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1.1
(a) One dimensional, multichannel, discrete time, and digital.
(b) Multi dimensional, single channel, continuous-time, analog.
(c) One dimensional, single channel, continuous-time, analog.
(d) One dimensional, single channel, continuous-time, analog.
(e) One dimensional, multichannel, discrete-time, digital.
1.2
(a) f =
0.01
2
=
1
200
periodic with N
p
= 200.
(b) f =
30
105
(
1
2
) =
1
7
periodic with N
p
= 7.
(c) f =
3
2
=
3
2
periodic with N
p
= 2.
(d) f =
3
2
non-periodic.
(e) f =
62
10
(
1
2
) =
31
10
periodic with N
p
= 10.
1.3
(a) Periodic with period T
p
=
2
5
.
(b) f =
5
2
non-periodic.
(c) f =
1
12
non-periodic.
(d) cos(
n
8
) is non-periodic; cos(
n
8
) is periodic; Their product is non-periodic.
(e) cos(
n
2
) is periodic with period N
p
=4
sin(
n
8
) is periodic with period N
p
=16
cos(
n
4
+
3
) is periodic with period N
p
=8
Therefore, x(n) is periodic with period N
p
=16. (16 is the least common multiple of 4,8,16).
1.4
(a) w =
2k
N
implies that f =
k
N
. Let
= GCD of (k, N), i.e.,
k = k
, N = N
.
Then,
f =
k
=
N
.
3
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
(b)
N = 7
k = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GCD(k, N) = 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
N
p
= 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 1
(c)
N = 16
k = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 . . . 16
GCD(k, N) = 16 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 4 . . . 16
N
p
= 1 6 8 16 4 16 8 16 2 16 8 16 4 . . . 1
1.5
(a) Refer to g 1.5-1
(b)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
> t (ms)
>
x
a
(
t
)
Figure 1.5-1:
x(n) = x
a
(nT)
= x
a
(n/F
s
)
= 3sin(n/3)
f =
1
2
(
3
)
=
1
6
, N
p
= 6
4
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
0
10
20
t (ms)
3
-3
Figure 1.5-2:
(c)Refer to g 1.5-2
x(n) =
0,
3
2
,
3
2
, 0,
3
2
,
3
, N
p
= 6.
(d) Yes.
x(1) = 3 = 3sin(
100
F
s
) F
s
= 200 samples/sec.
1.6
(a)
x(n) = Acos(2F
0
n/F
s
+ )
= Acos(2(T/T
p
)n + )
But T/T
p
= f x(n) is periodic if f is rational.
(b) If x(n) is periodic, then f=k/N where N is the period. Then,
T
d
= (
k
f
T) = k(
T
p
T
)T = kT
p
.
Thus, it takes k periods (kT
p
) of the analog signal to make 1 period (T
d
) of the discrete signal.
(c) T
d
= kT
p
NT = kT
p
f = k/N = T/T
p
f is rational x(n) is periodic.
1.7
(a) F
max
= 10kHz F
s
2F
max
= 20kHz.
(b) For F
s
= 8kHz, F
fold
= F
s
/2 = 4kHz 5kHz will alias to 3kHz.
(c) F=9kHz will alias to 1kHz.
1.8
(a) F
max
= 100kHz, F
s
2F
max
= 200Hz.
(b) F
fold
=
F
s
2
= 125Hz.
5
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
1.9
(a) F
max
= 360Hz, F
N
= 2F
max
= 720Hz.
(b) F
fold
=
F
s
2
= 300Hz.
(c)
x(n) = x
a
(nT)
= x
a
(n/F
s
)
= sin(480n/600) + 3sin(720n/600)
x(n) = sin(4n/5) 3sin(4n/5)
= 2sin(4n/5).
Therefore, w = 4/5.
(d) y
a
(t) = x(F
s
t) = 2sin(480t).
1.10
(a)
Number of bits/sample = log
2
1024 = 10.
F
s
=
[10, 000 bits/sec]
[10 bits/sample]
= 1000 samples/sec.
F
fold
= 500Hz.
(b)
F
max
=
1800
2
= 900Hz
F
N
= 2F
max
= 1800Hz.
(c)
f
1
=
600
2
(
1
F
s
)
= 0.3;
f
2
=
1800
2
(
1
F
s
)
= 0.9;
But f
2
= 0.9 > 0.5 f
2
= 0.1.
Hence, x(n) = 3cos[(2)(0.3)n] + 2cos[(2)(0.1)n]
(d) =
x
max
x
min
m1
=
5(5)
1023
=
10
1023
.
1.11
x(n) = x
a
(nT)
= 3cos
100n
200
+ 2sin
250n
200
6
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
= 3cos
n
2
2sin
3n
4
=
1
1000
y
a
(t) = x(t/T
)
= 3cos
1000t
2
2sin
31000t
4
y
a
(t) = 3cos(500t) 2sin(750t)
1.12
(a) For F
s
= 300Hz,
x(n) = 3cos
n
6
+ 10sin(n) cos
n
3
= 3cos
n
6
3cos
n
3
(b) x
r
(t) = 3cos(10000t/6) cos(10000t/3)
1.13
(a)
Range = x
max
x
min
= 12.7.
m = 1 +
range
>
x
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
> n
>
x
q
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
> n
>
e
(
n
)
Figure 1.16-1:
9
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
levels = 128, using truncation, SQNR = 37.359dB
> n
>
x
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
> n
>
x
q
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
> n
>
e
(
n
)
Figure 1.16-2:
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
levels = 256, using truncation, SQNR=43.7739dB
> n
>
x
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
> n
>
x
q
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
8
6
4
2
0
x 10
3
> n
>
e
(
n
)
Figure 1.16-3:
10
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
(b) for levels = 64, using rounding refer to g 1.16-4.
for levels = 128, using rounding refer to g 1.16-5.
for levels = 256, using rounding refer to g 1.16-6.
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
levels = 64, using rounding, SQNR=32.754dB
> n
>
x
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
> n
>
x
q
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
0.04
0.02
0
0.02
0.04
> n
>
e
(
n
)
Figure 1.16-4:
11
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
levels = 128, using rounding, SQNR=39.2008dB
> n
>
x
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
> n
>
x
q
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
> n
>
e
(
n
)
Figure 1.16-5:
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
levels = 256, using rounding, SQNR=44.0353dB
> n
>
x
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
> n
>
x
q
(
n
)
0 50 100 150 200
0.01
0.005
0
0.005
0.01
> n
>
e
(
n
)
Figure 1.16-6:
12
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
(c) The sqnr with rounding is greater than with truncation. But the sqnr improves as the number
of quantization levels are increased.
(d)
levels 64 128 256
theoretical sqnr 43.9000 49.9200 55.9400
sqnr with truncation 31.3341 37.359 43.7739
sqnr with rounding 32.754 39.2008 44.0353
The theoretical sqnr is given in the table above. It can be seen that theoretical sqnr is much
higher than those obtained by simulations. The decrease in the sqnr is because of the truncation
and rounding.
13
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.
14
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book Digital Signal Processing, Fourth Edition, by John G.
Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. ISBN 0-13-187374-1.