Copyright 2000, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.

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Abstract
The evolution of physico-chemical EOR methods in Russia is
connected with the use of oil-displacing systems capable to
retain and to self-regulate a complex of colloidal-chemical
properties optimal for the purposes of oil displacement. The
dominating role belongs to EOR technologies increasing
conformance by flooding or by steam-heat treatment.
Promising are such physico-chemical methods, in which heat
energy of the formation or that of the injected heat carier is
used to generate in situ alkaline buffer systems and CO
2
, as
well as to form gels capable to increase oil displacement and
conformance. Hydrolysis, hydrolytic polycondensation and
coagulation processes proceeding in the system carbamide
aluminium salt surfactants water are used to prepare
inorganic gels. To prepare thermoreversible polymer gels one
uses solution gel phase conversion in the system cellulose
ether with a lower critical dissolution point water. Presented
are the results obtained on the employment of physico-
chemical EOR technologies, developed at the Institute of
Petroleum Chemistry SD RAS, in the oil fields of Russia. The
tehnologies proved to be effective and ecologically safe. The
period of payback is 5-12 months.
Introduction
More than 80 % of oil fields in West Siberia belong to Jurassic
and Cretaceous deposits, which include low permeable
terrigeneous reservoirs of a porous and porous-fractured type.
At present similar oil fields are usually developed by flooding.
For about 30 years EOR methods are employed in oil fields of
West Siberia. One distinguishes two aspects in the problem of
oil recovery factor (ORF) increase, i.e. to increase an oil
displacement factor and to increase a conformance factor.
The main conclusion obtained in the practice of EOR
methods employment is as follows: the methods increasing
conformance by the injected fluid proved to be the most
successful. EOR methods increasing only an oil displacement
factor failed to be effective, for example, the injection of low
concentrated solutions of surfactants and other chemical
reagents. At the same time EOR methods increasing a
conformance factor or both factors produced positive
technological and economic effect at any action mechanism.
Such EOR methods include: injection of high concentrated
solutions of surfactants and surfactant based systems, viscous-
elastic and gel-forming thermoreversible polymer and
dispersed polymer systems, gas, emulsions and foams, as well
as generation of similar systems in situ.
EOR methods employing surfactants and alkaline
buffer systems
In the course of physico-chemical EOR methods evolution one
can clearly follow a tendency to provide an oil-displacing fluid
with self-regulation elements, which allow fluid to function
for a long period of time in the formation. Institute of
Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Division of the Russian
Academy of Sciences (IPC SD RAS) has realized one of the
variants of such a tendency. It is based on the ideas about the
oil-displacing fluid as a physico-chemical system with a
negative feedback. These ideas formed the basis for the
development of physico-chemical principals to choose
surfactant solutions taking into account thermodynamic and
kinetic parameters for the system oil rock aqueous phase,
affecting oil displacement from a porous medium. Proposed
were alkaline buffer systems with a maximal buffer capacity
ranging from 9.0 to 10.5 pH to provide negative feedback in
oil-displacing IkhN systems, which allow the system to retain
and self-regulate a complex of colloidal-chemical properties
being optimal to oil-displacing purposes [1]. A characteristic
property of the system is as follows: the system components
are a constituent part of geochemical cycles of nitrogen,
carbon and oxygen. It provides their ecological acceptability
and multi-functioning: the components serve as a nutrient
source for aboriginal formation microflora [2] and as natural
tracers for filtration flows in oil reservoirs etc.
The most promising for the commercial employment in oil
fields of West Siberia are IKhN systems based on surfactants
and ammoia buffer system composed by ammoia and
SPE 65173
Evolution Tendencies of Physico-Chemical EOR Methods
L.K. Altunina and V.A. Kuvshinov, Institute of Petroleum Chemistry RAS
2 L.K. ALTUNINA SPE 65173
ammonium nitrate cheap commercial products having
unlimited base of raw materials. Ammonia and ammoniaum
nitrate are ecologically harmles reagents. They are a
constituent part of nitrogen geochemical cycle. Low-freezing
IKhN-60 and IKkhN-100 systems, low viscous and
unimflammable liquids having a freezing point in the range
minus 33 minus 55
o
C, were proposed for winter injection.
IKhN systems provide the increase in a displacement factor
by10-20 %. One can use the systems in wide ranges of the
formation temperatures and salinity of the formation waters at
the development of low permeable and heterogeneous
formations. During oil displacement by IkhN systems the
mobility of filtering fluid increases 3-7 times. It indicates
possible significan increase in the injectivity of the injection
wells at bottom hole area treatment. Specific losses
(adsorption) of surfactants on a core material at oil
displacement are 0.2-0.6 mg/g.
Based on IKhN systems two technologies have been
developed:
treatments of bottom hole areas of the wells,
injections of large volumetric slugs (portions) of the
systems in the pilot areas.
In 1984-1988 bottom hole areas of 126 injection wells
were tretaed under different geological-physical conditions in
9 oil fields of West Siberia. After such teatment well
injectivity increased by 1.5-2.5 times, injection pressure
decreased by 30-40 % and the efficiency of the production
wells, which are hydrodynamically connected with the
injection ones, was improved. The effect was in progress for
6-16 months. The incremental oil recovery was 20-30 tons per
a ton of the injected syystem due to the use of the technology
developed. The technology proved to be economically
effective, the period of payback was 4-9 months. One can use
the technology to develop the formation, the temperature of
which ranges from 10 to 130
o
C, permeability is 0.005-0.500
m
2
. The highest effect is achieved for low permeable
heterogeneous reservoir of Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits
being typical for West Siberia.
Within 1985-1989 pilot tests of EOR technology employed
for low permeable formations were carried out under different
geological-physical conditions. Large volumetric slugs of
IKhN systems with controlled alkalinity were injected in 12
pilot areas of West Siberian oil fields: formations AV
1
of
Sovetskoye and YuV
1
of Vakhskoye oil field; AV
1-3
, AV
2-3
and BV
10
of Samotlorskoye, BV
10
of Lor-Yeganskoye and Yu
1
of Malo-Chernogoskoye and AC
4
of Mamontovskoye oil
fields (Table), as well as in Komi Republic in pilot areas of the
formation V
3
of Savinoborskoye oil field. More than 30 thou.
tons of IKhN system were injected. The slug volume was 0.2-
0.4 % of oil-saturated porous volume of the formation in the
pilot areas.
The analysis of pilot areas involving the results of
geophysical, hydrodynamical and physico-chemical studies,
has shown that IKhN systems inprove the flooding process,
i.e. decrease, stabilize water cut or reduce the rate of its
growth; inprove the parameters of a bottom hole area of the
injected wells and those of the formation (productivity,
hydroconductivity, piezoconductivity and permeability);
increase dynamic levels; decrease residual oil saturatuin;
improve oil displacement characteristics; increase or retain a
coefficient of the operating formation thickness. The
injectivity of the injection wells increases. As a result the
development is intensified.
IKhN systems move in the formation as a single whole
with gradual dilution. The movement of a system front is
accompanied with a decreased water cut, maximum by 30 -
40% (Fig 1, 2) and with the increase in pH of the products
from 6-7 to 8-10. The components of IKhN systems are
detected in the products of the production wells for a long
time, i.e. up to 2-3 years at reliably measured concentrations
(0.001-0.1 %). Maximal concentration of surfactant and
ammonia nitrate is 0.2-1.0 %. The components in all wells are
yieled in comparable amounts indicating the conformance of
the whole pilot area. Surfactant - oil ratios in the recovered
products are similar the largest yield of the surfactants is
accompanied with the incresed oil recovery factor [1].
At the yield of IKhN systems the recovered waters become
less corosion active as compared with the injected water.
Thus, the corrosion rate of sample-witnesses installed at crude
oil collectors in the pilot areas of Lor-Yeganskoye oil field, is
0.1 mm/yr. It has been determined that the content of IkhN
system in the recovered water equal up to 0.5 % improves the
process of tentative fault and of the final dewatering of oil.
One evaluated technological and economic efficiencies of
IKhN systems employed in oil fields of West Siberia. The
enhanced oil recovery accounted for 3-14 % (see the table).
This technology allows one to recover additionally 9.8-68.1
tons of oil per a ton of the system or 80-500 tons of oil as
calcualted per a ton of surfactants.
Pilot tests revealed a stimulating effect of IKkhN system
on the development of the formation microflora. The
components of amonia buffer system are a constituent part of
nitrogen geochemical cycle. They are a source of additional
nitrous nutrition for anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms in
trophic chains of the microbial biocenose in the oil formation.
The studies of microbiological processes, carried out in the
areas where IKhN-60 and IKhN-100 systems were injected in
the formations AV
1
of Sovetskye, AV
1
, AV
2-3
, and BV
10
of
Samotlorskoye, YuV
1
of Vakhskoye and BV
10
of Lor-
Yeganskoye oil fields, showed that the amount of denitrifying
and heterotrophic microorganisms ncluding Pseudomonas and
Actinomices is much more higher as that determined in the test
areas. The number of sulfate-reducing bacteria occurring in
the recovered waters of the pilot areas is much more lower
than that in the injected waters and in the recovered ones of
the test areas [1, 2].
The methods of EOR by surfactants using heat
energy of the formation or of a heat carrier
Physico-chemical principals of the selection realized in IkhN
systems received a large development effort in novel physico-
chemical methods applied for the formation treatment, where
SPE 65173 EVOLUTION TENDENCIES OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EOR METHODS 3
heat energy of the formation or that of the injected heat carrier
is used to generate in situ alkaline buffer systems annd CO
2
, as
well as to form ree- and bound-dispersed systems (inorganic
gels and sols) enhancing oil displacement and conformance.
The results obtained in the study of the kinetics of hydrolysis
and gelation proceeding in the system aluminium salt -
carbamide surfactant water- rock were used as a scientific
base for such methods.
IKhN systems with controlled alkalinity and viscosity have
been developed in conformity with the conditions of high
temperature oil formations [3]. IKhN-CA systems include
surfactants, amonium nitrate and carbamide. The effect of
these systems is based on the ability of the dissolved in water
carbamide to undergo hydrolysis at a high temperature
yielding amminia and CO
2
. An oil phase is enriched with CO
2
,
an aqueous one with amminia, which together with
ammonium nitrate form an alkaline buffer system. Thus CO
2
and oil-diaplacing fluids such as IKhN systems are generated
in situ with a high buffer capacity in pH ranged from 9.0 to
10.5. The technology of physico-chemical treatment of the
formation by IKhN-CA systems combines the advantages of
flooding by the solutions of alkalies and surfactants with CO
2
effect.
Carbamide and ammonium nitrate are practically subjected
to no sorption by the rocks of oil fields, that is why they are
used as indicators (tracers) for filtration fluids in the
formation. The surfactant adsorption from the solutions of
IKhN-CA systems proceeded on the cores in oil fields of West
Siberia is lower than that from the surfactant solutions in
water. At oil displacement by IKhN-CA systems one could
observe a significant increase in fluid mobility. Core
permeability increased by 6-60 %. The increase in a
displacement factor at residual oil washing was 13.2-21.9 %
and at the initial displacement 17.2-23/2 %.
In 1990-1992 pilot tests were carried out in oil fields of
West Siberia with a high formation temperature. In
Nivagalskoye oil field (formation Yu
1
) the slugs of IKhN-CA
systems were injected in 3 injection wells. Bottom hole areas
of the production wells were treated to improve their
productivity due to demudding off the bottom hole of the well
and removal of the ramaining mud filtrat. In Talinskoye oil
field (formation YuK
10-11
) bottom hole areas of 6 injection
wells were treated. In all more than 2.5 thou. tons of IKhN-CA
systems were injected. Pilot tests proved the efficiency of
IKhN-CA systems for low permeable formations with a high
temperature (for example, Fig. 3). They are also easy to
manufacture and ecologically safe. Within 1991-1992 the
incrementan oil recovery was more than 40 thou. tons. Oil
recovery was enhanced by 4.8-10.6 %.
Technology employing inorganic gel-forming
systems
The problem of conformance is especially urgent for multi-
straitified deposits consisting of hydrodynamically
disconnected formations in the oil zone, far from water-oil
contact, since in this case a mechanism of displacement front
leveling fails to work due to hydrodynamic crossflows. One
can observe premature flooding of the production wells at an
earlier stage of their developmment. It is desirable to use EOR
methods increasing conformance prior to those ones, which
are aimed to increase a displacement factor.
Stepwise curves of flooding dependence on the
accumulated oil sampling indicate the presence of
hydrodynamically isolated layers. In the area where there are
wells of such behaviour it is desirable to use first EOR
methods increasing conformance and then to use those ones
which are capable to increase a displacement factor.
Physico-chemical aspects of gel generation in situ are
being studies at the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SD RAS
in the cource of many years. Under surface conditions gel-
forming systems are low-viscous aqueous solutions, whereas
under the formation conditions they convert into gels. Gelation
proceeds due to heat enegry of the formation or that of a heat
carrier, as well as a result of interaction of the injected system
with the formation fluids and rock reservoir. Studied were
gelation kinetics, rheological and filtration characteristics for
gels of various types in heterogeneous formations, where
permeability ranged from 0.01 to 10 m
2
. Gel-forming
systems have been proposed having different time of gelation
from some minutes to several days in the temperature
interval of 40-200
o
C.Using these gel-forming systems three
EOR technologies have been developed for high
heterogeneous formations. At present these EOR technologies
are commercially employed in oil fields of West Siberia [4, 5,
7, 8].
The technologies employing inorganic gel-forming
systems are effective for conformance improvement at water
or steam injection in the temperature range of 40-300
o
C. One
used the capacity of the system aluminium salt carbamide
water surfactants to generate inorganic gel and CO
2
in situ.
A homogeneous aqueous solution including a gel-forming
system was injected into the formation. Due to the heat energy
of the formation or that of the injected heat carrier carbamide
undergoes gradual hydrolysis to yield CO
2
and ammonium.
pH of the solution increases. Aluminium ions are subjected to
hydrolysis. As a result in some time the gel is generated
practically instantly in the whole volume. Gelation time
depends on the formation temperature and component ratio.
Thus, for a definite system it is 6 h at 100
o
C; 1, 3, 6 and 30
days at 90, 80, 70 and 60
o
C, respectively [4, 5].
Rheological properties of gels and sols, formed in the
system aluminium salt carbamide surfactants water in the
temperature interval of 70-120
o
C, were studied by capillary,
rotational and vibration viscosimetries. It has been determined
that aliminium hydroxide gel is a tixotropic pseudoplastic
solid body of a coagulation structure. Gelation reduces the
formation permeability to water. A degree of permeability
decrease is as higher as higher is the initial water saturation
and permeability of the formation rock. Static stress of gel
shift in the formation models depends on the concentration of
a gel-forming solution and ranges from 3 to 8 Pa for gels
4 L.K. ALTUNINA SPE 65173
containing no surfactants and from 10 to 40 Pa for those
containing surfactants [4].
Gelation principal has been realized via creation of
thickened IKhN-CA and gel-forming GALCA and GALCA-
PAV systems. Introducing additional components one can
regulate surface-active, rheological and kinetic parameters of
the systems to adapt them to the concrete geological-physical
conditions.
In 1989-1992 pilot tests of the technology employing
inorganic gel-forming GALCA systems were carried out in oil
fields of West Siberia to enhance oil recovery from high-
temparature formations (> 70
o
C) by means of conformance
increase. The use of the technology provided rearrangement of
filtration flows causing conformance increase resulted thereby
in the enhanced oil recovery by 3-8 points. The incremental oil
recovery ranged from 400 to 3,000 tons per one treated well.
GALCA system includes aluminium chloride and
carbamide, being the products of large-scale production.
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SD RAS has developed
GALCA systems applying commercial alumo-containing
wastes instead of aluminium chloride. It reduces the price of
chemical agents 3-5 times. In 1996-1997 pilot tests of water-
isolating GALCA systems based of alumo-containing wastes
of the commercial productions were successfully carried out.
GALCA systems were injected into 14 injection wells in the
volume of 13-46 m
2
per a well. In 2-3 months after the
injection the production wells, which are hydrodynamically
connected with the injection ones, react as follows: the
volumes of the produced water decrease and oil production
increases (Fig. 4). Pilot production of GALCA system
concentrate has been organized. The concentrate is delivered
in tanks. As far as the freezing point of the concentrate is low,
i.e. minus 20 minus 25
o
C one can use it all year round.
In 1997-2000 GALCA systems were commercially used in
oil fields of West Siberia. For example, in 1999 GALCA
systems were injected into 41 injection wells in the following
8 oil fields of West Siberia: Yuzhno-Surgutskoye,
Pravdinskoye, Severo-Salymskoye, Sredne-Asomkinskoye,
Vostochno-Surgutskoye, Petelinskoye and Mayskoye. In
Mayskoye oil field the system was injected into 26 wells using
a group pumping station. 225.5 thou. tons of oil were
recovered in addition. Specific technological effect was 3.4
thou. tons per a treated well. The effect was in progress for
more than 12 months. The period of payback was 5-9 months.
Pilot tests of the technology employing inorganic gel-
forming GALCA system were sucessfully carried out in Stock
Company Vietsovpetro in White Tiger oil field at the
shelf of the South-Chinese Sea (Vietnam) [6].
EOR technologies employing thermoreversible polymer
gels
A novel method has been developed at the IPC SD RAS to
enhance oil recovery of high heterogeneous formations via the
regulation of filtration flows and conformance increase by
thermoreversible polymer gels (TPG) [7, 8]. TPG are formed
from the solutions of polymers with a low critical dissolution
point. The formation heat energy is a factor causing gelation.
The main peculiarity of the method is as follows: at low
temperatures the solutions are low viscous, whereas at high
temperatures they convert into gel. It is a reversible process
at cooling the gel becomes again a low viscous solution. At
reheating it undergoes gelation. One can repeat the procedure
many times. Cellulose ethers (CE) are the most promising
polymers. Viscosiity dependence of CE solutions has an
extremal chatacter in the temperature range from 20 to 95
o
C
first at heating one can observe viscosity decrease and then at
subsequent heating the viscosity sharply increases (Fig. 5). As
a result the solution is converted into gel. One can regulate the
temperature and time of gelation in the interval from 40 to 120
o
C using inorganic and organic additives and taking into
acount the specific formation conditions, i.e. temperature and
salinity [7, 8]. The gels are stable in the temperature range
from 200 to 250
o
C. One can use TPG to decrease water cut, to
prevent gas breakthrough, to eliminate gas cones and etc.
Based on thermoreversible polymer solutions developed
were gel-forming METCA systems and EOR technologies
employing these systems [7, 8]. A low viscous aqueous
solution is injected into the formation. It is capable to generate
gels under the formation conditions at 40-120
o
C. A gel screen
is formed in the high permeable part of the formation, where
the major amount of the system enters. It causes rearangement
of the filtration flows. The injection of METCA system into
the injection wells resulted in the injectivity profile levelling,
decreased water content and enhanced oil output of the
production wells, which are hydrodynamically connected with
the injected wells (see, for example, Fig. 6). METCA systems
are easy in application. The best solubility of the polymer in
water is achieved at 0-10
o
C. The technologies proved to be
economically effective and ecologically safe. Standard oil
field equipment is required to inject the systems developed.
One can use these technologies to regulate filtration flows in
heterogeneous formations, to limit water influx at water or
steam injection and to liquidate gas breakthrough. Due to
ecological safety of the reagents and their harmlessness for
living being one can also use the technology at oil production
from mines.
In 1996-1997 laarge scale pilot tests of EOR technologies
were successfully carried out in oil fields of West Siberia,
where thermoreversible gels were use. In 1996 METCA
systems were injected into 11 and in 1997 into 47 injection
wells in the volume of 50-100 m
2
per a well. In 2-3 months
after theinjection the production wells, which are
hydrodynamically connected with the injection wells, reacted
in the following way: the volume of the produced water
decreased and oil output increased. Since 1998 Oil Company
LUCOIL used the technology on industrial scale in West
Siberian oil fields. During 1998-1999 gel-forming systems
were injected in 91 wells. The incremental oil production was
94.5 thou. tons. The period of payback was 5-9 months. All
the reagents are the products of multitonnage industry.
SPE 65173 EVOLUTION TENDENCIES OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EOR METHODS 5
Conclusion
1. The use of EOR methods in oil fields of West Siberia
proved the methods aimed to increase conformance at
fluid injection to be the most effective ones.
2. EOR technologies employing surfactsnts and alkaline
buffer systems which are oil-displacing fluids
considered as a physico-chemical system with a
negative feedback, are effective at the development of
low permeable heterogeneous formations.
3. EOR methods have been developed, where heat
energy of the formation or that of the injected heat
carrier are used to generate in situ alkaline buffer
systems and CO
2
, as well as to form gels and sols
aimed to increase oil displacement and conformance.
4. Inorganic gel-forming systems including aluminium
salt and carbamide, as well as thermoreversible
polymer systems, based on cellulose ethers with a
lower critical temperature of disslution in water, have
been developed to increase the conformance at water
or steam injcetion in the temperature range of 40-300
o
C.
5. Commercial use of gel-technologies for enhanced oil
recovery of high heterogeneous formations in oil
fields of West Siberia proved their technological and
economic efficiencies. The period of payback is 5-9
months.
References
1. Altunina, L.K., and Kuvshinov, V.A.: Enhance Oil
Recovery by Surfactant Compositional Systems, Nauka,
Novosibirsk, Russia (1995) 198.
2. Altunina, L.K., Svarovskaya, L.I., and Rozhenkova, Z.A.:
Microflora of West Siberia Oil Fields Developed by
Flooding and physico-chemical methods for EOR, Proc.,
Organic Geochemistry 17
th
International Meeting. Spain
(1995) 919.
3. Altunina, L.K., Kuvshinov, V.A., Bokserman, A.A., and
Polkovnikov V.V.: EOR by Systems with Controlled
Viscosity and Alkalinity, Proc., 8
th
European IOR
Symposium, Vienna, Austria (1995) 163.
4. Altunina, L.K., Bokserman, A.A., Kuvshinov, V.A. and
Polkovnikov, V.V: Inorganic gels to Enhance Oil
Recovery of High Temperature Formaitions, New
Development in Improved Oil Recovery, Geological Soc.
Special Publication (1995) 84, 219.
5. Altunina, L.K. at al.: Improved Water Injection Profile in
Oil Field of Southern Vietnam Shelf by Gel-Forming
Technology, Proc., 61
th
EAGE

Conference & Technical
Exhibition, Helsinky, Finland (1999) V.1, 5-24.
6. Altunina, L.K., Kuvshinov, V.A., and Gusev, V.V.:
Filtration Flow Control in Oil Formation by Gel-
Forming Systems, Proc., 60
th
EAGE

Conference &
Technical Exhibition, Leipzig, Germany (1998) V.2, 3.
7. Altunina, L.K. at al.: Thermoreversible Polymer Gels for
EOR, Proc., 9
th
European Symposium on IOR, The
Netherlands, the Hague (1997) P 205.
8. Altunina, L.K. at al.: Filtration Flow Control in Oil
Formation by Thermoreversible Polymer Gels, V. 1,
Challenges of an Interdisciplinary Science, I. Lakatos
(ed.), Akademiai Kiado, Budapest (1999) 31.
6 L.K. ALTUNINA SPE 65173
TABLE 1 THE RESULTS OF IKHN SYSTEMS USING IN OIL FIELDS OF WEST SIBERIA
Incremental Oil Recovery Oil Field, Formation,
Injection Well Number
Workable
Reserves
(thou.tons)
Tonnage of Injected
IKhN Systems
(thou. tons)
Displacement
Factor Increase (%) thou. tons Tons/ton of Injected
IKhN System
Samotlorskoye
A
1-3
, 4110 1576.0 5.0 12.8 201.7 40.3
B
10
, 12168 369.0 2.3 27.5 101.5 44.1
B
10
, 12162 403.9 1.6 3.9 15.8 9.9
A
1+2
1
, 15930 582.9 1.7 5.3 30.9 18.2
A
3
1
, 15618 589.0 1.5 2.8 16.5 11.0
Lor-Yeganskoye
B
10
, pilot area 1
(129, 132, 133, 134)
706.9 2.1 2.9 20.5 9.8
B
10
, pilot area 3
(85, 86, 87, 88)
901.2 4.2 8.3 74.8 17.8
Malo-Chernogorskoye
Yu
1
1
, 239 551.6 1.8 3.7 20.4 11.3
Sovetskoye
A
1
, 644 2458.0 5.8 7.5 184.4 31.8
Mamontovskoye
AC
4
, 2054 768.0 0.8 7.1 54.5 68.1
Fig. 1 - The results of IkhN-60 system injection at the pilot area in Sovetskoye oil field of West Siberia. Injection well 644.
1 water cut, fact; 1 water cut, forecast; 2 oil production rate, fact; 2 oil production rate, forecast.
SPE 65173 EVOLUTION TENDENCIES OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EOR METHODS 7
Fig. 2 - The results of IkhN-60 system injection at the pilot area in Sovetskoye oil field of West Siberia.
Injection well 644, production well 2k. 1 water cut, 2 oil production rate.
-
Fig. 3 - The results of IKhN-CA system injection at the pilot area in Talinskoye oil field of West Siberia.
Injection well 8595, producing wells 8595 and 8611
8 L.K. ALTUNINA SPE 65173
Fig. 4 - Efficiency of gel-forming GALCA system injection into the injection well 1119 at pilot area of Jurassic deposit in
Pokachevskoye oil field of West Siberia: increase in oil production rate in producing wells 1108, 1118, 1120 and 1130 (formation
JuK
10-11
) .
SPE 65173 EVOLUTION TENDENCIES OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EOR METHODS 9
Fig. 5 - Rheological characteristics of aqueous solutions of cellulose ether versus temperature (1, 2 - formation waters of
Tuymazinskoye and Sovetskoye oil fields, 3, 4 - Senomanian and fresh water, respectively)
Fig. 6 - The efficiency in the use of METCA technology in the areas of formation BV
8
, Potochnoye oil field, West
Siberia: oil rate versus time.