Ict Form 4 - CD 3

LESSON 34
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT
Input is any data or instruction that you enter into
the memory of a computer
There are four types of input! "hich are te#t$
%raphic$ audio and &ideo
INPUT DEVICES
M. Amin, SMK Raja Shahriman
Input de&ices are any e'ectronic de&ice connected to a computer and
produces input si%na's
( )ey*oard is an e#amp'e of input
de&ice for te#t input
( scanner is an e#amp'e of input
de&ice for %raphica' as "e'' as te#t
input
( microphone is an e#amp'e of
input de&ice for audio input and a
"e*cam is an e#amp'e of an
input de&ice for &ideo input
( mouse is a'so an input de&ice *ut it is ca''ed a
pointin% de&ice used to input data that is continuous
and mu'ti+dimensiona' into a computer
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a, INPUT DEVICES -O. TE/TS
0ou can enter data such as te#t and commands into a computer *y pressin%
the )eys on the )ey*oard
0ou can press the )eys of a &irtua' )ey*oard on the screen
(n optica' reader is a de&ice that uses a 'i%ht source to read characters$
mar)s and codes and then con&erts them into di%ita' data that a computer
can process
*, INPUT DEVICES -O. 1.(P2ICS
( scanner is a de&ice that captures ima%es from photo%raphic prints$
posters$ ma%a3ine pa%es and simi'ar sources for computer editin% and
disp'ay
( di%ita' camera a''o"s you to ta)e pictures and store the photo%raphed
ima%es di%ita''y
c, INPUT DEVICES -O. (UDIO
(udio input is the speech$ music and sound effects entered into the
computer This can *e done usin% input de&ices such as a microphone and
di%ita' musica' instruments 'i)e the 4usica' Instrument Di%ita' Interface
54IDI, )ey*oard
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d, INPUT DEVICES -O. VIDEO
Video input is input of motion ima%es captured into the computer *y specia'
input de&ices
( C'osed+Circuit Te'e&ision 5CCTV, &ideo camera is a type of di%ita' &ideo
camera that ena*'es a home or sma'' *usiness user to capture &ideo and sti''
ima%es
( "e*cam is any &ideo camera that disp'ays its output on a "e* pa%e
( di%ita' &ideo camera a''o"s you to record fu'' motion and store the
captured motion di%ita''y
e, POINTIN1 DEVICES
( pointin% de&ice is another form of input de&ice Pointin% de&ices such as a
mouse$ trac)*a''$ %raphics ta*'et and touch screen are used to input
spatia' data into the computer
Spatia' data refers to data that is continuous and mu'ti+dimensiona'
LESSON 36
OUTPUT DEVICES
Output is the resu't of data processin%
acti&ity "hen it is presented e#terna' to the
system
The output from a computer can *e in a form
for use *y peop'e$ for e#amp'e$ printed or
disp'ayed There are four types of output$
"hich are!
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OUTPUT DEVICES
(n output de&ice is hard"are that is capa*'e of de'i&erin% or sho"in%
information to one or more users (n output de&ice sho"s$ prints and
presents the resu'ts of a computer7s "or)
T0PES O- OUTPUT DEVICES
( disp'ay de&ice is an output de&ice that &isua''y con&eys te#ts$ %raphics
and &ideo information ( printer is an output de&ice that prints te#t and
%raphics on a physica' medium such as paper or transparency fi'm(n audio
output de&ice produces music$ speech$ or other sounds
Other output de&ices inc'ude Li8uid Crysta' Disp'ay 5LCD, pro9ectors and
facsimi'e 5fa#, machines
( monitor is an e#amp'e of an output de&ice that can *e used to disp'ay
te#t It can a'so disp'ay %raphics and &ideo It is simi'ar to a te'e&ision set
that accepts &ideo si%na's from a computer and disp'ays information on its
screen
( printer is another e#amp'e of an output de&ice that can *e used to print
te#t$ apart from %raphics$ on mediums such as paper$ transparency fi'm or
e&en c'oths
( photo printer is a co'our printer that produces photo+'a*+8ua'ity pictures
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(n ima%e setter produces hi%h 8ua'ity output compared to an ordinary 'aser
printer (n ima%e setter is a hi%h reso'ution output de&ice that can transfer
e'ectronic te#t and %raphics direct'y to fi'm$ p'ates$ or photo+sensiti&e paper
( pair of spea)ers is an audio output de&ice that %enerates sound The
headphone is a pair of sma'' spea)ers p'aced o&er the ears and p'u%%ed into
a port on the sound card ( "oofer or su*"oofer is used to *oost the 'o"
*ass sound and is connected to the port on the sound card
( Li8uid Crysta' Disp'ay 5LCD, pro9ector uses its o"n 'i%ht source to pro9ect
"hat is disp'ayed on the computer on a "a'' or pro9ection screen ( di%ita'
'i%ht processin% 5DLP, pro9ector uses tiny mirrors to ref'ect 'i%ht "hich can
*e seen c'ear'y in a "e''+'it room
LESSON 3:
4OT2E.;O(.D
This is a mother*oard and its components 4other*oard
is the main circuit *oard of the system unit$ "hich has
some e'ectronic components attached to it and others
*ui't into it
This is the 'ocation of the Centra' Processin% Unit 5CPU,
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This is "here the e#pansion s'ots are 'ocated
These are the Periphera' Component Interconnect 5PCI,
e#pansion s'otsPeriphera' Component Interconnect (
persona' computer 'oca' *us "hich runs at 33 423 and
supports P'u% and P'ay It pro&ides a hi%h+speed
connection "ith periphera's and a''o"s connection of
se&en periphera' de&ices
In addition$ the Industry Standard (rchitecture 5IS(,
e#pansion s'ots are a'so the components of the
mother*oardIndustry Standard (rchitecture ( PC
e#pansion *us used for modems$ &ideo disp'ays$
spea)ers$ and other periphera'sPCs "ith IS( common'y
ha&e some <+*it and some =:+*it e#pansion s'ots
These are the e#pansion cardThe e#pansion cards are
s'otted in the e#pansion s'ots
This is ca''ed .(4 or .andom (ccess 4emory .(4 is
the memory of the computer
This is the 'ocation of the ports Connectors are p'u%%ed
into these ports Port is Point at "hich periphera'
attaches to a system unit so it can send data to or
recei&e information from the computer
The connector connects to the port -or e#amp'e$ the
printer port matches its connector ('' computer
components are connected to its respecti&e ports *y a
connector
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LESSON 3>
CO4PONENTS O- ( 4OT2E.;O(.D
CENT.(L P.OCESSIN1 UNIT 5CPU,
The Centra' Processin% Unit 5CPU, contro's the operation
of the computer It interprets and carries out the *asic
instructions that operate a computer The processor
si%nificant'y impacts o&era'' computin% po"er and
mana%es most of a computer?s operations
On 'ar%er computers such as mainframes and supercomputers$ the &arious
functions performed *y the processor e#tend o&er many separate chips and
often mu'tip'e circuit *oards
On persona' computer$ a'' functions of the processor usua''y are on a sin%'e
chip Some computers and chip manufacturers use the term microprocessor
to refer to a persona' computer processor chip
E/P(NSION SLOTS
E#pansion s'ots are the soc)ets "here the circuit *oards or the adapter
cards can *e inserted into the mother*oard In computers$ a s'ot or
e#pansion s'ot$ is an en%ineered techni8ue for addin% capa*i'ity to a
computer in the form of connection pinho'es 5typica''y in the ran%e of =: to
:4 c'ose'y+spaced ho'es,
It is a p'ace to fit an e#pansion card containin% the circuitry that pro&ides
some specia'ised capa*i'ity$ such as &ideo acce'eration$ sound or dis) dri&e
contro'
( Periphera' Component Interconnect 5PCI, *us is a hi%h speed e#pansion
*us that connects hi%h speed de&ices
(n Industry+Standard (rchitecture 5IS(, e#pansion s'ot is a s'ot in a
computer "here IS( accessories can *e added to
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E/P(NSION C(.DS
(n e#pansion card is p'u%%ed into an e#pansion s'ot It is used to add ne"
de&ices or capa*i'ities to a computer
(n e#pansion card is a circuitry desi%ned to pro&ide
e#panded capa*i'ity to a computer It is pro&ided on the
surface of a standard+si3ed ri%id materia' 5fi*er*oard,
and then p'u%%ed into one of the computer?s e#pansion
s'ots in its mother*oard 5*ac)p'ane,
Cards may come in one of t"o si3es desi%ned to match standard s'ot
dimensions Cards may come in one of t"o si3es desi%ned to match standard
s'ot dimensions
.(4 SLOT
The s'ot "here the computer memory$ a'so ca''ed as
.(4 is p'aced on the computer7s mother*oard
PO.TS (ND CONNECTO.S
( port is the point at "hich a periphera' attaches to a
system unit so that the periphera' can send data to or
recei&e information from the computer
(n e#terna' de&ice$ such as a )ey*oard$ monitor$
printer$ mouse and microphone is often attached *y a
ca*'e to a port on the system unit
The *ac) of the system unit contains so many ports Some ne"er persona'
computers a'so ha&e ports on the front of the system unit
Ports ha&e different types of connectors ( connector 9oins a ca*'e to a
periphera' One end of a ca*'e attaches to the connector on the system unit
and the other end of the ca*'e attaches to a connector on the periphera'
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LESSON 3<
PO.TS (ND CONNECTO.S
There are different )inds of port in a system unit The
ports are !
Seria' port
Para''e' port
Uni&ersa' Seria' ;us 5US;, port
-ire@ire port
specia' purpose ports
+ 4IDI port
+ SCSI port
+ IrD( port
=, SE.I(L PO.T
( seria' port is a soc)et on a computer used to connect
a modem$ data ac8uisition termina' or other seria'
de&ices &ia a s'o"+speed seria' interface
( seria' port is used to connect a de&ice to the system
unit *y transmittin% data one *it at a time
Ear'ier PCs used the seria' port for the mouse$ and ear'ier 4acintosh mode's
used the seria' port to attach a printer
Today$ the seria' port is a 'e%acy interface$ ha&in% *een superseded *y the
US; *us (n e#amp'e of a seria' port is the CO4 5communication, port
A, P(.(LLEL PO.T
( para''e' port is a soc)et on a computer used to connect a printer or other
para''e' de&ices &ia the computer?s para''e' interface
Un'i)e a seria' port$ a para''e' port is an interface that
connects de&ices *y transferrin% information more than
one *it at a time Ori%ina''y$ para''e' ports "ere
de&e'oped as an a'ternati&e to the s'o"er speed seria'
ports 4any printers connect to the system unit usin% a
para''e' port
This para''e' port can transfer ei%ht *its of data 5one *yte, simu'taneous'y
throu%h ei%ht separate 'ines in a sin%'e ca*'e (n e#amp'e of a para''e' port
is the printer port
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3, US; PO.T
( US; port is a soc)et on a computer or periphera'
de&ices into "hich a US; ca*'e is p'u%%ed in ( US;
port$ short for uni&ersa' seria' *us port$ can connect up
to =A> different periphera's to%ether "ith a sin%'e
connector
It?s used to connect a'' )inds of e#terna' de&ices$ such as e#terna' hard
dri&es$ printers$ mouse and scanner It can transfer data to a speed of =A
me%a*its per second
US; ports *e%an to appear on PCs in =BB>$ and @indo"s B< "as the
first @indo"s to support it @ithin a fe" years$ the US; *ecame popu'ar
for connectin% near'y e&ery e#terna' periphera' de&ice No" that it is
rep'acin% the seria' and para''e' ports on a PC$ at 'east four US; ports are
standard on e&ery computer
4, US; PO.T
Pre&ious'y the -ire@ire port is ca''ed IEEE =3B4 port$ a persona' computer
5and di%ita' audioC&ideo, seria' *us interface standard
-ire@ire is simi'ar to a US; port in that it can connect
mu'tip'e types of de&ices that re8uire faster data
transmission speeds Usua''y camcorders and other
&ideo e8uipment use this port to transmit data on a
computer Data can mo&e across the port at up to 4DD
me%a*its per second
(pp'e in&ented this techno'o%y and had *randed it as -ire@ire It "as a'so
adopted as an industry standard and is ca''ed IEEE =3B4 on non+(pp'e
computers Up to :3 de&ices can *e daisy+chained to one -ire@ire port
Daisy+Chain
( *us "irin% scheme in "hich$ for e#amp'e$ de&ice ( is "ired to de&ice ;$
de&ice ; is "ired to de&ice C$ de&ice C to de&ice D etc
6, SPECI(L PU.POSE PO.TS
There are four specia' purpose ports$ "hich are!
4IDI port
It is desi%ned to connect the system unit to a musica'
instrument$ such as an e'ectronic )ey*oard
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SCSI port
It is a specia' hi%h+speed para''e' port used to attach
periphera' de&ices such as dis) dri&es and printers
IrD( port
Some de&ices transmit data &ia infrared 'i%ht "a&es
-or these "ire'ess de&ices to transmit si%na's to a
computer$ *oth the computer and the de&ice must
ha&e an IrD( port
LESSON 3B
CENT.(L P.OCESSIN1 UNIT
Li)e human *ein%s$ computers too ha&e a E*rain7 that processes ra"
information into usa*'e data Users input data into the computer system and
it is then processed *y the centra' processin% unit or the CPU The resu'ts of
the processed data are then sent to an output de&ice as usa*'e data
T2E CENT.(L P.OCESSIN1 UNIT 5CPU,
( Centra' Processin% Unit or CPU is a microprocessor
5or processor for short, It is an inte%rated circuit chip
that is capa*'e of processin% e'ectronic si%na's The CPU
is the most important e'ement in a computer system
( CPU interprets instructions %i&en *y the soft"are and carries out those
instructions *y processin% data and contro''in% the rest of the computer7s
components
No"adays$ processors are found in a'' )inds of e'ectronic de&ices such as ce''
phones$ ca'cu'ators$ automo*i'e en%ines$ and e&en industria' and medica'
e8uipment They process information so that humans can en9oy their
effecti&e and efficient operation
( CPU consists of t"o su*componentsF the Contro' Unit 5CU, and the
(rithmetic Lo%ic Unit 5(LU,
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=, CONT.OL UNIT 5CU,
;asica''y the Contro' Unit7s main function is to direct the
CPU to process data The Contro' Unit e#tracts
instructions from memory and decodes and e#ecutes
them
Under the direction of a pro%ram$ the Contro' Unit mana%es a four+step
*asic operation "hich is ca''ed a machine cyc'e or processin% cyc'e
-etch and decode is in the instruction cyc'e "hereas e#ecute and store is in
the e#ecution cyc'e Today7s microprocessor can %o throu%h this entire
four+step process *i''ions of times per second
-ETC2
.etrie&es the ne#t pro%ram instruction from the computer7s memory
DECODE
Determines "hat the pro%ram is te''in% the computer to do
STO.E
Stores the resu'ts to an interna' re%ister 5a temporary stora%e 'ocation or to
memory,
E/ECUTE
Performs the re8uested instruction$ such as addin% t"o num*ers or decidin%
"hich one of them is 'ar%er
A, (.IT24ETIC LO1IC UNIT 5(LU,
The (rithmetic Lo%ic Unit 5(LU,$ as its name imp'ies$
can perform a'' arithmetic and 'o%ica' operations
(rithmetic operation is an operation that forms a
function of t"o num*ers This function is usua''y one of
the c'ass of operations! add$ su*tract$ mu'tip'y and
di&ide
Lo%ic operation is an operation on 'o%ica' &a'ues$ producin% a ;oo'ean resu't
In %enera' there are =: 'o%ic operations o&er one or t"o operandsF they
inc'ude (ND$ O.$ NOT$ N(ND$ NO.$ /O. and e8ui&a'ence
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2O@ D(T( IS P.OCESSED ;0 T2E CPU
@hen a user starts a pro%ram$ its instructions are
transferred from the stora%e de&ice to the memory The
user enters the data needed *y the pro%ram
The Contro' Unit then interprets and e#ecutes instructions in the memory
The (rithmetic Lo%ic Unit then performs ca'cu'ations on the data in the
memory (s a resu't$ information is then stored in the memory Information
can then *e sent to an output de&ice or a stora%e de&ice
LESSON 4D
STO.(1E
@2(T IS CO4PUTE.
STO.(1E G
Information and documents are stored
in computer stora%e so that it can *e
retrie&ed "hene&er they are needed
'ater on
Computer stora%e is the ho'din% of
data in an e'ectroma%netic form for
access *y a computer processor
-UNCTIONS O- CO4PUTE. STO.(1E
Computer stora%e is important to he'p users store
pro%rams and data to *e used at a 'ater time
It is a'so usefu' to )eep current data "hi'e *ein%
processed *y the processor unti' the information is sa&ed
in a stora%e media such as a hard dis) or a dis)ette
Computer stora%e a'so stores instructions from a
computer pro%ram
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T0PES O- CO4PUTE. STO.(1E
Primary stora%e is )no"n as the main memory of a
computer$ inc'udin% .(4 5.andom+(ccess 4emory,
and .O4 5.ead+On'y 4emory, It is an interna'
memory 5inside the CPU, that can *e accessed direct'y
*y the processor
Secondary stora%e is the a'ternati&e stora%e in a
computer It is an e#terna' stora%e that refers to
&arious "ays a computer can store pro%ram and data
P.I4(.0 STO.(1E
Primary stora%e is insta''ed interna''y T"o main types
of primary stora%e are .(4 and .O4
Data from .(4 can *e read or retrie&ed and "ritten or
stored durin% processin% "hereas data from .O4 can
9ust *e read on'y
.(4 is &o'ati'e$ "hich means the pro%ram and data "i'' *e 'ost "hen the
computer is turned off
.O4 is non+&o'ati'e "hich means it ho'ds the pro%rams and data e&en "hen
the computer is turned off
4any comp'e# functions$ such as trans'ators for hi%h+'e&e' 'an%ua%es and
operatin% systems are p'aced in primary stora%e
&o'ati'e ! The content is 'ost "hen a computer7s po"er is turned off
SECOND(.0 STO.(1E
Secondary stora%e is an a'ternati&e stora%e It is
&ery usefu' to store pro%rams and data for future
use Secondary stora%e is re8uired for t"o
reasons
= The "or)in% memory of the CPU is 'imited
in si3e and cannot a'"ays ho'd the amount
of data re8uired
A Data and pro%rams in secondary stora%e do not disappear "hen the
po"er is turned off
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LESSON 4=
P.I4(.0 STO.(1E
Primary stora%e is the main memory in a computer It stores data and
pro%rams that can *e accessed direct'y *y the processor
T0PES O- P.I4(.0 STO.(1E
There are t"o types of primary stora%e "hich are .(4 and .O4
.(4 is an acronym for .andom+(ccess 4emory "hich
means the data and pro%ram in .(4 can *e read and
"ritten
.O4 is an acronym for .ead+On'y 4emory The data or
pro%ram in .O4 can 9ust *e read *ut cannot *e "ritten at
a''
.(NDO4+(CCESS 4E4O.0 5.(4,
.(4 is insta''ed inside computers .(4 is a'so
)no"n as a "or)in% memory
The data in .(4 can *e read 5retrie&ed, or
"ritten 5stored,
.(4 is &o'ati'e "hich means the pro%rams and
data in .(4 are 'ost "hen the computer is
po"ered off
( computer uses .(4 to ho'd temporary instructions and data needed
to comp'ete tas)s This ena*'es the computer?s CPU 5Centra'
Processin% Unit, to access instructions and data stored in the memory
&ery 8uic)'y
.(4 stores data durin% and after processin%
.E(D+ONL0 4E4O.0 5.O4,
.O4 is another type of memory permanent'y
stored inside the computer
.O4 is non+&o'ati'e It ho'ds the pro%rams and
data "hen the computer is po"ered off
Pro%rams in .O4 ha&e *een pre+recorded It can
on'y *e stored *y the manufacturerF once it is
done$ it cannot *e chan%ed
4any comp'e# functions$ such as start up operatin% instructions$
trans'ators for hi%h+'e&e' 'an%ua%es and operatin% systems are p'aced
in .O4 memory
('' the contents in .O4 can *e accessed and read *ut cannot *e
chan%ed
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DI--E.ENCES ;ET@EEN .(4 (ND .O4
Data and
pro%ram
Content
.(4
Stores durin% and after
processin%
Stores information
temporari'y
.O4
Stored *y manufacturer
Stores instructions
5Information, permanent'y
Processin% time Very fast$ *ut uses a 'ot -ast$ *ut uses &ery 'itt'e
Vo'ati'ity
LESSON 4A
of po"er
Vo'ati'e
po"er
Non+&o'ati'e
SECOND(.0 STO.(1E
@2(T IS SECOND(.0 STO.(1EG
Secondary stora%e is another
a'ternati&e stora%e to )eep your "or)
and documents It is &ery usefu' to
store pro%rams and data for future use
It is non+&o'ati'e$ "hich means that
it does not need po"er to maintain
the information stored in it It "i''
store the information unti' it is erased
T0PES O- SECOND(.0 STO.(1E
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4(1NETIC 4EDIU4
4a%netic 4edium is a non+&o'ati'e stora%e medium
It can *e any type of stora%e medium that uti'i3es
ma%netic patterns to represent information
The de&ices use dis)s that are coated "ith
ma%netica''y sensiti&e materia' The e#amp'es of
ma%netic stora%e are!
ma%netic dis) such as!
o a f'oppy dis)$ used for off+'ine stora%e
o hard dis)$ used for secondary stora%e
ma%netic tapeF inc'udin% &ideo cassette$ audio stora%e ree'+to+ree'
tape and others
OPTIC(L 4EDIU4
Optica' 4edium is a non+&o'ati'e stora%e media that
ho'ds content in di%ita' form that are "ritten and read
*y a 'aser These media inc'ude &arious types of CDs
and DVDs
These fo''o"in% forms are often common'y used !
CD$ CD+.O4$ and DVD! .ead on'y stora%e$ used for distri*ution of
di%ita' information such as music$ &ideo and computer pro%rams
CD+.! @rite once stora%e$ the data cannot *e erased or "ritten o&er
once it is sa&ed
CD+.@$ DVD+.@$ and DVD+.(4! S'o" to "rite *ut fast readin%
stora%eF it a''o"s data that ha&e *een sa&ed to *e erased and
re"ritten
Optica' media ha&e a num*er of ad&anta%es o&er ma%netic media such as
the dis) capacity One optica' dis) ho'ds a*out the e8ui&a'ent of 6DD f'oppy
dis)s "orth of data Dura*i'ity is another feature of optica' media$ they are
a*'e to 'ast for up to se&en times as 'on% as traditiona' stora%e media
-L(S2 4E4O.0
-'ash 4emory is a so'id+state$ non+&o'ati'e$ re"rita*'e
memory that functions 'i)e .(4 and a hard dis) dri&e
com*ined -'ash memory store *its of e'ectronic data in
memory ce''s 9ust 'i)e D.(4 5Dynamic .(4,$ *ut it a'so
"or)s 'i)e a hard dis) dri&e that "hen the po"er is
turned off$ the data remains in the memory -'ash
memory cards and f'ash memory stic)s are e#amp'es of
f'ash memory
-'ash memory cards are a'so used "ith di%ita' ce''u'ar
phones$ 4P3 p'ayers$ di%ita' &ideo cameras and other
porta*'e di%ita' de&ices
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-'ash memory is a'so ca''ed US; dri&es$ thum* dri&es$ pen dri&es or f'ash
dri&es$ are the up+and+comin% p'ayers in the porta*'e stora%e mar)et
The ad&anta%es of f'ash memory are$ it offers fast
readin% access times amon% the secondary stora%e
de&ices$ 5thou%h not as fast as .(4, it is dura*'e and
re8uires 'o" &o'ta%e It is a'so 'i%ht and sma'' The
disad&anta%e is$ it is more e#pensi&e than the ma%netic
dis) of the same capacity
LESSON 43
T0PES O- SO-T@(.E
Soft"are is a pro%ram "hich consists of a set of
instructions that te''s the computer ho" to perform
a specific operation
( computer is 9ust a machine "ith no specia'
*enefits "ithout soft"are
C(TE1O.IES O- SO-T@(.E
Soft"are can *e di&ided into t"o cate%ories$ "hich
are!
System Soft"are
Soft"are that is used to contro' and mana%e computer de&ices and
operations
(pp'ication Soft"are
Soft"are that is used to he'p a user perform a tas) and so'&e a pro*'em
S0STE4 SO-T@(.E
System soft"are refers to a'' pro%rams that he'p the
computer to function proper'y The most important
type of system soft"are is the computer7s operatin%
system$ "hich ena*'es the computer to start$ such as
4icrosoft @indo"s$ 4S+DOS and 4ac OS
Other types of system soft"are inc'ude system uti'ities
such as fi'e compression 53ip pro%ram, and anti&irus
pro%rams
100
(PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
(pp'ication soft"are are a'' pro%rams that perform
specific tas)s for users$ "hich inc'ude "ord
processin%$ spreadsheet$ data*ase$ presentation
e+4ai' and @e* *ro"ser soft"are E#amp'es of
app'ication soft"are are 4icrosoft @ord$ 4icrosoft
E#ce'$ Out'oo) E#press and Internet E#p'orer
S0STE4 SO-T@(.E VS (PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
The differences *et"een system soft"are and app'ication soft"are
LESSON 44
S0STE4 SO-T@(.E
@2(T IS S0STE4 SO-T@(.E
( system soft"are is a pro%ram that contro's or maintains the operations of
a computer and its de&ices ( system soft"are a'so ser&es as the interface
*et"een the user$ the app'ication soft"are and the computer7s hard"are
101
There are t"o types of system soft"are!
H operatin% system
H uti'ity pro%ram
OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4
(n operatin% system is a set of pro%rams that coordinates a'' the acti&ities
amon% the computer hard"are de&ices In most cases$ the operatin% system
is insta''ed and resides on the computer7s hard dis)
2o"e&er$ on handhe'd computers and many mo*i'e de&ices such as PD(s
and smart phones$ the operatin% system may reside on a .O4 chip
The operatin% system that a computer uses sometimes is ca''ed the
p'atform
102
Linu# is a free'y distri*uted UNI/$ it is a compati*'e
operatin% system for PCs and a num*er of other
processors
4ac OS / is a mu'titas)in% operatin% system that is
the 'atest &ersion of the 4acintosh operatin% system
UNI/ is an operatin% system$ or fami'y of operatin%
systems$ de&e'oped at ;e'' La*oratories in ear'y
=B>Dsas a rep'acement for an ear'ier system ca''ed
4u'tics
@indo"s /P is the 'atest &ersion of the @indo"s
operatin% system$ "hich is 4icrosoft7s fastest$ most
re'ia*'e @indo"s operatin% system
UTILIT0 P.O1.(4
( uti'ity pro%ram "hich is a'so ca''ed a uti'ity is a type of system soft"are
that a''o"s a user to perform maintenance+type tas)s usua''y re'ated to
mana%in% a computer$ its de&ices or its pro%rams
Antivirus
Fi! Mana"!r
103
#ia"nosti$ %tiit&
S$r!!n Sav!rs
(NTIVI.US
(nti&irus is a pro%ram that protects a computer a%ainst &iruses *y
identifyin% and remo&in% any computer &iruses found in a memory or
stora%e media or in incomin% fi'es
DI(1NOSTIC UTILIT0
Dia%nostic uti'ity is a uti'ity pro%ram that compi'es technica' information
a*out a computer7s hard"are and certain system soft"are pro%rams and
then prepares a report out'inin% any identified pro*'ems
-ILE 4(N(1E.
-i'e mana%er is a uti'ity pro%ram that performs functions re'ated to fi'es and
dis) mana%ement
SC.EEN S(VE.
Screen sa&er is a uti'ity pro%ram that ena*'es a disp'ay de&ice7s screen to
sho" a mo&in% ima%e or *'an) screen if no mouse acti&ity occurs for a
specified time
T2E DI--E.ENCES ;ET@EEN OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4S
(ND UTILIT0 P.O1.(4
104
LESSON 46
T0PES O- OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4S
DE-INITION O- OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4
(n operatin% system is a set of pro%rams that schedu'e tas)s$ a''ocates
stora%e and presents a defau't interface to the user *et"een app'ications
4any of the first operatin% systems "ere de&ice+dependent and proprietary
The functions of the operatin% systems are!
startin% a computer
pro&idin% a user interface
mana%in% data and pro%rams
mana%in% memory
confi%urin% de&ices
( de&ice+dependent pro%ram is the one that runs on'y on a specific ma)e of
a computer
Proprietary soft"are is pri&ate'y o"ned and 'imited to a specific &endor or
computer
PC PL(T-O.4 OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4S
There are &arious types of operatin% system used on different p'atforms The
e#amp'es of operatin% systems used on PC p'atforms or I;4 compati*'e
computers are!
Dis) Operatin% System 5DOS,
4icrosoft @indo"s /P
It is necessary for computer manufacturers to produce
uni8ue soft"are &ersions for each p'atform a&ai'a*'e in
the mar)et -or instance$ the (pp'e 4acintosh$ PC+
compati*'es$ and Sun SP(.C+Stations are a'' different
p'atforms
DOS is an acronym for Dis) Operatin% System
4icrosoft de&e'oped DOS in the ear'y =B<Ds for
persona' computers DOS used a command 'ine
interface "hen 4icrosoft first de&e'oped it It is a
c'osed source soft"are
4icrosoft @indo"s /P7s operatin% en&ironment is a
1raphica' User Interface 51UI, It is a c'osed source
soft"are
105
(PPLE PL(T-O.4 OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4S
The operatin% systems used on (pp'e p'atforms are!
4ac OS
4ac OS /
4ac OS "as the first commercia''y successfu' %raphica'
user interface re'eased in =B<4 It is a c'osed source
soft"are and are tar%eted for use "ith home des)tops
and "or)stations
4ac OS / is a mu'titas)in% operatin% system and it is
the 'atest &ersion of the 4acintosh operatin% system
re'eased in ADD= 4ac OS / is tar%eted for use "ith
home des)tops$ "or)stations and ser&ers It a'so has
*etter security protection compared to 4ac OS$ for
e#amp'e the inte%rated fire"a'' uti'ity
C.OSS+PL(T-O.4 OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4S
Cross+p'atforms operatin% systems are!
UNI/
LINU/
UNI/ is a mu'titas)in% operatin% system de&e'oped in
the ear'y =B>Ds *y scientists at the ;e'' La*oratories
Some &ersions of UNI/ ha&e a command 'ine interface
*ut most &ersions of UNI/ offer a %raphica' user
interface
Linu# is a popu'ar$ free$ UNI/+'i)e %raphica' user
interface operatin% system It is an open source
soft"are Linu# fo''o"s the -ree Soft"are -oundation?s
radica' 'icensin% mode'$ "hich pro&ides a %reat dea' of
'i*erty to those that interact "ith Linu# techno'o%y
('thou%h Linu# runs on many )inds of e8uipment$ it is
*est )no"n for its support of I;4+Inte' PC+*ased
hard"are
106
LESSON 4:
-UNCTIONS O- OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4S
DE-INITION O- OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4
(n operatin% system$ a'so common'y ca''ed OS is a set of pro%rams that
coordinates a'' the acti&ities amon% computer hard"are de&ices It a'so
supports the app'ication soft"are that "e run
It is desi%ned to "or) "ith a specific type of computer such as a PC or a
4acintosh E#amp'es of popu'ar Operatin% Systems are!+
Dis) Operatin% System 5DOS,
Linu#
4ac OS /
Uni#
@indo"s /P
-UNCTIONS O- OPE.(TIN1 S0STE4
=, ST(.TIN1 T2E CO4PUTE.
The first function of an operatin% system is to start
the computer @hen "e start a computer$ it 'oads the
operatin% system into the computer?s memory This
process is ca''ed *ootin% ;ootin% means to 'oad and
initia'i3e the operatin% system on a computer
machine It can happen in t"o "ays! "arm *oot or
co'd *oot
107
@(.4 ;OOT
( "arm *oot means restartin% a computer that is a'ready onIt norma''y
happens after insta''in% a ne" soft"are or hard"are or after an app'ication
crashes or stops "or)in%
COLD ;OOT
( co'd *oot means startin% a computer that is a'ready off It happens "hen
"e turn on a computer that has *een comp'ete'y po"ered off
A, P.OVIDIN1 ( USE. INTE.-(CE
-rom the user?s perspecti&e$ the most important function of an operatin%
system$ is pro&idin% the user interface This function contro's ho" the user
enters data and instruction and ho" information is disp'ayed
The user interface typica''y ena*'es users!
to start an app'ication pro%ram
to mana%e dis)s and fi'es such as formattin%$ copyin% and renamin%
to shut do"n the computer safe'y *y fo''o"in% the correct procedures
The three types of user interface are Command+Line$ 4enu+Dri&en and
1raphica' User Interface 51UI,
Command+Line 4enu+Dri&en 1UI
3, 4(N(1IN1 D(T( (ND P.O1.(4S
The ne#t function of an operatin% system is to mana%e data and pro%rams
@hen "e start an app'ication$ the CPU 'oads the app'ication from stora%e
into memory
In the ear'y days of persona' computin%$ sin%'e+tas)in% operatin% systems
cou'd run on'y one app'ication at a time
4u'titas)in% operatin% systems ena*'e users to "or) "ith t"o or more
app'ication pro%rams at the same time
108
4, 4(N(1IN1 4E4O.0
The computer?s operatin% system is responsi*'e for mana%in% memory such
as!
optimi3in% the use of random access
memory 5.(4,
a''ocatin% data and instruction to an
area of memory "hi'e *ein%
processed
monitorin% the contents of memory
re'easin% data and instructions from
*ein% monitored in memory "hen the
process is done
6, CON-I1U.IN1 DEVICES
(nother function of an operatin% system is hand'in%
input and output$ as "e'' as ena*'in% communication
"ith input and output de&ices 4ost operatin%
systems come "ith dri&ers for popu'ar input and
output de&ices
These dri&ers insta'' ne" de&ices and chec)
"hene&er there is conf'ict "ith these de&ices
LESSON 4>
INT.ODUCTION TO CO4PUTE. S0STE4
T2E I4PO.T(NCE O- USE. INTE.-(CES
The user interface is the part of an operatin% system
that you see and interact "ith and *y "hich users
and pro%rams communicate "ith each other
The importance of user interfaces are!
to assist users interactin% "ith a soft"are
to contro' ho" a user enters data and
instructions
to contro' ho" information is disp'ayed
109
CO44(ND+LINE USE. INTE.-(CE
The command+'ine user interface re8uires a user to
type commands or press specia' )eys on the
)ey*oard to enter data and instructions that instruct
the operatin% system "hat to do It has to *e typed
one 'ine at a time
The command+'ine user interface is difficu't to use
*ecause it re8uires e#act spe''in%$ synta# or a set of ru'es of enterin%
commands and punctuation
@e must o*ser&e the comp'icated ru'es of synta# that specify e#act'y "hat
you can type in a %i&en p'ace-or e#amp'e$ if "e "ant to rename a fi'ename
from (;Ct#t to DE-t#t "e use the fo''o"in% command
The command+'ine user interface a'so re8uires memorisation It is a'so easy
to ma)e a typin% mista)e The ad&anta%e of command+'ine interface is$ it
he'ps the user to operate the computer 8uic)'y after memori3in% the
)ey"ords and synta#
4ENU D.IVEN INTE.-(CE
4enu+dri&en user interface ena*'es the user to a&oid
memori3in% )ey"ords such as copy$ paste and
synta# On+screen$ menu+dri&en interface pro&ide
menus as means of enterin% commands It sho"s a''
the options a&ai'a*'e at a %i&en point in a form of
te#t+*ased menu 4enu+dri&en user interfaces are
easy to 'earn
1.(P2IC(L USE. INTE.-(CE 51UI,
1raphica' user interface ma)es use of the computer7s
%raphics capa*i'ities to ma)e the operatin% system
and pro%rams easier to use$ "hich is a'so ca''ed
Euser+friend'y7 On today7s PCs and 4acintoshes$ 1UIs
are used to create the des)top that appears after the
operatin% system finishes 'oadin% into memory
@e can easi'y differentiate the interfaces *et"een 4ac OS$ @indo"s /P or
Linu# *y 'oo)in% at their des)tops 1raphica' user interface interact "ith
menus and &isua' ima%es such as *uttons$ icons and other %raphica' o*9ects
to issue commands
On the des)top$ "e can initiate many actions *y c'ic)in% icons that represent
computer resources such as fi'es$ pro%rams and net"or) connections
1raphica' user interface is common'y used and has *ecome a standard
110
LESSON 4<
T0PES O- (PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
DE-INITION O- (PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
(pp'ication soft"are is a computer pro%ram or a suite of computer
pro%rams that performs a particu'ar function for the user (pp'ication
soft"are inc'udes a'' pro%rams that perform specific tas)s such as "ord
processin%$ spreadsheet$ data*ase$ presentation$ e+mai' and @e* *ro"sin%
( soft"are app'ication that ena*'es a user to disp'ay and interact "ith te#t$
ima%es$ and other information typica''y 'ocated on a "e* pa%e at a "e*site
on the @or'd @ide @e*
T0PES O- (PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
CO44ON T0PES O- (PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
@ord Processin%
@ord Processin% an office app'ication that ena*'es user to create$ edit$
format and print te#tua' document
Spreadsheet
( pro%ram that processes information in the form of ta*'es Ta*'es ce''s can
ho'd &a'ues or mathematica' formu'a
Presentation
(n app'ication soft"are that a''o"s a user to create &isua' aid for
presentation to communicate ideas$ messa%es and other information to a
%roup
1raphics Editin%
Pro%ram that can edit di%ita' representation or non+te#t information such as
dra"in%$ charts and photo%raph
111
=,@O.D P.OCESSIN1
( "ord processin% pro%ram is an office app'ication that ena*'es users to
create$ edit$ format and print te#tua' documents It a'so offers commands
that ena*'es users to format a document so that they can create an
attracti&e appearance
A, SP.E(DS2EET
( spreadsheet is a pro%ram that processes information in the form of %rid of
co'umns and ro"s It is a'so ca''ed a ta*'e Ta*'e ce''s can ho'd &a'ues or
mathematica' formu'as Spreadsheets are indispensa*'e too's for anyone
"ho "or)s "ith num*ers
3, P.ESENT(TION
( presentation soft"are ena*'es users to create transparencies$ s'ides and
handouts for presentation It a''o"s a user to create &isua' aids for
presentation to communicate ideas$ messa%es and other information to a
%roup
112
4, 1.(P2ICS EDITIN1
1raphics editin% is a pro%ram that can edit di%ita' representation or non+te#t
information such as dra"in%s$ charts or photo%raphs
SO-T@(.E SUITE
( soft"are suite is a co''ection of indi&idua' pro%rams so'd as a sin%'e
pac)a%e The soft"are suite is desi%ned to enhance the performance of our
"or) It typica''y inc'udes "ord processin%$ spreadsheet$ presentation and e+
mai' Current'y$ 4icrosoft Office is a &ery popu'ar e#amp'e of soft"are suite
*ein% used
E/(4PLES O- SO-T@(.E SUITES
113
LESSON 4B
US(1ES O- (PPLIC(TION SO-T@(.E
US(1ES O- @O.D P.OCESSIN1 SO-T@(.E
( "ord processin% soft"are 5"ord processor, a''o"s
users to create and manipu'ate documents
containin% most'y te#t and sometimes %raphics
It pro&ides the a*i'ity to create$ chec) spe''in%$ edit
and format a document on the screen *efore printin%
it to paper
( "ord processin% soft"are can *e used to produce documents such as
'etters$ memos$ reports$ fa# co&er sheets$ mai'in% 'a*e's$ ne"s'etters$ and
"e* pa%es E#amp'es of "ord processin% soft"are are 4icrosoft @ord$
StarOffice @riter$ Te#4a)er and Core' @ordPerfect
Some features of "ord processin% inc'ude the capa*i'ity of!
creatin% and editin% document
definin% the si3e of paper on "hich to print and specifyin% the mar%in
chan%in% the shape and si3e of characters
or%anisin% te#ts in ne"s'etter+sty'e co'umns
incorporatin% many types of %raphica' ima%es
typin% "ords in a para%raph continua''y "ithout processin% the ENTE.
)ey at the end of each 'ine
re&ie"in% the spe''in% of a document 5spe''in% chec)er,
insertin% header and footer in a document
dra"in% ta*'es of any si3e or shape
US(1ES O- SP.E(DS2EET SO-T@(.E
Spreadsheet soft"are is an app'ication that a''o"s users
to or%anise and manipu'ate data in ro"s and co'umns
It produces "or)sheets that re8uire repetiti&e
ca'cu'ations I *ud%etin%$ maintainin% a %rade *oo)$
*a'ancin% accounts$ trac)in% in&estment$ ca'cu'atin%
'oan payments$ estimatin% pro9ect costs and preparin%
financia' statements
Some features of spreadsheet inc'ude!
creatin%$ editin% and formattin% "or)sheet in ro"s and co'umns
containin% formu'as "hich can perform ca'cu'ations on the data in the
"or)sheet
ma)in% charts$ "hich depicts the data %raphica''y such as co'umn
charts or pie charts
"hat+if ana'ysis$ the a*i'ity of reca'cu'atin% the rest of the "or)sheet
"hen data in a "or)sheet chan%es
114
US(1ES O- P.ESENT(TION SO-T@(.E
Presentation soft"are is an app'ication that a''o"s users
to create &isua' aids for presentations to communicate
ideas$ messa%es and other information to an audience
E#amp'es of presentation soft"are are 4icrosoft
Po"erPoint$ StarOffice Impress and Core'Dra"
Some features of presentation soft"are inc'ude!
pro&idin% a &ariety of predefined presentation formats that define the
comp'ementary co'ours for *ac)%rounds$ te#t and %raphica' accents on
the s'ides
pro&idin% a &ariety of 'ayouts for each indi&idua' s'ide such as a tit'e
s'ide$ a t"o+co'umn s'ide and a s'ide "ith c'ip art$ a picture$ a chart$ a
ta*'e or animation
enhancin% te#t$ charts and %raphica' ima%es on a s'ide "ith 3+D and
other specia' effects such as shadin%$ shado"s and te#tures
settin% the s'ide timin% so that the presentation automatica''y disp'ays
the ne#t s'ide after a preset de'ay
app'yin% specia' effects to the transition *et"een each s'ide
insertin% ima%es$ &ideo and audio c'ips
US(1ES O- 1.(P2ICS SO-T@(.E
1raphics soft"are is an app'ication that a''o"s users
to "or) "ith dra"in%s$ photos and pictures It
pro&ides the users the a*i'ity of creatin%$ manipu'atin%
and printin% %raphics
E#amp'es of %raphics soft"are are 4icrosoft Paint$
(do*e Photoshop$ (do*e I''ustrator$ Core' Painter and
4acromedia -ire"or)s
Some features of %raphics soft"are inc'ude!
dra"in% pictures$ shapes and other %raphica' ima%es "ith &arious on+
screen too's such as a pen$ *rush$ eyedropper and paint *uc)et
modifyin% the contrast and *ri%htness of an ima%e
croppin% un"anted o*9ects
remo&in% Jred eyeK
addin% specia' effects such as shado"s and %'o"s
115

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