Principle of the delta PWM.

The output signal (blue) is compared

with the limits (green). Threspond to the reference signal (red), offset
by a given value. Every time the output signal reaches one of the
limits, the PWM signal changes state.
Delta modulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Delta modulation (DM or
-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and
digital-to-analog signal conversion
technique used for transmission of voice
information where quality is not of
primary importance. DM is the simplest
form of differential pulse-code
modulation (DPCM) where the
difference between successive samples
are encoded into n-bit data streams. In
delta modulation, the transmitted data is
reduced to a 1-bit data stream. Its main
features are:
the analog signal is approximated
with a series of segments
each segment of the approximated
signal is compared to the original
analog wave to determine the increase or decrease in relative amplitude
the decision process for establishing the state of successive bits is determined by this comparison
only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude
from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to
remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample.
To achieve high signal-to-noise ratio, delta modulation must use oversampling techniques, that is, the analog
signal is sampled at a rate several times higher than the Nyquist rate.
Derived forms of delta modulation are continuously variable slope delta modulation, delta-sigma
modulation, and differential modulation. Differential pulse-code modulation is the super set of DM.
Contents
1 Principle
2 Transfer characteristics
3 Output signal power
4 Bit-rate
5 Adaptive delta modulation
6 Applications
7 SBS Application 24Kbps Delta Modulation
8 See also
9 Sources
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10 External links
Principle
Rather than quantizing the absolute value of the input analog waveform, delta modulation quantizes the
difference between the current and the previous step, as shown in the block diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 - Block diagram of a
-modulator/demodulator
The modulator is made by a quantizer which converts the difference between the input signal and the
average of the previous steps. In its simplest form, the quantizer can be realized with a comparator
referenced to 0 (two levels quantizer), whose output is 1 or 0 if the input signal is positive or negative. It is
also a bit-quantizer as it quantizes only a bit at a time. The demodulator is simply an integrator (like the one
in the feedback loop) whose output rises or falls with each 1 or 0 received. The integrator itself constitutes a
low-pass filter.
Transfer characteristics
The transfer characteristics of a delta modulated system follows a signum function,as it quantizes only two
levels and also one-bit at a time.
The two sources of noise in delta modulation are "slope overload", when steps are too small to track the
original waveform, and "granularity", when steps are too large. But a 1971 study shows that slope overload
is less objectionable compared to granularity than one might expect based solely on SNR measures.
[1]
Output signal power
In delta modulation there is a restriction on the amplitude of the input signal, because if the transmitted
signal have a large derivative (Abrupt changes) then modulated signal can not follow the input signal and
Slope Overload occurs. Lets say if the input signal is
Modulated Signal (Derivative of Input Signal) which is transmitted by the Modulator
Whereas the condition to avoid Slope Overload is
So Maximum Amplitude of Input signal can be
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Where f
s
is Sampling Frequency and is the Frequency of the input Signal and is Step Size in
Quantization. So A
max
is the Maximum Amplitude that DM can transmit without causing the Slope
Overload and the Power of Transmitted Signal depends on the Maximum Amplitude.
Bit-rate
If the communication channel is of limited bandwidth,there is the possibility of interference in either DM or
PCM. Hence, 'DM' and 'PCM' operate at same bit-rate which is equal to N times the sampling frequency. .
Adaptive delta modulation
Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) was first published by Dr. John E. Abate (AT&T Bell Laboratories
Fellow) in his doctorial thesis at NJ Institute Of Technology in 1967. ADM was later selected as the
standard for all NASA communications between mission control and space-craft.
Adaptive delta modulation or continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD) is a modification of DM
in which the step size is not fixed. Rather, when several consecutive bits have the same direction value, the
encoder and decoder assume that slope overload is occurring, and the step size becomes progressively larger.
Otherwise, the step size becomes gradually smaller over time. ADM reduces slope error,at the expense of
increasing quantizing error.This error can be reduced by using a low pass filter. ADM provides robust
performance in the presence of bit errors meaning error detection and correction are not typically used in an
ADM radio design, this allows for a reduction in host processor workload (allowing a low-cost processor to
be used).
[2]
Applications
Contemporary applications of Delta Modulation includes, but is not limited to, recreating legacy synthesizer
waveforms. With the increasing availability of FPGAs and game-related ASICs, sample rates are easily
controlled so as to avoid slope overload and granularity issues. For example, the C64DTV used a 32 MHz
sample rate, providing ample dynamic range to recreate the SID output to acceptable levels.
[3]
SBS Application 24Kbps Delta Modulation
Delta Modulation was used by Satellite Business Systems or SBS for its voice ports to provide long distance
phone service to large domestic corporations with a significant inter-corporation communications need (such
as IBM). This system was in service throughout the 1980s. The voice ports used digitally implemented
24kbit/s Delta Modulation with Voice Activity Compression or VAC and Echo Suppressors to control the
half second echo path through the satellite. They performed formal listening tests to verify the 24kbit/s
Delta Modulator achieved full voice quality with no discernible degradation as compared to a high quality
phone line or the standard 64kbit/s -law Companded PCM. This provided an eight to three improvement in
satellite channel capacity. IBM developed the Satellite Communications Controller and the voice port
functions.
The original proposal in 1974 used a state-of-the-art 24kbit/s Delta Modulator with a single integrator and a
Shindler Compander modified for gain error recovery. This proved to have less than full phone line speech
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quality. In 1977one engineer with two assistants in the IBM Research Triangle Park, NC laboratory was
assigned to improve the quality.
The final implementation replaced the integrator with a Predictor implemented with a two pole complex
pair low pass filter designed to approximate the long term average speech spectrum. The theory was that
ideally the integrator should be a predictor designed to match the signal spectrum. A nearly perfect Shindler
Compander replaced the modified version. It was found the modified compander resulted in a less than
perfect step size at most signal levels and the fast gain error recovery increased the noise as determined by
actual listening tests as compared to simple signal to noise measurements. The final compander achieved a
very mild gain error recovery due to the natural truncation rounding error caused by twelve bit arithmetic.
The complete function of Delta Modulation, VAC and Echo Control for six ports was implemented in a
single digital integrated circuit chip with twelve bit arithmetic. A single DAC was shared by all six ports
providing voltage compare functions for the modulators and feeding sample and hold circuits for the
demodulator outputs. A single card held the chip, DAC and all the analog circuits for the phone line
interface including transformers.
See also
Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
Analog-to-digital converter
Codec
Pulse-code modulation
Pulse-density modulation
Delta-sigma modulation
Direct Stream Digital
Sources
Steele, R. (1975). Delta Modulation Systems. London: Pentech Press. ISBN 0-470-82104-3.
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration
document "Federal Standard 1037C" (http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm) (in support of
MIL-STD-188).
^ N. S. Jayant and A. E. Rosenberg. "The Preference of Slope Overload to Granularity in the Delta Modulation of
Speech". The Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 50, no. 10, December 1971. [url=http://bstj.bell-labs.com
/BSTJ/images/Vol50/bstj50-10-3117.pdf]PDF[/url]; [url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110707222831/http:
//bstj.bell-labs.com/BSTJ/images/Vol50/bstj50-10-3117.pdf]Google cached HTML version</a>)
1.
^ http://www.cmlmicro.com/adm-adaptive-delta-modulation/ 2.
^ Olsen, Mikkel Holm. 2011 November 16. Accessed 2013 June 29. http://symlink.dk/nostalgia/dtv/dtvsid/ 3.
External links
Delta Modulator (http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec301/Projects99/adda/dmod.html)
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