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ASSIGNMENT 3
NUR AFIFAH 13311024




















































NUR AFIFAH
13311024

ASSIGNMENT 3
Multimodality Medical
Diagnostics and Treatment
TF4022 MEDICAL PHYSICS

1. Basic Principle

Medical Ultrasound is based on the use of
high frequency sound to aid in the diagnosis
and treatment of patients. The ultrasound
frequencies range from 2 to approximately 15
MHz.
The ultrasound image (sonographic /
echographic) is based on mechanical
oscillations of the crystal excited by electrical
pulses (piezoelectric effect). Numerous
crystals are assembled to form the
transducer. A transducer converts one type of
energy into another. Based on the pulse-echo
principle occurring with ultrasound
piezoelectric crystals, ultrasound transducers
convert electricity into sound.
The ultrasound waves (pulse of sound) are
sent from the transducer and propagate
through different tissues and then return
reflected as echoes to the transducer. Those
returned echoes are then converted back into
electrical impulses by the transducer crystals
and are further processed in order to form
the ultrasound image presented on the
screen

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c. Refraction
The bending of light rays as they pass
from one medium through another.
Used to describe the action of the
cornea and lens on light rays as they
enter they eye. Also used to describe
the determination and measurement
of the eye's focusing system by an
optometrist or ophthalmologist

d. Ultrasound B-scan mode
The imaging of deep structures of the
body by recording the echoes of pulses
of ultrasonic waves which the position
of a spot on the CRT display
corresponds to the time elapsed and
the brightness of the spot to the
strength of the echo; movement of the
transducer produces a sweep of the
ultrasound beam and a tomographic
scan of a cross section of the body.

e. Doppler Effect
measurement and a visual record are
made of the shift in frequency of a
continuous ultrasonic wave
proportional to the blood-flow velocity
in underlying vessels; used in
diagnosis of extracranial occlusive
vascular disease. It is also used in
detection of the fetal heart beat or of
the velocity of movement of a
structure, such as the beating heart.

f. Half Value Layer
the thickness of a specified material
(usually aluminum, copper, or lead)
required to decrease the dosage rate
of a beam of radiograph at a point of
interest to half its initial value. A
determination of the half-value layer
of a given radiographic beam is used
to denote the quality of the
radiographic beam. The half-value
layer will vary depending on kilovolt
peak and the amount of filtration at
the source.
b. Scattering
a change in the direction of photons
caused by the interaction between
photons and matter. In
coherentscattering an incident photon
interacts with matter and excites an
atom, causing it to vibrate. The
vibrationcauses the photon to scatter.
Also called Thompson scattering,
unmodified scattering. In
Comptonscattering an incident photon
interacts with an orbital electron,
transferring some of its energy to that
electron.The electron is ejected, and
the photon is scattered.

2.
a. Adsorption : a natural process
whereby molecules of a gas or liquid
adhere to the surface of a solid. The
phenomenondepends on an
assortment of factors such as surface
tension and electrical charges. Many
biologic reactionsinvolve adsorption.
Adsorption is the principle on which
chromatography is based and which
allows for theseparation of a mixture
into component fractions for
qualitative analysis.


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3. Bremsstrahlung is a German term that means "braking rays." It is an
important phenomenon in the generation of X-rays. In the Bremsstrahlung
process, a high speed electron traveling in a material is slowed or
completely stopped by the forces of any atom it encounters. As a high
speed electron approaches an atom, it will interact with the negative force
from the electrons of the atom, and it may be slowed or completely
stopped. If the electron is slowed down, it will exit the material with less
energy. The law of conservation of energy tells us that this energy cannot
be lost and must be absorbed by the atom or converted to another form of
energy. The energy used to slow the electron is excessive to the atom and
the energy will be radiated as x-radiation of equal energy.
If the electron is completely stopped by the strong positive force of the
nucleus, the radiated x-ray energy will have an energy equal to the total
kinetic energy of the electron. This type of action occurs with very large
and heavy nuclei materials. The new x-rays and liberated electrons will
interact with matter in a similar fashion to produce more radiation at lower
energy levels until finally all that is left is a mass of long wavelength
electromagnetic wave forms that fall outside the x-ray spectrum.