Experiment #2

Projectile Motion
January 20, 2006
Jane Doe
427 6666
Section X
Email: j77!"lin#
$a% partner: Jo&n Deere
'PS()00 Moule 2
*': +,a%elle -e.ton, P&y,ic, Dept/
'0S*1'(*
'n experiment .a, conucte to ,tuy projectile motion an calculate t&e
acceleration ue to 2ra3ity/ 'n incline air4ta%le an mo3in2 puc# ,y,tem .a, u,e in
.&ic& t&e puc# .a, launc&e up.ar, an t&e motion recore u,in2 a ,par#4timin2
e3ice/ 1e,ult, inicate t&at t&e ,y,tem %e&a3e a, expecte, .it& t&e &ori5ontal
3elocity component remainin2 approximately con,tant an t&e 3ertical 3elocity
component 3aryin2 linearly .it& elap,e time/ *&e 3alue o6 2ra3itational acceleration
.a, calculate 6rom experimental ata to %e g 7 8/) t 0/2 m9,
2
/ *&i, 3alue i not a2ree
:.it&in error; .it& t&e 2enerally accepte 3alue o6 g 7 8/<) m9,
2
/ *&i, i,crepancy .a,
li#ely ue to aitional ra2 6orce, t&at .ere not accounte 6or in calculation, o6 t&e
experimental 3alue/
I verify that this formal report is my own individual work and has not been copied
in whole or in part from another source (with the possible exception of equations,
tables and/or diagrams from the experimental descriptions on the AP!"##$%
website&' (urthermore, I have not and will not lend this report (electronic or
hardcopy& to any other student, either now or in the future'

igned)**************************
<=
1.0 Introduction
' ,y,tem i,playin2 para%olic motion .a, prouce %y launc&in2 a puc# up an
incline, 6rictionle,, ,ur6ace :air4ta%le; a, ,&o.n in >i2ure )/ *&e purpo,e, o6 t&i,
experiment .ere:
)/ to in3e,ti2ate para%olic motion %y mea,urin2 t&e x an y i,placement, a, a 6unction
o6 time, an u,e t&i, in6ormation to etermine x an y 3elocity 3ariation,, an
2/ to experimentally etermine a 3alue 6or g, t&e 2ra3itational acceleration/
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of puck being launched up a frictionless surface
air-table inclined at an angle . The co-ordinate system is also shown.
>or any o%ject .it& con,tant acceleration, t&e 2eneral relation,&ip %et.een 3elocity,
v, time, t, an acceleration, a, i, 2i3en %y E"uation ):
v 7 vo ? at :);
.&ere vo i, t&e initial 3elocity/ *&i, implie, t&at t&e relation,&ip %et.een 3elocity an
time i, linear, .it& t&e ,lope e"ual to t&e acceleration an t&e intercept e"ual to t&e initial
3elocity/ >i2ure 2 ,&o., t&e xy plane o6 >i2ure ), .it& t&e initial 3elocity o6 t&e puc# an
an2le a%o3e t&e x4axi,/ *&e x an y i,placement, can %e mea,ure a, a 6unction o6
time, an x an y 3elocitie, calculate 6rom t&i, in6ormation/ (on,ierin2 E"uation ),
acceleration in t&e x an y irection, can %e o%taine 6rom 2rap&, o6 3elocity 3er,u,
elap,e time/
Figure : !ro"ection of the air-table surface# showing the x and y directions# the
angle# , and the initial velocity# vo# of the puck when launched.
<4

x
z
y
h
$
'ir4ta%le
puc#

y
v
o
x
*&e 2ra3itational acceleration, g, can %e o%taine 6rom t&e acceleration o6 t&e
puc#/ (on,ier t&e ,c&ematic ,ie 3ie. o6 t&e ,y,tem a, ,&o.n in >i2ure =/
Figure %: Schematic &side view' diagram of puck showing forces
+6 t&e ,ur6ace i, incline at an an2le , 6rom -e.ton@, ,econ la. t&e acceleration
o6 t&e puc# in t&e x, y an ( irection, i, re,pecti3ely 2i3en %y E"uation, 2, = an 4:
0 7 mpax :2;
4 mpg,in 7 mpay :=;
) A mpgco, 7 mpa5 7 0 :4;
.&ere ax, ay an a5 are t&e acceleration component, o6 t&e puc#, mp i, t&e puc# ma,,, 2 i,
t&e acceleration ue to 2ra3ity an - i, t&e normal 6orce o6 t&e ,ur6ace on t&e puc#/
Bi3en experimentally mea,ure 3alue, 6or ay, mp, an , a 3alue o6 g can %e
calculate 6rom E"uation =/
2.0 Apparatus and Procedure
*&e apparatu, an co4orinate ,y,tem u,e in t&i, experiment are ,c&ematically
illu,trate in >i2ure )/ ' tu%e connecte to t&e puc# ,upplie a 6lo. o6 air uner t&e puc#
to reuce t&e 6riction %et.een t&e puc# an ta%le ,ur6ace/ *&e apparatu, .a, e"uippe
.it& a ,par# timin2 e3ice to recor t&e po,ition o6 t&e center o6 t&e puc# on a piece o6
paper re,tin2 %et.een t&e puc# an ta%le ,ur6ace/ Spar#, .ere prouce e3ery 0/) ,/
+nitial mea,urement, .ere mae o6 t&e air ta%le len2t& $ an &ei2&t h :,ee >i2ure
); in orer to etermine t&e an2le / *&e experiment in3ol3e o%tainin2 t.o i66erent
trace, 6or t&e puc#/ *&e 6ir,t .a, a ,trai2&t line trace, .it& t&e puc# %ein2 relea,e 6rom
re,t at t&e top o6 t&e ta%le/ *&i, trace .a, u,e a, a y axi,/ Cit&out mo3in2 t&e paper, a
,econ, para%olic trace .a, prouce %y launc&in2 t&e puc# up.ar, at an an2le 6rom
one o6 t&e lo.er corner, o6 t&e ta%le/ +n orer to e,timate a3era2e puc# 3elocity 6or eac&
,par# point, i,placement mea,urement, in t&e x an y irection, :x an y,
re,pecti3ely; .ere mae o3er 2 ,par# inter3al, 4 one on eit&er ,ie :i/e/ t 7 0/2,;/
<D
m
p
g
N
Z
y

*&e i,placement, .&ere mea,ure u,in2 a ruler/ *&e error, .ere a,,ume to %e &al6 o6
t&e ,malle,t ruler i3i,ion :0/Dmm;/
3.0 Results and Analysis
*&e x an y component, o6 t&e a3era2e 3elocity 6or eac& ,par# point .ere calculate
6rom t&e x an y i,placement, :vx x/t and vy y/t, re,pecti3ely;/ Brap&, o6 vx an vy
a, a 6unction o6 elap,e time are ,&o.n in >i2ure 4/ +t i, clear 6rom t&i, ata t&at %ot& x
an y 3elocitie, 3ary linearly .it& re,pect to time/
v
y
7 40/=87t ? 0/=74
v
x
7 40/0)4Dt ? 0/)06
-0.400
-0.300
-0.200
-0.100
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Elapsed Time (s)
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
m
/
s
)
v
x
v
y
Figure *: !lots of x and y component velocities as a function of time for the parabolic
motion of the puck on the air-table. $ines of best fit are shown through the data points
along with the e+uations of each line.
1e,iual, 2rap&, 6or t&e vx an vy 3er,u, time re2re,,ion analy,i, are ,&o.n in >i2ure, Da
an D% re,pecti3ely/
<6
(a)
-0.01
0
0.01
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Elapsed Time (s)
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
s
(b)
-0.01
0
0.01
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Elapsed time (s)
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
s
Figure ,: -esiduals graphs for a' vx vs time and b' vy vs time
*&e re,iual, ,&o. no o%3iou, tren, inicatin2 t&at t&e %e&a3iour .a, linear a, expecte
an t&at t&e re2re,,ion line, .ere a 2oo 6it to t&e ata/ ', i,cu,,e in t&e introuction,
t&e ,lope o6 t&e 3elocity 3er,u, time cur3e 2i3e, t&e acceleration an t&e intercept i, t&e
initial 3elocity/ *a%le ) ,&o., t&e re,ult, o6 t&e re2re,,ion analy,i,, .&ic& yiele t&e
3alue, 6or acceleration an initial 3elocity :.it& error,; 6or t&e x an y component
irection,/
Table 1: .alues of acceleration &slope' and initial velocity &intercept' obtained from
regression analysis of x and y velocity plots in Figure *.
'cceleration a
:,lope;
:m9,
2
;
'cceleration
,tanar error
a :m9,
2
;
+nitial 3elocity
vo :intercept;
:m9,;
+nitial 3elocity
,tanar error
3o :m9,;
y component 40/=87 0/00) 0/=74 0/00)
x component 40/0)D 0/002 0/)06 0/002
>inally, to 6in a 3alue 6or g, t&e acceleration ue to 2ra3ity, e"uation = .a,
rearran2e to 2i3e:

,in
y
a
g

/ :6;
>rom >i2ure ) it can %e ,een t&at:
,in 7 h 9$. :7;
<7
Su%,titutin2 t&i, expre,,ion in e"uation 6 re,ult, in:
h
$ a
g
y

/ :<;

*&e 3alue o6 g etermine 6rom e"uation < an t&e ata in *a%le ) .a, 8/) t 0/2 m9,
2
/
4.0 Discussion
'cceleration 3alue, etermine experimentally are ,&o.n in *a%le 2/
Table : Summary of experimentally-determined accelerations
E3erall, t&i,
,y,tem i ex&i%it @typical@ projectile motion %e&a3iour, ,ince, a, ,&o.n in >i2ure 4, t&e x
3elocity .a, relati3ely con,tant .&ile t&e y 3elocity ex&i%ite a linear epenence on
elap,e time/
'n intere,tin2 6eature o6 t&i, ata .a, t&e non45ero 3alue 6or ax, ,ince ax i, u,ually
a,,ume to %e 5ero in projectile motion ,y,tem,/ *&e non45ero 3alue 6or ax implie, t&at
t&ere .a, an aitional 6orce t&at .a, i2nore in t&e ori2inal analy,i, in ,ection )/ *&i,
.a, li#ely to &a3e %een a ra2 6orce a,,ociate .it& t&e air &o,e, attac&e to t&e puc#/
>inally, a 3alue o6 2 7 8/) t 0/2 m9,
2
.a, etermine 6rom experimental
mea,urement,/ *&e accepte 3alue 6or 2 i, 8/<) m9,
2
:Foun2 an >reeman, )887;/
C&ile t&e,e 3alue, are not in a2reement .it&in error, t&e non45ero ax 3alue inicate t&at
t&ere .a, a ,mall, %ut not in,i2ni6icant 6orce t&at .a, not accounte 6or in t&e calculation
o6 t&e experimental 3alue o6 g/ Ga t&i, retarin2 6orce %een ta#en into account, t&e
experimental 3alue o6 g .oul li#ely &a3e %een muc& clo,er to t&e 2enerally accepte
3alue o6 8/<) m9,
2
/
5.0 Conclusions
+n t&i, experiment an incline air4ta%le9mo3in2 puc# ,y,tem .a, u,e to ,tuy
projectile motion/ +n 2eneral t&e ,y,tem %e&a3e a, expecte, .it& t&e x 3elocity
remainin2 almo,t con,tant an t&e y 3elocity 3aryin2 linearly .it& elap,e time/
>urt&ermore, a 3alue o6 t&e 2ra3itational acceleration g .a, calculate 6rom experimental
ata/ *&e calculate 3alue o6 g 7 8/) t 0/2 m9,
2
i not a2ree :.it&in error; .it& t&e
'cceleration :m9,
2
; Stanar Error
:tm9,
2
;
a
x
40/0)D 0/002
a
y
40/=87 0/00)
g
8/)4 0/22
<<
2enerally accepte 3alue o6 8/<) m9,
2
/ *&i, i,a2reement .a, attri%ute to t&e 6act t&at
t&e &o,e attac&ment, on t&e puc# prouce an aitional retarin2 6orce t&at .a, not
accounte 6or in t&e calculation,/
6.0 References
H)I Foun2, G/D/ an >reeman, 1/'/, /niversity !hysics with 0odern !hysics. 'i,on
Ce,ley, )887/
7.0 Appendi ! Data and sa"ple calculations
*a%le ') ,&o., t&e ata o%taine 6rom t&e ,par# paper, an calculate x 3elocitie,, vx,
an y 3elocitie,, vy, :.it& error,; 6or eac& point/ (on,tant parameter, are li,te at t&e
%ottom o6 ta%le ')/ *&e time, :%ot& elap,e an t; .ere a,,ume to &a3e ne2li2i%le
:5ero; error/ Mea,urement error, 6or x an y .ere 0/Dmm, .&ic& .a, &al6 o6 t&e
,malle,t ruler i3i,ion/
*a%le ') A Projectile Motion Data
Point # Elapsed
Time (s)
x (m) y (m)
vx
x/t (m/s)
vy
y/t (m/s)
1 0.100 0.0200 0.0672 0.100 0.336
2 0.200 0.0205 0.0585 0.103 0.293
3 0.300 0.0195 0.0523 0.098 0.262
4 0.400 0.0198 0.0430 0.099 0.215
5 0.500 0.0209 0.0347 0.105 0.174
6 0.600 0.0195 0.2780 0.098 0.139
7 0.700 0.0190 0.0192 0.095 0.096
8 0.800 0.0200 0.0109 0.100 0.055
9 0.900 0.0203 0.0031 0.102 0.016
10 1.000 0.0190 -0.0048 0.095 -0.024
11 1.100 0.0172 -0.0128 0.086 -0.064
12 1.200 0.0180 -0.0206 0.090 -0.103
13 1.300 0.0173 -0.0282 0.087 -0.141
14 1.400 0.0170 -0.0360 0.085 -0.180
15 1.500 0.0167 -0.0449 0.084 -0.225
16 1.600 0.0164 -0.0524 0.082 -0.262
17 1.700 0.0161 -0.0600 0.081 -0.300
18 1.800 0.0155 -0.0672 0.078 -0.336
Jt :,; 7 0/200
Error in Jx9Jt 7 0/00= m9, :,ee ,ample calculation %elo.;
Error in Jy9Jt 7 0/00= m9,
Ma,, o6 puc# 7 D68/6 ?94 0/) 2
$en2t& o6 incline ,ur6ace $ 7 D<D ?94 2 mm
Gei2&t o6 incline h 7 2D/4 ?94 0/D mm
<8
Calculation of errors for x and y #elocities in $a%le 1
Since vx 7 x9t
The error in vx is K3x 7
( ) ( )

,
_

t
t
x
x
v
x

%ut (t; 7 0
1nserting numbers from !oint 1 in Table 1 and &x' 2 3.,mm
4vx 2 , 9 m 00= / 0
m 020 / 0
m 000D / 0
, 9 m )00 / 0
*&e re,ult, o6 t&e linear re2re,,ion in excel are a, 6ollo.,:
&or vx vs t

!oefficient
s
tandard
+rror
Intercept 0.106471 0.001828
Slope -0.01453 0.001689
&or vy vs t

!oefficient
s
tandard
+rror
Intercept 0.374817 0.001284
Slope -0.39741 0.001186
' 3alue 6or g .a, etermine 6rom e"uation 6 u,in2 t&e acceleration o6 t&e puc#
in t&e y irection etermine 6rom t&e linear re2re,,ion :40/=87 ?940/00) m9,
2
;
&
$ a
2
y

7
02D4 / 0
; D<D / 0 ;: =87 / 0 :


2
9 )4 / 8 s m
*&e error in 2 i,: 1
]
1

+ +
h
h
$
$
a
a
g g
y
y

7
1
]
1

+ +
4 / 2D
D / 0
D<D
2
=87 / 0
00) / 0
)4 / 8


7 0/2m9,
2
*&e 3alue o6 2 o%taine 6rom experimental ata i, t&ere6ore 8/) t 0/2 m9,
2
/
80
AP'C 100( &or"al &eed%ac)
7 ye,, o#7 6air, x 7 no, or nee, impro3ement
*#erall
Comments
Critin2 clear an lan2ua2e appropriate
:(ollo"uiali,m,, am%i2uitie,, an clum,y p&ra,in2 a3oie;
+n6ormation in eac& ,ection i, .ell or2ani5e an conci,e
Boo uner,tanin2 o6 experiment an re,ult, e3ient
:-o incorrect or inco&erent text;
A%stract
Purpo,e, met&o, re,ult, an ,i2ni6icance ,uccinctly ,ummari5e/
>inal 3alue:,; reporte .it& uncertainty
Introduction
E%jecti3e, ,tate clearly
*&eory e3elope lo2ically, .it& rele3ant a,,umption, ,tate
'll t&eory nece,,ary to uner,tan proceure an analy,i, pre,ente
E"uation, num%ere an 3aria%le, e6ine .&en 6ir,t u,e
Apparatus and +peri"ental Procedure
(lear, .ell4la%elle, ia2ram:,; o6 t&e apparatu,
(lear, conci,e e,cription re6errin2 to ia2ram:,;
(onci,e ,ummary o6 t&e proceure t&at .oul ena%le one to 6ollo.
.&at .a, one :para2rap& 6orm, pa,t ten,e;
Results and Analysis
'naly,i, explaine clearly
:E"uation, re6erre to %y num%er;
'naly,i, complete
Brap&,:
1e6erre to an i,cu,,e in text
(aption, inicate content an context
'xe, la%elle an &a3e unit,
E"uation, on re2re,,ion line, .it& appropriate 3aria%le,
Error %ar, inclue
1e,ult, reporte .it& uncertaintie,
:preci,ion o6 re,ult, an uncertainty matc&;
'ccepte 3alue, reporte an re6erence
Discussion
Di t&e re,ult, turn out a, expecte "ualitati3elyL
Go. o t&e re,ult, compare "uantitati3ely .it& t&eoretical or
accepte 3alue,L :Do t&ey a2ree .it&in errorL;
(an unexpecte re,ult, %e explaine %y a,,umption, mae in t&e
t&eoryL C&at major ,ource, o6 error preominateL
'n,.er, to "ue,tion, incorporate into i,cu,,ion/
Conclusion
'n o3er3ie. o6 t&e experiment i, 2i3en
Main re,ult, an conclu,ion, are ,ummari5e
Appendi
8)
Data an uncertaintie, in neat, title, ta%le, :unit, in &eaer;
Sample calculation, correct an complete/
1ele3ant Excel output inclue/
Mark at end of conclusion in report
82