1.2.

1 Exercises:
1. Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following
a) 12 2 b) 1098 4 c) 2001 4
d) 2.001 x 10
3
4 e) 0.000 010 1 3 f ) 1.01 x 10
-5
3
g) 22.040 30 7 h) 100 1 or 3 i) 100. 3
j) 0.0048 2 k) 0.004 80 3 l) 4.8 x 10
-3
2
m) 4.80 x 10
-3
3
2. Use the exponential notation to express the number 670 to:
a) Four significant figures 6.700 x 10
2
b) Three significant figures 6.70 x 10
2
c) Two significant figures 6.7 x 10
2
d) One significant figure 7 x 10
2
1.2.1 Exercises:
3. Perform the following mathematical operations, and express the result to the correct number of
significant figures:
a) 97.381 + 4.2502 + 0.099195 = 101.730
b) 21.901 13.21 4.0215 = 4.67
c) 4.0 x 10
4
x 5.021 x 10
-3
x 7.34993 x 10
2
= 1.5 x 10
5
d) 2.00 x 10
6
= 6.67 x 10
12
3.00 x 10
-7
e) 9.2 x 10.65 = 9.2 x 10.65 = 7.9
8.321 + 4.026 (12.347)
f ) (9.04 8.23 + 21.954 + 81.0) 3.1416 = (103.8) = 33.04
3.1416
1. Convert 15 km/L to miles/gallon, when 1 gallon = 3.7854118 L and 1 km = 0.625 miles.
15 km x 0.625 mile x 3.7854118 l = 35.48823563 miles = 35 miles
l km gal gal gal
1.3.1 Exercise:
1. A waterbed has dimensions of 2.55 m x 2.53 dm x 230 cm.
What mass of water does this bed contain (density of water = 1.00 g/cm
3
)?
Volume = L x l x h = 255 cm x 25.3 cm x 230 cm = 1 483 845 cm
3
= 1.48 x 10
6
cm
3
Density = m/v m = density x volume = 1 48 x 10
6
cm
3
x 1.00 g/cm
3
= 1.48 x 10
6
g
1.4.1 Exercise:
1.5.1 Exercises:
1. Determine the oxidation state of each element in the following compounds:
a) PbCl
2
Pb (2+) Cl (1-) b) PbCl
4
Pb (4+) Cl (1-)
c) CuCl Cu (1+) Cl (1-) d) Al
2
O
3
Al (3+) O (2-)
e) CrCl
3
Cr (3+) Cl (1-)
1. Supply the following names or formulas:
a) K
2
O potassium oxide c) Zn
3
N
2
zinc nitride
c) BaS barium sulfide d) AlH
3
aluminum hydride
e) Silver oxide Ag
2
O f ) Beryllium iodide BeI
2
g) Lithium phosphide Li
3
P h) Calcium carbide Ca
2
C
1.5.2 Exercises:
1. Name the following compounds:
a) CuCl copper(I) chloride b) HgO mercury (II) oxide c) Fe
2
O
3
iron(III) oxide
d) MnO
2
manganese(IV) oxide e) PbCl
2
lead(II) chloride f ) CoBr
2
cobalt(II) bromide
g) CaCl
2
calcium chloride h) Al
2
O
3
aluminum oxide i) CrCl
3
chromium(III) chloride
1.5.3 Exercises:
1.5.4 Exercises:
1. Name the following compounds:
a) KMnO
4
potassium permanganate b) Ba(OH)
2
barium hydroxide
c) Fe(OH)
3
iron(III) hydroxide d) NaH
2
PO
4
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
e) (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
ammonium dichromate f ) NaBrO
4
sodium perbromate
g) KIO
3
potassium iodate h) Ca(OCl)
2
calcium hypochlorite
i) Cr(NO
3
)
3
chromium(III) nitrate
1. Name the following molecules:
a) N
2
O dinitrogen monoxide b) NO nitrogen monoxide
c) NO
2
nitrogen dioxide d) N
2
O
3
dinitrogen trioxide
e) N
2
O
4
dinitrogen tetroxide g) N
2
O
5
dinitrogen pentoxide
1.5.5 Exercises:
1.5.6 Exercises:
1. Name the following compounds:
a) HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid b) HNO
3
nitric acid
c) HNO
2
nitrous acid d) HF (aq) hydrofluoric acid
e) HBr (aq) hydrobromic acid f ) H
2
SO
4
sulfuric acid
g) H
2
SO
3
sulfurous acid h) HI (aq) hydroiodic acid
i) HCN (aq) hydrocyanic acid j) H
3
PO
4
phosphoric acid
k) H
2
S (aq) hydrosulfuric acid l) HC
2
H
3
O
2
acetic acid
1. Name the following:
a) CuSO
4
5H
2
O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
b) Na
2
CO
3
10H
2
O sodium carbonate decahydrate
c) MgSO
4
7H
2
O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
1.5.7 Exercises:
1.5.8 Exercises:
N
2
O
3
dinitrogen trioxide Mg(OH)
2
magnesium hydroxide
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
ammonium carbonate Fe
3
(PO
4
)
2
iron(II) phosphate
CoBr
3
cobalt(III) bromide CaI
2
calcium iodide
PCl
5
phosphorous pentachloride P
2
O
5
diphosphorous pentoxide
FeCl
2
iron(II) chloride NaNO
3
sodium nitrate
Na
2
CrO
4
sodium chromate HBrO hypobromous acid
CuSO
3
copper(II) sulfite Ca
3
N
2
calcium nitride
Li
2
SO
4
lithium sulfate HgS mercury(II) sulfide
KNO
2
potassium nitrite LiH lithium hydride
FeCr
2
O
7
iron(II) dichromate N
2
O dinitrogen monoxide
NaHCO
3
sodium hydrogen carbonate Ba(NO
3
)
2
barium nitrate
KHSO
4
potassium hydrogen sulfate Ba(ClO
3
)
2
barium chlorate
Cu
2
O copper(I) oxide AlPO
4
aluminum phosphate
Ba(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
bariumacetate NaIO
3
sodium iodate
Cu(CN)
2
copper(II) cyanide K
2
SO
3
potassium sulfite
SO
3
sulfur trioxide Mg(ClO
4
)
2
magnesium perchlorate
H
3
PO
4
phosphoric acid (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
ammonium sulfate
N
2
O
5
dinitrogen pentoxide NaC
2
H
3
O
2
sodium acetate
HNO
2
nitrous acid KMnO
4
potassium permanganate
1. Name the following compounds:
Magnesium sulfide MgS Tin (II) bromide SnBr
2
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)
2
Lithium hydrogen carbonate LiHCO
3
Hydroiodic acid HIO
3
Calcium fluoride CaF
2
Aluminum nitrate Al(NO
3
)
3
Ammonium hydrogen sulfate NH
4
HSO
4
Copper (I) cyanide CuCN Sodium sulfide Na
2
S
Iron (II) sulfate FeSO
4
Phosphorous acid H
3
PO
3
Perbromic acid HBrO
4
Carbon monoxide CO
Iron (III) bromide FeBr
3
Potassium chromate K
2
CrO
4
Zinc permanganate Zn(MnO
4
)
2
Hydrogen peroxide H
2
O
2
Potassium nitrate KNO
3
Calcium nitride Ca
3
N
2
Iron (III) chromate Fe
2
(CrO
4
)
3
Dinitrogen trioxide N
2
O
3
Sulfurous acid H
2
SO
3
Magnesium chloride MgCl
2
Magnesium chlorate Mg(ClO
3
)
2
Ammonium carbonate (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
Cobalt (II) hydroxide Co(OH)
2
Nitric acid HNO
3
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Diphosphorus pentasulfide P
2
S
5
Lithium sulfite Li
2
SO
3
Sodium hypochlorite NaClO
Ammonium dichromate (NH4)
2
Cr
2
O
7
Mercury (II) nitrate Hg(NO
3
)
2
Diphosphorus pentoxide P
2
O
5
Sulfuric acid H
2
SO
4
Iron (III) carbonate Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
Calcium acetate Ca(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
Nickel (II) perchlorate Ni(ClO
4
)
2
Potassium sulfite K
2
SO
3
Magnesium hydrogen sulfite Mg(HSO
3
)
2
Tin (IV) bromide SnBr
4
Sulfur hexafluoride SF
6
Iron (III) cyanide Fe(CN)
3
Ammonium carbonate (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
Phosphoric acid H
3
PO
4
Lithium dichromate Li
2
Cr
2
O
7
Iron (II) hydroxide Fe(OH)
2
1.5.8 Exercises:
2. Write the formulas for the following compounds:
1.6.1 Exercises:
1. Calculate the molar mass of calcium carbonate.
Ca(CO3)2: M = Ca + 2C + 6O = 40.08 g/mol + 2 x 12.01 g/mol + 6 x 16.00 g/mol = 160.10 g/mol
2. A certain sample of calcium carbonate contains 4.86 moles. What is the mass (in grams) of the
sample? What is the mass of carbonate ions present?
n = m/M m= nM = 4.86 mol x 160.10 g/mol = 778.086 g = 778 g
3. Convert 4.80 g of KHC
8
H
4
O
4
to the number of moles of KHC
8
H
4
O
4
.
n = m/M = 4.80 g / 204.23 g/mol = 0.023503 mol = 2.35 x 10
-2
mol
4. Convert 0.01132 mol of MgSO
4
7H
2
O to its number of grams.
n = m/M m = nM = 0.01132 mol x 246.52 g/mol = 2.790606 g = 2.791 g
5. What is the mass of water in 0.01132 mol of MgSO
4
7H
2
O?
m = nM = 0.01132 mol x 18.02 g/mol = 0.2039864 g = 0.2040 g
6. Convert 362 g of H
2
SO
4
to the number of molecules of H
2
SO
4
.
n = m/M = 362 g / 98.09 g/mol = 3.6904883 mol = 3.69 mol
3.69 mol x 6.022 x 10
23
molecules = 22.22118 x 10
23
molecules = 2.22 x 10
24
molecules.
1 mol
1.6.1 Exercises:
7. Convert 9.0 x 10
15
molecules of KHC
8
H
4
O
4
to the number of moles of KHC
8
H
4
O
4
.
9.0 x 10
15
molecules x 1 mole/6.022 x 10
23
molecules = 1.4 x 10
-8
moles
8. For aspartame, C
14
H
18
N
2
O
5
a) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 10.0 g of aspartame?
n = m/M = 10.0 g / 294.34 g/mol = 0.033974315 mol = 0.0340 mol of aspartame
0.0340 moles of aspartame x 18 moles of hydrogen / mole of aspartame = 0.612 moles of hydrogen
0.612 moles of hydrogen x 6.022 x 10
23
atoms / mole of hydrogen = 3.685464 10
23
atoms of hydrogen
= 3.69 x 10
23
atoms of hydrogen
b) What is the mass in grams of one molecule of aspartame?
294.34 g/mol x 1 mole / 6.022 x 10
23
molecules = 4.887745 x 10
-22
g/molecule
= 4.888 x 10
-22
g/molecule
9. Isopentyl acetate (C
7
H
14
O
2
) is a compound responsible for the scent of bananas. Interestingly, bees
release about 1 g of this compound when they sting.
a) How many molecules of isopentyl acetate are released in a typical bee sting?
n = m/M = 1 x 10
-6
g / 130.21 g/mol = 7679902 x 10
-9
mol = 8 x 10
-9
mol
8 x 10
-9
mol x 6.022 x 10
23
molecules / 1 mol = 4.8176 x 10
15
molecules = 5 x 10
15
molecules
b) How many carbon atoms are present?
5 x 10
15
molecules x 7 carbons / 1 molecule = 35 x 10
15
carbons = 4 x 10
16
carbons
1.7.1 Exercises:
1. Calculate the mass percent (with 4 s.f.) of each element in:
a) Carvone, C
10
H
14
O M = 150.24 g/mol
%C = 10 x 12.01 g/mol x 100% = 79.93876% = 79.94%
150.24 g/mol
%H = 14 x 1.01 g/mol x 100% = 9.4116081% = 9.412%
150.24 g/mol
%O = 16.00 g/mol x 100% = 1.064963% = 1.065%
150.24 g/mol
b) Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
M = 234.06 g/mol
%Ca = 40.08 g/mol x 100% = 17.12%
234.06 g/mol
%H = 4 x 1.01 g/mol x 100% = 1.726%
234.08 g/mol
%P = 2 x 30.97 g/mol x 100% = 26.46%
234.08 g/mol
%O = 8 x 16.00 g/mol x 100% = 54.68%
234.08 g/mol
1.7.1 Exercises (continuation):
c) Penicillin F, C
14
H
20
N
2
SO
4
M = 312.43 g/mol
%C = 14 x 12.01 g/mol x 100% = 53.82%
312.43 g/mol
%H = 20 x 1.01 g/mol x 100% = 6.465 %
312.43 g/mol
%N = 2 x 14.01 g/mol x 100% = 8.968%
312.43 g/mol
%S = 32.07 g/mol x 100% = 10.26%
312.43 g/mol
%O = 4 x 16.00 g/mol x 100% = 20.49%
312.43 g/mol
1.8.1 Exercises:
1. Analysis of the hydrocarbon C
x
H
y
reveals a hydrogen content of 11.84% by mass.
What is the empirical formula?
For H: n = m/M = 11.84 g/1.01 g/mol = 11.722772 mol = 11.72 mol
For C: n = m/M = 88.16 g/12.01 g/mol = 7.305495 mol = 7.306 mol
Ratio (H/C): 11.72 mol / 7.306 mol = 1.6
For every C there is 1.6 H. For every 5 carbons, there is 8 hydrogens: C5H8
2. Consider the following reaction: Li
2
CO
3
(s) + Co
2
O
3
(s) CO
2
(g) + black compound
The black compound contains 7.09% Li, 60.2% Co and 32.7% O. Identify the empirical formula.
For Li: n = m/M = 7.09 g/6.94 g/mol = 1.02 mol
For Co: n = m/M = 60.2 g/58.93 g/mol = 1.02 mol
For O: n = m/M = 32.7 g/16.00 g/mol = 2.04 mol LiCoO2
3. A caffeine sample contains 0.624 g C, 0.065 g H, 0.364 g N and 0.208 g O. What is the empirical
formula of caffeine (molecular weight of = 194.2 g/mol)? What is the molecular formula of caffeine?
C: n = m/M = 0.624 g/12.01 g/mol = 5.196 x 10
-2
mol H: n = m/M = 0.065 g/1.01 g/mol = 6.436 x 10
-2
mol
N: n = m/M = 0.364 g/14.01 g/mol = 2.598 x 10
-2
mol O: n = m/M = 0.208 g/16.00 g/mol = 1.300 x 10
-2
mol
C4H5N2O since the empirical formula affords a MW of 97.07 g/mol, and since the molecular
weight is double (194.2 g/mol), the empirical formula must be multiplied by 2 to afford C8H10N4O2.
1.8.1 Exercises (continuation):
4. The antibiotic sulphanilamide has the following percent composition:
41.9% C, 4.65% H, 18.6% S, 16.3% N and 18.6% O.
Find the empirical formula of sulphanilamide. The molecular weight of sulphanilamide is 172 g.
What is the molecular formula?
ratio:
C: n = m/M = 41.9 g/12.01 g/mol = 3.49 mol 6
H: n = m/M = 4.65 g/1.01 g/mol = 4.60 mol 8
S: n = m/M = 18.6 g/32.07 g/mol = 0.580 mol 1
N: n = m/M = 16.3 g/14.01 g/mol = 1.16 mol 2
O: n = m/M = 16.8 g/16.00 g/mol = 1.05 mol 2
C6H8SN2O2 empirical formula: 172.23 g/mol
The molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula.
1.9.1 Exercises:
1. Balance the following equations
a) CH
4
(g) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)
b) (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
(s) Cr
2
O
3
(s) + N
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)
c) NH
3
(g) + O
2
(g) NO (g) + H
2
O (l)
d) Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) CaSO
4
(s) + H
3
PO
4
(aq)
e) NaOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) Na
3
PO
4
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (l)
(NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
(s) Cr
2
O
3
(s) + N
2
(g) + 4 H
2
O (l)
2 NH
3
(g) + 2 O
2
(g) 2 NO (g) + 3 H
2
O (l)
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 3 H
2
SO
4
(aq) 3 CaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
3
PO
4
(aq)
3 NaOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) Na
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
Exercises:
1. In the combustion of propane (C
3
H
8
), what mass of oxygen will react with 96.1 g of propane?
C
3
H
8
(g) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)
C
3
H
8
(g) + 5 O
2
(g) 3 CO
2
(g) + 4 H
2
O (l)
n = m/M = 96.1 g/44.11 g/mol = 2.18 mol of propane
2.18 mol of propane x 5 mol of O2/1 mol of propane = 10.9 mol of O2
m = nM= 10.9 mol x 32.00 g/mol = 349 g of O2.
2. Baking soda (NaHCO
3
) is often used as an antacid. It neutralizes excess HCl in your stomach:
NaHCO
3
(aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
Milk of magnesia (Mg(OH)
2
), is also used as an antacid:
Mg(OH)
2
(s) + HCl (aq) 2 H
2
O (l) + MgCl
2
(aq)
Which is more effective per 1.00 g of antacid?
NaHCO
3
(aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
n = m/M = 1.00 g/84.01 g/mol = 1.19 x 10
-2
mol NaHCO3
1.19 x 10
-2
mol NaHCO3 x 1 mol HCl/1 mol NaHCO3 = 1.19 x 10
-2
mol HCl
Mg(OH)
2
(s) + 2 HCl (aq) 2 H
2
O (l) + MgCl
2
(aq)
n = m/M = 1.00 g/58.33 g/mol = 1.71 x 10
-2
mol Mg(OH)2
1.71 x 10
-2
mol Mg(OH)2 x 2 mol HCl/1 mol Mg(OH)2 = 3.42 x 10
-2
mol HCl
Mg(OH)2 is more effective.
1.11.1 Exercises:
1. Consider the following reaction: HNO
3
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
a) What weight of calcium nitrate can be produced by the reaction of 18.9 g of nitric acid with 7.4
g of calcium hydroxide? b) How many moles of which reagent will remain unreacted?
2 HNO
3
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
a) n = m/M = 18.9 g/63.02 g/mol = 3.00 x 10
-1
mol HNO3
n = m/M = 7.4 g/74.10 g/mol = 1.0 x 10
-2
mol Ca(OH)2
3.00 x 10
-1
mol HNO3 x 0.5 mol Ca(OH)2/mol HNO3 = 1.50 x 10
-1
mol Ca(OH)2,
Limiting reagent: Ca(OH)2
1.0 x 10
-2
mol Ca(OH)2 x 1 mol Ca(NO3)2/1 mol Ca(OH)2 = 1.0 x 10
-2
mol Ca(NO3)2
m = nM= 1.0 x 10
-2
mol x 164.10 g/mol = 1.64 g Ca(NO3)2
b) 1.0 x 10
-2
mol Ca(OH)2 x 2 mol HNO3/1 mol Ca(OH)2 = 2 x 10
-2
mol of Ca(OH)2
What is left over: 3.00 x 10
-2
mol 1.0 x 10
-2
mol = 2.0 x 10
-2
mol HNO3
2. Consider the following reaction: P (s) + S (s) P
4
S
3
(s)
a) How many grams of tetraphosphorus trisulfide can be produced from 62.0 g of phosphorus and
38.6 g of sulfur? B) How many grams of which reagent will remain unreacted?
4 P (s) + 3 S (s) P
4
S
3
(s)
a) n = m/M = 62.0 g/30.97 g/mol = 2.00 mol P
n = m/M = 38.6 g/32.07 g/mol = 1.20 mol S
2.00 mol P x 3 mol S/4 mol P = 1.50 mol S: The limiting reagent is S.
1.20 mol S x 1 mol P4S3/3 mol S = 0.400 mol P4S8
m = nM= 0.400 mol x 220.06 g/mol = 88.0 g of P4S3
b) Excess reagent: 1.2 mol S x 4 mol P/3 mol S = 1.6 mol P will be used up
Unreacted reagent: 2.00 mol 1.6 mol = 0.400 mol of P will remain.
M = nM= 0.400 mol x 30.97 g/mol = 12.388 g of P will remain.
1.11.1 Exercises:
3. Consider the following reaction: HBr (aq) + Fe(OH)
3
(s) FeBr
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
a) What weight of iron (III) bromide can be produced by the reaction of 30.0 g of hydrogen bromide
with 10.0 g of iron (III) hydroxide? B) Given that the percentage yield is 66%, how many grams of
iron (III) bromide are obtained?
3 HBr (aq) + Fe(OH)
3
(s) FeBr
3
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
a) HBr: n = m/M = 30.0 g/80.91 g/mol = 0.371 mol HBr
Fe(OH)3: n = m/M = 10.0 g/106.88 g/mol = 0.0936 mol Fe(OH)3
Limiting reagent calculations: 0.371 mol HBr x 1 mol Fe(OH)3/3 mol HBr = 0.124 mol Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)3 is the limiting reagent.
0.0936 mol Fe(OH)3 x 1 mol FeBr3/1 mol Fe(OH)3 = 0.0936 mol
m = nM= 0.0936 mol x 295.55 g/mol = 27.66 g FeBr3
b) 66% x 27.66 g = 18.26 g
1.12.1 Exercises:
1. A solution can be prepared by mixing 1.00 g of ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) with 100.0 g of water to give a
final volume of 101 mL. Calculate the molarity of ethanol in the solution.
n = m/M = 1.00 g/46.08 g/mol = 0.0217 mol
M = n/v = 0.0217 mol/0.101 l = 0.215 mol/L
2. A sulphuric acid solution of density 1.802 g/mL contains 88.0% H
2
SO
4
by weight. A) Find the
weight of H
2
SO
4
per liter of solution. B) Find the molarity of the solution.
a) 1 liter = 1 802 g 0.880 x 1 802 g = 1.59 x 10
3
g
b) n = m/M = 1.59 x 10
3
g/98.09 g/mol = 16.2 mol
M = n/v = 16.2 mol/1 L = 16.2 mol/L
3. A 325 mL sample of a solution contains 25.3 g CaCl
2
(111 g/mol). A) Calculate the molarity of Cl
-
ions in solution. B) How many grams of Cl
-
are there in 0.100L of this solution?
a) n = m/M = 25.3 g/110.98 g/mol = 0.2280 mol
M = n/v = 0.2280 mol/0.325 L = 0.702 mol/L
b) n = MV = 0.702 mol/L x 0.100 L = 0.0702 mol
m = nM= 0.0702 mol x 35.45 g/mol = 2.49 g of Cl
-
.
4. Find the weight percent of calcium carbonate in a 2.00 g sample of rock if it reacts with 30.0 mL of
0.60 M H
2
SO
4
according to the following reaction: CaCO
3
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) CaSO
4
(s) + H
2
O
(l) + CO
2
(g)
n = MV = 0.60 mol/L x 0.0300 L = 0.0180 mol
m = nM= 0.0180 mol x 100.09 g/mol = 1.80 g
Weight % = 1.80 g/2.00 g x 100% = 90.0%
5. What volume of a 0.200 M solution of AgNO
3
is required to react with 12.2 g of K
3
PO
4
?
AgNO
3
(aq) + K
3
PO
4
(aq) Ag
3
PO
4
(s) + KNO
3
(aq)
3 AgNO
3
(aq) + K
3
PO
4
(aq) Ag
3
PO
4
(s) + 3 KNO
3
(aq)
n = m/M = 12.2 g/212.27 g/mol = 0.0575 mol
M = n/v v = n/M = 0.0575 mol/0.200 mol/L = 0.288 L
6. What mass of Fe(OH)
3
would be produced by reacting 75.00 mL of 0.105 M Fe(NO
3
)
3
with 125.0
mL of 0.150 M NaOH? NaOH (aq) + Fe(NO
3
)
3
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s) + NaNO
3
(aq)
3 NaOH (aq) + Fe(NO
3
)
3
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3 NaNO
3
(aq)
NaOH: n = MV = 0.125.0 L x 0.150 mol/L = 0.0188 mol
Fe(NO3)3: n = MV = 0.07500 L x 0.105 mol/L = 0.00788 mol
Limiting reagent: 0.0188 mol NaOHx 1 mol Fe(NO3)3/3 mol NaOH = 0.00627 mol Fe(NO3)3
NaOH is the limiting reagent.
Mole ratio: 0.0188 mol NaOHx 1 mol Fe(OH)3/3 mol NaOH = 0.00627 mol Fe(OH)3
m = nM= 0.00627 mol x 106.88 g/mol = 0.670 g of Fe(OH)3.
1.12.1 Exercises (continuation):
7. The percentage of sodium chloride in a mixture was determined by adding 0.0811 M AgNO
3
to a
0.300 g sample of the mixture dissolved in water. It was found that 27.30 mL of AgNO
3
solution was
required for a complete reaction: NaCl (aq) + AgNO
3
(aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO
3
(aq)
a) What was the percent by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture? B) How many grams of AgCl
precipitated? C) Given that the final volume of the solution is 50.00 mL, calculate the molarity of
sodium nitrate in that solution.
a) AgNO3: n = Mv = 0.0811 mol/L x 0.02730 L = 0.002214 mol AgNO3
NaCl: 0.002214 mol AgNO3 x 1 mol NaCl/1 mol AgNO3 = 0.002214 mol NaCl
m = nM= 0.002214 mol x 58.44 g/mol = 0.1294 g
Mass % = 0.1294 g/0.300 g x 100% = 43.13 %
b) m = nM= 0.002214 mol x 169.88 g/mol = 0.3761 g of AgCl.
c) NaNO3: 0.002214 mol
M = n/v = 0.002214 mol/0.05000 L = 0.04428 mol/L
1.12.1 Exercises (continuation):
8. A sample of magnesium metal reacted completely when allowed to stand in 0.100 L of 0.1000 M
HCl. The excess acid was neutralized by titration with 32.0 mL of 0.125 M KOH. What was the mass of
the sample of magnesium? Mg (s) + HCl (aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) KCl (aq) + H
2
O (l)
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) KCl (aq) + H
2
O (l)
HCl: n = Mv = 0.1000 mol/L x 0.100 L = 0.0100 mol of HCl
Titration: n = Mv = 0.125 mol/L x 0.0320 L = 0.00400 mol
The amount that has reacted is the difference between the initial amount of HCl used & the left over:
0.0100 mol 0.00400 mol = 0.00600 mol (0.00600 mol of HCl was reacted)
Mole ratio: 0.00600 mol HCl x 1 mol Mg/2 mol HCl = 0.00300 mol Mg
m = nM= 0.00300 mol x 24.31 g/mol = 0.0729 g of Mg
9. Stomach acid, a dilute solution of HCl in water, can be neutralized by reaction with sodium
hydrogen carbonate. How many millilitres of 0.125 M NaHCO
3
solution are needed to neutralize 18.0
mL of 0.100 M HCl? HCl (aq) + NaHCO
3
(aq) NaCl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
HCl: n = Mv = 0.100 mol/L x 0.0180 L = 0.00180 mol
NaHCO3: v = n/M = 0.00180 mol/0.125 mol/L = 0.0144 L = 144 mL are necessary.
10. What volume of 0.250 M H
2
SO
4
is needed to react with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH?
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + NaOH (aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NaOH: n = Mv = 0.100 mol/L x 0.0500 L = 0.00500 mol
Mole ratio: 0.00500 mol NaOHx 1 mol H2SO4/2 mol NaOH = 0.00250 mol H2SO4
H2SO4: v = n/M = 0.00250 mol/0.250 mol/L = 0.0100 L of H2SO4.
1.12.1. Exercises:
1.13.1 Exercises:
1. You have 505 mL of a 0.125 M HCl solution and you want to dilute it to 0.100 M.
How much water should you add?
M1 = 0.125 mol/L V1 = 0.505 L M2 = 0.100 mol/L V2 = ?
M1V1 = M2V2 V2 = M1V1/M2 = 0.125 mol/L x 0.505 L/0.100 mol/L = 0.631 L
Water needed: 0.631 L 0.505 L = 0.236 L
2. Describe how to prepare 1.500L of 0.8460 M HBr solution starting with a 2.000 M solution.
M1 = 2.000 mol/L V1 = ? M2 = 0.8460 mol/L V2 = 1.500 L
M1V1 = M2V2 V1 = M2V2/M1 = 0.8460 mol/L x 1.500 L/2.000 mol/L = 0.6345 L
0.6345 L of the 2.000 mol/L HBr solution needs to be taken and added to a 1.500 L volumetric flask ,
and then water is added until the final volume is 1.500 L.
1.14.1 Exercises:
1. Consider the following reaction: CH
3
OH (l) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (g)
If 40.0 g of methanol (CH
3
OH) is placed in a reaction vessel with 46.0 g of oxygen gas, a total of 19.3
liters of CO
2
is actually obtained at STP. A) What is the % yield of CO
2
? B) How many grams of CO
2
were formed? CH
3
OH (l) + 1 O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (g)
a) CH3OH: n = m/M = 40.0 g/32.05 g/mol = 1.25 mol
O2: n = m/M = 46.o g/32.00 g/mol = 1.44 mol
Limiting reagent: 1.25 mol CH3OH x 1 mol O2/1 mol CH3OH = 1.88 mol O2
O2 is the limiting reagent.
Mole ratio: 1.44 mol O2 x 1 mol CO2/1 mol O2 = 0.960 mol of CO2 (theor.)
pv = nRT n = pv/RT = 1 atmx 19.3 L/0.08206 L atm/mol K x 273 K = 0.862 mol (exp.)
%yield = 0.862 mol/0.960 mol x 100% = 89.8%
b) m = nM= 0.862 mol x 44.01 g/mol = 27.94 g
2. Consider the following reaction: CCl
4
(l) + SbF
3
(l) CCl
2
F
2
(g) + SbCl
3
(l)
a) If 150 g of CCl
4
are mixed with 200 g of SbF
3
, how many grams of CCl
2
F
2
can be formed?
b) Calculate the volume of CCl
2
F
2
gas at 30 C and 0.90 atm.
3 CCl
4
(l) + 2 SbF
3
(l) 3 CCl
2
F
2
(g) + 2 SbCl
3
(l)
a) CCl4: n = m/M = 150 g/153.81 g/mol = 0.975 mol
SbF3: n = m/M = 200 g/178.76 g/mol = 1.12 mol
Limiting reagent: 0.975 mol CCl4 x 2 mol SbF3/3 mol CCl4 = 0.650 mol SbF3
The limiting reagent is CCl4.
Mole ratio: 0.975 mol CCl4 x 3 mol CCl2F2/3 mol CCl4 = 0.975 mol CCl2F2
m = nM= 0.975 mol x 120.91 g/mol = 118 g CCl2F2
b) pv = nRT v = nRT/p = 0.975 mol x 0.08206 L atm/mol K x 303 K/0.90 atm= 27 L of CCl2F3
1.14.1 Exercises:
3. How many liters of gaseous hydrogen at 150 C and 1.34 atmwill be produced when 55.0 g of
aluminum metal are reacted with 425 mL of 6.00 M sulphuric acid?
Al (s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2 Al (s) + 3 H
2
SO
4
(aq) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) + 3 H
2
(g)
Al: n = m/M = 55.0 g/26.98 g/mol = 2.04 mol
H2SO4: n = Mv = 6.00 mol/L x 0.425 L = 2.55 mol
Limiting reagent: 2.04 mol Al x 3 mol H2SO4/2 mol Al = 3.06 mol H2SO4
The limiting reagent is H2SO4.
Mole ratio: 2.55 mol H2SO4 x 3 mol H2/3 mol H2SO4 = 2.55 mol H2
pv = nRT v = nRT/p = 2.55 mol x 0.08206 L atm/mol K x 423 K/1.34 atm= 66.1 L
4. Consider the following reaction: MnO
2
(s) + HCl (aq) MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)
a) Calculate the expected volume of chlorine gas, measured at 812 mm Hg and 24 C, when 1.44 g of
MnO
2
reacted with 50.0 mL of 1.25 M HCl solution. b) If 278 mL of chlorine gas was collected at the
same temperature and pressure, find the percentage yield.
MnO
2
(s) + 4 HCl (aq) MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (l)
a) MnO2: n = m/M = 1.44 g/86.94 g/mol = 0.0166 mol
HCl: n = Mv = 1.25 mol/L x 0.0500 L = 0.0625 mol
Limiting reagent: 0.0166 mol MnO2 x 4 mol HCl/1 mol MnO2 = 0.0664 mol HCl
The limiting reagent is HCl.
Mole ratio: 0.0625 mol HCl x 1 mol Cl2/4 mol HCl = 0.0156 mol
pv = nRT v = nRT/p = 0.0156 mol x 0.08206 L atm/mol K x 297 K/1.07 atm= 0.355 L
b) % yield = 0.278 L/0.355 L x 100% = 78.3%
5. A sample of diborane gas, B
2
H
6
, has a pressure of 345 mm Hg at a temperature of -15 C and a
volume of 3.48 L. If conditions were changed so that the temperature is 36 C and the pressure is
468 mm Hg, what will be the volume of this sample?
P1 = 0.454 atm T1 = 258 K V1 = 3.48 L
P2 = 0.616 atm T2 = 310 K V2 = ?
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 V2 = P1V1T2/T1P2 = 0.454 atmx 3.48 L x 310 K/ (258 K x 0.616 atm) = 3.08 L
6. Hydrogen gas is often produced by the reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid:
Mg (s) + HCl (aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
If sufficient acid were used to react completely with 7.000 g Mg, what volume of hydrogen would be
collected on a day when the temperature was 28 C and the pressure was 765 mm Hg?
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Mg: n = m/M = 7.000 g/24.31 g/mol = 0.2880 mol
Mole ratio: 0.2880 mol Mg x 1 mol H2/1 mol Mg = 0.2880 mol H2
pv = nRT v = nRT/p = 0.2880 mol x 0.08206 L atm/mol K x 301 K/1.01 atm= 7.04 L
1.14.1 Exercises:
1.15.1 Exercises:
1. Mixtures of helium and oxygen are used in scuba diving tanks to help prevent the bends. For a
particular dive, 46 L of O
2
at 25 C and 1.0 atm, and 12 L of He at 25 C and 1.0 atmwere pumped into
a tank with a volume of 5.0 L. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure in the
tank at 25 C.
O2: V1 = 46 L T1 = 298 K P1 = 1.o atm
V2 = 5.0 L T2 = 298 K P2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = P1V1/V2 = 1.0 atmx 46 L/5.0 L = 9.2 atm P
O2
= 9.2 atm
He: V1 = 12 L T1 = 298 K P1 = 1.0 tm
V2 = 5.0 L T2 = 298 K P2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = P1V1/V2 = 1.0 atmx 12 L/5.0 L = 2.4 atm P
He
= 2.4 atm
P
total
= P
O2
+ P
He
= 9.2 atm+ 2.4 atm= 11.6 atm
2. If a gaseous mixture is made of 2.41 g of He and 2.79 g of Ne in an evacuated 1.04 L contained at 25
C, what will be the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure in the container?
He: n = m/M = 2.41 g/4.00 g/mol = 0.603 mol
pv = nRT p = nRT/v = 0.603 mol x 0.08206 L atm/mol K x 298 K/1.04 L = 14.2 atm
P
He
= 14.2 atm
Ne: n = m/M = 2.79 g/20.18 g/mo = 0.138 mol
pv = nRT p = nRT/v = 0.138 mol x 0.08206 L atm/mol K x 298 K/1.04 L = 3.25 atm
P
Ne
= 3.25 atm
Ptotal = P
He
+ P
Ne
= 14.2 atm+ 3.25 atm= 17.45 atm