EXPERIMENT REPORT

CHEMICAL BONDING

GROUP V :
PUTRI MEGA ANANDA

(123 194 205)

ZAIMATUL UMAH

(123 194 232)

RADIAN DANY APRILIA

(123 194

236)

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
2012

CHEMICAL BONDING

A DATE OF EXPERIMENT : Tuesday, 13 November 2012

B. PURPOSE

: 1. To compare between ionic bonding and covalent

bonding
2. Observe the changing of chemistry clorine element in
that some compound, from covalent bonding become
ionic bonding

D BASIC THEORY

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation

of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the
electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and
nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies
considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak
bonds" such as dipoledipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen
bonding.
1. Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonds occur in nature between two elements with a mutal attraction to
one another. Sodium and chloride form one of the most common ionic bonded
compounds in nature, NaCl, table salt. In this example, sodium and chloride share
an attraction due to the valence electron shell. In sodium, one electron exists in the
valence shell. In chloride, seven electrons exist in the valence shell. Elements
prefer to exist in a state with a full valence shell (eight electrons), for stability.
Sodium loses one electron and chloride gains one electron to put them both in their
most stable state.
Ionic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds, but still relatively strong
compared with other chemical bonds. Example on solution of NaCl added by
solution of AgNO3 will be changimg of ion.
NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
Compound that conclude ionic bonding has properties such as can transfer
energy and can be solved in water.

2. Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond occurs when two atoms come together and share a pair of
electrons, thus completing their valence shell of electrons. Covalent bonds can exist
as either a polar or non-polar covalent bond. Polar covalent bonds can further form
hydrogen bonds and exhibit hydrophilicity (water-loving), while non-polar
covalent bonds exhibit hydrophobicity (water-fearing).
Covalent bonds in a biological system usually remain intact, without the aid
of an enzyme.
Example is CCl4 reaction with AgNO3 will not yield other compound.
CCl4 + AgNO3
Covalent bonding between atom and other can change become ionic
bonding with changing one of the atom. Such CCl in CCL4 that covalent bond with
atom C can changing become ionic bonding with change atoms C with Ca. that
reaction is :
CCl4(l) + CaO(s) CaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
Compound that covalent bonding has properties such as difficult to soluble
in the water,but soluble in organics.

E PROCEDURE
1. Comparing ionic bonding and covalent bonding
1 ml of aquades + 5 drop NaCl

1 ml of CCl4

- Entered into a test tube 1

- Entered into a test tube 2

2 drop AgNO3
-

Added to the test tube 1 and 2

Observed changes

Write the time for the formation of reaction

time
Reaction : NaCI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3 (aq) + AgCI(s)

2. Changing of chemical bonding a compound from covalent bonding become ionic

bonding
CaO powder
- Entered into Pyrex test tube
- Heated gently to form a blue nucleus
- Heated for 10 minutes
- Test tube was moved away from the fire
Added 2 drops of CCl4
- Heated again 3 menit
Added 3 drops CCl4
- Heated again 3 menit
- Cooling down
Added 1 ml HNO3 concentrate
- Heated the test tube until precipitate dissolved and the
gasse gone
- Cooling down
Added 3 drops AgNO3

- Observed changes

Reaction 1 : 2CaO(s) + CCl4 (l) 2CaCl2 + CO2

Reaction 2 : CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) CO2 (g)+H2O +Ca(NO3) 2 + 2HCl
Reaction 3 : Ca(Cl)2(aq)+ AgNO3 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

3. Heating reaction of organic compound (in acid room)

Litle crystal H2C2O4
Put into porcelen cup
Put into tripod
Heated
Become crystal until has white color
H2C204 HCOOH(s) + CO2(g)

Little C12H22O11
Put into porcelen cup
Put into tripod
heated
Become caramel has brown color and the smell is good
C12H22O11(l) + 12O2(g) 12CO2(aq) + 11H2O(aq)

G. ANALYSIS
1. Comparing ionic bonding and covalent bonding.
The first experiment between
NaCl4(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(aq)
There is precipitation (AgCl) the color is white. Need time for about 34 second.

The second experiment between

CCl4(aq) + AgNO(aq) ( cant reaction)

The solution is colorless, in this reaction AgNO3 cant soluble.
2. Changing of chemical bonding a compund from covalent bonding become ionic
bonding.
2CaO (s) + CCl4 (aq) 2 CaCl2 (s) + CO2 (g)
When CaO heating until 10 minutes the result is powder of CaO, water that
containin CaO powder lose because avaporate when CaO added by CCl4
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 CO2 + H2O + Ca(NO3)2
This reaction become clammy powder of CCl4 and become coagulared when added
by HNO3.

CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + HNO3 + Ca(NO3)2

There are some bubles when adeed by AgNO 3. This reaction no smell and colorless
solution.
3. Heating reaction of organic compound (in acid room).
Heating Oxalat Acid (H2C2O4) Crystal
The result is melt a half on the center and colorless then crystaled again around the
porcelain cup. White crystal when heated there is gasses (CO) and the smell is bad.
H2C2O4 HCOOH(s) +CO2(g)

Oxalat
yield
C12H22O11+12O2 12CO2(aq)+11H2O
partial (a
half)
become
Carbon Monoxyde. Then yield again and crystaled become Format Acid
and Carbon Dioxyde.

Heating Sugar (C12H22O11)

C12H22O11(l) + 12O2(g) 12CO2(aq) + 11H2O(aq)
The result is become caramel, brown color, and the smell is good.

H. CONCLUSSION
From our experiment we can get conclusion are that ionic bond and
covalent bond. Ionic bond is formed by transfer of electron between atom to give
electrically charged particles that attract each other this attraction between oppositely
charged ion is what constitutes an ionic bond. Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of
electrons between atoms. In a shared between them is what constitutes a covalent bond.

I. REFERENCE
Tim Kimia Dasar. 2010. Kimia Dasar I. Surabaya: UNESA
G. SVEHLA. 1990. VOGEL. Bagian I. Logman Group Limited: London
G. SVEHLA. 1990. VOGEL. Bagian II. Logman Group Limited: London
WWW.Google. com
WWW.Chemis.try.org