DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

1.0 INTRODUCTION
In an earlier chapter, the behaviour o practical colu!n" "ub#ecte$ to a%ial co!pre""ive
loa$in& 'a" $i"cu""e$ an$ the ollo'in& conclu"ion" 'ere $ra'n(
)er* "hort colu!n" "ub#ecte$ to a%ial co!pre""ion ail b* *iel$in&( )er* lon&
colu!n" ail b* buc+lin& in the Euler !o$e(
,ractical colu!n" &enerall* ail b* inela"tic buc+lin& an$ $o not conor! to the
a""u!ption" !a$e in Euler theor*( -he* $o not nor!all* re!ain linearl* ela"tic upto
ailure unle"" the* are ver* "len$er
Slen$erne"" ratio ./r0 an$ !aterial *iel$ "tre"" (fy) are $o!inant actor" aectin& the
ulti!ate "tren&th" o a%iall* loa$e$ colu!n"(
-he co!pre""ive "tren&th" o practical colu!n" are "i&niicantl* aecte$ b* .i0 the
initial i!perection .ii0 eccentricit* o loa$in& .iii0 re"i$ual "tre""e" an$ .iv0 lac+ o
$eine$ *iel$ point an$ "train har$enin&( Ulti!ate loa$ te"t" on practical colu!n"
reveal a "catter ban$ o re"ult" "ho'n in Fi&( 1( A lo'er boun$ curve o the t*pe
"ho'n therein can be e!plo*e$ or $e"i&n purpo"e"(
2 Cop*ri&ht re"erve$
Version II 10 - 1
10
%
%
Fig. 1 Typical column design curve

c

(Mpa)
f
y
Test data (%) from collapse tests
on practical columns
Euler curve
Design curve
Slenderness (/r)
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
% %

% %
% %
200
100
50 100 150
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
2.0 HISTORICAL REVIE
3a"e$ on the "tu$ie" o A*rton 4 ,err* .1!0, the 3riti"h Co$e" ha$ tra$itionall* ba"e$
the colu!n "tren&th curve on the ollo'in& e5uation(
'here
fy 6 *iel$ "tre""
c 6 co!pre""ive "tren&th o the colu!n obtaine$ ro! the po"itive root o the
above e5uation
e 6 Euler buc+lin& "tre"" &iven b* .1a0
6 a para!eter allo'in& or the eect o lac+ o "trai&htne"" an$ eccentricit*
o loa$in&(
6 Slen$erne"" ratio &iven b* ./r0
In the $eviation o the above or!ula, the i!perection actor 'a" ba"e$ on
'here y 6 the $i"tance o centroi$ o the cro"" "ection to the e%tre!e ibre o the
"ection(
6 initial bo' or lac+ o "trai&htne""
r 6 ra$iu" o &*ration(
3a"e$ on about 200 colu!n te"t", 7obert"on .1"250 conclu$e$ that the initial bo' .0
coul$ be ta+en a" lengt# of t#e column/1000 con"e5uentl* i" &iven b*
'here i" a para!eter $epen$ent on the "hape o the cro"" "ection(
Version II 10 - 2
0 1 . 0 . 0 .
c e c e c y
f
8
8

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0 8 .
8
r
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0 9 .
( ::1 ( :

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_

,
_

,
_

r
r r
y

c
(Mpa)
f
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Euler curve
Design curve $it# % 0&00'
200
100
50 100 150
Fig.2 Robertsons Design Curve
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

7obert"on evaluate$ the !ean value" o or !an* "ection" a" &iven in -able 1;
Table1: values Calculated by Robertson
Column type Values
3ea!" 4 Colu!n" about the !a#or a%i"
7ectan&ular <ollo' "ection"
3ea!" 4 Univer"al colu!n" about the !inor a%i"
-ee" in the plane o the "te!
:(::18
:(::19
:(::8:
:(::8=
<e conclu$e$ that the lo'er boun$ value o 6 0&00' 'a" appropriate or colu!n
$e"i&n"( -hi" "erve$ a" the ba"i" or colu!n $e"i&n" in Great 3ritain until recentl*( -he
$e"i&n curve u"in& thi" approach i" "ho'n in Fi&( 8( -he De"i&n !etho$ i" ter!e$ >,err*?
7obert"on approach>(
!.0 MODIFICATION TO THE "ERRY RO#ERTSON A""ROACH
3.1 toc!y Columns
It ha" been "ho'n previou"l* that ver* "toc+* colu!n" .e(&( "tub colu!n"0 re"i"te$ loa$"
in e%ce"" o their "5ua"h loa$ o fy&( .i(e( theoretical *iel$ "tre"" !ultiplie$ b* the area
o the colu!n0( -hi" i" becau"e the eect o "train har$enin& i" pre$o!inant in lo'
Version II 10 - !
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
value" o "len$erne"" ()( E5uation .10 'ill re"ult in colu!n "tren&th value" lo'er than fy
even in ver* lo' "len$erne"" ca"e"( -o allo' e!piricall* or thi" $i"crepanc*, recent
3riti"h an$ European Co$e" have !a$e the ollo'in& !o$iication to e5uation 9 &iven b*
%
In the un!o$iie$ or! thi" 'ill cau"e a $rop in the calculate$ value o colu!n "tren&th
even or ver* lo' value" o "len$erne""( Such colu!n" actuall* ail b* "5ua"hin& an$
there i" no $rop in ob"erve$ "tren&th" in "uch ver* "hort colu!n"( 3* !o$i*in& the
"len$erne"", to ( ) 0) 'e can intro$uce a plateau to the $e"i&n curve at lo'
"len$erne"" value"( In &eneratin& the 3riti"h De"i&n .3S; @A@: ,art?10 curve"
'a" u"e$ a" an appropriate it to the ob"erve$ te"t $ata, "o that 'e
obtain the ailure loa$ .e5ual to "5ua"h loa$0 or ver* lo' "len$erne"" value"( -hu" in
calculatin& the ela"tic critical "tre"", 'e !o$i* the or!ula u"e$ previou"l* a" ollo'";
Note that no calculation" or e i" nee$e$ 'hen e a" the colu!n 'oul$ ail b*
"5ua"hin& at fy(
Version II 10 - $
( )
y
f E/ 8 ( :
:

( )
0 B .
:
8
:
8

>

of values all for

E
e

0
*0&2 (E/f
y
)
1/2
+
Test data (%) from collapse tests
on practical columns
Euler curve
,o-ertson.s curve

c
(Mpa)
f
y
%
%

%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
% %
%

%
% %
% %
%
% %
%
%
200
100
50 100 150
Fig.3 trut curve "it# a plateau $or lo" slenderness values
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
3.2 %n$luence o$ Residual tresses
7eerence 'a" !a$e earlier to the a$ver"e eect o loc+e$?in re"i$ual "tre""e" on colu!n
"tren&th" ."ee Fi&( B0( Stu$ie" on colu!n" o variou" t*pe" carrie$ out b* the European
Co!!unit* have re"ulte$ in the reco!!en$ation or a$optin& a a!il* o $e"i&n curve"
rather than a "in&le CTypical Design /urveD "ho'n in Fi&( 9( -*picall* our colu!n
curve" are "u&&e"te$ in 3riti"h an$ European co$e" or the $ierent t*pe" o "ection"
co!!onl* u"e$ a" co!pre""ion !e!ber" ESee Fi&( @.a0F( In the"e curve", % . )0)
'here an$ the value" are varie$ corre"pon$in& to variou" "ection"(
-hu" all colu!n $e"i&n" are to be carrie$ out u"in& the "trut curve" &iven in EFi&( @.a0F(
Version II 10 - %
y
f
E
8 ( :
:

0
50
100
150
200
250
'00
0 50 100 150 200 250
lenderness&
$
y
% 0&002
% 0&00'5
% 0&0055
d) % 0&00

/ompressive
strengt#
c
(Mpa)
Fig. '(a) Compressive strengt# curves $or struts $or di$$erent values o$
(/urve ()
(/urve 0)
(/urve /)
(/urve D)

/ T /
Rolled beam
/
C
*elded bo+
T
T
T

T
T
/
/
/
/
T
T
T
/
T
/
T
/ /
Rolled column
/
Fig. , Distribution o$ residual stresses
T
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
-he "election o an appropriate curve i" ba"e$ on cro"" "ection an$ "u&&e"te$ curve" are
li"te$ in -able 8(
Buckling Curves
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Lamda
f
c
d
/
f
y
Table 2: C#oice o$ appropriate values o$
Version II 10 - &
$
c
d
-
$
y

'
(
)
*
Fig. '(c) Column .uc!ling Curves as per %: /00
201/mm
2
f
y

c
(Mpa)







50 100 150
150
50
Fig. '(b) Compressive strengt# o$ "elded sections
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Se)+ions A,is o- (.)/0in1
1 21 3 2 3
<ot rolle$ "tructural hollo' "ection" 6 :(::8 .Curve A0 6 :(::8 .Curve A0
<ot rolle$ I "ection 6 :(::8 .Curve A0 6 :(::9@ .Curve 30
Gel$e$ plate
I "ection .up to B: !! thic+0
I "ection .above B: !! thic+0
6 :(::9@ .Curve 30
6 :(::9@ .Curve 30
6 :(::@@ .Curve C0
6 :(::= .Curve D0
Gel$e$ 3o% Section
.Up to B: !! thic+0
.Over B: !! thic+0
6 :(::9@ .Curve 30
6 :(::@@ .Curve C0
6 :(::9@ .Curve 30
6 :(::@@ .Curve C0
7olle$ I "ection 'ith Gel$e$ cover
plate" .Up to B:!! thic+0
.Over B:!! thic+0
6 :(::9@ .Curve 30
6 :(::@@ .Curve C0
6 :(::8 .Curve A0
6 :(::9@.Curve 30
7olle$ an&le, Channel, - "ection
Co!poun$ "ection" ? -'o rolle$
"ection" bac+ to bac+, 3attene$ or
lace$ "ection"
Chec+ buc+lin& about ANY a%i" Gith
6 :(::@@ .Curve C0
Note; For "ection" abricate$ b* plate" b* 'el$in& the )alue o fy "houl$ be re$uce$ b* 8:
N/!!
8
ESee Fi&( @.-0F(
For co!putational convenience, or!ulae lin+in& c an$ are re5uire$( -he lo'er root o
e5uation .10 Eba"e$ on ,err* ? 7obert"on approachF repre"ent" the "trut curve" &iven Fi&(
9 an$ 3S; @A@: ,art ? 1(
3.3 Types o$ Column ections
Steel "upplier" !anuacture "everal t*pe" o "ection", each t*pe bein& !o"t "uitable or
"peciic u"e"( So!e o the"e are $e"cribe$ belo'( It i" i!portant to note that colu!n"
!a* buc+le about 2, 3, 4 or 5 a%i"( It i" nece""ar* to chec+ the "aet* o the colu!n
about "everal a%e", "o that the lo'e"t loa$ that tri&&er" the on"et o collap"e !a* be
i$entiie$(
4niversal Column (5/) "ection" have been $e"i&ne$ to be !o"t "uitable or co!pre""ion
!e!ber"( -he* have broa$ an$ relativel* thic+ lan&e", 'hich avoi$ the proble!" o
Version II 10 - 2
( )
( ) 0 H .
0 H .
8
1
,
0 @ .
:
8
- and
a
f
$#ere
f f
e y
y e y c

+ +

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
local buc+lin&( -he open "hape i" i$eal or econo!ic rollin& an$ acilitate" ea"* bea!?to?
colu!n connection"( -he !o"t opti!u! theoretical "hape i" in act a circular #ollo"
section (C5)& 'hich ha" no 'ea+ ben$in& a%i"( Althou&h the"e have been e!plo*e$ in
lar&e o"hore "tructure" li+e oil plator!", their u"e i" "o!e'hat li!ite$ becau"e o hi&h
connection co"t" an$ co!parativel* 'ea+er in co!bine$ ben$in& an$ a%iall*
co!pre""ive loa$"( Rectangular 5ollo" ections (R5) have been 'i$el* u"e$ in
!ulti?"tore* buil$in&" "ati"actoril*( For relativel* li&ht loa$", .e(&( 7oo tru""e"0 angle
sections are convenient a" the* can be connecte$ throu&h one le&( Colu!n", 'hich are
"ub#ecte$ to ben$in& in a$$ition to a%ial loa$", are $e"i&ne$ u"in& 4niversal beams (4.)(
3., 5eavily *elded ections
Althou&h both hot rolle$ "ection" an$ 'el$e$ "ection" have loc+?in re"i$ual "tre""e", the
$i"tribution an$ !a&nitu$e $ier "i&niicantl*( 7e"i$ual "tre""e" $ue to 'el$in& are ver*
hi&h an$ can be o &reater con"e5uence in re$ucin& the ulti!ate capacit* o co!pre""ion
!e!ber"(
3.' tipulations o$ %: /00
-he "tipulation" o IS; =:: ollo' the "a!e !etho$olo&* a" $etaile$ above( For variou"
t*pe" o colu!n cro"" "ection" inclu$in& In$ian Stan$ar$ rolle$ "teel "ection" .a" a&ain"t
Univer"al Colu!n "ection"0, C<S, S<S, 7<S an$ <eavil* Gel$e$ "ection", IS; =::
reco!!en$" the cla""iication" ollo'in& the colu!n buc+lin& curve" a, b, c an$ $ a"
$etaile$ in i&( @.c0 above( Apart ro! t*pe" o colu!n cro""?"ection", the re"pective
&eo!etric $i!en"ion" o in$ivi$ual "tructural ele!ent" an$ their corre"pon$in& li!it"
al"o &ui$e 3uc+lin& Cla""( For e%a!ple, i the ratio o overall hei&ht i" to the overall
'i$th o the lan&e o rolle$ I "ection i(e( #/- i" &reater than 1(8 an$ the thic+ne"" o
lan&e i" le"" than B: !!, the buc+lin& cla"" corre"pon$in& to a%i" I?I 'ill be &ui$e$ b*
Curve a o Fi&( @ .c0( -hi" "ho'" or "a!e "len$erne"" ratio, !ore re"erve "tren&th i"
available or the ca"e $e"cribe$ above in co!pari"on to built?up 'el$e$ "ection"( For
variou" t*pe" o colu!n cro""?"ection", -able 9 .-able J(8 o 7evi"e$ IS; =::0 $eine" the
buc+lin& cla""e" 'ith re"pect to their re"pective li!it" o hei&ht to 'i$th ratio, thic+ne""
o lan&e an$ the a%i" about 'hich the buc+lin& ta+e" place .to be $eter!ine$ ba"e$ on
the colu!n buc+lin& curve" a" in$icate$ in i&( @ .c0 corre"pon$in& to both !a#or an$
!inor a%i"0;
T6.78 3: .4C97%:; C76 <F CR< 8CT%<:
Version II 10 - 3
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Cro"" Section Li!it"
3uc+lin&
about
a%i"
3uc+lin&
Cla""
Ro00e* I-Se)+ions
#/-f K 1(8 ; tf B: !!
B: !!L tf 1:: !!
6)6
y)y
6)6
y)y
a
b
b
c
#/-f L 1(8 ; tf 1:: !!
tf K1:: !!
6)6
y)y
6)6
y)y
b
c
$
$
Gel$e$ I?Section
tf LB: !!
tf KB: !!
6)6
y)y
6)6
y)y
b
c
c
$
<ollo' Section
<ot rolle$ An* a
Col$ or!e$ An* b
Gel$e$ 3o% Section
Generall*
.E%cept a" belo'0
An* b
-hic+ 'el$" an$
-/tf 7 9:
#/t$ 7 9:
6)6
y)y
c
c
C4'nne05 An10e5 T 'n* So0i* Se)+ions
An* c
#.i0+-.6 Me7(er
An* c
Version II 10 - 8
y
t
$
y
6
6
-
t
f
#
y
y
6
6
y
y
6
6
y
d
#
t
$
-
f
y
6
6
t
f
#
y
t
$
t
f
t
f
y
-
6
6
#
y
t
$
t
f
t
f
y
-
6 6
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
$.0 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
-he eective len&th, ML, i" calculate$ ro! the actual len&th, L, o the !e!ber,
con"i$erin& the rotational an$ relative tran"lational boun$ar* con$ition" at the en$"( -he
actual len&th "hall be ta+en a" the len&th ro! center to center o it" inter"ection" 'ith the
"upportin& !e!ber" in the plane o the buc+lin& $eor!ation, or in the ca"e o a !e!ber
'ith a ree en$, the ree "tan$in& len&th ro! the center o the inter"ectin& !e!ber at the
"upporte$ en$(
Effective 8engt# N Ghere the boun$ar* con$ition" in the plane o buc+lin& can be
a""e""e$, the eective len&th, ML, can be calculate$ on the ba"i" o -able J(@( Ghere
ra!e anal*"i" $oe" not con"i$er the e5uilibriu! o a ra!e$ "tructure in the $eor!e$
"hape .Secon$?or$er anal*"i" or A$vance$ anal*"i"0, the eective len&th o co!pre""ion
!e!ber" in "uch ca"e" can be calculate$ u"in& the proce$ure &iven in Appen$i% E(1( -he
eective len&th o "teppe$ colu!n in in$ivi$ual buil$in&" can be calculate$ u"in& the
proce$ure &iven in Appen$i% E(8(
Eccentric 0eam /onnection N In ca"e" 'here the bea! connection" are eccentric in plan
'ith re"pect to the a%e" o the colu!n, the "a!e con$ition" o re"traint a" in concentric
connection, "hall be $ee!e$ to appl*, provi$e$ the connection" are carrie$ acro"" the
lan&e or 'eb o the colu!n" a" the ca"e !a* be, an$ the 'eb o the bea! lie" 'ithin, or
in $irect contact 'ith the colu!n "ection( Ghere practical $iicultie" prevent thi", the
eective len&th "hall be ta+en a" e5ual to the $i"tance bet'een point" o re"traint, in non?
"'a* ra!e"(
tipulations o$ %: /00 N Metho$ or $eter!inin& Eective Len&th or Steppe$ Colu!n"
Single Stepped /olumns N Eective len&th in the plane o "teppin& .ben$in& about a%i" I?
I0 or botto! an$ top part" or "in&le "teppe$ colu!n "hall be ta+en a" &iven in -able E(8
1ote9 T#e provisions of E&2&1 are applica-le to intermediate columns as $ell $it# stepping on eit#er side:
provided appropriate values of ;1and ;2 are ta<en
Dou-le Stepped /olumns = Eective len&th" in the plane o "teppin& .ben$in& about a%i"
I?I0 or botto!, !i$$le an$ top part" or a $ouble "teppe$ colu!n "hall be ta+en a" per
the "tipulation" o Appen$i% E9
Coeicient >1 or eective len&th o botto! part o $ouble "teppe$ colu!n "hall be ta+en
ro! the or!ula;
'here
>1: >2, an$ >' are ta+en ro! -able E(H,
Version II 10 - 10
( ) ( )
8 1
1
8
8
8
9
8
8 8
8
1 1
1
1
O
1
t t
;
;
n > > t > t
>
av
+ +
+ + +

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

T6.78 ,: 8FF8CT%V8 78:;T5 <F =R%>6T%C C<>=R8%<: >8>.8R
3oun$ar* Con$ition"
Sche!atic
repre"enta
tion
Eective
Len&th
At one en$ At the other en$
-ran"lation 7otation -ran"lation 7otation
7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ Free Free
8(:L
Free 7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ Free
7e"traine$ Free 7e"traine$ Free 1(:L
7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ Free 7e"traine$ 1(8L
7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ Free :(=L
7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ 7e"traine$ 7e"traine$
:(H@ L
Note N L i" the un"upporte$ len&th o the co!pre""ion !e!ber .J(8(10(
Version II 10 - 11
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
De"i&n" o colu!n" have to be chec+e$ u"in& the appropriate eective len&th or
buc+lin& in both "tron& an$ 'ea+ a%e"( A 'or+e$ e%a!ple illu"tratin& thi" concept i"
appen$e$ to thi" chapter(
%.0 STE"S IN DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS AS "ER IS9 300
-he proce$ure or the $e"i&n o an a%iall* co!pre""e$ colu!n a" "tipulate$ in IS; =:: i"
a" ollo'";
(i) A""u!e a "uitable trial "ection an$ cla""i* the "ection in accor$ance 'ith the
cla""iication a" $etaile$ in -able 9(1 .Li!itin& Gi$th to -hic+ne"" 7atio"0 o the
Chapter 9 o IS; =::( .I, the "ection i" "len$er then appl* appropriate correction
actor0(
(ii) Calculate eective "ectional area, 6e a" $eine$ in Clau"e J(9(8 o IS; =::
(iii) Calculate eective "len$erne"" ration, >8/r, ratio o eective len&th >8: to
appropriate ra$iu" o &*ration, r
(iv) Calculate ? ro! the e5uation, ? 6 non?$i!en"ional eective "len$erne"" ratio 6
cc y
f f
6
( ) E
r
>8
f
y
8
8

(v) Calculate ro! the e5uation, 6 :(@E1P . ) :(80P

8
F
Ghere,
6 I!perection actor" or variou" Colu!n 3uc+lin& Curve" a, b, c an$ $ are
&iven in the ollo'in& -able; .-able J(1 o IS; =::0
T6.78 ': %>=8RF8CT%<: F6CT<R& ?
(vi) Calculate ro! e5uation, %
( )
1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
@ ( :
8 8
1

(vii) Choo"e appropriate value o ,artial "aet* actor or !aterial "tren&th, @m0 ro!
-able @(8 o Chapter @ o IS; =::
(viii) Calculate $e"i&n "tre"" in co!pre""ion, $cd , a" per the ollo'in& e5uation .Clau"e
2.1.2.1 o IS; =::0;
[ ]
: :
@ ( :
8 8
:
/ /
/
m y m y
m y
cd
f f
f
f

(i+) Co!pute the loa$ =d: that the co!pre""ion !e!ber can re"i"t =d % 6e $cd

Version II
#.)/0in1 C0'ss ' ( ) *
:(81 :(9B :(BA :(JH
10 - 12
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
(+) Calculate the actore$ applie$ loa$ an$ chec+ 'hether the colu!n i" "ae a&ain"t
the &iven loa$in&( -he !o"t econo!ical "ection can be arrive$ at b* trial an$
error, i(e( repeatin& the above proce""(
&.0 CROSS SECTIONAL SHA"ES FOR COM"RESSION MEM#ERS AND
#UILT- U" COLUMNS
Althou&h theoreticall* 'e can e!plo* an* cro"" "ectional "hape to re"i"t a co!pre""ive
loa$ 'e encounter practical li!itation" in our choice o "ection" a" onl* a li!ite$ nu!ber
o "ection" are rolle$ b* "teel !a+er" an$ there are "o!eti!e" proble!" in connectin&
the! to the other co!ponent" o the "tructure( Another li!itation i" $ue to the a$ver"e
i!pact o increa"in& "len$erne"" ratio on co!pre""ive "tren&th"Q thi" virtuall* e%clu$e"
the u"e o 'i$e plate", ro$" an$ bar", a" the* are ar too "len$er( It !u"t be "peciall*
note$ that all value" o "len$erne"" ratio reerre$ to herein are ba"e$ on the lea"t
avourable value o ra$iu" o &*ration, "o that ./r0 i" the hi&he"t value about an* a%i"(
&.1 Ro00e* S+ee0 Se)+ions
So!e o the "ection" e!plo*e$ a" co!pre""ion !e!ber" are "ho'n in Fi&( H& Sin&le
an&le" EFi& H.a0F are "ati"actor* or bracin&" an$ or li&ht tru""e"( -op chor$ !e!ber"
o roo tru""e" are u"uall* !a$e up o t'in an&le" bac+ to bac+ EFi& H.-0F
Double an&le "ection" "ho'n in Fi&( H.-0 are probabl* the !o"t co!!onl* u"e$ !e!ber"
in li&ht tru""e"( -he pair o an&le" u"e$ ha" to be connecte$ to&ether, "o the* 'ill act a"
one unit( Gel$" !a* be u"e$ at interval" N 'ith a "pacer bar bet'een the connectin& le&"(
Alternatel* C "titch bolt"D, 'a"her" an$ Crin& ill"D are place$ bet'een the an&le" to +eep
the! at the proper $i"tance apart .e(&( to enable a &u""et to be connecte$0(
Ghen 'el$e$ roo tru""e" are re5uire$, there i" no nee$ or &u""et plate" an$ - "ection"
EFi& H.c0F can be e!plo*e$ a" co!pre""ion !e!ber"(
Sin&le channel" or C?"ection" EFi&( H.d0F are &enerall* not "ati"actor* or u"e in
co!pre""ion, becau"e o the lo' value o ra$iu" o &*ration( -he* can be u"e$ i the*
coul$ be "upporte$ in a "uitable 'a* in the 'ea+ $irection(
Circular hollo' "ection" EFi&( H.e0F are perhap" the !o"t eicient a" the* have e5ual
value" o ra$iu" o &*ration about ever* a%i"( 3ut connectin& the! i" $iicult but
"ati"actor* !etho$" have been evolve$ in recent *ear" or their u"e in tall buil$in&"(
-he ne%t be"t in ter!" o "tructural eicienc* 'ill be the "5uare hollo' "ection" .S<S0
an$ rectan&ular hollo' "ection", EFi&( H.f0F both o 'hich are increa"in&l* beco!in&
popular in tall buil$in&", a" the* are ea"il* abricate$ an$ erecte$( Gel$e$ tube" o
circular, rectan&ular or "5uare "ection" are ver* "ati"actor* or u"e a" colu!n" in a lon&
"erie" o 'in$o'" an$ a" "hort colu!n" in 'al+'a*" an$ covere$ 'arehou"e"( For !an*
"tructural application" the 'ei&ht o hollo' "ection" re5uire$ 'oul$ be onl* 50A o that
re5uire$ or open proile" li+e I or C "ection"(
Version II 10 - 1!
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
-he ollo'in& &eneral &ui$ance i" &iven re&ar$in& connection re5uire!ent";
Ghen co!pre""ion !e!ber" con"i"t o $ierent co!ponent", 'hich are in contact 'ith
each other an$ are bearin& on ba"e plate" or !ille$ "urace", the* "houl$ be connecte$ at
their en$" 'ith 'el$" or bolt"( Ghen 'el$" are u"e$, the 'el$ len&th !u"t be not le""
than the !a%i!u! 'i$th o the !e!ber( I bolt" are u"e$ the* "houl$ be "pace$
lon&itu$inall* at le"" than B ti!e" the bolt $ia!eter an$ the connection "houl$ e%ten$ to
at lea"t 1 C ti!e" the 'i$th o the !e!ber(
Sin&le an&le $i"continuou" "trut" connecte$ b* a "in&le bolt are rarel* e!plo*e$( Ghen
"uch a "trut i" re5uire$, it !a* be $e"i&ne$ or 1&25 ti!e" the actore$ a%ial loa$ an$ the
eective len&th ta+en a" centre to centre o the inter"ection at each en$( Sin&le an&le
$i"continuou" "trut" connecte$ b* t'o or !ore bolt" in line alon& the !e!ber at each en$
!a* be $e"i&ne$ or the actore$ a%ial loa$, a""u!in& the eective len&th to be 0&5
ti!e" the centre to centre $i"tance o the inter"ection at each en$(
For $ouble an&le $i"continuou" "trut" connecte$ bac+ to bac+ to both "i$e" o a &u""et or
"ection b* not le"" than t'o bolt" or b* 'el$in&, the actore$ a%ial loa$ i" u"e$ in $e"i&n,
'ith an eective len&th con"ervativel* cho"en( .A value bet'een 0&D an$ 0&5 $epen$in&
upon the $e&ree o re"traint provi$e$ at the en$"0(
All $ouble an&le "trut" !u"t be tac+ bolte$ or 'el$e$( -he "pacin& o connector" !u"t be
"uch that the lar&e"t "len$erne"" ratio o each co!ponent !e!ber i" neither &reater than
!0 nor le"" than B0( A !ini!u! o t'o bolt" at each en$ an$ a !ini!u! o t'o
a$$itional connector" "pace$ e5ui$i"tant in bet'een 'ill be re5uire$( Soli$ 'a"her" or
pac+in& plate" "houl$ be u"e$ in?bet'een i the le& 'i$th o an&le" e%cee$ 125 mm(
Version II 10 - 1$
(a) Single (ngle (-) Dou-le (ngle
(c) Tee
(d) /#annel (e) /ircular Eollo$
Section (/ES)
(f) ,ectangular Eollo$
Section (,ES)
Fig @: Cross ection #apes $or Rolled teel Compression >embers
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
For !e!ber thic+ne"" upto 10 mm, M1! bolt" are u"e$Q other'i"e M20 bolt" are u"e$(
Spacin& o tac+ bolt" or 'el$" "houl$ be le"" than !00 mm&
-he ollo'in& &ui$e value" are "u&&e"te$ or initial choice o !e!ber";
.i0 Sin&le an&le "iIe ; 1/'0 o the len&th o the "trut
.ii0 Double an&le "iIe ; 1/'5 o the len&th o "trut
.iii0 Circular hollo' "ection" $ia!eter 6 1/B0 len&th
&.2 #.i0+-.6 or -'(ri)'+e* Co76ression Me7(ers
Ghen co!pre""ion !e!ber" are re5uire$ or lar&e "tructure" li+e bri$&e", it 'ill be
nece""ar* to u"e built?up "ection"( -he* are particularl* u"eul 'hen loa$" are heav* an$
!e!ber" are lon& .e(&( top chor$" o 3ri$&e -ru""e"0( 3uilt up "ection" Eillu"trate$ in
Fi&( J.a0 an$ J.-0F are popular in In$ia 'hen heav* loa$" are encountere$( -he cro""
"ection con"i"t" o t'o channel "ection" connecte$ on their open "i$e" 'ith "o!e t*pe o
lacin& or latticin& .$otte$ line"0 to hol$ the part" to&ether an$ en"ure that the* act
to&ether a" one unit( -he en$" o the"e !e!ber" are connecte$ 'ith Cbatten plate"D 'hich
tie the en$" to&ether( 3o% "ection" o the t*pe "ho'n in Fi&( J.a0 or J.-0 are "o!eti!e"
connecte$ b* "oli$ plate" al"o .repre"ente$ b* "trai&ht line"0(
A pair o channel" connecte$ b* cover plate" on one "i$e an$ latticin& on the other
EFi&(J.c0F i" "o!eti!e" u"e$ a" top chor$" o bri$&e tru""e"( -he &u""et" at #oint" can be
convenientl* connecte$ to the in"i$e o the channel"( ,late$ I "ection" or built?up I
"ection" are u"e$ 'hen the available rolle$ I "ection" $o not have "uicient "tren&th" to
re"i"t colu!n loa$" EFi& J.d0 an$ J.e0F( For ver* heav* colu!n loa$", a 'el$e$ built up
"ection ESee Fi&( J.f0F i" 5uite "ati"actor*(
Version II 10 - 1%
(-) 0oF Section (c) 0oF Section
(d) Glated ; Section (e) 0uilt ) up ; Section
(f) 0uilt)up 0oF
Section
(a) 0oF Section
Fig A: Cross ection #apes $or .uilt 2 up or $abricated Compression >embers
( ) 1@:
r

( ) 18: 1::
r

( ) 1::
r

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

.uilt up columns made up o$ solid "ebs:
In the"e colu!n" the 'eb" are "oli$ an$ continuou" ESee Fi& J.d0: J.e0: an$ J.f0F( Flan&e
plate" or channel" !a* be u"e$ in co!bination 'ith rolle$ "ection" to enhance the loa$
re"i"tance o the co!!onl* available "ection", 'hich are $irectl* 'el$e$ or bolte$ to
each other( For preli!inar* calculation", appro%i!ate value" o ra$ii o &*ration &iven in
Fi&( = or variou" built?up "ection" !a* be e!plo*e$(
-he lateral $i!en"ion o the colu!n i" &enerall* cho"en at aroun$ 1/10 to 1/15 o the
hei&ht o the colu!n( For purpo"e" o $etailin& the connection bet'een the lan&e cover
plate" or the outer rolle$ "ection" to the lan&e" o the !ain rolle$ "ection, it i" cu"to!ar*
to $e"i&n the a"tener" or a tran"ver"e "hear orce e5ual to 2&5A o the co!pre""ive loa$
o the colu!n( .Connection De"i&n i" $ealt later in thi" re"ource0(
Version II 10 - 1&
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Version II 10 - 12
r
F
%0&'1 D
r
y
%0&215 0
%0 (0&21H0&025)
D
0
r
F
%0&'2 D
r
y
%0&21 0
% 0 (0&1" H0&025)
6
6
D
0
D
r
F
%0&'! D
r
y
%0&B5 0
0
Fig /: 6ppro+imate radii o$ gyration
(Continued in ne+t page)
r
F
%0&2" D
r
y
%0&2" 0
D
0
r
F
%0&B D
D
m
%mean D
D
0
r %0&25 D
D
r %0&'5 D
m
D
m
r
F
% r
y
% 0&'1 D
r
6
%0&1"D D
D
0
r
F
%0&2" D
r
y
%0&'2 0
r
'
%0&1(DH0)/2
D
0
D
y
y
F F r
F
%0&21 D
r
y
%0&21 0
r
6
%0&1" D
D
0
D
0
r
F
%0&B2D
r
y
%0&B20
F
y
F
y
y
y
y
F
y
F
y
F
y
F
F
y
F
y
y
F
F
y
F
y
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
<pen *eb Columns:
In Fi&( A the t'o channel "ection" o the colu!n are connecte$ to&ether b* batten plate"
or lace" 'hich are "ho'n b* $otte$ line"( A t*pical lacin& or batten plate i" "ho'n in Fi&(
A( Lace$ colu!n" .al"o calle$ lattice$ colu!n"0 &enerall* carr* 10A !ore loa$ than
battene$ colu!n" or the "a!e area o cro"" "ection( -hi" nece""itate" a 10A increa"e in
the "len$erne"" ratio or battene$ colu!n"( All colu!n" "houl$ be tie$ at the en$" b* tie
plate" or en$ batten" to en"ure a "ati"actor* peror!ance(
&.! Desi1n Consi*er'+ions -or L')e* 'n* #'++ene* Co0.7ns
-he t'o channel con"tituent" o a lace$ colu!n, "ho'n in Fi&( A(a) an$ A (-) have a
ten$enc* to buc+le in$epen$entl*( Lacin& provi$e" a t*in& orce to en"ure that the
channel" $o not $o "o( -he loa$ that the"e t*in& orce" cau"e i" &enerall* a""u!e$ to
cau"e a "hearin& orce e5ual to 2&5A o a%ial loa$ on the colu!n( .A$$itionall* i the
colu!n" are "ub#ecte$ to !o!ent" or lateral loa$in& the lacin& "houl$ be $e"i&ne$ or the
a$$itional ben$in& !o!ent an$ "hear0( -o prevent local buc+lin& o un"upporte$ len&th"
bet'een the t'o con"tituent lattice point" .or bet'een t'o batten"0, the "len$erne"" ratio
Version II 10 - 13
Fig /: 6ppro+imate radii o$ gyration
r
F
%0&B2 D D
r
F
%0&'! D
r
y
%0&5' 0
D
0
r
F
%0&'" D
r
y
%0&55 0
D
0
r
F
%0&B D
r
y
%0&21 0
D
0
r
F
%0&' D
r
y
%0&22 0
D
0
r
F
%0&'! D
r
y
%0&! 0
D
0
F
y
y
F
F
F
F
y
y
F
F
F
y
y
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
o in$ivi$ual co!ponent" "houl$ be le"" than 50 R or D0A o the "len$erne"" ratio o the
built up colu!n .'hichever i" le""0(
In lace$ colu!n", the lacin& "houl$ be "*!!etrical in an* t'o oppo"in& ace" to avoi$
tor"ion( Lacin&" an$ batten" are not co!bine$ in the "a!e colu!n( -he inclination o
lacin& bar" ro! the a%i" o the colu!n "houl$ not be le"" than B0
0
nor !ore than D0
0
(
-he "len$erne"" ratio o the lacin& bar" "houl$ not e%cee$ 1B5( -he eective len&th o
lacin& bar" i" the len&th bet'een bolt" or "in&le lacin& an$ 0&D o thi" len&th or $ouble
lacin&( -he 'i$th o the lacin& bar "houl$ be at lea"t ' ti!e" the $ia!eter o the bolt(
-hic+ne"" o lacin& bar" "houl$ be at lea"t 1/B0
t#
o the len&th bet'een bolt" or "in&le
lacin& an$ 1/!0 o thi" len&th or $ouble lacin& .both or 'el$e$ an$ bolte$ connection"0(
In the Ge"tern 'orl$, it 'a" co!!on practice to Cbuil$?upD the re5uire$ cro"" "ectional
area o "teel co!pre""ion !e!ber" ro! a nu!ber o "!aller "ection"( Since then, the
increa"in& availabilit* o lar&er rolle$ "teel "ection" an$ the hi&h abrication co"t" have
re"ulte$ in a ver* lar&e $rop in the u"e o built?up co!pre""ion !e!ber"( -he $i"repute
o built?up co!pre""ion !e!ber" ari"e" ro! the unreali"tic e%pectation o !an*
$e"i&ner" that a built?up !e!ber "houl$ have the "a!e capacit* o a "oli$ !e!ber an$
Version II 10 - 18
(a) Single 8acing (-) Dou-le 8acing
(c) 0attens
Fig. B .uilt2up column members
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
al"o behave" in ever* re"pect in an i$entical !anner to the latter( Earl* $e"i&ner" 'ere
$i"appointe$ to $i"cover that thi" 'a" #u"t not po""ible( A contributor* cau"e to thi"
$ecline 'a" the re"trictive clau"e" intro$uce$ in !an* 'e"tern $e"i&n co$e", ollo'in&
the Suebec 3ri$&e Failure in 1"0D( <o'ever there i" a continuin& u"e o built?up
!e!ber", 'here "tine"" an$ li&htne"" are re5uire$, a" in -ran"!i""ion line -o'er"(
-here i", ho'ever, a 'i$e "prea$ u"e o built up co!pre""ion !e!ber" in the $evelopin&
'orl$, In$ia inclu$e$, lar&el* becau"e o the non?availabilit* o heavier rolle$ "ection"
an$ the perception that abrication o !e!ber" i" cheaper(
For Lace$ an$ 3attene$ Colu!n", Section J(H an$ J(J o IS; =:: "hall be ollo'e$( In
practical colu!n", the batten" are ver* "ti an$ a" the* are nor!all* 'el$e$ to the
vertical !e!ber", the* can be con"i$ere$ a" ri&i$ connector"(
-o allo' appro%i!atel* or thi" behaviour, a !o$iie$ or!ula or calculatin& the
eective "len$erne"" (-) o battene$ colu!n" ha" been 'i$el* e!plo*e$( -hi" en"ure"
that the ,err*?7obert"on approach outline$ earlier coul$ be u"e$ 'ith a !o$iie$ value
or "len$erne"" &iven b* - $eine$ belo'(
'here,
f 6 lo'er value o "len$erne"" o the in$ivi$ual vertical !e!ber" bet'een batten
interval" an$
6 "len$erne"" o the overall colu!n, u"in& the ra$iu" o &*ration o the 'hole built up
"ection(
-hi" e5uation, thou&h an appro%i!ation, ha" been "ho'n b* ,orter an$ Gillia!" o
Car$i Univer"it* actuall* to &ive accurate an$ "ae value" over the entire ran&e o
practical para!eter" or unior! colu!n" 'ith nor!al $epth batten"( In calculatin& the
value" o e in the ,err* 7obert"on e5uation, Ee5uation 1 an$ 1.a0F - i" to be e!plo*e$ in
place o , u"in& "len$erne"" ratio in $eine$ in e5uation .90( -he i!perection .-0 i"
calculate$ ro!
- % 0&0055(-) .=0
-he "tren&th o the battene$ colu!n i" evaluate$ ro!
- 6 eective "len$erne"" 'ith - co!pute$ a" &iven in e5uation .=0
e 6 calculate$ u"in& - value" &iven in e5uation .J0

Version II 10 - 20
.J0 T T T
2 2
f -
+
( ) ( )
.A0 U
U V U V
U
e y
2
e - y e - y
c
f
2
1 f
2
1 f

1
]
1

+ +

+ +

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

2.0 #ASE "LATES FOR CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS
-he $e"i&n co!pre""ive "tre"" in a concrete ootin& i" !uch "!aller than it i" in a "teel
colu!n( So it beco!e" nece""ar* that a "uitable ba"e plate "houl$ be provi$e$ belo' the
colu!n to $i"tribute the loa$ ro! it evenl* to the ootin& belo'( -he !ain unction o
the ba"e plate i" to "prea$ the colu!n loa$ over a "uicientl* 'i$e area an$ +eep the
ootin& ro! bein& over "tre""e$(
For a purel* a%ial loa$, a plain "5uare "teel plate or a "lab attache$ to the colu!n i"
a$e5uate( I uplit or overturnin& orce" are pre"ent, a !ore po"itive attach!ent i"
nece""ar*( -he"e ba"e plate" can be 'el$e$ $irectl* to the colu!n" or the* can be
a"tene$ b* !ean" o bolte$ or 'el$e$ lu& an&le"( -he"e connection !etho$" are
illu"trate$ in Fi&( 1:(
A ba"e plate 'el$e$ $irectl* to the colu!n" i" "ho'n in Fi&( 1:.a0( For "!all colu!n"
the"e plate" 'ill be "hop?'el$e$ to the colu!n", but or lar&er colu!n", it !a* be
nece""ar* to "hip the plate" "eparatel* an$ "et the! to the correct elevation"( For thi"
"econ$ ca"e the colu!n" are connecte$ to the ootin& 'ith anchor bolt" that pa"" throu&h
the lu& an&le" 'hich have been "hop?'el$e$ to the colu!n"( -hi" t*pe o arran&e!ent i"
"ho'n in Fi&( 1:.-0(
So!eti!e", 'hen there i" a lar&e !o!ent in relation to the verticall* applie$ loa$ a
&u""ete$ ba"e !a* be re5uire$( -hi" i" inten$e$ to allo' the lever ar! ro! the hol$in&
$o'n bolt" to be increa"e$ to &ive !a%i!u! eicienc* 'hile +eepin& the ba"e plate
thic+ne"" to an acceptable !ini!u!(
Version II 10 - 21
(nc#or -olts
/oncrete
footing
(nc#or
-olt
(ngle
Fig. 10 Column base
plates
(a)
(-)
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
A critical pha"e in the erection o a "teel buil$in& i" the proper po"itionin& o colu!n ba"e
plate"( I the* are not locate$ at their correct elevation", "eriou" "tre"" chan&e" !a* occur
in the bea!" an$ colu!n" o the "teel ra!e( In !an* ca"e", levellin& plate" o the "a!e
$i!en"ion" a" the ba"e plate are careull* &route$ in place to the proper elevation" ir"t
an$ then the colu!n" 'ith attache$ ba"e plate" are "et on the levellin& plate"(
-he len&th" an$ 'i$th" o colu!n ba"e plate" are u"uall* "electe$ in !ultiple" o 10 mm
an$ the thic+ne"" cho"en to conor! to rolle$ "teel plate"( U"uall* the thic+ne"" o ba"e
plate" i" in the ran&e o B0)50 mm( I plate" o thi" ran&e are in"uicient to $evelop the
applie$ ben$in& !o!ent or i thinner plate" are u"e$, "o!e or! o "tienin& !u"t be
provi$e$(
Concrete "upport area "houl$ be "i&niicantl* lar&er than the ba"e plate area "o that the
applie$ loa$ can $i"per"e "ati"actoril* on to the oun$ation( -o "prea$ the colu!n loa$"
unior!l* over the ba"e plate", an$ to en"ure there i" &oo$ contact bet'een the t'o, it i"
cu"to!ar* not to poli"h the un$er"i$e o the ba"e plate, but &rout it in place(
Colu!n" "upportin& pre$o!inantl* a%ial loa$" are $e"i&ne$ a" bein& pin?en$e$ at the
ba"e( -he $e"i&n "tep" or a ba"e plate attache$ to an a%iall* loa$e$ colu!n 'ith pinne$
ba"e i" e%plaine$ belo'(
Grocedure for empirical design of a sla- -ase plate for aFial load only (pinned
connection)
1& Deter!ine the actore$ a%ial loa$ an$ "hear at the colu!n ba"e(
2& Deci$e on the nu!ber an$ t*pe o hol$in& $o'n bolt" to re"i"t "hear an$ ten"ion( -he
cho"en nu!ber o bolt" are to be arran&e$ "*!!etricall* near corner" o ba"e plate or
ne%t to colu!n 'eb, "i!ilar to the arran&e!ent "+etche$ in Fi&( 1:(
'& Ma%i!u! allo'able bearin& "tren&th 6 0&B fcu .'here fcu 6 cube "tren&th o concrete0
Actual bearin& pre""ure to be le"" than or e5ual to 0&B fcu&
B& Deter!ine ba"e plate thic+ne"" tQ
For ;: E, c#annel: -oF or ,ES columns
but not le"" than the thic+ne"" o the lan&e o the "upporte$
colu!n(
$ 6 pre""ure in N/!!
8
on un$er"i$e o plate, a""u!in& a unior! $i"tribution(
a 6 lar&er plate pro#ection ro! colu!n ESee Fi&( 11F
- 6 "!aller plate pro#ection ro! colu!n
fyp 6 $e"i&n "tren&th o plate, but not &reater than 250 1/mm
2
$ivi$e$ b* m
Version II 10 - 22
( )
8 8
9 ( :
@ ( 8
- a
f
$
t
yp

a
-
t
f1
t
f1
a
-
t
f1
t
f2
Fig. 11 .ase plates subCected to concentric $orces
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
5& Chec+ or a$e5uac* o 'el$( Calculate the total len&th o 'el$ to re"i"t a%ial loa$(
!& Select 'el$ "iIe(
D& Chec+ "hear "tre"" on 'el$(
& )ector "u! o all the "tre""e" carrie$ b* the 'el$ !u"t not e%cee$ p$, the $e"i&n
"tren&th, o the 'el$(
"& Chec+ or bolt( Chec+ !a%i!u! co?e%i"tent actore$ "hear an$ ten"ion, i an*, on the
hol$in& $o'n bolt"(
10& Chec+ the bolt" or a$e5uac* ."ee a later chapter or bolt $e"i&n0(
S+i6.0'+ions o- IS9 300 -or Co0.7n #'ses
Colu!n ba"e" "houl$ have "uicient, "tine"" an$ "tren&th to tran"!it a%ial orce,
ben$in& !o!ent" an$ "hear orce" at the ba"e o the colu!n" to their oun$ation 'ithout
e%cee$in& the loa$ carr*in& capacit* o the "upport"( Anchor bolt" an$ "hear +e*" "houl$
be provi$e$ 'herever nece""ar*( Shear re"i"tance at the proper contact "urace bet'een
"teel ba"e an$ concrete/&rout !a* be calculate$ u"in& a riction coeicient o :(B@(
-he no!inal bearin& pre""ure bet'een the ba"e plate an$ the "upport belo' !a* be
$eter!ine$ on the ba"i" o linearl* var*in& $i"tribution o pre""ure( -he !a%i!u!
bearin& pre""ure "houl$ not e%cee$ the bearin& "tren&th e5ual to :(Hfc< : 'here fc< i" the
"!aller o characteri"tic cube "tren&th o concrete or be$$in& !aterial(
I the "iIe o the ba"e plate i" lar&er than that re5uire$ to li!it the bearin& pre""ure on the
ba"e "upport, an e5ual pro#ection, c, o the ba"e plate be*on$ the ace o the colu!n an$
&u""et !a* be ta+en a" eective in tran"errin& the colu!n loa$ .Fi& J(80, "uch that bea!
pre""ure a" the eective area $oe" not e%cee$ bearin& capacit* o concrete ba"e(
Iusseted 0ases N For "tanchion 'ith &u""ete$ ba"e", the &u""et plate", an&le cleat",
"tiener", a"tenin&", etc(, in co!bination 'ith the bearin& area o the "hat, "hall be
"uicient to ta+e the loa$", ben$in& !o!ent" an$ reaction" to the ba"e plate 'ithout
e%cee$in& "peciie$ "tren&th( All the bearin& "urace" "hall be !achine$ to en"ure perect
contact(
Ghere the en$" o the colu!n "hat an$ the &u""et plate" are not ace$ or co!plete
bearin&, the 'el$in&, a"tenin&" connectin& the! to the ba"e plate "hall be "uicient to
tran"!it all the orce" to 'hich the ba"e i" "ub#ecte$(
/olumn and 0ase Glate /onnections N Ghere the en$ o the colu!n i" connecte$ $irectl*
to the ba"e plate b* !ean" o ull penetration butt 'el$", the connection "hall be $ee!e$
to tran"!it to the ba"e all the orce" an$ !o!ent" to 'hich the colu!n i" "ub#ecte$(
Sla- 0ases = Colu!n" 'ith "lab ba"e" nee$ not be provi$e$ 'ith &u""et", but "uicient
a"tenin&" "hall be provi$e$ to retain the part" "ecurel* in place an$ to re"i"t all !o!ent"
an$ orce", other than $irect co!pre""ion, inclu$in& tho"e ari"in& $urin& tran"it,
unloa$in& an$ erection(
Version II 10 - 2!
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
-he !ini!u! thic+ne"", ts: o rectan&ular "lab ba"e", "upportin& colu!n" un$er a%ial
co!pre""ion "hall be
f y m s
t f - a $ t > / 0 9 ( : . @ ( 8
:
8 8

'here,
$ 6 unior! pre""ure ro! belo' on the "lab ba"e un$er the actore$ loa$ a%ial
co!pre""ion
a: - 6 lar&er an$ "!aller pro#ection o the "lab ba"e be*on$ the rectan&le circu!"cribin&
the colu!n, re"pectivel*
tf 6 lan&e thic+ne"" o co!pre""ion !e!ber
Ghen onl* the eective area o the ba"e plate i" u"e$ a" in "ection J(B(1(1in"tea$ o .a
2
?
:(9-
2
0, c
2
!a* be u"e$ in the above e5uation ."ee Fi& J(80
Ghen the "lab $oe" not $i"tribute the colu!n loa$ unior!l*, $ue to eccentricit* o the
loa$ etc, "pecial calculation "hall be !a$e to "ho' that the ba"e i" a$e5uate to re"i"t the
!o!ent $ue to the non?unior! pre""ure ro! belo'(
3a"e" or bearin& upon concrete or !a"onr* nee$ not be !achine$ on the un$er"i$e(
In ca"e" 'here the cap or ba"e i" illet 'el$e$ $irectl* to the en$ o the colu!n 'ithout
borin& an$ "houl$erin&, the contact "urace" "hall be !achine$ to &ive a perect bearin&
an$ the 'el$in& "hall be "uicient to tran"!it the orce" a" re5uire$ in 2.$.!( Ghere ull
"tren&th butt 'el$" are provi$e$, !achinin& o contact "urace" i" not re5uire$(
Version II 10 - 2$
2cHt
2cHt
2cHt
Stiener
Eective ,ortion
FIG J(8 EFFEC-I)E A7EA OF A 3ASE ,LA-E
c
c
c
c
t
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
2.0 CONCLUDING REMAR:S
De"i&n o colu!n" u"in& !ultiple colu!n curve" i" $i"cu""e$ in thi" chapter( A$$itional
provi"ion re5uire$ or accountin& or heavil* 'el$e$ "ection" are $etaile$( 3uilt?up
abricate$ !e!ber" re5uentl* e!plo*e$ .'hen rolle$ "ection" are oun$ ina$e5uate0 are
$i"cu""e$ in $etail( De"i&n &ui$ance i" provi$e$ or lace$/battene$ colu!n"( Eective
len&th" or variou" en$ con$ition" are li"te$ an$ illu"trative 'or+e$ e%a!ple" are
appen$e$( A "i!ple !etho$ o $e"i&nin& a ba"e plate or an a%iall* loa$e$ colu!n i"
propo"e$ an$ illu"trate$ b* a 'or+e$ e%a!ple( Gherever re5uire$, provi"ion" o IS; =::
.late"t )er"ion0 have been hi&hli&hte$ an$ 'or+e$ e%a!ple" have been prepare$ ba"e$ on
the "tipulation" o IS; =:: .Late"t )er"ion0(
3.0 REFERENCES
1( O'en" G(G(, Mno'le" ,(7 .1AAB0; >Steel De"i&ner" Manual>, -he Steel Con"truction
In"titute, A"cot, En&lan$(
8( Do'lin& ,(W(, Mno'le" ,(7(, O'en" G(G .1AA=0; >Structural Steel De"i&n>,
3utter'orth", Lon$on(
9( 3riti"h Stan$ar$" In"titution .1A=@0; >3S @A@:, ,art?1 Structural u"e o "teel'or+ in
buil$in&>, 3riti"h Stan$ar$" In"titution, Lon$on(
B( 3ureau o In$ian Stan$ar$, IS; =::,
Table3: 4ltimate Compressive stress (c) values in compression members
Version II 10 - 2%
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
( $y D 2'0 :-mm
2
)

% 0&002 % 0&00'5 % 0&0055 % 0&00

1@ 8@: 8@: 8@: 8@:
8: 8BA 8B= 8BJ 8B@
8@ 8BH 8B9 8B: 89@
9: 8B9 89A 899 88@
9@ 8B: 89B 88@ 81H
B: 89J 88= 81= 8:H
B@ 899 889 81: 1AH
@: 88A 81H 8:8 1=J
@@ 88@ 81: 1AB 1JJ
H: 81A 8:9 1=@ 1H=
H@ 819 1A@ 1JH 1H:
J: 8:H 1=J 1H= 1@:
J@ 1A= 1J= 1@A 1B1
=: 1=A 1HA 1@: 199
=@ 1=: 1H: 1B1 18@
A: 1J: 1@1 199 11=
A@ 1@A 1B8 18@ 111
1:: 1BA 199 11= 1:B
11: 19: 11J 1:B A8
18: 11B 1:9 A8 =8
19: AA A1 =8 J9
1B: =J =: J9 HH
1@: JJ J1 H@ @A
1H: HA HB @A @9
1J: H8 @J @9 B=
1=: @@ @8 B= BB
1A: @@ BJ BB B:
8:: B@ B9 B: 9J
Version II 10 - 2&
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet 1 o$ , 7ev
Wob -itle; (J;(883 /KMG,ESSED /K85M1
Lor<ed EFample ) 1
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*

T>0
Date 8)02)0D
K-tain factored aFial load on t#e column section ;SE0B00& T#e #eig#t of t#e
column is '&0m and it is pin)ended&
* fy % 250 1/mm
2
M E % 2 F10
5
1/mm
2
M m % 1&10+
CR<28CT%<: =R<=8RT%8:

Ta-le 5&2 of ;S9
00

Version II 10 - 22
'&0 m

2
d
-
T
t
3
#
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet 2 o$ , 7ev
Wob -itle; (J;(883 /KMG,ESSED /K85M1
Lor<ed EFample ) 1
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*

T>0
Date 8)02)0D
Nlange t#ic<ness % T % 12&D mm
Kverall #eig#t of ;SE0B00 % # % B00 mm
/lear dept# -et$een flanges % d % B00 = (12&D O 2) % 'DB&! mm
T#ic<ness of $e- % t % 10&! mm
Nlange $idt# % 2- % -f % 250 mm
Eence: #alf Nlange Lidt# % - % 125 mm
Self =$eig#t % $ % 0&22 <1/m
(rea of cross)section % ( % 10B!! mm
2
,adius of gyration a-out F % rF % 1!!&1 mm
,adius of gyration a-out y % ry % 51&! mm
(i) Type o$ section:

Eence: cross) section can -e classified as P/KMG(/TQ
(ii) 8$$ective ectional 6rea& 6e D 10B!! mm
2

.Since there i" no hole, no re$uction ha" been con"i$ere$0
Ta-le '&1 of
;S9 00
/lause D&'&2 of
;S9 00
10 - 23
: ( 1
8@:
8@: 8@:
,
B8 9 ( 9@
H ( 1:
H ( 9JB
@ ( 1: = ( A
J ( 18
18@

<
<
y
f
$#ere
t
d
T
-

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet 3 o$ , 7ev
Wob -itle; (J;(883 /KMG,ESSED /K85M1
Lor<ed EFample ) 1
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*

T>0
Date 8)02)0D
(iii) 8$$ective 7engt#:
(s: -ot# ends are pin)Rointed effective lengt# >8F% >8y % 1&0 F 8F %
1&0 F 8y % 1&0 F '&0 m % '&0 m
(iv) lenderness ratios:
(v) :on2dimensional 8$$ective lenderness ratio& :
D cc y
f f
6
( ) E
r
>8
f
y
8
8

6 ( )
@ 8 8
1: 8 1 ( @= 8@: F F F
D 0.@',
(vi) Value o$ $rom eEuation D 0.'F1G ( 2 0.2)G
2
H:
Ghere, 6 I!perection Factor 'hich $epen$" on 3uc+lin& Cla""
No', ro! -able J(8 o Chapter J, or #/-f % B00 / 250 % 1&! S 1&2
and also t#ic<ness of flange: T % 12&D mm: #ence for 6)6 aFis
-uc<ling class Ta. and for y)y aFis -uc<ling class T-. $ill -e follo$ed&
Eence: 6 :(9B or buc+lin& cla"" XbY 'ill be con"i$ere$(
Eence: D 0.' + F1G0.3, + (0.@',20.2)G0.@',
2
H D 0.AB1
(vii) Calculation o$ $rom eEuation D
( )
1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
@ ( :
8 8
1

9
D
( )
1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
@ ( :
8 8
1

%
( ) [ ]
1
]
1

+
@ ( :
8 8
H@B ( : JA1 ( : JA1 ( :
1
D 0./0B
/lause D&2 and
Ta-le D&5 of
;S9 00
/lause D&1&2&1
of ;S9 00
Ta-le D&1 of ;S9
00
10 - 28
1 ( @=
H ( @1
9:::
/
1 ( 1=
1 ( 1HH
9:::
/


y y
F F
r >8
r >8
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet , o$ , 7ev
Wob -itle; (J;(883 /KMG,ESSED /K85M1
Lor<ed EFample ) 1
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*

T>0
Date 8)02)0D
(viii) Calculation o$ $cd $rom t#e $ollo"ing eEuation:

[ ]
=H ( 1=9 1: ( 1 / 8@: =:A ( : /
/
:
@ ( :
8 8
:

+
F f
f
f
m y
m y
cd

N/!!
8
(i+) Factored 6+ial 7oad in !:& =d:
=d % 6e $cd D 10,@@ + 1/3./@-1000 D 1B2,.2/ !:

10 - !0
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet 1 o$ 2 7ev
Wob -itle; (J;(883 /KMG,ESSED /K85M1
Lor<ed EFample ) 2
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*

T>0
Date 8)02)0D
10 - !1
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
K-tain maFimum aFial load carried -y t#e column s#o$n $#en ;SE0 B00 is
employed& T#e column is effectively restrained at mid)#eig#t in t#e y)
direction: -ut is free in F)aFis& T#e data is t#e same as in pro-lem1&
* fy % 250 1/mm
2
M E % 2&0 F10
5
1/mm
2
M m % 1&10 +
(i) Type o$ section:
Section is P/KMG(/TQ from
previous eFample&
(ii) 8$$ective lengt#s:
(s: -ot# ends are pin)Rointed effective
lengt# >8F% 1&0 F !000 % !000 mm
>8y % 1&0 F '000 % '000 mm
(iii) lenderness ratios:
(iv) :on2dimensional 8$$ective
lenderness ratio& :
(s calculated in previous eFample:
D 0.@', (for $orst slenderness ratio)
(v) Value o$ :
(s calculated in previous eFample:
D 0.AB1 (for D 0.@',)

(vi) Value o$ :
(s calculated in previous eFample:
D 0./0B (for D 0.AB1)

10 - !2
'&0 m
'&0 m
1 ( @=
H ( @1
9:::
/
18 ( 9H
1 ( 1HH
H:::
/


y y
F F
r >8
r >8
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet 2 o$ 2 7ev
Wob -itle; (J;(883 /KMG,ESSED /K85M1
Lor<ed EFample ) 2
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*

T>0
Date 8)02)0D
(vii) Calculation o$ $cd:
(s calculated in previous eFample:
$cd D 1/3./@ N/!!
8

(viii) Calculation o$ Factored 7oad:
Nactored 8oad % $cd F(e/m % 1'&!/1&10 F10B!!/1000% 1"2B&2 <1


10 - !!
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
S+r.)+.r'0 S+ee0
Desi1n "ro;e)+
C'0).0'+ion S4ee+
Wob No; Sheet 1 o$ 1 7ev
Wob -itle; 0(SE G8(TE
Lor<ed EFample ) '
Ma$e b*
I/
Date 8')02)0D
Chec+e$ b*
T>0
Date 8)02)0D
Design a simple -ase plate for a ;SE0B00 U 0&22 <1/m column to carry a
factored load of 100 <1&
*fcu % B0 1/mm
2
M fy % 250 1/mm
2
M m % 1&10+
T#ic<ness of Nlange for ;SE0B00 % T % 12&D mm
0earing strengt# of concrete % 0&Bfcu % 0&B O B0 % 1! 1/mm
2
(rea reVuired % 100O10
'
/1! % 112500 mm
2
5se plate of B50 J '00 mm (1'5000 mm
2
)
(ssuming proRection of 25 mm on eac# side: a % - % 25 mm
( ) 99 ( 19 9:: B@: 1: 1=::
9
$ 1/mm
2
1o$ t#ic<ness of Sla- 0ase: ts
T f b a w t
y m s
> / ) 3 . 0 ( 5 . 2
0
2 2

( ) ( )
mm
f
- a $
y
:1 ( =
8@:
1: ( 1 8@ 9 ( : 8@ 99 ( 19 @ ( 8 1: ( 1 9 ( : @ ( 8
8 8 8 8

7 T % 12&D mm: Eence provide a -ase plate of t#ic<ness not less t#an 12&D
mm and since t#e availa-le neFt #ig#er t#ic<ness of plate is 1! mm
5se B50 J '00 J 1! mm plate&
Ta-le 5&2 of
;S9 00
/lause D&B&'&1
of ;S9 00

10 - !$
'00 mm
B50 mm
;SE0 B00