beaker and 30 mL of
distilled water then was added into the beaker and the solution was stirred until KHP dissolved
completely. The solution then titrated with NaOH solution and pH with every 1 mL of NaOH solution
added was recorded until we reach equivalence point. The steps were repeated with another two
solutions for NaOH standardization. Then, the graph of pH versus NaOH was plotted to get volume of
NaOH required to neutralize KHP solution for each titration. Molarity of sodium hydroxide for titrations
1, 2 and 3 was calculated. Then, the average molarity of sodium hydroxidewas calculated. For the
second experiment which is determination of molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar, firstly,
10.00 mL of vinegar was transferred into a clean and dry 250 mL beaker by using a 10 mL volumetric
pipette. Then, 80 mL of sufficient water was added to cover the pH electrode tip during the titration.
Then, 1 mL of NaOH was added into the vinegar solution and the pH of the solution was recorded. pH
reading was recorded for every NaOH solution added into the solution until we reach the equivalence
point. The steps was repeated twice more. Graph of pH versus NaOH volume added was plotted to get
volume of NaOH required to neutralize the vinegar in each titration. The data was recorded. Molarity of
acetic acid in vinegar, average molarity of acetic acid and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for
titrations 1, 2 and 3 was calculated. The percent by mass also was calculated. For the first experiment,
volume of NaOH solution required to neutralize KHP solution in titration 1 is . while the other two
titrations need and for the second experiment, volume of NaOH solution required to neutralize
vinegar solution in titration 1 is .. while the other two titrations need .. and .. The conclusion for
this experiment is the objective was achieved. From the experiment, we get the average molarity of
sodium hydroxide is 0.6035 M, the average molarity of acetic acid is 1.04 M and the average percent by
mass of acetic acid is 6.24 % .









INTRODUCTION
Concentration of solution is an amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. In a solution,
the solvent is the major component while the solute is the minor component. A concentrated solution
contains large quantity of solute in a given amount of solvent and vice versa for dilute solution. There
are two specific terms to express concentration, molarity and percent by mass.
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per volume of solution (in L)


( )

Percent by mass is the mass of solute (in g) per 100 grams of solution

( )
( )

Vinegar is dilute solution of acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is CH
3
COOH. The molarity
and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar can be determine by titration. A titration is a process in
which small increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume of a
solution of unknown concentration until the reaction is attained. Knowing the quantity of the known
solution required to complete a titration enables calculation of the unknown solution concentration. The
purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The equivalence point is reach
when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with
another reactant.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the molarity of the solution and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with
a standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
THEORY
A titration mixes two solutions which contain reactants for a known chemical reaction under conditions
such that:
a) the point at which both reactants have been completely consumed by the known reaction can
be detected (end point)
b) the amount of one reactant can be calculated from the known concentration of reactant in a
standard solution, the volume of standard solution used, and the balanced known chemical
equation.


In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals the mole
of base added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometry amount of 1 mole of the strong base,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of the weak acid, acetic acid (CH
3
CO
2
H), as
indicated in the Equation 1 :
NaOH
(aq)
+ CH
3
CO
2
H
(aq)
NaCH
3
CO
2(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(Equation 1)
The sudden change in the solution pH shows that the titration has reached the equivalence point. pH in
an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. Symbolically, the hydrogen ion
concentration is written as [H
3
O
+
]. pH is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
pH = -log
10
[H
3
O
+
] (Equation 2)
pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solution with pH < 7 are acidic, pH
= 7 are neutral, pH > 7 are basic. pH electrode will be use in this experiment. The titration is initiated by
inserting the pH electrode into a beaker containing the acid solution (pH within 3-5). As sodium
hydroxide, NaOH, is incrementally added to the acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be
neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will gradually increase.
When sufficient NaOH is added to a completely neutralize the acid (most of the H
3
O
+
ions are removed
from the solution), the next drop of NaOH added will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH. The volume
of based required to completely neutralized the acid is determined at the equivalence point of titration.



In this experiment, titration of the vinegar sample with a standardize sodium hydroxide solution will be
performed. To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, a primary standard acid solution is initially
prepared. In general, primary standard solutions are produce by dissolving a weighed quantity of pure
acid or base in a known volume of solution. Primary standard acid or bases have several common
characteristics :

Equivalence
point
Must be available in at least 99.9 purity
Must have a high molar mass to minimize error in weighing
Must be stable upon heating
Must be soluble in the solvent of interest
Most acids and bases are available in primary standard form. To standardize it, titration of the
solution with a primary standard should be performed. In this experiment, NaOH solution will be
titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate. The reaction equation for this is :
KHC
8
H
4
O
4(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
KNaC
8
H
4
O
4(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(Equation 3)
Once the sodium hydroxide solution has been standardized it will be titrated with 10.00mL aliquots
of vinegar. The reaction equation for vinegar with NaOH is :
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCH
3
COO
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(Equation 4)
Knowing the standardize NaOH concentration and using equation 4, we can determine the molarity
and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.
APPARATUS
Beaker, burette, balance, glass rod, mixer, retort stand, pipette,
PROCEDURE
PART A
1. 150 mL of 0.6 M sodium hydroxide solution was prepared from NaOH solid. The solution was
prepared in a beaker; the calculation was checked by the laboratory instructor prior to
preparing the solution. The calculation was recorded.
2. The beaker was placed on the balance and was tare. 1.5 grams of KHP was added to the beaker.
The mass of KHP was recorded to nearest 0.001 g. 30mL of distilled water was added to the
beaker. The solution was stir until the KHP completely dissolved.
3. The solution was titrated with NaOH and the pH was recorded with 1 mL addition of NaOH
solution.
4. Steps 1 to 3 were repeated and to more solutions was prepared for NaOH standardization.
5. The graph of pH versus NaOH was plotted. The volume of NaOH required to neutralize the KHP
solution in each titration was determined from the plots.
6. The molarity of NaOH for titrations 1, 2 and 3 was calculated.
7. The average molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was calculated. The resulting sodium
hydroxide concentration was used in part B of the experiment.


PART B
1. 10.00mL of a vinegar was transferred to a clean, dry 250mL beaker using a 10mL volumetric
pipette. 75 to 100 mL of water was added to cover the pH electrode tip during the titration.
2. 1 mL of NaOH was added to the vinegar solution and the pH was recorded.
3. The above steps was repeated twice more.
4. The graph of pH versus NaOH volume added was plotted and the volume of NaOH required to
neutralize the vinegar in each titration was determined from the plots. The data was recorded.
5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1, 2 and 3 was calculated.
6. The average molarity of acetic acid for each solution was calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titrations 1, 2 and 3 was calculated.
8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.

RESULTS
PART A : STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
Calculations for preparing 150mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution.




Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3
Mass of KHP (g) 1.5042 1.5036 1.5038
Volume of NaOH to
neutralize the KHP
solution (mL)
12.1 12.3 12.2

The molarity of sodium hydroxide
Titration 1
Moles of KHP,
1.5042 g KHC
8
H
4
O
4

= 0.00737 mol KHC

8
H
4
O
4



From equation 3, 1 mol KHP required 1 mol of NaOH
Moles of NaOH,
0.00737 mol KHP


= 0.00737 mol NaOH
Molarity of the NaOH solution
12.1 mL NaOH


= 0.0121 L NaOH
=

Titration 2
Moles of KHP,
1.5036 g KHC
8
H
4
O
4

= 0.00736 mol KHC

8
H
4
O
4

From equation 3, 1 mol KHP required 1 mol of NaOH
Moles of NaOH,
0.00736 mol KHP


= 0.00736 mol NaOH
Molarity of the NaOH solution
12.3 mL NaOH


= 0.0123 L NaOH
=

Titration 3
Moles of KHP,
1.5038 g KHC
8
H
4
O
4

= 0.00736 mol KHC

8
H
4
O
4

From equation 3, 1 mol KHP required 1 mol of NaOH
Moles of NaOH,
0.00736 mol KHP


= 0.00736 mol NaOH


Molarity of the NaOH solution
12.2 mL NaOH


= 0.0122 L NaOH
=

Average molarity of sodium hydroxide

PART B : MOLARITY OF ACETIC ACID AND MASS PERCENT IN VINEGAR.
Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3
Volume of NaOH to
neutralize the vinegar
solution (mL)
17.2 17.2 17.3

Titration 1
Moles NaOH reacted








Moles of CH
3
COOH neutralized by moles of NaOH

Molarity of the CH
3
COOH solution

Mass of acetic acid in the solution

Mass of acetic acid solution

Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

Titration 2
Moles NaOH reacted








Moles of CH
3
COOH neutralized by moles of NaOH

Molarity of the CH
3
COOH solution

Mass of acetic acid in the solution

Mass of acetic acid solution

Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

Titration 3
Moles NaOH reacted









Moles of CH
3
COOH neutralized by moles of NaOH

Molarity of the CH
3
COOH solution

Mass of acetic acid in the solution

Mass of acetic acid solution

Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

Average molarity of acetic acid

Average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

DISCUSSION
This experiment was constructed to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of
acetic acid in vinegar by titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide solution. The experiment
perform by a titration of the sodium hydroxide into the KHP and vinegar. From the titration, the volume
of the sodium hydroxide titrate was recorded to plot the graph. From the graph, we can determine the
accurate volume to neutralize the KHP and vinegar solution. From the volume, we can determine the
molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by do the several calculation.
In this experiment, we get the molarity and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. Even though
we get the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid, it might be not the accurate one. This is because
of the several errors that might be happened during the experiment. One of the error that might be
happen during the experiment is parallax error. The reading of the sodium hydroxide solution in the
burette may be not accurate. This is because it might have air bubble at the end of the burette. This will
give the effect to the volume of sodium hydroxide solution used to neutralize the KHP and the vinegar.
Besides that, it might be an error happen during the measurement of pH value. The pH reading taken
may not the actual reading because the solution might be not mixed well. This happen because we take
the pH reading after the titration without wait it until it really mixed. It will give effect on the volume of
sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralize the KHP and the vinegar.
Furthermore, it might be an error happen that cause by the surrounding. For example when we want to
measure the mass of KHP in the balance. We might not get the accurate 1.5 grams of KHP. This is
because of the balance is too sensitive. It can detect the small change in mass. The air molecule might
influence the mass of KHP because we not close the surrounding of the beaker while taking the mass of
the KHP.
An error also might be happen during we measure the volume of vinegar for titration. We use the
volumetric pipette to measure the volume of vinegar. The pipette that we use is not function well. We
just take the approximate reading of the pipette.
All this error will influence the result that we get.



RECOMMANDATIONS
In a way to get more accurate results, several steps can be done to give us more accurate results. The
steps that can be do during the experiment to get more accurate results is make sure the eye is parallel
to the reading of burette during we do the titration. Also make sure there is no air bubble at the end of
the burette. The air bubble must be removed to get the accurate volume of sodium hydroxide.
Furthermore, during we measure the mass of KHP, make sure we close the balance. Therefore, the air
molecule will not effected the reading of balance. Another way to get the more accurate result, make
sure we mixed the solution well before we take the pH reading of the solution. If the solution not mixed
well, it will give the different reading of pH. Moreover, we have to make sure that the apparatus that we
use during the experiment must be in good in a way to get more accurate reading.

CONCLUSION
The objective of the experiment was achieved. The molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar was determine from the calculation of the results. From the experiment, we get the average
molarity of sodium hydroxide is 0.6035 M, the average molarity of acetic acid is 1.04 M and the average
percent by mass of acetic acid is 6.24 % .